\  #" 


WAR  DEPARTMENT  :  :  OFFICE  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 
Second  Section,  General  Staff,  No.  1 5 


MILITARY  NOTES 
ON  CUBA     ^u.A 

1909 


WASHINGTON  :  :  GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OF  ROE  :  :  1909 


WAR  DEPARTMENT  :  :  OFFICE  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 
Second  Section,  General  Staff,  No.  1 5 


MILITARY  NOTES 
ON  CUBA 


1909 


U.S.  W'-,       it. 


^-^^..uv^  S4^. 


WASHINGTON  :  :  GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE  :  :  1909 


WaK    DEl'AKTME>fT, 

Document  No.  345. 
Office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff. 


u^-^- 


INTRODUCTORY   NOTE. 


These  military  notes  were  compiled  in  the  Military  Infor- 
mation Division,  Army  of  Cuban  Pacification,  during  the 
occupation  of  Cuba  in  1906,  1907,  and  1908.     The  plan  was 
formulated  in  said  division  and  carried  to  completion  under 
the  supervision  of  the  commanding  generals  of  that  army. 

This  compilation  was  prepared  by  Capt.  John  W.  Furlong, 
General  Staff  Corps,  Avho  was  in  charge  of  the  Military  Infor- 
mation Division,  Army  of  Cuban  Pacification,  February  19, 
1907,  to  November  23,  1908. 

The  island  of  Cuba  was  divided  into  districts,  to  each  of 
which  an  intelligence  officer  was  assigned  and  almost  all  of 
the  information  herein  contained  was  obtained  by  these  offi- 
cers. Some  general  information  has  been  taken  from  the 
Military  Notes  on  Cuba  published  in  1898,  and  from  the 
Cuban  Census  of  1907. 

The  maps  showing  the  division  of  the  provinces  into  town- 
ships and  the  townships  into  barrios  are  not  intended  as  in- 
dexes to  the  subject-matter  following  them,  but  are  inserted 
for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  relative  locations  of  town- 
ships and  barrios.  They  were  prepared  from  maps  fur- 
nished by  the  Department  of  Government  of  the  island  of 
Cuba. 

Figures  of  population  are  taken  from  the  Cuban  Census 
of  1907.  A  general  table  of  contents  shows  the  arrangement 
of  the  subject-matter.  The  book  may  be  used  in  connection 
with  the  Military  Map  of  Cuba,  1906-9,  and  Eoad  Notes  of 
Cuba  compiled  during  the  second  intervention. 

3 


135 


ERRATA. 

Page  96:  Line  34,  for  Orozco  read  Orosco. 

Page  116:  Line  4,  for  Oroszo  read  Orosco. 

Page  116:  Line  17,  for  Orozco  read  Orosco. 

Page  190:  Line  23,  for  San  Augustin  read  San  Agustfn. 

Page  690:  Line  1],  for  Poma  Roca  read  Poma  Rosa. 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS. 


Cuba  In  general:  Page. 

Table  of  distances,  in  miles,  between  towns  in  Cuba 14 

Historical  sketch 15 

Size  and  shape 19 

Location 19 

Administration 20 

Territorial,  judicial,  and  administrative  divisions 23 

Method  of  administration 24 

Orography 25 

Hydrography 28 

Cli  mate 28 

Hygienic  rules;  diseases 1 30 

Yellow  fever 35 

Insects 37 

Animal  life 38 

Diseases  of  the  horse 39 

Forage 45 

Geology 46 

Mineral  resources 47 

Forestry 47 

Soil..-! 48 

Agricultural  products 49 

Fruits  and  vegetables 51 

Population 53 

Language,  religion,  and  education 54 

Agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce 55 

Earthquakes - 57 

Railroads 57 

Roads  and  trails 95 

Trochas 96 

Sugar  mills 96 

The  provinces 100 

Province  of  Pinar  del  Rio: 

Table  of  distances  between  principal  points 102 

Location  and  boundary 103 

Area  and  population 103 

Judicial  and  municipal  districts 103 

Provincial  government 103 

Capital  and  principal  towns 104 

5 


6  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

Province  of  Pinar  del  Rio — Continued.  Page. 

Geography  and  topography 104 

Rivers 105 

Coast  line 105 

Agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce 105 

liist  of  judicial  and  municipal  districts 105 

Judicial  district  of  Guanajay 106 

Township  of  Artetnisa 106 

Township  of  Cabanas Ill 

Township  of  Guanajay 117 

Judicial  district  of  Guane 1 25 

Township  of  Guane 125 

Township  of  Mdntua 131 

Judicial  district  of  Pinar  del  Rfo 136 

Township  of  Consolacion  del  Norte 137 

Township  of  Consolacion  del  Sur 143 

Township  of  Pinar  del  Rio 153 

Township  of  San  Juan  y  Martfnez 160 

Township  of  San  Luis 164 

Township  of  Vinales 166 

Judicial  district  of  San  Cristobal 171 

Township  of  San  Cristobal 171 

Province  of  Havana: 

Table  of  distances  between  principal  points 184 

Location  and  boundary 185 

Area  and  population _ .  _ .  185 

Judicial  and  municipal  districts 185 

Provincial  government 185 

Capital  and  principal  towns 185 

Geography  and  topography 186 

Rivers 187 

Coast  line 187 

Agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce 187 

List  of  judicial  and  municipal  districts 187 

Judicial  district  of  Bejucal 188 

Township  of  Batabano 188 

Township  of  Bejucal 193 

Township  of  Santiago  de  las  Vegas 198 

Judicial  district  of  Guanabacoa 202 

Township  of  Guanabacoa 203 

Township  of  Santa  Maria  del  Rosario 207 

Judicial  district  of  Guines 208 

Township  of  Giiines 209 

Township  of  Madruga 216 

Township  of  Nueva  Paz 218 

Judicial  district  of  Havana 220 

Township  of  Havana 221 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  7 

Province  of  Havana — Continued.  Page. 
List  of  judicial  and  municipal  districts — Continued. 

Judicial  district  of  Jaruco 256 

Township  of  Aguacate 256 

Township  of  Jaruco 259 

Township  of  San  Jos6  de  las  Lajas 263 

Judicial  district  of  Marianao ■ 267 

Township  of  Bauta 267 

Township  of  Marianao 272 

Judicial  district  of  Isle  of  Pines 275 

Township  of  Isle  of  Pines 276 

Judicial  district  of  San  Antonio  de  los  Baiios 278 

Township  of  Alquizar 279 

Township  of  Giiira  de  Melena 281 

Township  of  San  .\ntonio  de  los  Bafios 283 

Province  of  Matanzas: 

•    Table  of  distances  between  principal  point« 290 

Ixtcation  and  boundary 291 

Area  and  population 291 

Judicial  and  municipal  districts 291 

Provincial  government 292 

Capital  and  principal  towns 292 

Geography  and  topography 292 

Rivers 292 

Coast  line ' 293 

Agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce 293 

List  of  judicial  and  municipal  districts 293 

Judicial  district  of  Alacranes 293 

Township  of  Alacranes 294 

Township  of  Bolondr6n 298 

Township  of  Union  de  Reyes 301 

Judicial  district  of  Cdrdenas 304 

Township  of  Cdrdenas 304 

Township  of  Jovellanos  (Bemba) 310 

Township  of  Marti  ( Hato  Nuevo) 315 

Judicial  district  of  Colon 317 

Township  of  Colon 317 

Township  of  Jagtiey  Grande 329 

Township  of  Pedro  Betancourt  (Corral  Falso) 332 

Judicial  district  of  Matanzas 334 

Township  of  Matanzas 335 

Province  of  Santa  Clara: 

Table  of  distances  between  principal  points 352 

Location  and  boundary 353 

Area  and  population 353 

Judicial  and  municipal  districts 353 

Provincial  government 354 

Capital  and  principal  towns 354 

Geography  and  topography .' 354 

Rivers 365 


8  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

Province  of  Santa  Clara — Continued.  Page. 

Coast  line 356 

Agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce 357 

List  of  judicial  and  municipal  districts 357 

Judicial  district  of  Cienfuegos 358 

Township  of  Cienfuegos 358 

Township  of  Cruces 382 

Township  of  Palmira 384 

Township  of  Rodas 388 

Township  of  Santa  Isabela  de  las  Lajas 392 

Judicial  district  of  Sagua  la  Grande 394 

Township  of  Quemado  de  Giiines 394 

Township  of  Rancho  Veioz 396 

Township  of  Sagua  la  Grande 400 

Township  of  Santo  Domingo 410 

Judicial  district  of  Sancti  Spiritus 417 

Township  of  Sancti  Spiritus 417 

Judicial  district  of  San  Juan  de  los  Remedies 431 

Township  of  Caibarien 431 

Township  of  Camajuani , 435 

Township  of  Placetas 439 

Township  of  Vueltas _ 441 

Township  of  San  Juan  de  los  Remedies 445 

Township  of  Yaguajay 449 

Judicial  district  of  Santa  Clara 451 

Township  of  Calabazar 451 

Township  of  Esperanza 457 

Township  of  Ranchuelo 460 

Township  of  Santa  Clara 463 

Judicial  district  of  Trinidad 473 

Township  of  Trinidad 473 

Province  of  Camagiiey: 

Table  of  distances  between  principal  points 482 

Location  and  boundary 483 

Area  and  population 483 

Judicial  and  municipal  districts 483 

Provincial  government 483 

Capital  and  principal  towns 483 

Geography  and  topography 484 

Rivers 485 

Coast  line 486 

Agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce 486 

List  of  judicial  and  municipal  districtti^ 486 

Judicial  district  of  Camagiiey 486 

Township  of  Camagiiey 487 

Township  of  Nuevitas 505 

Township  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur 509 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS.  9 

Province  of  Camajjiiey — Continued.  Page. 
List  of  judicial  and  municipal  districts — Continued. 

Judicial  district  of  Moron 512 

Township  of  Ciego  de  Avila 512 

Township  of  Moron 524 

Province  of  Oriente: 

Table  of  distances  between  principal  points 532 

Location  and  boundary 533 

Area  and  population 533 

Judicial  and  municipal  districts 533 

Provincial  government 533 

Capital  and  principal  towns 533 

Geography  and  topography 533 

Rivers 535 

Coast  line 536 

Agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce 537 

List  of  judicial  and  municipal  districts 537 

Judicial  district  of  Baracoa 538 

Township  of  Baracoa 538 

Judicial  district  of  Bayamo 546 

Township  of  Bayamo 546 

Township  of  Jiguani 555 

Judicial  district  of  Guantilnamo 561 

Township  of  Guantanamo 561 

Township  of  Sagua  de  Tilnamo 577 

Judicial  district  of  Holguin 582 

Township  of  Gibara 583 

Township  of  Holguin 590 

Township  of  Mayarf 603 

Township  of  Puerto  Padre 608 

Judicial  district  of  Manzanillo 615 

Township  of  Manzanillo 615 

Judicial  district  of  Santiagode  Cuba 629 

Township  of  Alto  Songo 629 

Township  of  Caney 633 

Township  of  Cobre 640 

Township  of  Palma  Soriano 643 

Township  of  San  Luis 646 

Township  of  Santiago  de  Cuba 650 

Ci^naga  de  Zapata: 

General  description 66] 

Vegetation 664 

Ci^naga  Occidental : 

Lagunas 667 

Springs 67 1 

Camp  sites 675 

Roads  and  trails 682 


10  TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 

Ci^naga  de  Zapata — Continued. 

Cienaga  Oriental :  Page. 

Lagunaa 696 

Springs 699 

Camp  sites - 700 

Roads  and  trails  - 706 

Jocuma-Orbea  trocha 711 

Bahfa  de  Cochinos: 

Description 712 

Settlements 719 

Springs 721 

Camp  sites 722 

Tramways 722 

The  Laguna  del  Tesoro 723 


LIST  OF  SPANISH  WORDS  COMMONLY  ENCOUN- 
TERED IN  MILITARY  REPORTS  PERTAINING 
TO   CUBA. 


Almac6n Warehouse. 

Arroyo Small  stream;  creek. 

Asiento The  center  of  a  hata,  corral,  or  plantation. 

Azotea A  walled  and  paved  flat  roof,  which  could  be 

utilized  for  additional  floor  space  by  erecting 

temporary  shelter. 
Barrac6n Buildings  constructed  on  plantations  to  quarter 

laborers. 

Barrio Subdivision  of  a  township. 

Batey The  yard  surrounding  a  sugar  mill  and  usually 

inclosed  by  a  fence  or  wall. 

Bodega A.  store  selling  provisions. 

BoMo  (Boglo) A  shack  made  of  palm  leaves. 

Caballerfa A  tract  of  land  33J  acres. 

Cacagual .Cocoa  plantation. 

Cafetal Coffee  plantation. 

Caleta Cove;  a  small  bay  or  inlet. 

Calle Street. 

Calzada X  first-class  telford  or  macadam  road. 

Cantina Store  where  liquor  and  provisions  are  sold. 

Carretera^ High  road;  pike. 

Ceja Small  crescent-shaped  piece  of  woods. 

Central A  large  sugar  mill,  grinding  its  own  cane  and 

that  which  is  raised  on  adjoining  colonias. 

Cimarr6n A  runaway  slave. 

Colonia A  farm  devoted  to  growing  of  sugar  cane. 

Colonio The  owner  or  renter  of  a  colonia. 

Cordel Twenty-four  yards. 

Corral A  plantation,  round  in  shaiie,  with  radius  of  ] 

league;  usually  devoted  to  cattle  raising. 

Cuartel ^^__  Barracks. 

Embarcadero A  shipping  point. 

Encrucijada Crossroad. 

Estancia A  small  farm  devoted  to  raising  garden  products. 

Estero A  small  creek  into  which  the  tide  flows, 

Finca Farm. 

Guano Dry  palm  leaves,  used  to  roof  shacks. 

-^  11 


12  LIST   OF   SPANISH    WOKDS. 

Hacienda Plantation :    also    used    as    a    term    for    landed 

property  in  general. 

Hato A  grant  of  public  land,  circular  in  shape,  with 

radius-of  2  leagues ;  usually  devoted  to  raising 
cattle. 

Ingenio Sugar  mill  grinding  cane  from  its  own  lands. 

Kilometer Sixty-two  hundredths  of  a  mile. 

Laguna Lagoon. 

Mangle Mangrove. 

Manglar Ground   covered   with   mangi-ove  trees:    usually 

swampy. 

Manigua (iround  covered  with  small,  thick  growth.     This 

name  is  also  used  in  western  Cuba  for  the 
country. 

Merced Name  applied  to  a  class  of  public  land  grants. 

Mogote An  isolated,  flat-topped  hill. 

Monte In   Cuba   this  term    signifies  woods  or   unpopu 

lated  territory  with  small  growth.  If  the  ter- 
ritory is  extensive,  it  is  called  "  monte  firme."' 
It  is  also  synonymous  with  the  country  in 
eastern  Cuba. 

Paso Name  given  to  points  along  streams  whei-e  there 

are  frequently  used  fords. 

Playa .\  sandy  beach. 

Potrero A   cattle   ranch  or   farm   with   land   devoted   to 

grazing. 

Rancho An  isolated  palm  shack. 

Realengo Land  not  included  in  grants;   property  of  the 

State. 

Sabana A  flat  table-land  with  but  little  vegetation, 

Salto Cascade. 

Sao Woods. 

Seboruco Sharp,  porous  rock. 

Sitio A  small  farm  with  few  inhabitants  or  a   very 

small  village  or  community. 

Tienda Store. 

Vega Tobacco  farm. 

Zafra The  sugar  crop.    Also  used  to  designate  the  sea- 
son when  the  sugar  crop  is  gathered — harvest. 


CUBA  IN  GENERAL. 


13 


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14 


THE  ISLAND  OF  CUBA. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 

The  island  of  Cuba  was  discovered  October  28,  1492,  by 
Christopher  Cohimbus,  who  took  possession  of  it  in  the  name 
of  Spain.  The  first  attempt  at  a  permanent  settlement  was 
made  in  1511  by  Don  Diego  Cohimbus,  a  son  of  Christopher 
Columbus,  and  Diego  Velasquez,  who  landed  at  Baracoa  with 
800  men.  The  first  settlement,  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  was 
made  in  1514,  and  the  following  year  a  settlement  was  made 
at  Trinidad. 

The  island  was  first  called  Juana,  then  Fernandina,  and 
later  Ave  Maria.  It  received  its  present  name  from  the 
natives  of  the  island,  whom  Columbus  described  as  a  peace- 
ful, contented,  and  progressive  race.  Havana  was  founded 
on  its  present  site  in  1519.  It  was  totally  destroyed  in  1538 
by  French  privateers,  but  was  immediately  rebuilt.  The 
capital  of  the  island  was  located  at  Santiago  de  Cuba  until 
1550,  when  it  was  moved  to  the  city  of  Havana.  The  first 
governor  of  the  island  was  Fernando  de  Soto,  afterwards 
famous  as  an  explorer.  In  1554  the  city  of  Havana  was 
again  destroyed  by  the  French. 

The  early  settlers  devoted  themselves  principally  to  raising 
cattle,  but  in  1580  the  cultivation  of  tobacco  and  sugar  cane 
was  commenced,  and  this  led  to  the  introduction  of  negro 
slavery. 

During  the  seventeenth  century  the  island  was  kept  in  a 
state  of  perpetual  fear  of  invasions  by  the  French,  Dutch, 
English,  and  the  pirates  who  infested  the  seas. 

In  1762  the  English,  under  Lord  Albemarle,  attacked  the 
city  of  Havana,  and  on  August  14,  after  a  siege  of  two 
months,  the  city  and  island  capitulated.  By  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  February,  1763,  Cuba  was  returned  to  Spain. 

In  1790  Las  Casas  was  appointed  captain-general,  and  dur- 
ing his  regime  the  island  passed  through  an  epoch'  of  pros- 

15 


16  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

perity  and  advancement.  He  inaugurated  a  system  of  public 
improvements,  built  macadamized  roads,  laid  out  parks, 
erected  many  public  buildings,  and  constructed  fortifications, 
many  of  which  are  standing  to-day. 

In  1796  the  Count  of  Santa  Clara  succeeded  Las  Casas,  and 
he  also  took  a  great  interest  in  the  welfare  of  Cuba. 

A  royal  decree  was  issued  in  1825  giving  the  captain-gen- 
eral of  Cuba  absolute  control,  making  him  subject  only  to  the 
reigning  power  of  Spain.  The  consequence  was  that  from  that 
time  until  the  United  States  occupation  Cuba  was  ruled  by  a 
succession  of  autocrats,  sent  from  the  Peninsula,  with  no 
interest  whatever  in  the  welfare  of  the  island  or  its  people, 
save  to  raise  a  revenue  for  the  crown  greater  than  that  of  his 
predecessor,  pay  the  expenses  of  his  regime,  enrich  his  own 
purse,  and  then  return  to  Spain  to  be  the  envy  of  the  grandees. 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  and  the  early  part 
of  the  nineteenth  century  a  number  of  insurrections  and 
revolts  Avere  instituted,  but  were  successfully  put  down  by 
the  Spaniards.  The  most  important  of  these  occurred  in 
1827-1829,  when  Cuban  refugees  in  Mexico  and  the  United 
otates  planned  an  invasion  of  Cuba.  They  organized 
throughout  Mexico,  the  United  States,  and  Colombia 
branches  of  a  secret  society  known  as  the  "  Black  Eagle." 
On  account  of  the  antislavery  sentiment,  which  was  begin- 
ning to  show  itself  in  these  countries,  the  scheme  proved  a 
failure. 

A  more  serious  insurrection  occurred  in  1844,  when  the 
slaves  on  the  sugar  plantations,  especially  in  the  province  of 
Matanzas,  revolted.  They  were  finally  subdued,  and  over 
1,300  persons  convicted  and  punished. 

President  Polk  made  a  proposition  in  1848  for  the  purchase 
of  the  island  by  this  Government  for  $100,000,000,  but  the 
proposition  Avas  withdrawn  on  account  of  the  antislavery 
sentiment  of  the  North  and  West. 

In  1854  preparation  was  made  in  Cuba  and  the  United 
States  for  another  attempt  at  insurrection,  but  before  the 
plans  of  the  revolutionists  were  fully  matured  the  leaders 
were  betrayed,  arrested,  and  executed. 

During  the  next  fourteen  years  the  island  enjoyed  a  period 
of  comparative  quiet  and  prosperity. 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.  17 

In  1868  a  revolution  broke  out  in  Spain,  and  in  October  the 
natives  of  Cuba  took  up  arms  and  declared  their  indepen- 
dence. During  this  period  many  of  the  nations  of  the  West- 
ern hemisphere  recognized  the  Cubans  as  belligerents. 
Spain  did  not  succeed  in  putting  down  this  rebellion  until 
1878. 

About  this  time  Spain  was  engaged  in  wars  with  Morocco, 
Chile,  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Cochin  China,  and  for  the  purpose 
of  keeping  up  these  wars  Cuba  was  called  on  to  furnish  the 
larger  portion  of  the  means.  Revenues  were  raised,  and  the 
poor  Cubans  taxed  to  the  utmost,  each  paying  from  $3 
to  $6  per  capita.  At  one  time  the  Cuban  debt  reached 
nearly  a  billion  and  a  quarter  of  dollars,  and  for  the  last 
twenty  years  of  Spanish  rule  the  island  paid  an  annual  reve- 
nue to  the  Crown  of  from  $25,000,000  to  $40,000,000.  It  was 
during  this  war  that  the  American  ship  Virginius  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Spaniards,  her  cargo  confiscated,  and  many  of 
her  passengers  executed  as  revolutionists.  This  act  nearly 
brought  on  a  war  between  Spain  and  the  United  States. 

In  1880  slavery  was  totally  abolished  in  the  island. 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1894  another  revolution 
broke  out  on  the  island.  At  first  the  Spaniards  considered  it 
nothing  more  serious  than  a  riot,  but  they  soon  found  the 
revolution  to  be  general  throughout  the  island  and  backed 
by  the  most  influential  of  its  citizens.  It  was  a  down-trodden 
people  fighting  for  independence. 

On  February  15,  1898,  the  U.  S.  battle  ship  Maine  was 
blown  up  in  the  harbor  of  Havana. 

So  much  sympathy  had  been  shown  by  the  citizens  of  this 
country  for  the  Cubans  and  their  cause  that  the  administra- 
tion soon  took  a  decisive  step  in  the  matter.  By  an  act  of 
Congress,  approved  April  25,  1898,  it  was  declared  that  war 
did  exist,  and  had  existed  since  April  21,  1898,  between  the 
Ignited  States  and  the  Kingdom  of  Spain,  whereupon  the 
President,  in  a  proclamation  dated  April  26,  1898,  declared 
and  proclaimed  the  existence  of  war.  After  an  unprecedented 
campaign  by  the  United  States,  Spain  asked  for  terms  of 
peace,  and  on  August  12  an  agreement  was  signed  by  repre- 
sentatives of  the  two  countries  for  a  suspension  of  hostilities, 

492—00 2 


18  CUBA    IN    GENERAL. 

and  a  committee  appointed  from  each  country  to  arrange  the 
terms  of  peace. 

On  August  12  a  protocol  provided  for  a  cessation  of  hos- 
tilities and  on  December  10  a  treaty  of  peace  between  the 
United  States  and  Spain  was  signed  at  Paris. 

It  was  ratified  by  the  President  February  6,  1899,  and  by 
the  Queen  Regent  of  Spain  March  19,  and  proclaimed  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  April  11. 

Cuba  was  at  last  to  be  free  on  the  single  condition  that 
"  she  establish  a  stable  government,  capable  of  maintaining 
order  and  observing  international  obligations." 

On  Sunday,  January  1,  1899,  General  Castellanos  made 
formal  surrender  of  Spanish  sovereignty  to  the  United 
States  of  America. 

During  the  American  occupation  a  military  irovciiiment 
had  charge  of  the  island  until  May  20,  1902,  on  which  date 
it  was  relinquished  to  the  Cubans. 

In  1906  mutterings  of  discontent  were  heard  following 
the  elections.  On  August  19,  1906,  they  culminated  in  armed 
insurrection  and  after  ineffectual  efforts  had  been  made  by 
the  United  States  Government  to  secure  agreement  of  the 
conflicting  parties,  it  became  necessary  to  land  marines  to 
protect  American  interests.  The  President  of  the  Republic 
resigned  his  position,  and  the  Congress  of  Cuba  having  failed 
to  act  on  the  irrevocable  resignation  or  to  elect  a  successor, 
it  became  necessary  for  the  United  States  to  occupy  the 
island  by  an  armed  force  and  to  install  a  provisional  gov- 
ernment in  the  name  of  and  by  the  authority  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

The  provisional  government  was  installed  by  proclama- 
tion on  September  29,  1906,  and  this  action  was  followed 
immediately  by  the  dispatch  from  the  United  States  of  the 
Army  of  Cuban  Pacification. 

The  proclamation  was  well  received  by  both  parties  and 
the  insurgent  leaders  agreed  to  the  proposal  to  lay  down 
their  arms. 

The  American  provisional  government  came  to  an  end  at 
noon  on  January  28,  1909,  at  which  time  the  newly  elected 
Cuban  President  took  his  seat. 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.  19 

SIZE  AND   SHAPE. 

The  island  is  long  and  narrow  and  its  longitudinal  trend 
is  nearly  easterly  and  westerly.  It  is  730  miles  long  and  its 
width  varies  from  about  25  miles  to  about  100  miles.  Its 
area  comprises  about  44,000  square  miles.  In  respect  to 
these  features  and  dimensions,  as  well  as  in  other  respects, 
there  is  a  striking  similarity  between  Cuba  and  Java. 

Its  shape  is  irregular,  being  somewhat  like  a  half-moon, 
extending  from  east  to  west,  its  convex  part  facing  north. 

Its  coast  line  is  about  2,200  miles,  or,  including  all  indenta- 
tions, nearly  7,000  miles. 

LOCATION. 

Cuba  is  included  between  the  meridians  74°  and  85°  west 
longitude,  and  between  the  parallels  19°  40'  and  23°  33' 
north  latitude. 

Havana,  the  capital  of  the  island,  is  a  trifle  west  of  south 
of  Key  West  and  is  distant  about  100  miles,  being  separated 
from  it  by  the  Strait  of  Florida.  East  of  Cuba  lies  Haiti, 
the  second  in  size  of  the  West  India  Islands,  and  south  of 
it  lies  Jamaica.  The  first  of  these  islands  is  only  54  miles 
distant  from  Cape  Maisi,  the  easternmost  point  of  Cuba. 
The  latter  is  85  miles  distant  from  its  southern  coast.  On 
the  west  coast  Cuba  is  separated  by  Yucatan  Channel,  130 
miles  wide,  from  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Thus  from  a  military  point  of  view  Cuba  occupies  a  strong 
strategic  position. 

A  naval  force  located  in  Cuban  waters  controls  the  en- 
trance to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  Strait  of  Florida,  the 
Windward  Passage  to  the  Caribbean  Sea  between  Cuba  and 
Haiti,  and  the  Yucatan  Channel,  connecting  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  with  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

The  first  and  last  of  these  are  the  only  entrances  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  which  is  thus  controlled  completely. 

In  addition  to  the  protection  which  a  suitable  naval  force 
so  located  would  be  able  to  afford  our  southern  coast,  its 
presence  would  also,  when  the  Panama  Canal  is  completed, 
enable  us  to  control  not  only  the  western  Atlantic  but  also 
the  eastern  Pacific. 


20  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

The  island  being  situated  midway  between  North  and 
South  America  and  being  within  easy  sailing  distance  of  the 
most  important  Atlantic  ports  of  both  Europe  and  America, 
as  shown  by  the  table  of  distances  given  below,  makes  it  a 
good  rendezvous  for  the  mobilization  of  our  naval  forces, 
should  it  ever  become  necessary. 

Tahle  of  di^tuncea  from  Havana. 

Miles. 

Key    West 100 

New  Orleans (i90 

Mobile - 640 

Tampa 350 

Savannah , 613 

Ctorleston . 662 

Philadelphia 1,  137 

New  York 1,215 

Boston 1,  348 

Quebec 2,  421 

Vera  Cruz 809 

Rio  de  Janeiro 3,536 

Buenos  Aires .. 4,653 

Montevideo 4,  553 

Port  of  Spain 1,521 

Bermuda : 1, 150 

Gibraltar 4,  030 

Plymouth  (England) 3,702 

ADMINISTRATION. 

Cuba  as  a  colony  of  Spain  was  imder  a  military  govern- 
ment, having  at  its  head  a  captain-general  (ipso  facto 
governor-general)  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish- American  Avar. 

The  sovereignty  of  Spain  ceased  at  noon,  January  1,  1899, 
and  from  that  time  Cuba  was  under  the  military  government 
of  the  United  States  until  noon.  May  20,  1902,  at  which  time 
it  was  turned  over  to  the  Cuban  Republic.  The  government 
of  the  Republic  is  representative,  republican,  and  denioci-atic. 
'J'he  sovereignty  resides  in  the  people.  The  supreme  govern- 
uient  is  divided  into  three  coordinate  branches — the  legisla- 
tive, the  executive,  and  the  judicial. 

Legislative. — The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Congress 
consisting  of  two  chambers,  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
the  Senate.     The  House  consists  of  64  members  (1  for  every 


CUBA    IX    GENERAL.  21 

25,000  inhabitants  or  fraction),  elected  for  four  years.  The 
requisite  qualifications  to  be  a  representative  are — 

First.  To  be  a  native-born  or  naturalized  Cuban  citizeji 
who  has  resided  for  eight  yeArs  in  the  Republic  from  and 
after  the  date  of  his  naturalization. 

Second.  To  have  attained  the  age  of  25  years. 

Third.  To  be  in  full  possession  of  all  civil  and  political 
rights. 

The  Senate  is  composed  of  4  Senators  from  each  province, 
elected  therefrom  for  a  period  of  eight  years  by  the  provin- 
cial councilmen  and  by  a  double  number  of  electors,  who, 
together  with  the  provincial  councilmen,  shall  constitute  an 
electoral  board.  One-half  of  the  electors  must  be  persons 
who  pay  the  highest  amount  of  taxes  and  the  remainder 
shall  possess  the  qualifications  that  may  be  determined  by 
law.  All  of  the  electors  must  also  be  of  age  and  residents  of 
municipal  districts  of  the  province.  The  electors  shall  be 
chosen  by  the  voters  of  the  province  one  hundred  days  prior 
to  the  election  of  Senators. 

One-half  of  the  members  of  the  Senate  of  the  Republic  are 
elected  every  four  years. 

To  become  a  senator  it  is  necessary — 

First.  To  be  a  native-born  Cuban. 

Second.  To  have  attained  the  age  of  35  years. 

Third.  To  be  in  full  possession  of  all  civil  and  political 
rights. 

The  salary  of  a  senator  and  of  a  representative  is  $300  a 
month  in  United  States  currency. 

Congress :  The  Congress  of  the  Republic  of  Cuba  has  two 
ordinary  sessions  annually,  one  convening  on  the  first  Mon- 
day of  April  and  the  other  on  the  first  Monday  of  November. 
The  duration  of  each  session  is  at  least  40  days. 

Executii'e. — The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  President 
of  the  Republic.  The  President  of  the  Republic  must  possess 
the  following  qualifications : 

First.  He  must  be  a  native-born  or  naturalized  Cuban  citi- 
zen and  in  the  latter  case  must  have  served  in  the  Cuban 
army  in  its  wars  of  independence  for  at  least  ten  j^ears. 

Second.  He  must  have  attained  the  age  of  40  years. 

Third.  He  must  be  in  full  possession  of  his  civil  and  politi- 
cal rights. 


22  CUBA    IN    GENERAL. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  is  elected  by  presidential 
electors,  on  one  single  day,  as  provided  for  by  the  law. 
The  term  of  office  is  four  years,  and  no  person  shall  be  Presi- 
dent for  three  consecutive  terms. 

The  President  takes  oath  of  office,  or  makes  affirmation, 
before  the  supreme  court  of  justice,  upon  taking  office,  faith- 
fully to  discharge  the  duties  thereof,  to  comply  with,  and 
enforce  the  constitution  and  the  laws. 

The  salary  of  the  President  of  the  Republic  of  Cuba  is 
$25,000  a  year  in  United  States  currency. 

The  executive  power  is  assisted  by  a  cabinet,  consisting 
of  six  members,  known  as  secretaries,  viz,  the  Secretary  of 
State  and  Justice ;  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury ;  the  Secre- 
tary of  Government ;  the  Secretary  of  Public  Instruction ;  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Industry,  and  Commerce ;  and  the 
Secretary  of  Public  Works.  These  secretaries  are  appointed 
by  the  President  and  they  enjoy  a  salary  of  $6,000  a  year 
in  United  States  currency. 

There  is  also  a  Vice-President  of  the  Republic,  elected  in 
the  same  manner  and  for  a  like  period  of  time  as  the  Presi- 
dent and  conjointly  with  the  latter.  To  become  Vice- 
President,  the  same  qualifications  prescribed  for  President 
by  the  constitution  are  necessary.  The  salary  of  the  Vice- 
President  is  $6,000. 

Judicial. — The  judicial  power  is  exercised  by  a  supreme 
court,  six  superior  courts  (one  in  each  province),  seven 
courts  of  the  first  instance  (civil  judges),  six  courts  of  in- 
struction (criminal  judges),  twenty-six  judges  of  the  first 
instance  and  instruction  who  have  both  civil  and  criminal 
jurisdiction,  six  correctional  courts  (misdemeanors  and  light 
faults),  and  two  hundred  and  eighteen  municipal  courts 
(cases  of  less  than  $200,  dispossession  of  tenants,  and  other 
civil  suits  of  small  importance,  and  misdemeanors  in  towns 
Avhere  there  are  neither  judges  of  instruction  nor  correction, 
nor  registers  of  the  civil  state). 

To  be  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  the  following  con- 
ditions are  required : 

First.  To  be  a  Cuban  by  birth. 

Second.  To  have  attained  the  age  of  35  years. 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.  23 

Third.  To  be  in  full  enjoyment  of  civil  and  political 
rights,  and  not  to  have  been  condemned  to  any  "  pena  aflic- 
tiva "  for  ordinary  offenses. 

Fourth.  To  possess,  in  addition,  any  of  the  following 
qualifications:  To  have  practiced  in  Cuba  during  ten  years 
at  least  the  profession  of  law,  or  discharged  for  a  like  period 
of  time  judicial  duties,  or  occupied  for  the  same  number  of 
years  a  chair  of  law  in  an  official  educational  establishment. 

Other  persons  may  be  also  appointed  to  the  positions  of 
chief  justice  and  justices  of  the  supreme  court,  provided  they 
possess  the  qualifications  required  by  conditions  1,  2,  and  3 
above  mentioned ;  viz,  those  persons  who  may  have  previously 
held  positions  in  the  judiciary  of  a  similar  or  next  inferior 
grade  for  the  period  that  may  be  provided  for  by  the  law; 
those  persons  who,  prior  to  the  promulgation  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  Republic  of  Cuba,  may  have  been  justices  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  island  of  Cuba.  The  time  during 
which  lawyers  shall  have  exercised  judicial  functions  shall  be 
reckoned  as  that  of  the  practice  of  law  necessary  to  qualify 
them  for  appointment  as  justices  of  the  supreme  court. 

The  salary  of  the  chief  justice  is  $6,000  in  United  States 
currency ;  that  of  the  president  of  the  criminal  court,  $5,T50 ; 
the  fiscal,  $5,750:  the  associate  justices.  $5,500  each. 

TERRITORIAL,  JUDICIAL,  AND  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISIONS. 

Territorial  division. — The  territory  of  the  Republic  is 
divided  into  six  provinces,  viz:  Pinar  del  Rio,  Havana. 
Matanzas,  Santa  Clara,  Camagiiey,  and  Oriente.  Each 
province  has  a  governor  and  a  provincial  council,  composed 
of  eight  members,  elected  by  the  people. 

Judicial  division. — Each  province  has  an  audiencia  or 
superior  court  and  is  divided  into  judicial  districts,  each  of 
which  has  a  court  of  first  instance.  Pinar  del  Rio  is  divided 
into  4  judicial  districts;  Havana  into  8;  Matanzas,  4; 
Santa  Clara,  6;  Camagiiey,  2;  and  Oriente,  6.  Each  judicial 
district  contains  one  or  more  municipalities,  but  the  limits 
do  not  always  correspond. 

Administrative  division. — For -purposes  of  administration 
the  provinces  are  divided  into  municipalities.    These  munici- 


24  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

palities  are  administered  b}'  ayuntamientos,  composed  of 
councilmen  elected  by  the  people.  In  order  to  carry  out  the 
will  of  the  ayuntamientos  each  municipality  has  an  alcalde 
elected  by  the  people.  There  are  in  the  Republic  82  munici- 
palities: Pinar  del  Eio  contains  12;  Havana,  18;  Matanzas. 
10;  Santa  Clara,  21 ;  Camagiiey,  5 ;  and  Oriente,  16. 
METHOD   OF  ADMINISTRATION. 

Each  province  is  divided  into  municipalities  or  municipal 
districts.  The  government  of  each  municipality  is  vested 
in  a  municipal  council  and  in  a  mayor. 

These  governments  enjoy  autonomy  in  so  far  as  it  operates 
to  provide  for  purely  local  needs. 

Municipalities  are  divided  into  three  classes:  First,  those 
Avhich  have  a  population  of  more  than  100,000  inhabitants: 
second,  those  which  have  a  population  of  more  than  20.000 
inhabitants,  but  not  more  than  100,000;  third,  those  which 
have  a  population  of  not  more  than  20,000  inhabitants. 

Each  municipal  district  must  be  comprised  within  a  single 
province,  and  when  any  changes  take  place  the  judicial 
divisions  will  be  harmonized  with  the  administrative  divi- 
sions. Each  municipal  district  is  divided  into  barrios  of 
more  or  less  the  same  number  of  inhabitants. 

The  municipal  councilmen  are  elected  by  direct  suffrage 
and  the  mayor  is  elected  by  direct  election,  in,  the  manner 
and  at  the  times  prescribed  by  the  electoral  law.  His  term 
of  office  is  four  years.  The  number  of  councilmen  in  each 
municipality  conforms  to  the  following  scale:  Up  to  1,500 
inhabitants,  5  councilmen;  from  1,501  to  3,000  inhabitants, 
7  councilmen ;  3,001  to  10,000  inhabitants,  9  councilmen ;  from 
10,001  to  30,000  inhabitants,  15  councilmen;  from  30,001  to 
100,000  inhabitants,  21  councilmen ;  from  100.001  inhabitants 
upward,  27  councilmen. 

When  the  municipal  council  deems  it  necessary,  barrio 
mayors  are  appointed. 

Municipal  court  judges  are  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of 
Justice  in  Havana  to  serve  two  years. 

The  names  of  three  lawyers  are  sent  to  the  Secretary  of 
Justice  by  the  judge  of  the^ourt  of  first  instance,  froui  which 
the  Secretary  selects  one  man. 

These  judges  serve  without  salary,  but  there  are  large  fees 
connected  with  the  office. 


CUBA    IN    GENERAL.  25 

The  court  consists  of  a  judge,  secretary,  and  clerk. 

The  secretary  and  clerk  receive  salaries. 

Fines  imposed  by  the  court  revert  to  the  municipal  district 
for  which  it  is  appointed. 

Cases  tried  by  it  can  be  appealed  to  the  court  of  first  in- 
stance, thence  to  the  supreme  court  of  the  province,  and  from 
there  to  the  supreme  court  in  Havana. 

OROGRAPHY. 

The  north  coast  is  for  the  most  part  bluff  and  rocky,  and  in 
the  provinces  of  Matanzas,  Santa  Clara,  and  Camagiiey 
bordered  by  lines  of  islands  and  reefs  of  coral  formation,  the 
passages  through  which  are  extremely  intricate  and  difficult. 
These  islands  are  low,  are  in  the  main  covered  with  mangrove 
forests,  and  contain  few  inhabitants. 

The  coast  is  low  in  the  western  part  of  the  island,  the 
bluffs  ranging  about  100  feet  in  height  in  Pinar  del  Rio  and 
rising  gradually  eastward.  About  Matanzas  they  reach  500 
feet  in  altitude.  In  Santa  Clara  and  Camagiiey  they  are 
lower,  but  in  Oriente  the  coast  is  abrupt  and  rugged,  almost 
mountainous,  rising  in  a  succession  of  terraces. 

The  south  coast  fi'om  Cape  ^laisi  to  Cape  Cruz  is  moun- 
tainous. Indeed,  from  Santiago  westward  to  Cape  Cruz  the 
Sierra  Maestra  rises  abruptly  from  the  water  to  altitudes  of 
several  thousand  feet.  The  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Buena  Es- 
peranza,  into  which  flows  the  Rio  Cauto,  are  low,  and  from 
this  place  westward,  excepting  a  short  stretch  between  Trini- 
dad and  Cienfuegos,  the  coast  is  low  and  marshy  as  far  as 
Cape  San  Antonio,  the  westernmost  point  of  the  island.  This 
coast  strip  of  marsh  is  in  the  main  narrow,  but  west  of  Cien- 
fuegos it  broadens  into  a  great  expanse,  forming  the  Zapata 
swamp,  an  almost  impenetrable  region.  To  miles  in  length 
with  a  maximum  breadth  of  fully  30  miles,  clothed  with  the 
densest  vegetation  and  teeming  with  tropical  life. 

Off'  the  south  coast  are  hundreds  of  low,  marshy,  mangrove- 
covered  islands  and  islets. 

Most  of  the  harbors  on  both  coasts  are  of  peculiar  shape, 
resembling  nothing  so  much  as  pouches  with  narrow,  often 
sinuous,  entrances,  opening  within  into  broad  expanses  com- 
pletely sheltered.     This  is  the  character  of  the  harbors  of 


26  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

Havana,  Santiago,  Cienfuegos,  Guantanamo,  and  many 
others  less  known. 

In  its  relief  the  island  of  Cuba  is  not  a  simple  orographic 
unit,  but  presents  great  variety  and  irregularity,  which 
renders  it  incapable  of  simple  description  and  generalization. 
The  middle  portion  of  the  island,  including  the  provinces  of 
Havana,  Mantanzas,  Santa  Clara,  and  Camagiiey,  presents 
little  relief,  but  consists  in  the  main  of  broad,  undulating 
plains  and  shallow  valleys,  the  land  rising  only  in  a  few 
places  to  any  considerable  altitude.  It  is  only  at  the  two 
extremes  of  the  island,  in  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio  on 
the  west  and  Oriente  on  the  east,  that  the  island  presents  any 
considerable  or  well  defined  relief  features.  Throughout 
Pinar  del  Rio  there  runs  a  range  of  hills,  a  little  north  of  the 
middle  line  of  the  province  and  closely  paralleling  in  direc- 
tion the  northern  coast.  This  range,  which  is  fairly  well  de- 
fined, is  known  as  the  Cordillera  de  los  Organos,  or  Organ 
Mountains,  and  rises  in  many  places  to  altitudes  exceeding 
2,000  feet,  culminating  in  Pan  de  Guajaibon,  having  4in  alti- 
tude of  2,500  feet.  From  the  crest  of  this  range  the  land  de- 
scends northward  and  southward  to  the  coast  in  long,  undu- 
lating slopes,  the  southward  slopes  forming  the  celebrated 
tobacco  lands  known  as  Vuelta  Abajo. 

The  central  provinces  of  Cuba — Havana,  Matanzas. 
Santa  Clara,  and  Camagiiey — consist  mainly  of  broad,  roll- 
ing plains,  with  shallow  stream  valleys.  In  Havana. 
Matanzas,  and  Santa  Clara  these  plains  are,  or  were  prior  to 
the  revolution  of  1895-189G,  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation, 
while  in  Camagiiey  they  are,  in  the  main,  used  for  the  graz- 
ing of  cattle.  The  Valley  of  the  Yumuri,  in  Mantanzas,  is  a 
type  of  the  beautiful,  highly  cultivated  region  of  this  part  of 
the  island. 

The  Sierra  de  los  Organos  ceases  as  a  range  a  little  west  of 
Havana,  but  traces  of  this  uplift  can  be  followed  through 
the  central  part  of  Havana,  Matanzas,  Santa  Clara,  and  the 
western  part  of  Camagiiey  in  the  form  of  lines  of  hills  of  no 
great  altitude,  dotting  these  extended  plains.  They  are  seen 
south  of  the  city  of  Havana  in  the  little  timbered  hills  known 
as  the  "Tetas  de  Managua,"  and  farther  east  in  the  Areas  de 
Canasi,  the  Escaleras  de  Jaruco,  and  the  Pan  de  Matanzas, 
just  south  of  the  city  of  Matanzas.     This  rises  to  an  altitude 


CUBA    IN    GENEBAL,  27 

of  1,300  feet  and  serves  as  a  landmark  to  sailors  far  out  in 
the  Atlantic.  In  the  eastern  part  of  Matanzas  Province  these 
hills  disappear,  but  they  reappear  again  in  Santa  Clara,  tak- 
ing the  form  of  elongated  crest  lines  and  flat-top  summits, 
and  as  such  extend  into  the  western  part  of  the  province  of 
Camagiiey. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  province  of  Santa  Clara  is  a 
group  of  rounded  hills,  occupying  an  area  between  Cienfue- 
gos,  Trinidad,  and  Sancti  Spiritus.  The  highest  of  these, 
Potrerillo,  has  an  altitude  of  2,900  feet. 

Among  these  hills  are  many  beautiful  valleys. 

Oriente,  at  the  other  end  of  the  island,  is  a  province  pre- 
senting great  relief.  Its  surface  is  extremely  broken  with 
high,  sharp  mountain  ranges,  broad  plateaus  of  considerable 
elevation,  and  deep  valleys — some  of  them  broad,  others  nar- 
row and  resembling  canyons.  The  dominating  orographic 
feature  of  the  province,  indeed  of  the  whole  island,  is  the 
Sierra  Maestra,  which,  commencing  at  Cape  Cruz,  south  of 
Manzanillo,  extends  eastward,  closely  paralleling  the  coast, 
from  which  it  rises  abruptly,  as  far  east  as  the  neighborhood 
of  Santiago.  In  this  part  it  contains  many  points  exceeding 
5,000  feet  in  altitude  and  culminates  in  Pico  Turquino,  which 
is  reputed  to  have  an  altitude  of  8,320  feet.  From  Santiago 
it  extends  to  the  east  end  of  the  island,  but  is  much  more 
broken  and  has  more  of  a  plateau-like  form,  with  a  great 
diminution  in  altitude.  This  portion  of  the  range  takes  on  a 
different  name,  being  known  as  the  Cobre  Range.  It  con- 
tains numerous  flat  summits,  approximating  3,000  feet  in 
altitude,  one  of  which,  known  as  "  La  Gran  Piedra,"  is  said  to 
have  an  altitude  of  3,300  feet. 

Xorth  of  Sierra  Maestra  lies  the  broad  and  fertile  valley  of 
the  Cauto,  beyond  which  the  country  rises  gradually  to  a 
high  plateau  occupying  the  interior  of  the  province,  with  a 
summit  elevation  of  1.000  feet  or  more,  on  which  stands  the 
city  of  Holguin.  The  eastern  part  of  the  province  consists 
of  a  maze  of  broken  hills,  with. altitudes  ranging  from  1,000 
to  2,000  feet,  in  which  are  many  small  and  fertile  valleys. 

The  Isle  of  Pines,  with  an  area  of  840  square  mil&s,  is  a 
municipality  of  the  province  of  Havana.  It  is,  in  effect, 
two  islands,  connected  by  a  marsh ;  the  northern  being  some- 
what broken  bv  hills,  the  southern,  low.  flat,  and  sandv. 


28  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

HYDROGRAPHY. 

On  account  of  the  peculiar  shape  of  the  island,  being  long 
and  narrow,  with  the  highlands  in  the  interior,  nearly  all  the 
rivers  flow  to  the  north  or  south,  and,  though  numerous,  are 
short,  and  few  of  them  are  of  any  importance  for  navigation. 
The  largest  stream  is  the  Rio  Cauto,  which  heads  in  the  in- 
terior of  Oriente  Province  and  in  the  north  slopes  of  Sierra 
Maestra  and  flows  westward  through  a  broad  valley  to  its 
mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Buena  Esperanza  after  a  course  of 
about  150  miles.  This  stream  is  navigable  for  light-draft 
boats  to  Cauto  Embarcadero,  about  50  miles  above  its  mouth. 

The  next  stream  of  importance  for  navigation  is  the  Sagua 
la  Grande,  on  the  north  slope  of  the  island  in  Santa  Clara 
Province.  This  stream,  which  enters  the  sea  near  the  city 
of  Sagua  la  Grande,  is  navigable  for  some  20  miles  above  its 
mouth.  Several  other  streams  are  navigable  for  a  few  miles 
above  their  mouths,  but  in  most  cases  only  through  what  may 
be  regarded  as  estuaries.  Taking  the  island  as  a  whole,  its 
internal  communications,  except  along  the  coasts,  are  de- 
pendent almost  entirely  upon  the  few  and  poor  wagon  roads 
and  its  few  railroads. 

In  the  interior  are  many  lakes  and  bayous,  and  while  some 
of  them  are  quite  picturesque,  they  are  of  but  little  impor- 
tance from  a  military  point  of  view. 

CLIMATE. 

The  climate  of  Cuba  is  comparatively  simple  and  can  be 
briefly  described. 

AVith  the  long,  narrow  shape  of  the  island,  its  great  extent 
of  coast  line  and  small  breadth,  it  has  in  the  main  an  insular 
climate,  with  a  high  mean  temperature,  slight  extremes  of 
temperature,  great  humidity  of  the  atmos])liere.  and  an 
ample  rainfall. 

At  Havana,  on  the  north  coast,  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture is  77°. 

The  range  of  temperature  between  the  mean  of  the  hottest 
month  and  that  of  the  coldest  month  is  from  82°  to  71°,  or 
only  11°.  The  highest  temperature  on  record  in  Havana  is 
100.0°,  and  the  lowest  49.6°. 

This  maximum  recorded  temperature  is  no  higher  than  in 
noi-thern   cities  of  the  United   States,  but  the  duration  of 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.  29 

high  temperatures  is  much  greater  in  Cuba  and  explains  the 
high  mean  temperature. 

Notwithstanding  the  long-continued  high  temperature,  the 
climate  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  island  is  tempered 
by  the  trade  winds,  which  blow  with  but  little  variation 
throughout  the  year,  and  the  nights  in  both  winter  and 
summer  are  cool. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  at  Havana  fairly  represents 
that  of  the  island,  it  being  perhaps  a  little  hotter  upon  the 
south  coast  and  inland  than  upon  the  north  coast. 

The  range  of  temperature  between  summer  and  winter 
does  not  diifer  probably  materially  anywhere  on  the  coast 
from  that  at  Havana,  but  inland  is  probably  a  little  greater. 

The  mean  relative  humidity  at  Havana  averages  about 
75°  and  remains  tolerably  uniform  at  all  times  of  the  year. 
Inland  the  humidity  becomes  somewhat  less,  but  not  de- 
cidedly so. 

The  mean  annual  rainfall  at  Havana,  derived  from  ob- 
servations of  many  years,  is  52  inches.  The  record  shows, 
in  different  years,  a  rainfall  ranging  from  40  to  71  inches. 

This  represents  quite  closely  the  rainfall  upon  the  north 
coast  of  the  island.  Inland  and  upon  the  south  coast  it  is 
probably  somewhat  less. 

As  regards  the  distribution  of  rainfall  through  the  year, 
there  is  a  wet  and  dry  season,  the  former  being  from  May  to 
October,  during  which  time  about  two-thirds  of  the  precipi- 
tation of  the  year  is  received. 

Rain  falls  during  about  one-third  of  the  days  during  each 
year,  although  this  does  not  represent  by  any  means -the 
proportional  amount  of  rainy  weather.  The  days  are  usually 
clear  up  to  about  10  o'clock,  from  which  time  till  night  dur- 
ing the  rainy  season  it  is  frequently  showery.  The  nights 
are  commonly  clear.  Thunderstorms  are  frequent  but  not 
violemt.  The  island  is  occasionally,  though  not  frequently, 
visited  by  hurricanes.  The  maximum  destruction  occurs  on 
the  coast,  as  they  rapidly  lose  their  force  and  violence  pro- 
ceeding inland. 

In  winter,  when  the  trade  winds  extend  farthest  to  the 
southward,  ''  northers  "  not  infrequently  occur,  greatly  and 
suddenly  reducing  the  temperature  on  the  north  coast.  These 
occur  during  the  winter  months  and  follow  the  severe  storms 


30    ,  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

of  the  United  States.  The  temperature  sometimes  falls  as 
low  as  50°,  causing  much  discomfort,  and  even  suffering 
amongst  the  poorer  people,  as  very  little  provision  is  made 
against  cold  in  the  construction  of  Cuban  houses. 

HYGIENIC    RULES;   DISEASES. 

[From   Circular  Xo.   1,   Headquarters   Army   of   Cuban   Pacification,   Marianao, 
Havana,  Cuba,  October  16,  1906.] 

The  same  hygienic  rules  which  govern  the  conduct  of  men 
in  temperate  climates  apply  to  tropical  climates,  but  it  is 
well  known  that  intemperance  and  excess  of  all  kinds  are 
more  dangerous  in  the  latter,  where,  therefore,  a  stricter 
observance  of  those  rules  is  necessary. 

The  best  time  of  day  for  mental  or  physical  work  in  the 
Tropics  is  the  early  morning.  Heat  and  light  often  become 
excessive  after  11  a.  m.  and  until  4  p.  m.  Between  those 
hours  men  not  on  dut}^  should  preferably  remain  in  the  shade 
and  rest.  If  exposed  to  the  sun,  every  care  should  be  taken 
to  keep  the  head  cool,  that  is,  properly  covered,  ventilated, 
and,  if  necessary,  moistened. 

As  the  sun  goes  down,  there  is  a  rapid  radiation  of  heat 
and  quick  fall  of  temperature,  often  producing  a  distinct 
chill.  The  night  temperature  is  always  much  cooler  than 
that  of  day  and  care  should  be  taken  while  in  bed  to  avoid 
exposure  of  the  body,  especially  of  the  abdomen,  which  is  its 
most  sensitive  part.  Such  exposure,  it  must  be  remembered, 
renders  one  also  much  more  liable  to  mosquito  bites.  Men 
prone  to  digestive  or  intestinal  disorders  would  do  well  to 
Avear  a  thin  flannel  abdominal  band  at  night.  It  is  generally 
useless  during  the  day. 

Exercise,  either  at  work  or  sport,  is  useful  in  the  Tropics 
as  in  all  other  countries,  but  it  must  be  taken  w^ith  discretion 
and  moderation.  The  same  output  of  physical  energy  is 
not  possible  in  hot  climates,  except  for  a  short  time,  and 
violent  exercise  or  excessive  work  should  be  followed  as  soon 
as  possible  by  adequate  rest  and  recuperation. 

The  same  amount  of  food  is  not  required  in  the  Tropics 
as  in  northern  latitudes.  Since  one  of  the  principal  objects 
of  food  is  to  maintain  the  bodily  temperature,  the  warmer 
the  air  the  less  is  the  loss  of  heat  by  conduction  and  radia- 
tion,  and    the   less   the   amount   required   to   be  generated. 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  31 

Furthermore,  severe  continued  exercise  being  impossible, 
there  is  less  wear  and  tear  of  tissues  and  less  need  of  repair. 
It  is  also  true  that  our  digestive  organs  share  in  the  general 
lowering  of  nervous  energy  and  lose  something  of  their 
power  of  dissolving  and  assimilating  food.  We  may  con- 
clude, then,  that  the  diet  in  Cuba  should  be  moderate  in 
quantity,  but  varied,  of  good  quality,  and  well  prepared. 
Recent  scientific  experiments  have  shown  that  Americans 
eat  too  much  meat,  that  more  than  10  ounces  a  day  is  seldom 
required  to  maintain  the  body  in  its  best  condition;  that  is, 
the  condition  which  jDermits  of  most  endurance  to  hardships 
and  of  longest  resistance  to  fatigue  and  disease.  *  *  * 
The  advantage  of  a  diet  moderate  in  proteids  has  been  illus- 
trated in  the  late  Russo-Japanese  war,  when  both  belliger- 
ents, whose  ration  of  meat  seldom  exceeded  half  a  pound, 
had  the  smallest  mortality  from  disease  on  record,  despite 
a  series  of  strenuous  campaigns. 

Comparative  statistics  make  it  not  at  all  improbable  that 
the  marked  predisposition  of  American  and  English  soldiers 
to  typhoid  fever  is  due  to  the  large  meat  constituent  of  their 
ration.  In  the  poor  country  districts  of  Cuba  and  the 
I^hilippines,  where  meat  is  seldom  consumed,  typhoid  fever 
is  practically  unknown. 

Fish  is  a  good  substitute  for  meat  and  can  generally  be 
easily  procured,  and  of  good  quality  in  Cuba. 

Excess  of  food  is  particularly  dangerous  in  hot  climates, 
where  the  kidneys  are  less  active,  the  liver  is  more  liable  to 
congestion,  the  fermentation  of  the  contents  of  the  large 
intestine  more  likely,  and  the  multiplication  of  bacteria  more 
rapid. 

On  account  of  their  general  tendency  to  torpidity  and  the 
consequent  possible  accumulation  of  dangerous  bacteria  and 
their  toxins,  it  is  necessary  that  the  bowels  should  be  prop- 
erly regulated.  This  should  be  done  by  suitable  diet,  if  pos- 
sible, rather  than  by  medicine. 

Tropical  fruits  are  wholesome,  and,  if  ripe,  can  be  freely 
indulged  in.  Especially  excellent  are  the  aguacate,  mango, 
banana,  cocoanut,  pineapple,  star  apple,  sapote,  etc. 

The  evils  of  intemperance  in  alcoholic  drinks  in  the 
Tropics  are  too  well  known  to  need  any  notice  here.  But 
intemperance    in    water    drinking    calls    for    remark.      On 


32  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

account  of  the  greater  perspiration  of  the  skin,  in  hot  coun- 
tries, more  water  is  required  by  the  body,  and  a  habit  of 
drinking  it  every  hour  or  two  is  easily  contracted,  especially 
Avhile  on  the  march  or  on  fatigue  duty.  This  is  a  pernicious 
habit,  disturbing  digestion  and  weakening  the  body,  render- 
ing it  less  resistant  to  fatigue.  It  is  seldom  necessary  to 
drink  more  than  once  between  meals.  At  mealtime,  the 
thirst  should  be  quenched  before  beginning  to  eat  and  only 
a  moderate  amount  of  water  taken  with  the  food  itself.  On 
a  march,  water  should  be  drunk  only  during  the  rests ;  if  not 
very  long  and  made  in  the  cool  morning  hours,  it  is  much 
better  to  abstain  until  camp  is  reached. 

The  diseases  of  tropical  climates  are  mostly  preventable: 
that  is  to  say,  they  can  generally  be  avoided  by  self-control 
and  the  observance  of  proper  sanitary  rules.  The  diseases 
most  to  be  apprehended  in  Cuba  are  malarial  fever,  yellow 
fever,  and  venereal  diseases.  Typhoid  fever  may  also  be 
expected,  but  not  to  any  greater  extent  than  in  the  United 
States.  Dysentery  is  infrequent,  and  has  none  of  the  grave 
features  of  the  type  so  common  in  the  Philippines.  Various 
kinds  of  intestinal  parasites  are  present  but  not  dangerous. 
Such  especially  tropical  diseases  as  beriberi,  leprosy,  filaria- 
sis,  elephantiasis,  etc.,  need  not  be  feared  by  North  Americans. 

Malarial  fever,  in  its  many  forms,  is  the  most  prevalent 
disease  in  Cuba  (especially  the  eastern  part) ,  and  the  one  from 
which  our  troops  suffered  most  during  the  first  intervention. 
*  *  *  We  know  that  it  is  produced  by  the  bite  of  mos- 
quitoes, and  probably  in  no  other  way;  this  knowledge  puts 
the  necessary  weapons  in  our  hands. 

Yellow  fever,  formerly  the  scourge  of  Cuba,  has  been 
stamped  out  of  the  island  as  an  epidemic  or  endemic  disease, 
and  it  may  be  assumed  that  the  ordinary  vigilance  of  medical 
officers  will  suffice,  if  not  to  prevent  an  occasional  sporadic 
case,  certainly  to  prevent  a  serious  outbreak  among  our 
troops.  Yellow  fever  is,  like  malarial  fever,  produced  by  the 
bite  of  mosquitoes,  and  in  no  other  way. 

Mosquitoes,  therefore,  are  the  great  enemy  of  American 
troops  in  Cuba,  and  an  incessant  warfare  should  be  waged 
against  them.  But  as  their  complete  destruction  is  gen- 
erally impracticable  we  must  take  every  precaution  against 
their  bite.     This  is  best  accomplished  by  the  use  of  wire 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL.  33 

screens  on  doors  and  windows  and  of  mosquito  bars  over 
beds.  *  *  *  Any  man  who  fails  to  use  a  mosquito  bar 
carefully  shows  a  criminal  disregard  of  his  health  and  that 
of  his  comrades,  for  should  he  be  bitten  and  infected,  he  be- 
comes the  source  from  which  other  mosquitoes  may  become 
infected  and  disseminate  the  disease.  A  wholesome  fear  of 
the  mosquito  bite  should  be  felt  most  where  malarial  fever 
is  prevalent,  but  should  never  leave  us,  for  it  is  well  known 
that  natives  apparently  in  good  health  may  carry  malarial 
germs  in  their  blood,  which  when  transferred  by  the  mos- 
quito to  a  non-immune  develops  a  severe  form  of  fever. 

Lastly,  it  should  be  remembered  that  a  mosquito  bar,  if 
torn  or  not  well  tucked  in,  is  often  worse  than  none  at  all, 
since  mosquitoes  will  get  in  and  ma}^  be  unable  to  escape. 

There  is  among  Cubans  an  intense  dread  of  night  air,  to 
•which  they  ascribe  dangerous  effects.  They  consequently 
tightly  close  the  windows  of  their  bedrooms,  to  the  great 
detriment  of  their  health.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say 
that  this  fear  is  not  based  on  any  rational  ground ;  free  and 
pure  air,  day  and  night,  is  necessary  and  beneficial  in  all 
climates.  Doors  and  windows  may  safely  be  left  open,  pro- 
vided they  cause  no  chilling  air  current  and  they  are  screened 
against  mosquitoes  or  the  beds  are  protected  by  bars. 

Venereal  diseases  are  particularly  infectious  and  virulent 
in  tropical  countries,  as  shown  by  the  statistics  of  the  Sur- 
geon-General's office.  Thus  in  1900  the  ratio  of  admissions 
per  1,000  of  strength  for  troops  in  the  United  States,  was 
155.39,  while  for  troops  in  Cuba  it  was  190.68,  and  in  Porto 
Eico  367.88.  For  the  year  1901  the  ratio  for  the  United 
States  was  149.96  and  for  Cuba  187.28.  In  1904  the  ratio 
for  the  United  States  was  163.43  and  for  the  Philippines 
297.42.  The  prevention  of  these  diseases  should  receive  the 
careful  consideration  of  commanding  officers.  A  very  effica- 
cious measure,  quite  unobjectionable  when  properly  con- 
ducted, is  the  examination  of  the  men  every  week  or  every 
other  week  by  a  medical  officer,  all  those  found  diseased 
being  kept  in  hospital  or  simply  debarred  from  pass  and 
post-exchange  privileges. 

Typhoid  fever  is  just  as  liable  to  spread  in  our  military 
camps  in  Cuba  as  in  the  United  States,  but  as  it  is  relativeh' 

492—09 3 


34  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

uncommon  among  Cubans,  the  sources  of  original  infection 
will  not  be  so  numerous. 

Typhoid  fever  and  dysentery,  as  is  well  known,  are  caused 
by  the  ingestion,  with  food  or  drink,  of  the  fecal  matter 
(often  in  a  powdery  or  almost  invisible  form)  of  a  typhoid 
or  dysenteric  patient.  Hence  the  importance  of  so  dispos- 
ing of  the  excreta  that  the  danger  of  pollution  be  reduced  to 
a  minimum,  either  by  burning  them  in  crematories  or  by 
carrying  them  away  by  excavators  after  disinfection.  Pit 
latrines  are  always  a  source  of  danger,  but,  in  the  absence  of 
any  better  system,  their  use  in  temporary  camps  will  often 
be  necessary.  In  such  case  the  greatest  care  should  be  taken 
to  carry  out  the  measures  prescribed  in  the  Field  Service 
Regulations  and  the  Manual  for  the  Medical  Department, 
in  order  to  reduce  the  danger  to  a  minimum. 

Excreta  from  men  and  animals,  as  well  as  other  dangerous 
organic  substances,  may  find  their  way  into  the  water  supply; 
hence  the  accepted  rule,  from  which  it  is  never  safe  to  depart, 
that  any  water  open  to  suspicion  should  be  sterilized  by 
boiling  or  filtering.  The  porous  jars,  or  ollas,  found  in  all 
Cuban  households,  cool  and  clarify  the  water  and  may,  to  a 
slight  extent,  purify  it  if  kept  very  clean,  but  can  not  be 
relied  on  to  exclude  any  of  the  disease-bearing  organisms. 

Fecal  matter  may  be  carried  by  flies;  hence  the  great  im- 
portance of  using  every  measure  to  prevent  their  breeding, 
to  exclude  them  from  latrines  and  prevent  their  access  to 
kitchens  and  mess  rooms  by  suitable  screens.  Flies  are 
mostly  bred  in  stable  manure.  Therefore  stables  should  be 
as  far  from  barracks  as  possible  and  the  manure  carried  off, 
burned,  or  disinfected. 

But  of  all  carriers  of  infected  matter  in  camp  or  garrison, 
man  himself  is  the  chief  offender.  It  was  ascertained  that 
in  the  camp  epidemics  of  typhoid  fever  in  1898  the  disease 
was  principally  spread  by  direct  contact  from  man  to  man 
or  man  to  food;  that  is  to  say,  that  the  germs  were  dis- 
seminated through  the  soiled  clothing,  infected  shoes,  and 
dirty  hands  of  men  visiting  the  latrines.  Most  important 
it  is,  then,  in  camps,  especially  where  ordinary  pit  latrines 
are  used,  to  enforce  cleanly  personal  habits  and  to  require 
men  invariably  to  wash  their  hands  before  entering  the 
mess  room. 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  35 

The  most  eflScacious  means  to  prevent  the  spread  of  an 
infectious  disease  is  to  recognize  the  first  case  and  promptly 
isolate  it.  TMienever  a  man  presents  the  first  symptoms  of 
fever  it  will  often  be  impossible  to  tell  whether  it  is  mala- 
rial, yellow,  or  typhoid  fever;  such  a  case  should  be  at  once 
sent  to  the  hospital  to  be  kept  under  observation  until  its 
nature  is  determined. 

In  conclusion,  it  can  be  stated  that,  with  care  in  his  habits 
and  diet,  the  northerner  going  to  Cuba  has,  under  ordinary 
and  normal  circumstances,  fulh^  as  good  chances  of  health 
and  longevity  as  in  temperate  climates,  but  must  resign 
himself  to  the  loss  of  a  certain  amount  of  bodily  and  mental 
activity. 

YELLOW  FEVER. 

During  the  first  United  States  military  occupation  of  Cuba 
the  great  object  of  sanitation  for  Cuba,  and  i^articularly  for 
Havana,  as  far  as  the  United  States  was  concerned,  was  the 
eradication  of  yellow  fever.  Havana  was  looked  upon  as 
the  particular  point  from  which  infection  was  spread.  Yel- 
low fever  had  been  continuously  present  in  this  city  since 
1762.  Every  month  in  every  year  during  the  period  from 
1762  to  1899  there  had  been  some  cases  in  the  city  of  Havana. 

The  city  during  the  year  1900  was  as  clean  and  in  as  good 
sanitary  condition  as  it  was  possible  for  labor  to  make  it. 
By  the  beginning  of  1901  it  was  apparent  that  ordinary 
sanitary  measures  were  having  no  immediate  effect  on  yellow 
fever. 

In  the  summer  of  1900  a  commission  of  army  medical 
officers,  consisting  of  Maj.  AYalter  Reed,  surgeon,  U.  S.  Army; 
James  Carrol;  Aristides  Agramonte;  and  Jesse  W.  Lazear, 
contract  surgeons,  was  organized  in  Cuba  for  the  investiga- 
tion and  study  of  yellow  fever.  Due  to  the  financial  assist- 
ance given  by  the  military  governor  they  were  able  to  experi- 
ment on  the  human  subject.  They  took  up  the  theory 
advanced  by  Dr.  Carlos  Finlay,  of  Havana,  in  the  year  1880, 
that  the  stegomyia  mosquito  was  the  sole  means  of  the  trans- 
mission of  yellow  fever.  During  the  experimentation  Doctor 
Lazear  fell  a  victim  to  the  disease.  The  commission,  through 
careful  and  elaborate  experimentation,  proved  the  theory  to 
be  correct,  and  came  to  the  following  general  conclusions : 

1.  Fever  is  transmitted  by  the  stegomyia  mosquito. 


36  CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 

2.  The  stegomyia  becomes  contaminated  and  acquires  the 
faculty  of  transmitting  the  disease  only  after  having  bitten 
a  yellow- fever  patient  within  the  first  three  days  of  his 
attack. 

3.  It  is  only  when  at  least  twelve  days  have  passed  since 
its  contamination  that  it  acquires  the  power  of  producing  a 
well-marked  attack  of  yellow  fever. 

4.  Once  having  acquired  this  power  it  retains  it  probably 
until  death. 

5.  The  average  life  of  the  mosquito  is  from  one  to  two 
months. 

All  ordinary  sanitary  measures  during  1899  and  1900  had 
been  failures  so  far  as  stamping  out  yellow  fever  was  con- 
cerned. Yellow  fever,  at  the  beginning  of  1901.  was  about 
as  bad  as  it  had  ever  been  in  Havana  in  the  winter. 

As  soon  as  the  conclusions  of  the  commission  were  formu- 
lated in  February,  1901,  work  was  commenced  along  the  line 
of  extermination  of  the  mosquito  and  pushed  in  every  direc- 
tion, with  the  result  that  on  the  28th  of  September,  1901,  the 
last  case  originating  in  Havana  occurred.  During  the  years 
1902,  1903,  and  1904  there  were  seven,  eleven,  and  three  cases, 
respectively  (all  imported). 

From  December,  1903,  to  September,  1904,  no  cases  were 
reported.  During  the  latter  month  the  disease  again  made 
its  appearance,  but  only  three  cases  occurred  up  to  the  end  of 
that  year.  Since  that  date,  isolated  cases  have  appeared 
from  time  to  time  and  a  slight  epidemic  occurred  in  Cien- 
fuegos  in  September,  1907,  but  it  may  be  confidently  asserted 
that  so  long  as  proper  sanitary  measures  are  vigorously 
applied,  absolutely  no  danger  exists  of  an  epidemic. 

In  such  a  city  as  Havana  it  is  believed  that  the  mosquitoes 
are  bred  within  the  house  they  trouble,  and  that  the  stego- 
myia generally  breeds  in  the  rain-water  barrel  and  receptacle. 

The  stegomyia  is  very  domestic  in  its  habits  and  will  not  be 
likely  to  leave  the  premised  in  which  it  has  taken  up  its 
quarters  as  long  as  the  necessary  conditions  for  the  com- 
pletion of  its  life  cycle  are  favorable,  viz,  human  blood, 
water  in  which  it  may  lay  its  eggs,  an  agreeable  atmosphere, 
and  required  temperature.  In  the  absence  of  any  of  these 
requisites  it  will  go  to  the  nearest  place  where  conditions 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  37 

are   favorable.     Having  in  view   these   facts  the  work   of 
eradication  takes  three  phases: 

1.  Prevent  in  every  possible  way  the  breeding  of  mos- 
quitoes. 

2.  Prevent  in  every  possible  way  the  stegomyia  from 
biting  a  yellow- fever  patient. 

3.  Kill,  as  far  as  possible,  all  mosquitoes  that  have  bitten 
yellow-fever  patients. 

The  methods  adopted  should  be  as  follows: 

1.  All  water  receptacles  must  be  made  mosquito  proof 
and  all  cesspools  and  receptacles  treated  with  a  pint  of  crude 
oil  every  two  weeks.  All  j-ards  should  be  kept  drained  and 
as  dry  as  possible. 

2.  "N^Tienever  a  suspect  of  yellow  fever  is  reported,  which 
should  be  at  once,  screen  at  once  the  room  or  rooms  in  which 
the  patient  desires  to  be  kept.  Go  over  the  other  rooms  in 
the  house  and  tightly  seal  each  one  by  pasting  paper  over 
the  cracks  and  burn  pyrethrum  powder  at  the  rate  of  1 
pound  for  every  1,000  cubic  feet. 

This  makes  very  dense  fumes  and  kills  most  of  the  mos- 
quitoes, but  as  many  only  become  intoxicated,  open  up  the 
room  at  the  end  of  two  hours,  sweep  up  all  the  mosquitoes 
and  burn  them. 

All  contiguous  houses  must  be  treated  in  the  same  manner. 

When  the  case  is  ended,  the  rooms  occupied  by  the  patient 
are  treated  the  same  way. 

The  clothing  is  not  disturbed,  nor  is  any  other  disinfectant 
used. 

Pyrethrum  does  not  injure  fabrics  and  leaves  no  odor.  Sul- 
phur may  be  used  if  there  is  nothing  that  can  be  injured  or 
if  nothing  else  is  available. 

INSECTS. 

Scorpions,  centipedes,  and  tarantulas  are  plentiful,  and 
although  they  are  poisonous  their  bites  are  rarely,  if  ever, 
fatal. 

The  chigoe  or  jigger  and  the  common  tick  are  also  encoun- 
tered. Unless  carefully  and  entirely  removed  irritating  sores 
are  liable  to  result. 

The  wound  due  to  extraction  should  be  carefully  washed, 
coal  oil  or  some  other  germicide  applied  if  practicable,  and 
outside  moisture  excluded. 


38  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

Mosquitoes  and  other  very  small  annoying  insects  abound, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  swamps.  When  campaigning, 
the  only  way  relief  can  be  obtained  is  to  thoroughly  grease 
all  exposed  portions  of  the  bod3\ 

Flies  speedily  become  numerous  unless  absolute  cleanliness 
is  preserved. 

Picket  lines  and  stables  should  be  at  least  150  yards  from 
kitchens. 

ANIMAL  LIFE. 

Throughout  Cuba  game  is  abundant;  deer,  though  not 
native,  have  flourished  and  multiplied  greatly.  Rabbits  are 
also  plentiful.  The  wild  boar  (so  called),  the  wild  dog,  and 
the  wild  cat  are  simply  domestic  animals  run  wild.  They 
are  quite  numerous  in  all  parts  of  the  island. 

Wild  fowl,  especially  ducks  and  pigeons,  abound,  the 
former  crossing  from  the  Southern  States  during  the  winter 
season,  while  the  latter  remain  on  the  island  the  year  round. 

Pheasants,  quail,  snipe,  wild  turkeys,  and  wild  guinea  fowl 
are  also  numerous,  with  several  other  varieties  of  game  birds, 
such  as  the  perdiz,  tojosas,  rabiches,  and  the  guanaros. 

The  only  distinctively  native  animal  is  the  jutia  or  hutia, 
rat  like  in  appearance,  and  black,  which  grows  to  a  length 
of  16  or  18  inches,  not  including  the  tail.  While  eatable,  it 
is  not  especially  palatable. 

Cuba  has  more  than  200  species  of  native  birds,  including 
those  mentioned  as  game  birds,  many  possessing  the  most 
beautiful  plumage,  but  those  with  song  are  rare. 

In  swampy  localities  crocodiles  and  American  alligators 
(caimans)  are  found.  They  frequently  grow  to  an  enor- 
mous size,  and  the  crocodiles  give  some  trouble  in  the  Zapata 
Swamp,  where  they  seem  to  be  quite  numerous. 

When  camping  on  any  of  the  islets  of  the  swamp  over 
night  it  is  necessary  to  erect  a  stockade. 

Few  varieties  of  snakes  exist  in  Cuba. 

The  maja,  from  10  to  14  feet  in  length,  is  semidomesticated, 
if  such  a  term  may  be  used.  Its  favorite  living  place  is  in 
the  palm-leaf  thatches  of  older  buildings  and  its  favorite 
food  is  poultry. 

Another  snake,  named  the  "  juba,"  is  more  vicious  in  dis- 
position than  the  majti,  although  never  reaching  more  than 
one-third  its  size.     It  is  not  poisonous.     The  other  varie- 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 


39 


ties  are  still  smaller  in  size,  are  seldom  seen,  and  are  not 
venomous. 

The  land  crabs  are  very  abundant  and  annoying. 

The  following  table  gives  the  registration  of  the  number 
of  animals  in  the  island  on  June  30,  1908 : 


Province. 


Horses. 


Cattle. 


Mules. 


Total. 


Pinar  del  Rio '    38,755 

Havana 76,417 

Matanzas --!    66,724 

Santa  Clara.... .-|  U7,226 

Camagiiey :    50,555 

Oriente... I  128,020 

Grand  total 477,697 


231,601 
344,755 
377,098 
895,438 
455,129 
479,347 


9,679 
15,794 
5,440 
9,456 
1,730 
14,289 


290,035 
436,966 
449,262 
1,022,120 
507,414 
621,656 


2,783,368 


56,388 


3,317,453 


It  is  believed  that  the  stock  in  Camagiiey  is  not  correctly 
reported.  It  is  the  best  stock-growing  province  on  the  island, 
and  in  numbers  it  should  rank  with  Santa  Clara. 


DISEASES   OF  THE  HORSE. 

There  are  practicallj'  no  serious  diseases  of  the  horse  in  the 
island,  with  the  exception  of  glanders. 

There  is  a  little  of  this  disease  scattered  about,  no  locality 
being  particularly  infested  with  it. 

The  following  are  the  common  diseases  existing  and  the 
best-known  treatments  therefor: 

THRUSH. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  cleft  of  the  frCg,  and  may 
occur  in  any  or  all  of  the  feet.  It  is  caused  generally  by 
standing  in  mud  or  manure.  The  horse  goes  slightly  lame. 
There  is  a  slight  but  very  foul-smelling  discharge  from  the 
cleft  of  the  frog. 

Treatment:  Keep  the  foot  clean  and  dry.  Trim  out  the 
frog  so  3-ou  can  get  at  the  bottom  of  the  cleft.  Apph^  pure 
tincture  of  iodine  once  daily.  Dust  in  calomel  and  pack 
cleft  with  oakum  or  absorbent  cotton.  Change  dressing 
daily. 

Packing  with  po.wdered  charcoal  is  also  effective. 

SCREW  FLIES. 

Screw  flies  are  small  white  worms,  larvae,  or  "maggots" 
of  a  fly.     The  fly  lays  her  eggs  on  or  about  wounds  and  the 


40  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

eggs  will  hatch  in  about  four  hours  and  begin  to  bore  their 
way  into  the  wound. 

The  part  itches  a  little  and  there  is  a  slightly  bloody  dis- 
charge from  the  wound.  Screw  flies  also  attack  the  penis 
and  sheath  of  geldings  without  a  preceding  wound.  Swell- 
ing of  these  parts  and  a  slightly  bloody  discharge  are  the 
symptoms. 

Treatment:  Inject  with  a  syringe  into  the  wound  or  in- 
fected part  a  strong  solution  of  creoline  or  similar  product 
(use  1  part  of  creoline  to  3  parts  of  water).  In  a  few  min- 
utes the  worms  will  begin  to  wiggle  out. 

Clean  the  parts  thoroughly  and  after  the  worms  are  re- 
moved use  5  per  cent  solution  of  creoline  (1  part  creoline  to 
20  parts  of  water)  once  daily. 

Chloroform  injected  will  kill  screw  worms  at  once,  but  it 
is  necessary  to  pick  them  out.  Packing  the  wound  with 
calomel  will  also  kill  them. 

TETANUS  OR  LOCKJAW. 

This  is  very  common  in  Cuba,  and  wounds  of  all  kinds  on 
animals  should  be  kept  clean  and  treated  with  antiseptics  to 
ward  off  the  disease  if  possible. 

Carbolic  acid,  1  part  mixed  with  30  parts  of  water,  or  creo- 
line in  the  same  proportion,  or  corrosive  sublimate  1  to  1,000 
parts  of  water. 

When  a  wound  of  the  skin  is  received  it  should  be  properly 
cleansed  and  thoroughly  disinfected,  and  if  practicable  left 
unbandaged  or  at  most  loosely  protected.  When  a  punctured 
wound  of  the  foot  is  received  the  animal  should  immediately 
be  taken  to  the  blacksmith  shop  or  other  convenient  place, 
the  nail,  if  any,  extracted,  and  the  seat  of  the  puncture  care- 
fully dished  out  with  the  shoeing  knife  until  the  sensitive 
tissues  have  been  reached  and  a  small  quantity  of  blood 
caused  to  flow.  This  work  should  be  done  by  the  horseshoer 
or  by  some  one  who  has  a  knowledge  of  the  foot  structure, 
and  should  not  be  left  to  the  carelessness  of  those  who  may 
consider  it  sufficient  to  scrape  the  part  out  with  a  penknife 
or  some  other  unsuitable  instrument.  The  bottom  of  the 
puncture  having  been  exposed,  it  should  be  diligently  irri- 
gated with  pure  carbolic  acid,  undiluted,  and  then  loosely 
dressed  with  teased  oakum  saturated  with  equal  parts  of  alco- 


CUBA   IN   GENEKAL.  41 

hol  and  carbolic  acid.  The  hoof  should  then  be  covered  with 
a  piece  of  burlap  retained  in  place  by  a  bandage,  care  being 
taken  not  to  interfere  with  the  circulation.  This  dressing 
should  be  allowed  to  remain  in  place  for  three  or  four  days, 
after  which  further  dressing  is  unnecessary  unless  suppura- 
tion takes  place,  a^  new  horn  soon  covers  the  thoroughly  dis- 
infected part. 

It  is  true  that  many  light  cases  of  tetanus  recover  without 
treatment,  and  some  in  spite  of  it,  but  these  are  the  ones  not 
badly  infected  and  where  sufficient  toxin  is  not  present  to 
cause  very  serious  symptoms. 

There  is  no  recognized  curative  treatment  for  tetanus, 
therefore  none  is  mentioned.  It  is,  however,  important  that 
afflicted  animals  should  have  perfect  quiet  and  freedom  from 
.noise. 

Experience  has  taught  us  that  tetanus  may  be  eliminated 
if  wounds  are  reported  promptly  and  properly  treated.  The 
habit  of  permitting  an  animal  which  has  picked  up  a  nail 
and  which  shows  no  lameness  until  days  afterwards,  or  one 
that  has  received  a  wound,  to  go  without  treatment  is  re- 
sponsible for  nearly  every  case  of  tetanus  reported. 

INFLAMMATION    OF    CORONET;    SUPPURATIVE    CELLULITIS;    GAN- 
GRENOUS GREASE  OR  FOOT  ROT. 

(«)  This  is  caused  by  a  bacteria  and  occurs  when  horses 
are  worked  in  mud.  The  inflammation  starts  at  the  top  of 
the  hoof  (coronet).  The  hair  sticks  out  and  the  part  is  hot 
and  tender  to  the  touch. 

There  is  a  slightly  moist  discharge  from  the  skin  and  in 
most  cases  pus  ("matter")  forms  and  discharges  from  one 
or  more  places  at  the  coronet. 

Treatment:  Clean  the  parts  well  and  clip  off  any  long 
hair.  Apply  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  (1  to  500),  and 
if  there  is  any  suppuration  or  sore  apply  pure  tincture  of 
iodine  once  daily  thoroughly  for  two  or  three  days.  After 
treating  the  part  and  it  is  dry,  apply  some  grease,  such  as 
vaseline,  wagon  grease,  bacon  grease,  or  lard. 

To  prevent  the  disease,  wash  the  horse's  feet  after  working 
in  the  mud.  Do  not  let  the  mud  dry  on.  Keep  the  coronet 
greased. 


42  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

(&)  Characterization:  As  the  name  indicates,  infectious 
suppurative  cellulitis  is  an  infectious  disease  common  among 
cattle  and  sheep,  but  also  attacking  horses  and  mules.  It  is 
an  extensive  inflammation  of  the  subcutaneous  tissue  of  the 
lower  extremities;  if  the  morbid  process  extends  beneath  the 
hoof,  causing  it  to  slough,  it  is  called  "  hoof  rot."  If  the  in- 
flammatory process  attacks  the  skin,  it  is  called  erysipelas. 
If  it  becomes  circumscribed,  resulting  in  local  suppuration,  an 
abscess  or  ulcer  is  the  result. 

Cause  of  the  disease :  The  disease  is  brought  in  by  animals 
coming  from  practice  marches  into  the  interior  and  camping 
on  grounds  or  fields  infected  by  cattle,  or  they  may  be  in- 
fected by  being  transported  on  vessels  formerly  used  for 
transportation  of  cattle  coming  from  Central  and  South 
America,  Bacteriological  examinations  of  Pasteur  have 
proven  that  the  disease  is  caused  by  a  streptococcus. 

Course  of  the  disease:  Like  all  infectious  diseases,  sup- 
purative cellulitis  is  a  self-limited  one;  that  is,  if  once  an 
animal  is  affected,  the  disease  will  run  its  course  and  there 
is  no  way  of  checking  it  until  its  virulency  is  exhausted.  As 
a  rule,  a  number  of  animals  which  are  subjected  to  the  same 
conditions  are  attacked  at  the  same  time,  resembling  an  epi- 
zootic. Usually  but  one  foot  is  affected ;  sometimes,  however, 
two  or  more. 

Symptoms :  A  swelling  of  the  lower  part  of  the  leg  is  usu- 
ally the  first  symptom  of  the  disease,  and  the  disease  and 
the  swelling  often  extend  to  the  knee  or  hock;  there  is  con- 
siderable pain,  the  subcutaneous  tissues  become  indurated, 
the  skin  is  thickened  and  dry  and  usually  cracks,  followed  b}^ 
a  discharge  of  thick,  creamy  pus.  The  swelling  subsides  and 
the  leg  is  returned  to  its  normal  condition ;  in  most  cases  it  is 
accompanied  by  sloughing  of  the  skin  around  the  pastern. 
The  course  of  the  disease  is  from  ten  to  fifteen  days. 
The  exceptions  are  largely  in  those  cases  where  the  inflam- 
matorj'  process  extends  to  the  coronary  cushion,  in  which 
cases  the  disease  is  most  serious,  and  mostly  results  in  slough- 
ing of  the  hoof  and  death  from  septicaemia. 

Treatment :  If  the  fetlock  begins  to  swell,  carefully  clip  the 
hair  as  high  as  the  knee  or  hock  and  thoroughly  wash  the  leg 
with  warm  water  and  castile  soap;  in  order  to  hasten  the 
inflammatory  process,  apply  the  so-called  "  Prietznitz  poul- 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL.  43 

tice"  (linen  dipped  in  disinfecting  solution  or  wet  antiseptic 
gauze,  covered  by  a  flannel  bandage).  All  dead  pieces  of 
skin  or  tissue  should  be  carefully  removed  and  the  wound 
treated  antiseptically ;  cauterized  with  lunar  caustic  when 
necessary  and  the  wound  from  time  to  time  swabbed  with  a 
mild  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc ;  bandaging  is  in  most  cases 
indicated.  If  cellulitis  has  appeared  around  the  coronary 
band,  dispersal  is  favored  by  warm  baths  to  which  some 
antiseptic  is  added.  The  appearance  of  distinct  fluctuation 
is  the  sign  for  immediately  opening  the  abscess ;  considerable 
bleeding  must  be  expected  and  almost  always  occurs.  After 
the  discharge  of  the  pus,  which  is  blood  stained  or  decom- 
posed, the  cavity  should  be  washed  out  with  disinfectants  and 
tampons  inserted  to  check  the  bleeding.  The  tampons  can 
be  kept  in  position  for  twenty- four  hours  by  a  bandage,  the 
pressure  of  which  will  assist  its  styptic  effect,  but  care  must 
be  taken  that  the  bandage  is  not  applied  so  tightly  as  to  cause 
necrosis.  For  a  few  days  the  cavity  is  syringed  out  and 
treated  antiseptically,  tampons  and  bandage.  Precaution 
must  be  taken  against  retention  of  pus. 

Prevention :  The  disease  is  due  to  a  local  infection  of  some 
kind,  brought  in  by  cattle  from  Central  and  South  America. 
"Where  a  herd  of  cattle  or  sheep  have  been  pasturing  there  is 
danger  of  infection;  also,  on  the  steamers  they  have  been 
transported  on  (cattle  or  sheep  fnfected  with  that  disease). 
The  prevention  of  disease  consists  in  clipping  the  fetlocks  of 
all  animals  and  then  washing  the  fetlocks  with  castile  soap 
and  warm  water.  Wherever  the  sea  is  near  enough  give  the 
animals  a  chance  to  get  a  daily  foot  bath,  both  infected  as 
well  as  noninfected  (of  course  only  those  which  are  able  to 
walk  without  causing  hemorrhages  from  the  fetlocks). 

(c)  The  so-called  '*  foot  rot "  is  what  is  known  technically 
as  dermatitis  gangrenosa  or  gangrenous  grease.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  moist  gangrene  of  the  skin  and  adjacent  tissues  of 
the  phalanges  of  solipeds,  which  produces  extensive  slough- 
ing; infection  through  slight  wounds  being  doubtless  a  very 
important  factor  in  the  causation,  obstructions  to  the  circula- 
tion might  be  suspected,  but  were  that  the  cause  the  necrosis 
would  be  confined  to  the  part  robbed  of  nutrition  and  the 
dead  separated  from  the  living  tissue  and  no  further  invasion 
occur;  but  in  this  affection  new  areas  are  rapidly  invaded 


44  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

until  the  entire  foot  is  destroyed  or  the  animal  dies  from  sep- 
tic intoxication. 

The  disease  is  sudden  in  its  attack,  often  manifesting  itself 
in  the  night,  though  its  true  character  may  remain  obscure 
for  two  or  even  three  days.  The  leg  involved  is  swollen  and 
extremely  painful  and  resembles  an  acute  attack  of  scratches. 
In  the  latter  the  soreness  and  swelling  subside  with  exercise, 
while  in  the  former  it  does  not,  but  is  aggravated  and  the  de- 
bility of  the  patient  is  more  marked.  A  careful  examination 
will  reveal  a  moisture  of  the  skin  in  the  affected  part  and  by 
pressure  a  turbid  serum,  having  the  characteristic  odor  of 
gangrene,  can  be  squeezed  out;  the  surface  of  the  necrotic 
spots  will  be  cold  and  clammy,  while  surrounding  parts  may 
have  a  feeling  of  subnormal  temperature.  The  necrotic 
patches  are  usually  small,  but  may  involve  larger  areas.  If 
located  at  posterior  part  of  fetlock  it  may  extend  across  the 
region  as  a  crack,  like  scratches,  or  it  may  extend  up  and 
down  on  either  side  of  the  flexor  tendons  from  the  coronet  to 
the  fetlock,  involving  the  region  immediately  superior.  The 
swelling  may  extend  to  the  hock  or  knee,  the  animal  becoming 
restless  and  showing  extreme  pain.  The  temperature  is  ele- 
vated, respiration  hurried,  the  pulse  increased,  small  and 
weak,  and  debility  soon  becomes  well  marked. 

In  about  three  or  four  days  the  necrotic  patches  are  cast  off 
as  slimy  patches.  The  disease  may  terminate  here  and  the 
wound  will  fill  with  granulation,  and  recovery  by  cicatriza- 
tion be  complete  in  about  two  weeks,  but  this  termination  is 
exceptional,  for,  in  most  cases,  new  areas  superficial  and  deep 
are  invaded,  sloughing  extends,  tendons,  hoof,  and  ligaments 
are  destroyed,  and  even  the  capsular  ligament  may  be  in- 
volved. 

In  most  instances  the  system  absorbs  a  sufficient  amount  of 
poison  from  tha  wound  to  produce  a  general  septic  condition 
that  rapidly  leads  to  death ;  the  difference  in  the  termination 
often  noticed  is  probably  due  to  the  ability  of  the  system 
to  resist  the  poisons. 

As  the  infection  may  take  place  through  a  very  small 
wound,  treatment  by  preventive  measures  is  not  likely  to  be 
successful.  The  disease  being  rapid  in  its  progress,  treatment 
should  be  energetic,  and  even  heroic,  and  applied  as  early  as 
possible.     An  antiseptic  course  locally  and  internally  has 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  45 

been  used,  and  often  without  success;  the  treatment  with 
germicides,  even  to  a  degree  of  potential  cautery,  gave  poor 
results. 

Actual  cautery  (white-hot  iron)  is  reported  by  some  veter- 
inarians as  the  one  successful  agent.  It  has  been  used  vig- 
orously when  it  seemed  the  entire  foot  was  in  an  advanced 
stage  of  moist  gangrene,  even  when  sensation  appeared  to 
have  been  lost  and  treatment  useless,  and  twenty- four  hours 
later  found  the  disease  not  only  checked  but  every  trace  of 
gangrene  gone,  leaving  only  the  resulting  sore,  requiring  onlj'^ 
the  usual  treatment  for  simple  wounds. 

After  the  destructive  process  has  been  arrested,  cleanliness 
and  antiseptics  insure  resolution.  If  the  case  be  an  aggra- 
vated one  and  debility  be  marked,  stimulants  are  admin- 
istered and  the  liberal  use  of  hyposulphite  of  soda  will  assist 
in  arresting  the  fermentation  of  the  blood. 

ITCH. 

American  horses  turned  out  to  pasture  in  Cuba  are  usually 
attacked  by  an  irritating  skin  disease. 

The  skin  of  the  legs,  neck,  and  head  are  principally  affected, 
and  usually  the  disease  appears  within  about  forty-eight 
hours  after  the  horse  has  been  turned  out. 

There  is  intense  itching,  and  the  horse  will  rub  or  dig  ^t 
the  skin  with  his  teeth  until  he  rubs  the  skin  off  and  fre- 
quently causes  bleeding.  Not  all  horses  suffer  from  this  dis- 
ease, but  others  are  very  susceptible. 

The  disease  seems  due  to  bacteria  or  a  vegetable  parasite 
like  a  mold.  It  is  not  an  animal  parasite,  and  does  not  ap- 
pear contagious. 

The  disease  is  not  mange,  nor  is  it  the  "  dobe  itch  "  of  the 
Philippines. 

Treatment :  Keep  the  animal  up  and  apply  strong  antisep- 
tics. The  best  success  has  been  obtained  with  a  1  to  500  solu- 
tion of  bichloride  of  mercury  (corrosive  sublimate)  in  water. 

Apply  thoroughly  twice  daily. 

FORAGE. 

The  best  forage  grasses  in  Cuba  are  the  guinea  and  parana. 
or  "  paral.''     The  latter  grows  on  rather  moist  soils. 

The  forage  is  much  better  from  Havana  east  than  west,  as 
the  principal  grass  about  Havana  and  to  the  west  is  a  wire 


46  CUBA   IN    GENERAL, 

grass,  " espartillo."  It  is  poor  forage;  animals  do  not  like 
it,  and  it  is  not  nourishing. 

If  other  forage  is  not  available  the  tops  of  sugar  cane  can 
be  used  to  advantage.  The  classes  of  forage  in  order  of  ex- 
cellence are :  First,  grasses,  either  guinea  or  parana ;  second, 
green-corn  fodder;  third,  sugar-cane  tops. 

Three  crops  of  corn  may  be  gathered  in  one  year,  but  as  a 
rule  only  two  are  obtained,  which  are  known  as  rainy-season 
corn  and  winter  corn. 

The  green-corn  fodder  is  excellent.  The  sugar-cane  fodder 
is  not  very  nourishing  and  is  laxative.  Most  of  the  cane  is 
grown  east  of  Havana,  in  which  section  both  cane  and  corn 
will  be  found  scattered  all  over. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  general  geology  of  the  island  may  be  briefly  stated  as 
consisting  of  an  older  basement  of  pre-Tertiary  sedimentary 
rocks  in  which  Cretaceous  and  probably  Jurassic  fossils  have 
been  found.  Above  this  there  are,  first,  littoral  beds  com- 
posed of  terrigenous  material,  and  then  a  great  thickness  of 
white  limestone,  consisting  of  organically  derived  oceanic 
material  as  distinguished  from  true  reef  rock  of  late  Eocene 
and  Oligocene  age.  The  island  was  reclaimed  from  the  sea 
and  assumed  its  present  relief  by  a  great  mountain-making 
movement  in  the  late  Teritiary  time,  succeeding  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  limestone.  In  late  epochs.  Pliocene  and  Pleisto- 
cene, the  island  underwent  a  series  of  epeirogenic  subsidences 
and  elevations  which  affected  the  costal  borders,  producing 
the  wave-cut  cliffs  and  a  margin  of  elevated  reef  rock,  which 
borders  the  coast  in  many  places,  as  can  be  recognized  in  the 
cities  of  Havana  and  Baracoa.  So  far  as  its  history  is 
known,  the  island  has  never  been  connected  with  the  Ameri- 
can mainland,  although  such  has  frequently  been  asserted  to 
be  the  case.  These  assertions  have  been  based  upon  the 
erroneous  identification  of  certain  vertebrate  animal  remains. 
There  are  no  traces  in  the  animal  life  of  Cuba,  past  or  ])res- 
ent,  which  justify  this  conclusion.  Some  of  the  crystalline 
rocks  may  be  ancient,  but  most  of  them  are  mid-Tertiary  in 
age. 

A  detailed  report  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey 
may  be  found  in  Volume  I,  Civil  Report  of  the  Military 
Governor  of  Cuba,  1901. 


CUBA  IN  GENERAL.  _  47 

MINERAL  RESOURCES, 

The  most  important  minerals  of  Cuba  are  iron,  manganese, 
asphalt,  and  copper.  The  principal  iron  mines  are  in  the 
vicinity  of  Santiago  de  Cuba.  The  Juragua  Iron  Company's 
mines  are  situated  at  Firmeza,  Oriente  Province,  about  18 
miles  by  rail  east  of  Santiago.  The  annual  output  of  about 
108,000  tons  will  be  increased  in  the  near  future  to  600,000 
tons. 

The  mines  of  the  Spanish- American  Iron  Company  are  at 
Daiquiri,  24  miles  east  of  Santiago  de  Cuba.  The  annual 
output  is  about  450,000  tons.  Some  iron  ore  is  reported  from 
the  mountains  of  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Asphalt  is  found  in  the  provinces  of  Havana,  Pinar  del 
Rio,  and  Santa  Clara.  The  annual  output  is  valued  at  about 
$122,900. 

Manganese  is  found  in  considerable  quantities  in  the 
province  of  Oriente.  There  is  a  mine  at  Ponupo,  about  4 
miles  from  La  Maya,  Oriente  Province.  The  total  annual 
output  of  manganese  is  valued  at  $164,000. 

Copper  is  found  in  small  quantities  in  nearly  all  the  prov- 
inces, but  the  most  important  deposits  are  in  Oriente  Prov- 
ince. There  are  extensive  mines  at  El  Cobre,  about  10  miles 
west  of  Santiago.  The  annual  output  is  valued  at  about 
$13,000.  The  old  shafts  are  reported  flooded,  and  the  ore 
produced  comes  from  some  high-grade  ore  in  the  portions  of 
the  mine  above  water  level.  If  the  property  is  pumped  out 
and  developed,  the  annual  output  will  increase. 

Several  gold  mines  have  been  located  in  the  provinces  of 
Santa  Clara  and  Oriente,  but  no  gold  is  being  produced.  It 
is  possible  that  valuable  veins  exist,  but  evidence  is  wanting 
for  an  unqualified  statement  that  either  placers  or  quartz 
mining  will  prove  to  be  of  economic  importance  in  the 
island. 

In  Santa  Clara  a  small  quantity  of  naphtha  is  produced. 

On  the  Isle  of  Pines,  near  Salinas  Point,  are  deposits  of 
salt,  and  near  Nueva  Gerona  some  good  marble  is  produced. 

FORESTRY. 

Owing  to  the  richness  of  the  soil,  the  equable,  moist  tem- 
perature, and  abundant  rainfall,  the  island  abounds  in 
flowers,  fruits,  and  a  great  variety  of  vegetables. 


48  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

The  luxuriance  of  jungle,  grove,  and  forest  is  such  that  the 
country  can  be  traversed  only  by  the  use  of  the  machete  or 
along  well-worn  pathways. 

There  are  in  the  island  3,350  native  plants,  besides  those 
introduced.  They  include  many  species  of  valuable  wood, 
such  as  mahogany,  ebony,  granadilla,  majagua,  cedar,  wal- 
nut, ceiba,  lignum-vitse,  oak,  pine,  and  the  palm,  of  which 
there  are  over  30  species,  among  them  the  royal  palm,  which 
to  the  poor  Cuban  is  the  most  valuable  of  all,  as  the  leaves 
provide  him  with  a  roof  and  the  trunk  with  walls  for  his 
dwelling  place.  In  the  interior  the  forests  are  in  large  part 
made  up  of  Cuban  pine,  which  makes  an  excellent  lumber. 

It  is  estimated  that  about  13,000,000  acres,  or  nearly  half 
the  area  of  the  island,  remain  clad  in  original  forests.  These 
areas  are  found  mainly  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  island,  in 
the  provinces  of  Oriente  and  Camagiiey. 

Over  a  large  part  of  the  cleared  or  cultivated  areas  are 
luxuriant  grasses,  which,  like  the  parana  and  guinea  grasses, 
grow  to  a  height  of  several  feet,  and  are  abundant  and 
nutritious. 

SOIL. 

The  land  is,  as  a  rule,  very  fertile,  presenting  four  differ- 
ent classes,  calcareous-ferruginous,  alluvium,  argillos,  and 
silicious. 

The  lands  most  celebrated  for  their  fertility  are  the  dis- 
tricts of  Sagua,  Cienfugos,  Trinidad,  Matanzas,  and  Mariel. 
The  Valley  of  Giiines  owes  its  reputation  to  artificial  irri- 
gation. 

The  color  of  the  land  varies,  and,  although  this  is  not  suf- 
ficient to  judge  the  quality,  it  is  usually  classified  as  red  and 
black,  the  former  being  subdivided  into  "  polvillo  "  and  "  per- 
digon,"  according  to  the  appearance  and  substance.  The 
combination  of  red  and  black  gives  a  land  known  as  "mu- 
lata,"  which  is  suitable  for  all  cultivation.  The  red  land, 
which  contains  oxide  of  iron  and  a  sufficient  amount  of  clay 
and  silica,  produces  an  excellent  vegetation  and  yields  large 
crops  of  yucca,  oranges,  bananas,  and  tobacco.  The  black 
land  is  very  thick  and  rich  in  organic  matters  and  produces 
excellent  bananas,  sugar  cane,  coffee,  and  other  products. 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 


49 


AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS. 

The  principal  agricultural  products  of  Cuba  are  sugar 
cane,  coffee,  tobacco,  cocoa,  cotton,  sarsaparilla,  vanilla, 
copal,  china  root,  cassia,  Palma  Christi  mustard,  pepper, 
ginger,  licorice,  balsam  de  Guatemala,  India  rubber,  etc. 

The  following  table  shows  the  approximate  areas,  ex- 
pressed in  cordeles,  of  which  there  are  324  in  a  caballeria,  or 
approximately  10  to  an  acre,  which  are  planted  in  each  of 
the  princij^al  crops,  together  with  the  percentage  of  the 
cultivated  area  in  each  crop : 


Sugar  cane 

Sweet  potatoes 

Tobacco 

Bananas 

Indian  corn 

MaJangas 

Yucca 


Coffee 

Cocoanuts 

Cocoa 

Rice 

iams 

Irish!  potatoes- 
Pineapples 

Oranges 

Onions 


Cordeles. 

Per  cent. 

4,142.016 

47.3 

973,629 

11.3 

817,452 

9.3 

753,627 

8.6 

639,W2 

7.3 

303,603 

3.4 

2S3,363 

3.2 

137,854 

1.6 

120,261 

l.i 

119,525 

1.4 

42,076 

.5 

30,030 

.3 

26,808 

.3 

26,782 

.3 

23,418 

.3 

14,274 

.2 

The  table  shows  that  very  nearly  one-half  of  the  cultivated 
area  of  Cuba  is  planted  in  sugar  cane ;  that  the  next  crop  of 
importance,  in  which  11.3  per  cent  of  the  cultivated  area  is 
planted,  is  sweet  potatoes ;  while  tobacco,  for  which  crop  the 
island  is  quite  as  celebrated  as  for  sugar  cane,  occupies  about 
9.3  per  cent  of  the  cultivated  area,  being  third  in  importance 
as  measured  in  area  cultivated. 

Coffee,  at  one  time  a  product  of  great  importance  in  Cuba, 
occupies  only  about  1.6  per  cent  of  the  cultivated  area. 
Nearly  one-half  of  this  area  is  in  Oriente. 

In  general  it  may  be  stated  that  crops  which  are  cultivated 
mainly  upon  owned  estates  are  those  of  a  permanent  char- 
acter, such  as  sugar,  cocoanuts,  coffee,  and  cocoa,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  annual  crops. 

492—09 4 


60  CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 

Sugar. — The  percentage  of  cultivated  land  planted  in  sugar 
cane  in  each  province  is  about  as  follows : 

Per  cent. 

Matanzas 78.4 

Santa   Clara 71.3 

Camagiiey 34.  7 

Orients 34.5 

Havana ^ 27.0 

Pinar  del   Rio 6.1 

Tobacco. — Of  the  total  cultivated  area  of  Cuba,  about  9.6 
per  cent  is  planted  in  tobacco.  The  proportion  of  land  so 
planted  varies  widely  in  the  different  provinces,  as  shown  in 
the  table  below : 

Per  cent. 

Pinar  del  Rfo 42.4 

Havana 10.3 

Santa   Clara 4.  2 

Oriente .6 

Camagiiey .  3 

Matanzas .3 

Considering  tobacco  relative  to  other  agricultural  products, 
it  is  most  prominent  at  the  western  end  of  the  island,  in  Pinar 
del  Rio  primarily  and  in  Havana  secondarily.  It  is  culti- 
vated in  all  the  other  provinces,  but  to  a  very  small  extent. 

These  are  the  two  great  export  crops  of  the  island.  The 
cultivation  of  sweet  potatoes  is  distributed  quite  generally 
over  the  island,  but  is  greatest  in  the  two  extreme  provinces, 
Pinar  del  Rio  and  Oriente. 

The  banana  is  quite  generally  cultivated,  although  in  the 
province  of  Oriente  much  greater  attention  is  paid  to  it  than 
elsewhere. 

Indian  corn  is  a  grain  of  much  importance  in  the  agri- 
culture of  Cuba.  It  is  raised  in  every  province  in  consider- 
able quantity,  but  most  attention  is  paid  to  it  in  Oriente. 

Malanga,  a  farinaceous  root,  is  raised  quite  generally  for 
food  throughout  the  island,  but  the  greater  part  of  it  is  pro- 
duced in  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio.  Only  a  trifling 
amount  is  raised  in  Camagiiey. 

Yucca  is  produced  in  every  province,  but  the  most  atten- 
tion is  paid  to  it  in  Oriente. 

Coffee,  once  a  crop  of  great  imjiortance,  is  now  produced 
in  but  small  quantity.  Nearly  one-half  of  the  area  devoted 
to  this  produce  is  situated  in  Oriente. 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  51 

The  cultivation  of  the  cocoanut  pahn  is  confined  almost 
exclusively  to  Ori^nte. 

The  production  of  cocoa  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to 
Oriente  as  is  also  the  production  of  yams. 

Irish  potatoes  are  raised  to  a  limited  extent.  About  one- 
half  of  the  total  crop  is  raised  in  Havana  Province. 

Pineapples  are  raised  in  every  province,  but  more  than 
four-fifths  of  the  product  comes  from  Havana  Province. 

Oranges  are  raised  to  a  much  greater  extent  in  Havana 
and  Matanzas  Provinces  than  in  any  of  the  others. 

Of  the  onion  product,  more  than  two-thirds  comes  from 
the  province  of  Havana. 

FRUITS  AND  VEGETABLES. 

The  fruits  of  Cuba  are  numerous  and  delicious.  Among 
them  are  the  pineapple,  banana,  cocoanut,  and  orange,  which 
need  no  description. 

Aguacate  {alligator  peai^). — This  is  one  of  the  most  popu- 
lar fruits.  It  is  pear  shaped,  green  or  purple,  and  often 
weighs  2  pounds.  On  account  of  the  pulp  being  firm  and 
marrow-like  it  is  also  known  as  vegetable  marrow  or  "  mid- 
shipman's butter."  With  French  dressing  it  makes  a  de- 
licious salad.  A  very  good  oil  for  soap  comes  from  its  seed. 
It  grows  on  a  tree. 

Caimito. — This  fruit  is  purple  or  dark  green  on  the  outside. 
It  has  a  milky,  fibrous  meat,  sweet  and  starchy,  and  a  number 
of  round  black  seeds.     It  grows  on  a  tree. 

Chirimoya  {custard  apple). — This  is  a  heart-shaped  fruit, 
quite  sweet,  with  a  slightly  acid  taste  and  very  refreshing. 
It  has  a  smooth  peel  and  contains  numerous  seeds  buried  in  a 
pulp.  It  is  sometimes  known  as  "bullock's  heart,"  on  ac- 
count of  its  size  and  shape.     Grows  on  a  tree. 

Anon. — Somewhat  similar  to  the  above,  except  that  it  has 
a  scaly  exterior. 

Figs  {higos). — Grow  luxuriantly. 

Granadilla. — Grows  on  a  vine  which  bears  the  passion 
flower.  The  fruit  is  generally  as  large  as  a  child's  head. 
The  meat  is  glutinous  and  contains  man}^  small  seeds.  It  is 
much  used  in  making  refreshing  drinks  and  desserts. 

Guandhana. — A  large  fruit  about  the  size  of  a  muskmelon, 
with  many  seeds,  and  having  a  fibrous  meat  with  a  delicate 


52  CUBA  IN   GENEEAL. 

flavor.  It  is  eaten  in  its  natural  state  and  also  used  for  mak- 
ing drinks,  ices,  and  preserves. 

Guava. — The  guava  is  a  pulpy  fruit  with  an  agreeable 
acid  flavor  and  is  used  in  making  jelly,  marmalade,  etc. 
There  are  two  varieties,  the  red  or  apple-shaped  and  the 
white  or  pear-shaped. 

Lima. — Somewhat  like  the  lime,  but  has  the  flavor  of  a 
grape. 

Lime  (limon  citrus). — The  juice  is  much  used  in  summer 
beverages  in  the  Tropics. 

Mam&y  (sapote). — The  mamey  or  sapote  tree  yields  a 
fruit  the  jui^e  of  which  resembles  marmalade.  It  is  known 
locally  as  the  "  mamey  Colorado,"  red  mamey,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  mamey  of  Santa  Domingo,  which  is  yellow  in 
color  and  is  also  grown  here,  but  is  eatable  only  after  cooking. 

Mam^oncillo. — The  fruit  grows  on  a  tree  in  clusters.  It  is  a 
species  of  plum,  is  tart,  and  has  one  fibrous  pit.  The  juice 
will  stain  clothes  black,  like  ink. 

Mango. — A  fruit  shaped  somewhat  like  a  pear,  but  attached 
to  the  tree  by  the  larger  end.  The  meat  is  fibrous  and  clings 
to  the  seed,  somewhat  like  that  of  a  clingstone  peach.  Some- 
times used  as  a  vegetable  when  green.  WTien  ripe,  its  flavor 
is  delicious.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this  fruit,  of 
which  the  Philippine  variety  is  the  best,  the  meat  being  less 
fibrous. 

Papaya  {paw-paiv).- — The  papaya  is  about  10  inches  long, 
ribbed,  and  has  a  thick  fleshy  rind.  It  is  eaten  raw  or  boiled 
as  a  vegetable  when  green.  It  is  also  pickled.  The  tree  is 
about  20  feet  high  and  has  large  leaves  at  the  top  only.  Meat 
boiled  with  a  small  portion  of  the  leaf  is  made  tender,  or  can 
be  made  tender  by  hanging  it  among  the  leaves.  The  seeds 
of  the  fruit  are  used  as  a  vermifuge. 

Sapote  or  Sapotillo  {plum). — A  small  brown  fruit  Avith 
black,  watermelon-like  seeds  and  juice  which  disappears  with 
incipient  decay,  and  the  fruit  becomes  very  sugary. 

The  following  vegetables  are  raised :  Corn,  sweet  potatoes, 
tomatoes,  onions,  peppers,  eggplant,  okra,  etc. 

Besides  the  above  are  the  following : 

Yucca. — Two  varieties,  the  sweet  or  edible  variety  and  the 
sour  or  poisonous  one.  The  sour  variety  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  starch,  of  which  it  contains  about  20  per  cent. 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 


53 


NaToe  {yam). — Cultivated  on  a  small  scale  on  the  outskirts 
of  large  cities. 

Malanga. — A  tuber  having  an  agreeable  taste,  similar  to 
that  of  the  white  yam. 

Banana  {plantain). — Constitutes  one  of  the  principal 
articles  of  food  of  all  Cubans. 

POPULATION. 

According  to  the  census  taken  in  1907,  the  total  population 
of  the  island  of  Cuba  is  2^048,980,  the  racial  percentage  being 
as  follows :  White.  69.7  per  cent ;  colored,  30.3  per  cent. 

The  percentage  of  native  whites  is  59.8  per  cent,  and  of 
foreign  whites  9.9  per  cent. 

The  total  population  of  each  province  is  as  follows: 

Pinar  del  Rio 240,372 

Havana 1 538,010 

Matanzas 239,  812 

Santa  Clara 457,431 

Camaguey 118,  269 

Orlente 455,086 

The  racial  percentages  in  the  different  provinces  are  given 
in  the  following  table: 


Province. 


i  Native 
,    white. 


Foreign 
white. 


Colored. 


Pinar  del  Bio. 

Havana 

Matanzas 

Santa  Clara.. 

Oamagiiey 

Oriente 


68.7 
58.7 
54.6 
63.9 
75.0 
50.9 


6,4 
17.9 
7.4 
8.6 
6.7 
6.0 


24.9 
23.4 
38.0 
27.5 
18.3 
43.1 


Cuba. 


59.8 


9.9 


30.3 


The  number  of  males  of  military  age  (18  to  45  years)  in 
the  island  of  Cuba  is  as  follows: 


Province. 


Native 
white. 


Colored. 


Foreign 
white. 


Total. 


Pinar  del  Rio j  33,521 

Havana - -. - I  65,617 

Matanzas '  26,837 

Santa  Clara — !  58,638 

Camagiiey - ^ \  16,612 

Oriente. - -  41,094 

Total I  242,319 


11,551 
26,125 
16,144 
23,966 
4,196 
35,421 


9,588 
52,761 

8,951 
23,693 

4,526 
16,407 


117,403 


54,660 
144,506 

51,932 
106,297 

25,334 

92,922 


115.926         475,648 


54  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

Leaving  out  of  consideration  the  foreign  white  ele- 
ment, the  military  population  is  359,702,  divided  as  follows : 
AVhite,  67.3  per  cent ;  colored,  23.7  per  cent. 

The  population  of  the  city  of  Havana  is  297,159,  and  the 
racial  percentages  are  as  follows :  Native  whites,  50  per  cent ; 
foreign  whites  24.5  per  cent ;  colored,  25.5  per  cent. 

The  urban  pojjulation  of  the  island,  including  in  that  term 
the  inhabitants  of  all  towns  of  more  than  8,000  population, 
is  619,835,  or  30.3  per  cent,  being  a  trifle  smaller  than  that 
of  the  United  States.  If  we  include  all  towns  of  a  popula- 
tion of  1,000  and  over,  the  urban  population  rises  to  899,667, 
or  43.9  per  cent,  which  is  a  little  less  than  that  of  the  United 
States. 

LANGUAGE,  RELIGION,  AND  EDUCATION. 

The  only  language  generally  spoken  in  the  island  is 
Spanish ;  although  on  account  of  its  proximity  to  the  United 
States  many  of  the  better  educated  Cubans  speak  English. 

The  great  majority  of  the  Cuban  people  profess  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion ;  but  there  is  no  favoritism  or  intolerance, 
the  people  adapting  themselves  without  any  difficulty  to  the 
religious  liberty  provided  for  by  the  constitution. 

The  establishment  of  churches  of  othei'  denominations  is 
respected  and  accepted  as  quite  natural. 

In  Cuba,  as  in  all  other  Spanish  possessions,  public  in- 
struction was  practically  ignored. 

At  the  time  of  the  American  intervention  the  appropria- 
tions for  schools  were  far  from  adequate  and  their  adminis- 
tration most  imperfect. 

The  teachers  were  poorly  paid  and  their  methods  of  in- 
struction most  antiquated.  The  first  care  of  the  American 
military  government  Avas  to  provide  teachers  and  schools  of 
primary  instruction  throughout  the  island. 

Adequate  buildings  for  schools  were  provided  and  the 
number  of  schoolhouses  and  teachers  rapidly  augmented. 

The  institutes  of  secondary  instruction  at  Havana  and 
Matanzas  were  recognized,  and  those  at  Santa  Clara,  Cama- 
giiey,  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  Pinar  del  Rio  were  reopened. 

An  academy  of  stenography  and  typewriting  was  inaugu- 
rated; the  school  of  commerce  at  the  Institute  of  Havana 
was  reorganized ;  schools  of  surveyors  were  opened  at  those 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  55 

of  Matanzas,  Camagiiey,  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  Pinar  del 
Rig,  and  the  chair  of  agriculture,  which  had  been  suppressed, 
was  again  established  in  all  the  institutes, 

A  reform  of  the  University  of  Havana  also  took  place. 
Under  the  system  adopted  the  university  was  divided  into 
three  faculties,  viz,  letters  and  science,  medicine  and  phar- 
macy, and  law. 

The  faculty  of  letters  and  sciences  consists  of  the  follow- 
ing: School  of  letters  and  philosophy,  school  of  pedagogy, 
school  of  sciences,  school  of  engineers,  electricity,  and  archi- 
tecture, and  school  of  agriculture. 

The  facult}^  of  medicine  and  pharmacy  consists  of  school 
of  medicine,  school  of  pharmacy,  school  of  dental  surgery, 
school  of  veterinary  surgery. 

The  faculty  of  law  consists  of  the  school  of  civil  law,  school 
of  public  law,  school  of  notarial  law. 

The  School  of  Painting  and  Sculpture  of  Havana,  was  re- 
organized. 

The  School  of  Arts  and  Trades  of  Havana  was  also  gen- 
erously provided  for. 

The  Normal  School,  kindergarten  for  teachers,  was  also 
established  in  Havana. 

The  Cuban  Government,  since  its  advent,  May  20,  1902. 
has  tried  to  continue  the  good  work  of  its  predecessor  in  the 
matter  of  education. 

The  number  of  schoolrooms  has  been  increased,  largely  in 
the  rural  districts. 

The  school  law  considers  "  city "  district,  the  town  with 
more  than  10,000  inhabitants,  and  "  rural,"  those  with  less. 

AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE. 

Agriculture  is  the  source  of  practically  all  the  wealth  of 
Cuba.  The  agricultural  resources  have  not  been  developed, 
and  the  practices  are  antique,  although  rapid  strides  have 
been  made  in  introducing  modern  agricultural  methods  since 
the  war  of  1898.  The  principal  crop  is  sugar,  of  Avhich  there 
was  produced  1,132,482  tons  (of  2,240  pounds  to  the  ton)  in 
1906.  A  large  amount  of  molasses  and  alcohol  is  also  manu- 
factured from  sugar  products.  Next  to  sugar  in  value 
comes  live  stock,  next  comes  tobacco,  and  then  fruits.     Con- 


56  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

siderable  honey  and  wax  are  also  produced.  A  small  amount 
of  coffee  is  grown  in  the  island.  Most  of  the  tobacco  is  from 
west  of  Havana,  the  finest  coming  from  the  Vuelta  Abajo 
district  in  Pinar  del  Rio  Province. 

The  tobacco  crop  of  Cuba  amounts  to  about  $30,000,000 
per  annum.  For  the  year  ending  June  30,  1906,  Cuba  ex- 
ported to  the  United  States  cigars  and  cigarettes  valued  at 
$4,000,000  and  leaf  tobacco  to  the  value  of  $13,500,000. 

The  agricultural  development  is  retarded  by  the  bad 
country  roads.  These  roads  are  impassable  except  for  horses 
and  ox  carts.  Near  the  large  cities  the  government  is  build- 
ing fine  macadam  roads  which  will  be  extended  rapidly  in 
the  next  two  years. 

There  is  very  little  coffee  grown  in  Cuba.  This  was  for- 
merly an  important  crop,  but  since  slavery  was  abolished 
the  cost  of  labor  makes  coffee  growing  unprofitable.  Prac- 
tically no  cotton  is  grown,  as  the  boll  weevil  is  very  bad. 

The  soils  of  Cuba  are  generally  very  fertile,  but  hard  to 
cultivate,  as  the  red  and  black  lands  contain  so  little  sand 
that  implements  do  not  scour.  Sugar  cane  is  cut  once  an- 
nually for  from  eight  to  ten  years  without  replanting  and 
with  very  little  cultivation. 

The  principal  fruits  grown  are  pineapples,  oranges,  grape 
fruit,  limes,  lemons,  tangerines,  bananas,  cocoanuts,  mangoes, 
and  guavas. 

Vegetables  are  grown  during  the  dry  (winter)  season,  as 
follows:  Tomatoes,  eggplant,  peppers,  Irish  potatoes,  and 
sweet  potatoes;  the  latter  grow  abundantly  all  the  year. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  Cuba  amounts  to  about  $200,- 
000,000  annually.  Of  this  one  hundred  and  ten  millions 
are  exports  and  ninety-five  millions  are  imports.  About 
87  per  cent  of  the  exports  are  to  and  50  per  cent  of  the 
imports  are  from  the  United  States.  The  principal  exports 
are  sugar,  tobacco,  fruits,  and  valuable  timber,  such  as  cedar 
and  mahogany.  The  principal  imports  are  cattle,  mules, 
horses,  provisions,  oil,  coal,  lumber,  machinery,  and  manu- 
factured goods. 

About  50  per  cent  of  the  wage-earning  class  of  Cuba  are 
engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.  There  is  little  manufac- 
turing except  sugar,  cigars,  and  cigarettes. 


CUBA   IN    GENEBAIi.  57 

EARTHQUAKES. 

Earthquakes  seem  to  be  less  frequent  than  they  were,  par- 
ticularly in  the  district  of  Oriente.  In  this  district  they 
reached  their  greatest  intensity,  being  insignificant  in  the 
center  of  the  island  and  very  rare  in  the  western  part.  The 
most  seve-re  ones  occurred  in  1774,  1842,  1852,  and  1880. 

RAILROADS. 

The  various  railroads  of  Cuba  form  what  may  be  termed 
a  '•  backbone  "  railway,  with  feeders  to  the  north  and  south 
coasts.  There  is  a  continuous  line  of  road  running  prac- 
tically down  the  center  of  the  island  from  Guane,  in  Pinar 
del  Rio  Province,  to  Guantanamo  Bay,  in  Oriente  Province. 
The  railroads  may  be  divided  into  two  general  classes,  viz, 
public  and  private. 

Brief  descriptions  of  the  public  railroads  follow: 

THE    UNITED    BAILROADS    OF    HAVANA. 

This  road  is  divided  into  four  main  divisions. 

Regla  division. — This  division  runs  from  Regla  (reached 
by  ferry  from  Muelle  de  Luz,  Havana)  to  Jovellanos.  It 
has  five  branches : 

1.  Regla  to  Guanabacoa. 

2.  Triscornia  to  Casa  Blauca. 

3.  Benavides  to  San  Francisco  (cane  line). 

4.  Military   branch,    from   Matanzas   to  the  north   coast    (not 

nsed ) . 

5.  Coliseo  to  Guamacaro  (cane  line). 

.At  Jovellanos  the  Regla  division  connects  with  the  "  Cen- 
tral ■'  line  of  the  Cardenas  division,  and  also  with  the  Mon- 
talvo  branch  to  Navajas. 

ViUanueva  division. — This  division  consists  of  one  main 
line  and  seven  branches.  The  main  line  of  the  division  runs 
from  Havana  (ViUanueva  Station)  to  Union  de  Reyes.  The 
branches  are  as  follows: 

1.  Guanajay  branch,  from  Rincon  to  Guanajay. 

2.  Batabano  branch,  from  San  Felipe  to  Batabano. 

3.  Regla    branch,    from   Cienaga   to   Regla   and   connecting   at 

Regla  with  the  Regla  division. 

4.  Madruga  branch,  from  Empalme  to  Madruga. 


58  CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 

5.  Empalme  branch,  from  Empalme  to  Giiines. 

6.  Marianao  branch,  from  Concha   Station,  Havana,  to  Hoyo 

Colorado,  crossing  the  Villanueva  division  at  Cienaga. 

7.  Alfonzo  XII  branch,  from  Alfonzo  XII  (Alacranes)  to  Union 

de  Reyes. 

Matanzas  division. — This  division  runs  from  Matanzas 
through  Union  de  Reyes  to  Esles,  and  has  seven  branches. 
The  Villanueva  division  joins  the  Matanzas  division  at 
Union  de  Reyes,  and  trains  are  run  from  Villanueva  Station, 
Havana,  over  the  Matanzas  division  to  Colon.  A  plan  is 
being  considered  of  extending  the  line  from  Esles  to  Rodas, 
on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  and  running  through  trains 
from  Havana  to  Cienfuegos. 

The  branches  are  as  follows : 

1.  Cabeza  branch,  from  Uni6n  de  Reyes  to  Cabeza. 

2.  Giiira-Nieve  branch,  from  Giiira  to  Nieve. 

3.  Atrevido  branch,  from  Navajas  to  Atrevido. 

4.  Jagiiey  branch,  from  Navajas  to  Murga. 

5.  Manguito  brancli,  rnnning  south  from  Guareiras  to  Manguito. 

6.  Colon  branch,  from  Guareiras  to  Col6n. 

7.  Branch  running  east  from  kilometer  106  on  the  Col6n  branch. 

Cardenas  division. — This  division  consists  of  two  main 
lines  and  three  branches.  One  main  line  is  known  as  the 
Cardenas  or  "  Central "  line,  and  runs  from  Cardenas, 
through  Jovellanos,  to  Esperanza,  which  is  a  short  distance 
from  Santa  Clara.  Trains  from  Regla  to  Santa  Clara  and 
the  east  use  the  section  from  Jovellanos  to  Esperanza  as  a 
continuation  of  the  Regla  division  and  the  part  of  the  line 
from  Cardenas  to  Jovellanos  is  practically  a  short  branch 
line.  The  second  main  line  is  known  as  the  Jucaro  line 
and  runs  south  from  Cardenas  to  x\nt6n  Recio.  The  line, 
however,  is  operated  only  as  far  as  Yaguaramas.  Beyond 
this  point  the  only  traffic  consists  of  an  occasional  freight 
train,  and  it  is  the  intention  to  abandon  this  stretch  in  favor 
of  an  extension  from  Esles  to  Rodas.  The  branches  are  as 
follows : 

1.  Montalvo  branch,  from  Jovellanos  to  Navajas. 

2.  Macagua  branch,  from  Altamisal  to  IVfacagua. 

3.  Itabo  branch,  from  Recreo  to  Itabo. 

THE    CUBAN    CENTRAL    RAILROAD. 

This  system  is  a  combination  of  five  different  lines  and  con- 
sists of  one  main  line  and  eight  branches.    The  main  line 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  59 

runs  from  Concha  [Isabela  de  Sagua]  on  the  north  coast  of 
Cuba  through  Sagua  la  Grande  and  Cruces  to  Cienfuegos. 
The  branches  are  as  follows : 

1.  Aguada  or  Rodas  branch  leaves  the  main  line  just  north  of 

Palmira  and  runs  to  Aguada  de  Pasajeros  on  the  Cardenas 
division  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana. 

2.  Santa  Clara  branch,  from  Cruces  to  Santa  Clara. 

3.  Sitiecito-Caibarien  branch,  from  the  main  line  at  Sitiecito 

to  Caibarien. 

4.  Camajuani-Placetas  branch   leaves  the   Sitiecito  branch   at 

Camajuanl. 

5.  Placetas-Caibarien   branch   is  a   3-foot   narrow  gauge   road 

joining  the  two  points  named. 

6.  San  Juan  branch  leaves  the  Santa  Clara  branch  at  kilometer 

92.5  and  runs  about  6  miles  to  the  south. 

7.  Caguagua  branch.  fi*om  Sagua  to  Caguagua. 

8.  Calabazar  branch  leaves  the   Sitiecito-Caibarien  branch  at 

kilometer  52  and  runs  2  miles  to  the  north. 

THE    WESTERN    RAILWAY    OF    HAVANA. 

This  road  runs  from  Cristina  Station,  Havana,  south  to 
Gabriel,  from  which  place  it  runs  west  through  Pinar  del 
Rio  to  Guane.  The  branches  are  three  in  number  and  are 
small. 

1.  Hacendados  branch  begins  at  kilometer  1.114  and  terminates 

on  the  Hacendados  pier.     At  this  point  boats  of  18-foot 
draft  can  unload. 

2.  Fajardo  branch  leaves  main  line  at  kilometer  38  and  runs  to 

the  sugar  mill  Fajardo. 

3.  Pilar  branch  leaves  the  main  line  at  kilometer  68.3  and  runs 

to  the  sugar  mill  Pilar. 

GUANTANAMO    RAILROAD. 

The  main  line  of  this  railroad  runs  from  Guantanamo 
to  Caimanera.  From  the  latter  place  a  small  branch  runs  to 
Deseo.  From  Guantanamo  branches  run  to  the  Soledad 
sugar  plantation,  to  the  Isabel  sugar  plantation  via  the  town 
of  Jamaica,  and  to  the  San  Carlos  sugar  plantation  via  the 
village  of  the  same  name. 

GIBARA  AND  HOLGUIN  RAILROAD. 

The  main  line  of  this  railroad  runs  from  Gibara  to  Hol- 
guin.  There  is  one  branch  which  leaves  the  main  line  at 
Iberia  and  runs  to  Velasco. 


60  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

HAVANA   CENTRAL   RAILROAD. 

This  is  an  electric  road  which  runs  from  the  Arsenal  Sta- 
tion, Havana,  to  Guanajay  and  to  Giiines.  Lines  from 
Havana  to  Batabano,  from  Arroyo  Arenas  to  San  Antonio, 
and  from  Giiines  to  Melena  del  Sur  are  in  process  of  construc- 
tion (1908).  The  following  connections  are  made  with  other 
roads :  United  Railroads  of  Havana  at  kilometer  3  and  kilo- 
meter 12 ;  Western  Railway  of  Havana  at  kilometer  9 ;  Cen- 
tral Toledo  Railway  at  kilometer  13;  Insular  Railway  at 
kilometer  14 ;  and  Marianao  branch  of  the  United  Railroads 
of  Havana  at  kilometer  20. 

CUBAN  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY. 

This  road  runs  from  Regla  station  (connected  with  Havana 
by  ferry)  to  Guanabacoa.  No  branches  and  no  connection 
with  other  roads. 

TUNAS   AND   SANCTI   SPIRITUS   RAILROAD, 

This  railroad  runs  from  Sancti  Spiritus  to  Tunas  and  there 
are  no  branches.  The  road  has  but  one  serviceable  locomo- 
tive. The  track  is  in  very  bad  condition  and  locomotives  be- 
longing to  other  roads  could  not  be  run  on  it,  as  very  proba- 
bly the  bridges  would  collapse. 

THE  CUBA  COMPANY  RAILROAD. 

This  railroad  runs  from  Santa  Clara  to  Santiago  de  Cuba 
and  has  four  branches : 

1.  Zaza-Sancti  Spiritus  branch  connects  the  two  points  named. 

2.  Cacocum-Holguin  branch  connects  the  two  points  named. 

3.  Nipe  branch,  from  Alto  Cedro  to  Antilla. 

4.  Sabanilla  branch,  from  Mor6n  to  La  Maya. 

YAGUAJAY    RAILROAD. 

This  railroad  runs  from  La  Playa  de  Carbo  on  the  north 
coast  to  Yaguajay  and  has  a  branch  to  Centeno.  The  branch 
to  Jobo  Rosado  is  not  open  to  the  public.  Connects  with  the 
Narcisa  Railroad,  which  runs  from  Jiicaro  (a  wharf  15 
miles  east  of  Caibarien)  to  Yaguajay,  and  with  the  Victoria 
Railroad,  which  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  of  the  same  name 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL.  61 

to  Playa  de  Victoria  on  the  north  coast.  These  three  rail- 
roads are  all  connected  together,  are  of  practically  the  same 
gauge,  and  for  military  purposes  could  be  used  as  one  system. 
The  gauge  of  the  Victoria  and  Yaguajay  lines  is  27^  inches 
and  that  of  the  Narcisa  is  27f  inches. 

NORTH   AMERICAN   SUGAB  COMPANY  BAILBOAD. 

This  is  the  proper  name  of  the  Narcisa  Railroad  and  the 
road  is  described  under  the  Yaguajay  Eailroad. 

JUBAGUi.   BAILBOAD. 

This  railroad  runs  from  Castillo  de  Jagua  to  Pamplona, 
via  the  sugar  mill  Juragua.  There  are  two  short  branches — 
one  is  at  Guasimal  and  one  at  Ojo  de  Agua. 

BESULTA   BAILBOAD. 

This  road  runs  from  Resulta  (situated  on  the  Sagua  la 
Grande  River)  to  Calabazar.  It  is  a  private  railroad,  but 
has  the  privilege  of  being  operated  as  a  public  railroad.  As 
yet  advantage  has  not  been  taken  of  the  privilege  (1908). 

PUEBTO    PEINCIPE-NTJEVITAS    BAILBOAD. 

This  road  runs  from  Camagiiey  to  Nuevitas. 

JTJCABO   and   SAN   FERNANDO   RAILROAD. 

This  road  runs  from  Jiicaro  to  San  Fernando.  A  branch 
runs  from  La  Carolina,  5|  miles  south  of  Ciego  de  xA^vila,  to 
the  sugar  mill  Jagiieyal.  Connection  is  made  at  Ciego  de 
Avila  with  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  and  at  Quince  y 
Media  with  the  Stuart  Sugar  Company  Railway. 

CENTRAL    CARACAS    RAILROAD. 

This  railroad  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  Caracas  to  Cruces, 
It  has  the  following  branches :  From  the  sugar  mill  Caracas 
to  Lajas;  from  kilometer  1.5  on  the  Caracas-Lajas  branch  to 
the  Sagua  River;  from  Caracas  to  the  Salado  River,  via 
Ceiba  Hueca  and  Ciego  Montero;  from  Caracas  to  the  Sagua 
River  branch  at  kilometer  7.  There  are  also  numerous  short 
spurs  running  from  the  branches  to  various  colonias. 

CUBA    EASTERN    BAILBOAD. 

This  road  runs  from  Boqueron  on  the  east  side  of  Guanta- 
namo  Bav  to  Guantanamo  and  to  San  Luis  on  the  Cuba  Com- 


62 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 


pany  Railroad.     It  has  three  short  branches — one  to  Con- 
fluente,  one  to  Esperanza,  and  one  to  Marco  Sanchez. 

INSULAR    RAILWAY. 

,  An  electric  street  railwa}-  running  from  Vedado,  Havana, 
to  Marianao.  At  Vedado  it  connects  with  the  Havana  Elec- 
tric Railway,  which  is  the  city  system.  It  also  connects  with 
the  Havana  Central  Railroad  at  Toledo  Station,  near  Ma- 
rianao. The  road  has  a  concession  to  construct  two  more 
lines  from  Havana  to  other  cities  in  Havana  Province,  and 
there  is  a  project  to  extend  the  Vedado-Marianao  line  to 
Mariel. 

CIJAPARRA    SUGAR    COMPANY    BAIIROAD. 


The  public  portion  of  this  road  is  as  follows:  From  Ve- 
lasco,  northwest  through  San  Juan  and  El  Retiro,  to  the 
sugar  mill  Chaparra,  and  from  the  sugar  mill  west  to  Las 
Delicias.  At  Velasco  the  road  connects  with  a  branch  of  the 
Gibara-Holgiiin  Railroad.  A  private  branch  of  the  road 
runs  from  Delicias  to  San  Manuel,  where  connection  is  made 
with  the  San  Manuel  Railroad  (private),  which  runs  north 
to  Puerto  Padre.  There  is  also  a  private  branch  from  Cha- 
parra to  the  Cascarero  wharves  on  Chaparra  Bay. 


Public  railroads. 


United  Railroads  of  Havana- 
Cuban  Central  R.  R 


Western  Ry.  of  Havana. 


Guant&nnmo  R.  R 

Gibara  and  Holguin  R.  R. 


Havana  Central  R.  R 

Cuban  Electric  Ry 

Tunas-Sancti  Spiritus  R.  R. 
Cuba  Company  R.  R 


YaguajayR.  R 

Nortli   American    Sugar   Co 
R.  R.  (NareisaR.  R.). 

Juragrua  R.  R 

Resulta  R.  R 

Puerto  Principe-Nuevitas  R.  R. 
Jucnro-Snn  Fernando  R.  R... 

Central  Caracas  R.  R 

Cuba  Eastern  R.  R 

Insular  Ry 

Chaparra  Sugar  Co.  R.  R 


Gauge. 


Standard 

Standard;  Caiba- 
rito  to  Placetas 
Norte,  3  feet: 
Sagua  toCagua- 
gua,  2  feet  6 
inches. 

Standard 


do- 

3  feet.. 


Standard. 

do 

do 

do 


27i  inches. 
27|  inches. 

30  inches.. 
do 


5  feet 

Standard. 
30  inches.. 
Standard. 

do 

3  feet 


Weight  of  rails  per  yard.  Length. 


62  pounds 

M  ain  line,  65  to  80  pounds : 
narrow-gauge  branches, 
50  pounds. 


62i  pounds;    48  miles  of 

80  pounds. 

60  pounds 

Main    line,    35    pounds; 

branch,  45  pounds. 

75  pounds 

8t  and  110  pounds 

65  pounds 

60     pounds;      Sabanitla 

branch,  about  56  pounds. 

45  pounds 

do 


MUes. 
649 
294 


125 


30  pounds 

45  pounds 

56  pounds 

60  pounds 

25  to  45  pounds— - 
60  and  75  pounds. 


40  to  45  pounds- 


2-i 

29 

63i 

24i 
422 

7i 


28A 

22i 

54 

^'\ 
61 A 

77A 


18i 


CUBA  IN   GENEEAL.  "63 

The  information  given  in  the  description  of  the  public 
railroads  is  of  a  general  character.  All  may  be  classed  as 
single  track  roads  and  roadbeds  classed  as  good  with  the 
exception  of  the  Tunas-Sancti  Spiritus  E.  K.  Rolling  stock 
is  limited  in  amount  and  in  event  of  heavy  movement  of 
troops  it  would  be  necessary  to  use  box  and  cane  cars.  All 
the  roads  have  an  unusual  number  of  bridges  and  culverts 
and  in  event  of  active  operations  a  heavy  railroad  guard 
would  be  necessary  to  keep  the  roads  open  for  traffic. 

There  is  on  file  in  the  Second  Section,  General  Staff,  a  de- 
tailed report  on  each  railroad,  including  tables  of  rolling 
stock,  itinerary  of  road,  and  plans,  dimensions,  and  photo- 
graphs of  all  important  bridges  and  culverts. 

A  map  has  also  been  compiled  which  shows  the  location 
of  the  public  and  private  railroads  of  the  island. 

The  private  railroads  are  owned  by  various  sugar  estates 
and  mining  and  fruit  companies. 

They  have  been  grouped  by  province  and  a  brief  descrip- 
tion of  each  road  is  given. 

PINAR  DEL  RIO  PROVINCE. 

CENTRAL  BRAMALES   RAILWAY. 

Situated  at  Cabanas.  Four  and  three-eighths  miles  of 
plantation  railroad  running  from  the  wharf  to  the  sugar 
mill  and  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  cane  fields.  Gauge,  57 
inches ;  weight  of  rail,  37  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive 
and  47  flat  cars. 

INDUSTRIAL    AND     MINERAL     CUBAN     COMPANY    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Guana  jay.     This  narrow-guage  road  runs 
from  the  wharves  at  Mariel  through  the  village  to  San  Juan 
Bautista  (Guanajay).     The  road  passes  the  sugar  mill  San 
•Ramon.     Rolling  stock,  6  cars. 

CENTRAL  LUCfA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Boca  del  Rio  Banes.  Five  miles  of  narrow- 
gauge  road  connecting  the  sugar  mill  with  the  wharf  at 
Boca  del  Rio  Banes.  The  road  also  extends  southwest  6 
miles  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Encarnacion.     Gauge,  36  inches; 


64  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

weight  of  rail,  35  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives,  4  box 
cars,  2  tank  cars,  and  40  flat  cars. 

CENTRAL   MERCEDITA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cabanas  Bay.  Six  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  San  Juan  Bautista  to  the 
plantation  wharf  at  Cabanas  Bay.  There  are  several  sidings. 
Gauge,  38  inches;  weight  of  rail,  45  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
1  locomotive  and  50  flat  cars. 

CENTRAL    OROSCO     (OR    LA    LUISA)     RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cabanas.  One  and  seven-eighths  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the 
pier  at  Cabanas  Bay.  Gauge,  57  inches;  weight  of  rail,  35 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  25  cars.    Cars  pulled  by  oxen. 

CENTRAL    SAN    RAMON    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Guanajay.  Two  and  one-half  miles  of  nar- 
row-gauge road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Mariel. 
Two  branches  run  from  the  sugar  mill;  one  is  6|  miles  long 
and  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Jabaco,  and  the  other  is 
5  miles  long  and  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  San  Juan  Bau- 
tista (Guanajay).  Gauge,  36  inches;  rolling  stock,  2  loco- 
motives and  30  cane  cars. 

HAVANA    PROVINCE. 

CENTRAL    AMISTAD    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Giiines.  The  road  is  made  up  of  two  spurs, 
and  has  a  total  length  of  9f  miles.  One  spur  runs  from  the 
sugar  mill  to  U.  H.  R.  R.  between  Giiines  and  Madruga  and 
the  other  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  Rio 
Seco  Station.  Gauge,  standard ;  weight  of  rail,  60  pounds ; 
rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  60  cane  cars. 

INGENIO   AVERHOFF   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Aguacate.  One-quarter  mile  spur  running 
from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  between  Bainoa  and 
Aguacate.  Gauge,  standard;  weight  of  rail,  60  pounds; 
rolling  stock,  1  locomotive. 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL.  65 


INGENIO     CARMEN     RAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Jaruco.  There  is  a  switch  from  kilometer 
42  of  the  Havana-Matanzas  line  of  the  U .  H.  R.  R.  to  the  mill 
and  a  narrow-gauge  road  (Carmen-Loteria)  running  from 
Carmen  to  Loteria.  The  gauge  of  the  switch  is  standard, 
that  of  the  Carmen-Loteria  is  narrow.  (See  Loteria.) 
Rolling  stock,  2  locomotives,  50  freight  cars,  and  2  passenger 
cars. 

INGENIO    MAJAGUA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Gabriel.  One  and  seven-eighths  miles  of 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Western  Railway  of 
Havana.  Gauge,  standard ;  weight  of  rail,  60  pounds ;  roll- 
ing stock,  9  cane  cars. 

INGENIO  JOSEFITA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Los  Palos.  A  switch  one-half  mile  long, 
running  from  the  L^.  H.  R.  R.  to  the  sugar  mill.  There  is 
also  an  unused  piece  of  road  running  to  the  finca  Xavarra. 
Gauge,  standard;  weight  of  rail,  60  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
2  locomotives. 

INGENIO   LA    JULIA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Duran.  A  narrow-gauge  road  from  the 
sugar  mill  to  San  Antonio  de  las  Vegas.  Gauge,  30  inches ; 
weight  of  rail,  34  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  12  cane  cars. 

INGENIO   LOTERfA   RAILWAY. 

• 

Situated  near  Jaruco.  A  road  pertaining  to  the  Carmen 
and  Loteria  sugar  mills  and  running  from  kilometer  42, 
Havana  and  Matanzas  line  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.,  through  Car- 
men to  Loteria.  At  Loteria  the  road  divides  into  three 
branches.  One  runs  to  San  Antonio,  one  to  Carraballo,  and 
one  to  a  plantation  south  of  Mamey  Duro,  at  which  point  the 
road  again  connects  with  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  There  is  also  a 
short  branch  running  from  Carmen  to  a  near-by  plantation. 
Gauge,  30  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  30  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  2 
locomotives,  50  freight  cars,  and  2  passenger  cars. 

492—09 5 


66  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

CENTBAL  LUCfA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Bauta.  Nine  and  three-fifths  miles  of  road, 
having  the  following  branches:  From  sugar  mill  to  Banes 
Bay;  from  sugar  mill  to  Encarnacion;  from  sugar  mill  to 
asphalt  mine;  Florencia  branch  to  Baracoa.  Gauge,  30 
inches;  weight  of  rail,  35  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives, 
60  flat  cars,  and  3  tank  cars. 

INGENIO   MEBCEDITA   KAILWAY.  * 

Situated  near  Melena.  Road  runs  from  the  sugar  mill 
to  a  point  near  Palenque.  Gauge,  30  inches;  w^eight  of  rail, 
30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  100  cane  cars. 

INGENIO   NOMBRE   DE   DIGS   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Giiines.  A  switch  running  from  the  U.  H. 
R.  R.  between  Palenque  and  Giiines  to  the  sugar  mill. 
Gauge,  standard ;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive. 

CENTRAL  NUEVA  PAZ  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Las  Vegas.  Eighteen  miles  of  road  con- 
necting with  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of 
rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives,  60  box  cars,  and 
100  flat  cars. 

CENTRAL   PROVIDENCIA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Giiines.  Four  and  three-eighths  miles  of 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  railroad  station  at 
Palenque.  Gauge,  standard;  weight  of  rail,  45  pounds; 
rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  41  cane  cars. 
•  There  is  also  a  narrow-gauge  line  running  to  Cabeza  de 
Vaca  and  Santa  Teresa,  and  to  Cajayas  and  Barranquito. 
Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rails,  35  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
3  locomotives  and  85  cane  cars. 

INGENIO   ROSARIO    (PELAYO)    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Aguacate.  Fifteen  and  five-eighths  miles 
of  road.  A  branch  running  to  Via  Cruces  and  Juquete  con- 
nects with  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  kilometer  60.  Gauge,  stai^dard ; 
weight  of  rail,  62  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and 
64  cane  cars. 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.  67 

INGENIO    SAN    AGUSXfN    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Quivican.  A  switch,  5  miles  long,  running- 
from  the  station  of  Quivican  to  the  sugar  mill.  Gauge, 
standard;  weight  of  rail,  60  pounds;  rolling  stock,  1  loco- 
m.otive  and  8  cane  cars. 

.  INGENIO    SAN    ANTONIO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Madruga.  A  switch  one  mile  long,  running 
from  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  Madruga  to  the  sugar  mill.  Gauge, 
standard;  weight  of  rail,  GO  pounds;  no  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO    SAN    J0S6    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Melena.  A  standard-gauge  switch  running 
from  the  station  at  Melena  to  the  sugar  mill  and  a  narrow- 
gauge  line,  3^  miles  long,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to 
La  Luisa.  This  line  connects  with  the  narrow-gauge  rail- 
road running  through  Melena  del  Sur.  Gauge,  30  inches; 
weight  of  rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and 
33  cars. 

CENTRAL    SAN    MIGUEL   DEL   JOBO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Las  Vegas.  One-quarter  mile  of  standard- 
gauge  track  connects  the  mill  with  the  side  track  of  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  passing  the  mill.     No  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO    SANTA    RITA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Sabana  Robles.  Switch  running  from  the 
railroad  at  Sabana  Robles  to  the  mill.  Gauge,  standard; 
weight  of  rail,  60  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  21 
cane  cars. 

INGENIO     TERESA     RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  San  Nicolas.  Eighteen  and  three-quarter 
miles  of  road.  It  runs  to  Guana,  near  the  south  coast,  and 
connects  with  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Gauge,  standard ;  Aveight  of 
rail,  60  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives,  60  cane  cars, 
and  3  tank  cars. 


68  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

CENTRAL  TOLEDO  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Marianao.  Seven  and  one-half  miles  of 
road,  connecting  with  the  Guana  jay  line  of  the  Havana  Cen- 
tral Eailroad  and  with  the  Insular  Kailway  (part  of  the 
Havana  Electric  Railway).  Gauge,  standard;  weight  of 
rail,  GO  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  a  few  cane 
cars. 

MATANZAS    PROVINCE. 
INGENIO   AGUEDITA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Macagua.  Spur,  2^  miles  long,  from  U.  H. 
R.  K.  to  sugar  mill.  Gauge,  standard ;  rolling  stock,  2  loco- 
motives and  12  cane  cars. 

INGENIO   ALAVA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Banagiiises.  Twelve  miles  of  road  running 
from  the  sugar  mill  to  various  colonias  and  connecting  with 
the  U.  H.  R.  R.  One  branch  runs  to  Banagiiises,  one  to  the 
finca  Havana,  and  one  to  the  finca  Conchita.  Gauge,  stand- 
ard; weight  of  rail,  70  pounds;  rolling  stock,  7  locomotives, 
66  small  cars,  68  large  cars,  and  4  tank  cars. 

INGENIO    ANGELITA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Recreo.  A  spur  2J  miles  long  running  from 
the  railroad  at  Villalba  Station  to  the  sugar  mill.  Gauge, 
standard;  weight  of  rail,  55  pounds;  no  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO   ARAUJO   RAILWAY    (FORMERLY   NENA). 

Situated  near  Manguito.  This  road  runs  from  Manguito 
to  the  sugar  mill  and  from  there  to  the  ingenio  Esperanza. 
From  Esperanza  the  road  runs  east  to  the  Cardenas  line  of 
the  U.  H.  R.  R.  There  are  4  miles  of  track.  Gauge,  stand- 
ard ;  rolling  stock,  20  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL  ARMONIa   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Bolondron.  Two  and  one-third  miles  of 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  station  at  Bolon- 
dron. Gauge,  standard;  weight  of  rail,  60  pounds;  rolling 
stock,  1  locomotive  and  24  cane  cars. 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  69 

INGENIO    AUSTRALIA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Jagiiey;  Grande.  Eight  and  three-quarter 
miles  of  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Jagiiey 
branch  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Gauge,  standard;  rolling  stock, 
1  old-style  locomotive  and  50  small  cane  cars. 

INGENIO  LAS  CANAS   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Alacranes.  Thirteen  and  one-half  miles  of 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  settlement  named 
Tinajita  and  connecting  with  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  Union.  A 
siding  runs  to  Estante.  Gauge,  standard;  weight  of  rail, 
30  pounds ;  rolling  stock ;  2  locomotives  and  42  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    CARMEN    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Navajas.  Consists  of  ^  mile  of  standard- 
gauge  and  3|  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  The  standard- 
gauge  portion  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Jagiiey 
branch  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  The  narrow-gauge  portion  runs 
from  the  mill  to  the  San  Miguel  sugar  mill.  Weight  of 
rail,  standard,  80  pounds,  and  narrow,  25  pounds;  rolling 
stock,  standard,  5  tank  cars,  and  narrow,  2  locomotives  and 
32  cars. 

INGENIO     CAROLINA     RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Coliseo.  A  combination  standard  and  nar- 
row-gauge track,  1  mile  in  length,  runs  from  Coliseo  on  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  to  the  sugar  mill.  Weight  of  rail,  standard,  50 
pounds,  and  narrow,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  1  narrow- 
gauge  locomotive. 

INGENIO    LA    CATALINA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Recreo.  One  mile  of  standard-gauge  track 
running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Itabo  branch  of  the  Car- 
denas division  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Rolling  stock,  1  loco- 
motive and  20  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    CONCHITA    RAILWAY. ' 

Situated  near  Alacranes.  Consists  of  36:|  miles  of  narrow- 
gauge  and  1|  miles  of  standard  gauge  road.  The  narrow- 
gauge  portion  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Cocodrillo  and 


70  CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 

has  branches  to  Majagua,  Esperanza,  and  Cruces.  The 
standard-gauge  portion  runs  around  the  mill  and  is  the 
property  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Gauge,  29  inches;  weight  of 
rails,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  5  locomotives  and  200  cane 
cars  (narrow  gauge). 

CENTRAL    DOLORES    RAILWAY, 

Situated  near  Jovellanos.  Four  and  three-eighths  miles  of 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Medina  on  the  U.  H. 
R.  R.,  and  also  connecting  with  the  Atrevido  branch  of  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  Gauge,  standard ;  Aveight  of  rail,  50  pounds ; 
rolling  stock,  3  locomotives  and  7  cars. 

INGENIO  DOS   ROSAS   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cardenas.  Two  and  one-half  miles  of  nar- 
row-guage  road  runs  from  the  colonia  Dolores  and  connects 
at  the  Dolores  cane  loader  with  a  spur  of  the  Ingenio  Pre- 
ciosa  Railway.  A  branch,  1^  miles  long,  runs  from  the  sugar 
mill  to  the  Siguapa  branch  of  the  Preciosa  Railway. 

INGENIO  DULCE   NOMBRE  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Macagua.  A  standard-guage  spur,  4  miles 
long,  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  There  is 
also  4  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar 
mill  to  the  cane  fields.  Rolling  stock,  1  standard  and  1  nar- 
row gauge  locomotive. 

CENTRAL   ENRIQUETA    ( SANTA   FILOMENA)    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Corral  Falso.  Three  and  one-sixth  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road.  One  branch  runs  from  the  sugar  mill 
to  Navajas,  where  it  joins  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Another  branch 
joins  the  same  road  at  Corral  Falso  and  also  near  Arratia. 
Rolling  stock,  6  cane  cars. 

INGENIO  ESPANA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Perico.  A  standard-guage  road,  3  miles 
long,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Cardenas  division 
of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Weight  of  rail,  70  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
2  locomotives. 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.  71 

ingeNio  espebanza  railway. 

Situated  near  Manguito.  Small  branch  from  sugar  mill  to 
Ingenio  Araujo  Kaihvay. 

INGENIO   FELIZ   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Bolondron.  Two  miles  of  standard-gauge 
track  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  kilo- 
meter 39,  and  from  this  point  to  colonia  San  Jose  de  Olano, 
1  mile  west.  Weight  of  rail,  70  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  1  loco- 
motive and  15  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    FLORA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Giiira.  A  short  standard-gauge  spur,  one- 
half  mile  long,  runs  from  mill  to  U.  H.  R.  R.  There  are 
two  other  spurs.  One  is  1^  miles  long  and  runs  to  the  Ma- 
tanzas  division,  U.  H.  R.  R.,  and  the  other  is  3|  miles  long 
and  runs  to  Manguito,  where  it  connects  with  the  Cardenas 
division  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 

CENTRAL    NUEVA    LUISA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Jovellanos.  Consists  of  10  miles  of  stand- 
ard-gauge road.  One  line  runs  from  the  mill  to  Jovellanos, 
where  it  joins  the  Cardenas  division  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R. ;  an- 
other runs  from  the  mill  to  Madan,  where  it  joins  the  Matan- 
zas  division  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R. ;  and  a  third  line  joins  the 
Atrevido  branch  of  the  Matanzas  division,  U.  H.  R.  R. 
Rolling  stock  2  locomotives,  110  cane  cars,  and  4  tank  cars. 

CENTRAL    OCCITANIA     RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Colon.  About  1  mile  of  standard-gauge 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Macagua,  where  it  joins 
the  U.  H.  R.  R.     Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and  30  cars. 

CENTRAL  OLIMPO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  about  5  miles  west  of  Cimarrones.  Seven  and 
one-half  miles  of  standard-gauge  road.  Five  and  five- 
eighths  miles  of  the  road  runs  from  Cimarrones  Station  on 
the  U.  H.  R.  R.  to  kilometer  171  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.,  between 


72  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

Madan  and  Tosca.  This  portion  passes  the  sugar  mill. 
One  and  seven-eighths  miles  of  road  forms  a  siding  at  Tosca 
and  runs  north  to  the  finca  San  Juan.     No  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO  POR  rUEKZA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Calimete.  Nine  and  three-eighths  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road  connecting  with  both  the  Cardenas  and 
the  Matanzas  divisions  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  A  branch  1| 
miles  long  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Cumanayagua,  and  an- 
other runs  to  the  main  line  between  Calimete  and  Amarillas. 
Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and  1  car. 

INGENIO   PRECIOSA    RAILWAY, 

Situated  near  Cardenas.  Narrow-gauge  road  running 
from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  wharf  at  Siguapa,  on  Cardenas 
Bay,  and  from  the  sugar  mill  to  colonia  La  Coronela ;  total 
length,  10:1  miles.  A  narrow-gauge  road  of  the  ingenio  Dos 
Rosas  connects  these  two  branches.  Gauge,  36  inches ;  weight 
of  rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives,  55  cane  cars, 
and  18  hand  cars. 

INGENIO   GUIPtJZCOA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Hato  Nuevo.  Six  and  one-half  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  colonia 
Victoria.  Several  narrow-gauge  tracks  running  from  the 
sugar  mill  into  the  cane  fields.  Rolling  stock,  2  locomotives 
and  90  cane  cars  (narrow  gauge). 

INGENIO   JEStJS    MARfA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Matanzas.  Standard-gauge  road  running 
from  the  sugar  mill  to  San  Francisco  de  Paula,  where  it  con- 
nects with  the  Benavides  branch  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Rolling 
stock,  1  locomotive  and  15  freight  cars. 

INGENIO    JICARITA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Bolondron.  A  standard-gauge  spur.  If 
miles  long,  runs  from  Bolondron  Station,  on  the  Matanzas 
division,  U.  H.  R.  R.,  to  the  sugar  mill.     No  rolling  stock. 


CUBA  IN   GENEEAL.  73 


CENTRAL    LIMONES    RAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Limonar.  A  combination  standard  and 
narrow-gauge  track,  6  miles  long,  runs  from  the  sugar  mill 
to  the  railroad  station  at  Limonar.  In  addition,  three  nar- 
row-gauge branches  run  from  the  sugar  mill  into  the  cane 
fields.  Weight  of  rail,  standard,  60  pounds,  and  narroAv,  30 
pounds.  Rolling  stock,  1  standard  and  3  narrow-gauge  loco- 
motives, 120  small  and  46  large  cane  cars.- 


INGENIO    MAJAGUA   RAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Union  de  Reyes.  A  standard-gauge  spur,  2 
miles  long,  runs  from  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  Union  to  the  sugar 
mill.    No  rolling  stock. 


INGENIO     MERCEDES     RAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Guareiras.     Standard-gauge  spur  to  sugar 
mill.     Xo  rolling  stock. 


CENTRAL   PROGRESO   RAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Cardenas.  One  and  one-half  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the 
Jucaro  line  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive 
and  25  standard-gauge  cars. 

Five  miles  of  narrow-gauge  track  runs  from  the  sugar  mill 
into  the  surrounding  cane  fields. 


CENTRAL  PUERTO  RAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Arco  de  Canasi.  Three  miles  of  standard- 
gauge  road  running  from  the  warehouses  at  the  head  of 
Canasi  Bay  to  the  sugar  mill  and  from  the  sugar  mill  to 
Socorro.     Rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  22  flat  cars. 


INGENIO   REGLITA    RAILWAY. 


Situated  2^  miles  southeast  of  Perico.  Nine  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road  connecting  the  sugar  mill  with  Perico 
station.  Weight  of  rail,  50  and  60  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
2  locomotives  and  32  cane  cars. 


74  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 


CENTBAL  SANTA   BITA  BAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Colon.  Six  and  seven-eighths  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  track  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Pinion. 
There  is  a  short  branch  to  San  Rafael.  Rolling  stock,  2 
locomotives  and  26  cars. 


INGENIO    LA    BOSA    RAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Jovellanos.  One-quarter  mile  of  standard- 
gauge  track  running  from  the  railroad  to  the  sugar  mill. 
No  rolling  stock. 


INGENIO    SAN    CAYETANO    RAILWAY. 


Situated  near  Cidra.  Short  standard-gauge  spur  running 
from  U.  H.  R.  R.  to  sugar  mill.     No  rolling  stock. 

CENTRAL    SAN    IGNACIO    RAILWAY, 

Situated  near  Agramonte.  Two  and  one-half  miles  of 
standard-gauge  track  running  from  Agramonte  to  the  sugar 
mill.     Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and  17  cars. 

CENTBAL   SAN    JUAN    BAUTISTA   BAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Canasi.  Small  tramway  used  to  carry  cane 
from  carts  to  the  mill.     Of  no  military  value. 

INGENIO    SAN    NICOLAS    DEL    ALGOETA    BAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Recreo.  Three-quarters  of  a  mile  of  stand- 
ard-gauge track  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  railroad 
between  Recreo  and  Colon.     No  rolling  stock. 

CENTBAL    SAN    BAFAEL   BAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Bolondron.  One  and  one-quarter  miles  of 
standard-gauge  track  from  sugar  mill  to  Bolondron.  From 
the  sugar  mill,  5f  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road  runs  to  the 
colonia  Montana  and  three-eighths  mile  to  the  colonia 
Guachinango.  Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and  TO  cane  cars 
(narrow  gauge). 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.  75 

CENTRAL  SAN  VICENTE  BAILWxVY. 

Situated  near  Jovellanos.  Four  and  one-half  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
near  Jovellanos.  Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive,  15  freight 
cars,  and  1  passenger  coach, 

INGENIO    SANTA    AMALIA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Coliseo.  Three-quarters  of  a  mile  of  stand- 
ard-gauge road  from  the  railroad  station  of  Coliseo  to  the 
sugar  mill.     No  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO    SANTA    CATALINA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Corral  Falso.  Small  standard-gauge  spur 
from  Corral  Falso  to  the  sugar  mill.     No  rolling  stock. 

CENTRAL    SANTA    GERTRUDIS    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Banagiiises.  Twenty-one  and  one-quarter 
miles  of  standard  and  narrow  gauge  road.  The  standard- 
gauge  portion  runs  from  Banagiiises  to  the  sugar  mill,  and 
the  narrow-gauge  portion  consists  of  branches  running  from 
the  sugar  mill  into  the  cane  fields.  Gauge,  narrow,  30  inches ; 
rolling  stock,  2  large  locomotives  and  1  small  locomotive,  40 
cane  cars,  and  4  tank  cars,  standard  gauge,  and  3  locomotives 
and  130  cars,  narrow  gauge. 

CENTRAL    SANTO    DOMINGO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Union  de  Reyes.  Five  miles  of  standai  '.- 
gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Union  de  Reyes, 
on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  A  branch  starts  at  kilometer  2  and  ter- 
minates at  the  sugar  mill  Santa  Rosa.  Weight  of  rail,  75 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and  29  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL   SARATOGA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Limonar.  The  branch  road  to  Giiira  of  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  ends  one-half  mile  from  the  sugar  mill. 


76  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

CENTBAL  SOCORRO  RAILWAY. 

Situated  5  miles  south  of  Navajas.  There  are  two 
branches.  One  is  8^  miles  long  and  runs  from  the  sugar 
mill  to  finca  San  Jose  de  Marcos,  near  Isabel,  crossing  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  at  Pedroso.  The  other  starts  at  Isabel,  passes 
the  sugar  mill  of  Isabel,  turns  toward  the  sugar  mill  Elizalde, 
and  ends  at  the  old  sugar  mill  Santa  Sofia.  This  branch  is 
6^  miles  long.  Gauge,  standard;  rolling  stock,  3  locomo- 
tives, 80  cane  cars,  and  8  tank  cars. 

CENTRAL    SOLEDAD    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Jovellanos.  Consists  of  7^  miles  of  nar- 
row-gauge road  and  1  mile  of  standard-gauge  road.  The 
narrow-gauge  road  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  a  point  near 
San  Anton.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rails,  30  pounds; 
rolling  stock  4  locomotives  and  72  cars. 

The  standard-gauge  portion  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to 
the  U.  H.  R.  R.  near  Jovellanos.     No  rolling  stock. 

CENTRAL  TINGUARO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Colon.  Twenty-three  miles  of  standard- 
gauge  road.  One  line  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Pijuan 
and  the  other  runs  from  Calimete  to  Zarabanda  and  has  two 
small  branches.  Rolling  stock,  3  locomotives,  1  electric 
railroad  motor  car,  160  cane  cars,  and  5  tank  cars. 

INGENIO  EL  TBIUNFO    (LA  JULIA )    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Coliseo.  Eleven  and  one-quarter  miles  of 
combination  standard  and  narrow-gauge  road  running  from 
the  sugar  mill  to  the  station  of  Coliseo  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
Weight  of  narrow-gauge  rails,  30  pounds;  narrow-gauge 
rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  56  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    TBIUNVIBATO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cidra.  Three  and  three-quarter  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  colonia 
San  Antonio  near  the  Canimar  River.  Gauge,  30  inches; 
weight  of  rail,  30  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and  40 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  77 

cane  cars.     A  standard-gauge  spur  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  runs 
to  the  sugar  mill. 

CENTRAL    UNION    EAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Agramonte.  Ten  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  finca  Modela  has 
three  small  branches.  The  road  is  connected  with  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  by  means  of  a  combination  standard  and  narrow- 
gauge  track.  Gauge,  36  inches;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives 
and  40  cane  cars. 

INGENIO  VALIENTE    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Alacranes.  One  and  one-half  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  U.  H. 
R.  R.  at  Union  de  Reyes.  Rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and 
25  cane  cars. 

COLONIA    VEGA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  3  miles  south  of  Guareiras.  One  and  one-half 
miles  of  standard-gauge  road  joining  the  two  branches  of 
the  public  railroad  running  from  Guareiras  to  Manguito. 
No  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO    VICTORIA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Jovellanos.  The  sugar  mill  is  connected 
with  the  U.  H,  R.  R.  by  means  of  a  standard-gauge  spur.  A 
small  spur  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  into  the  cane  fields. 
Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive. 

SANTA    CLARA    PROVINCE. 

CENTRAL    ADELA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Remedios.  Fifteen  and  one-half  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  starts  from  kilometer  15  of  the  Cuban 
Central  Railroad,  passes  the  sugar  mill,  and  runs  into  the 
cane  fields.  Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of  rail,  30  to  40 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  5  locomotives  and  122  flat  cars. 

CENTRAL  AGUADA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cienfuegos.  Two  and  four-fifths  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Cuban 


78  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

Central  Railroad  at  Aguada.  There  is  also  a  branch  run- 
ning southwest  from  the  Perseverancia  Railroad  to  Galleon. 
Weight  of  rail,  40  and  50  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  rented  from 
Cuban  Central  Railroad. 

INGENTO   ALTAMIRA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Caibarien.  Seven  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Zulueta,  on  the  Cuban 
Central  Railroad.  There  are  also  two  branches  running  into 
the  cane  fields.  Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of  rail,  35  to  50 
pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives,  1  passenger  car,  1 
freight  car,  and  34  cane  cars. 

INGENIO   ANDREITA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cruces.  Twenty  and  five-eighths  miles  of 
standard  and  narrow-gauge  road.  The  narrow-gauge  por- 
tion, 18|  miles  long,  starts  at  the  sugar  mill  and  forms  two 
branches,  one  terminating  at  Martiva  and  the  other  at 
Teresa.  These  branches  have  spurs  running  into  the  cane 
fields.  Weight  of  rails,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  4  locomo- 
tives, 2  freight  cars,  and  250  cane  cars.  A  standard-gauge 
spur  IJ  miles  long  runs  from  the  railroad  at  Cruces  to  the 
sugar  mill. 

CENTRAL  CARACAS  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas.  One  hundred 
and  eleven  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  the 
sugar  mill  to  various  portions  of  the  plantation.  Gauge,  30 
inches;  rolling  stock,  12  locomotives,  4  passenger  cars,  300 
cane  cars,  and  150  small  iron  cane  cars.  A  standard-gauge 
spur  one-half  mile  long  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the 
Cuban  Central  Railroad. 

CARAHATAS   BAILWAT. 

Situated  near  Carahatas.  Five  miles  of  standard-gauge 
road.  Weight  of  rail,  50  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives, 
30  freight  cars,  and  15  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    CAKinAI)    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rancho  Veloz.  Two  miles  of  standard  gauge 
and  5f  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.     The  standard-gauge 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.  79 

portion  rims  to  the  railroad  at  Pozas.  Gauge,  29  inches; 
weight  of  rail,  25  and  35  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomo- 
tives and  80  cane  cars. 

INGENIO  CAROLINA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cienfuegos,  Four  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Cienfuegos  Bay. 
Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
2  box  cars  and  40  cane  cars.    Oxen  used  to  pull  the  cars. 

CENTRAL    SANTA    CATALINA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cruces.  Five  and  three-eighths  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  having  various  branches  running  into 
cane  fields.  Gauge,  27^  inches;  weight  of  rails,  40  pounds; 
rolling  stock,  3  locomotives  and  15  small  and  54  large  cars. 
Three  miles  of  standard  gauge  track  runs  from  the  sugar 
mill  to  the  main  line  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad. 

CENTRAL  COVADONGA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Aguada  de  Pasajeros.  Twelve  and  one-half 
miles  of  standard-gauge  road  running  from  Santa  Fe  to 
Rosario.  The  road  runs  from  Santa  Fe  to  the  sugar  mill 
and  from  that  point  three  branches  extend  to  the  Cienaga 
de  Zapata.  Connection  is  made  with  the  Cuban  Central 
Railroad  and  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  Santa  Fe.  Weight  of  rail,  60 
to  80  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  60  flat  cane 
cars. 

CENTRAL    CIENEGUITA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rodas.  Thirty  miles  of  narrow-gauge  rail- 
road. The  road  consists  of  two  branches.  One  branch  runs 
from  the  sugar  mill  to  Calecito  on  Cienfuegos  Bay,  and  the 
other  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  finca  Unguelito.  Each 
branch  is  15  miles  long.  The  road  connects  with  the  Jura- 
gua  Railroad  at  Anton  Recio.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of 
rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  4  locomotives,  6  box  cars,  9 
flat  cars,  and  133  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    CONSTANCIA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Encrucijada.  A  short  standard-gauge  spur 
runs  from  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  to  the  sugar  mill. 
Weight  of  rails,  60  pounds;  rolling  stock,  20  cane  cars. 


80  CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 


INGENIO   CONSTANCIA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Kodas.  Forty-two  and  one-half  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  connecting  Constancia  with  Santa  Clara, 
Castillito,  Yaguaramas,  and  Horquita.  Gauge,  30  inches; 
weight  of  rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  9  locomotives,  1 
passenger  car,  18  flat  cars,  and  405  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL  DOS   HERMANOS  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Palmira.  Sixteen  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Damuji  River  and 
into  the  cane  fields.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  30 
pounds;  rolling  stock,  3  locomotives,  8  flat  cars,  and  117 
cane  cars. 

INGENIO  DOS    HERMANAS   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cruces.  Five  and  seven-eighths  miles  of 
standard-gauge  road.  One  branch,  1^  miles  long,  runs  from 
the  sugar  mill  to  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  The  other 
branch  is  known  as  the  Santa  Rosalia  and  Pedroso  Branch 
and  connects  with  the  portion  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad 
running  into  Ranchuelo.  Weight  of  rail,  60  pounds;  no 
rolling  stock. 

INGENIO    ESPERANZA    RAILWAY, 

Situated  near  Giiines.  Thirteen  and  three-quarters  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road.  The  main  line  begins  at  the  piers  at 
Play  a  de  Carahatas  and  ends  at  the  barrio  Caguagua,  near 
the  station  of  the  narrow-gauge  branch  of  the  Cuban  Central 
Railroad.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  30  and  35 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and  90  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL   Ffi   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Camajuani.  Three  and  one-eighth  miles  of 
standard  gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the 
colonia  Santa  Ana.  A  spur  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad 
runs  from  the  mill  to  the  sugar  mill  Julia.  Rolling  stock, 
60  cane  cars.  Locomotives  are  obtained  from  the  Cuban 
Central  Railroad. 

INGENIO  FIDENCIA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Placetas.  A  standard  gauge  spur,  1|  miles 
long,  runs  from  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  to  the  sugar 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL.  81 

mill.     Weight  of  rail,  60  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  8  cane  cars. 
No  locomotives. 

INGENIO  GRATITXJD  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Manacas.  One  and  one-half  miles  of  nar- 
row-gauge road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  into  the  cane 
fields.  Gauge,  26  inches ;  Aveight  of  rail,  40  pounds ;  rolling 
stock,  1  locomotive  and  35  cane  cars. 

A  standard-gauge  spur,  3|  miles  long,  runs  from  the  U.  H. 
R.  R.  at  Manacas  to  the  sugar  mill. 

INGENIO  HOBMIGUERO  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Hormiguero.  Fifty  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  50  pounds;  rolling 
stock,  5  locomotives,  11  flat  cars,  and  158  cane  cars. 

INGENIO  EL  INDIO  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Esles.  One  standard-gauge  spur  runs  from 
the  sugar  mill  to  the  Matanzas  division  and  one  to  the  Carde- 
nas division  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  Aguada.     No  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO    JEStJS    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Quemado.  One  and  one-quarter  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Saba- 
nilla  or  Eco  plantation.  Gauge,  34  inches;  weight  of  rail, 
20  pounds;  rolling  stock,  45  cane  cars.  Oxen  used  to  haul 
cars. 

INGENIO  LA  JULIA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Camajuani.  Five  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Salamanca.  Part  of  this 
road  is  used  by  the  ingenio  Santa  Fe.  Weight  of  rail,  75 
pounds;  rolling  stock,  10  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL   LEQUEITIO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rodas.  Thirty  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road 
extending  to  the  north  of  Ojo  de  Agua  and  connecting  with 
the  Rodas  branch  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  Rolling 
stock,  4  locomotives  and  60  small  and  130  large  cane  cars. 

492—09 6 


82  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

CENTRAL    LUISA    Y    A.VTONIA    KAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rancho  Veloz.  Two  and  one-half  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  on  the  plantation.  Gauge,  30  inches; 
weight  of  rail,  25  to  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive 
and  25  cane  cars. 

MANUEL   ANTON    BECIO    DE    MORALES    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Real  Campifia.  Seven  miles  of  standard- 
gauge  road,  leaving  the  Jucaro  line,  Cardenas  division  of 
the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  La  Rosita  and  running  to  the  Cienaga  de 
Zapata  at  Guanal  Grande.  Rolling  stock,  50  cane  cars. 
Locomotives  obtained  from  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 

CENTRAL    MANUELITA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Palmira.  Eighteen  and  three-quarter  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  various 
fincas  and  to  the  Damuji  River.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight 
of  rail,  30  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  4  locomotives,  1  cattle  car, 
10  flat  cars,  and  100  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    MARIA   ANTONIA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Santo  Domingo.  A  standard-gauge  spur 
runs  from  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  to  the  sugar  mill. 
No  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO    NATIVIDAD   RAILWAY. 

Situated  20  miles  south  of  Sancti  Spiritus.  Two  and  one- 
half  miles  of  narrow-gauge  tramway  rims  from  the  sugar 
mill  to  Estero  San  Marcos.  Gauge,  28  inches;  weight  of 
rail,  12  to  15  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  60  tram  cars. 

CENTRAL    PARQUE    ALTO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rodas.  Twenty-nine  miles  of  standard - 
gauge  road  owned  by  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  From 
the  sugar  mill  a  narrow-gauge  track  runs  to  various  cane 
fields.  No  rolling  stock.  The  cars  used  are  owned  by  the 
various  colonias  and  are  drawn  by  oxen. 


CUBA    IN    GENERAL.  83 

INGENIO    PATRICIO    RAILWAY     (FORMERLY    MABINA). 

Situated  near  Encrucijada.  Twenty-eight  and  one-half 
miles  of  narrow -guage  road  as  follows:  Eight  and  one-half 
miles  from  sugar  mill  to  village  of  Santo;  2^  miles  from 
sugar  mill  to  w^harf ;  17|  miles  from  sugar  mill  to  crossroads. 
Near  the  plantation  La  Palma  the  road  is  both  standard  and 
narrow  gauge  from  La  Palma  to  the  point  w^here  the  line 
joins  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  Weight  of  rail,  30 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  3  locomotives  and  80  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    PERSEVERANCIA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cienfuegos.  Part  of  the  road  is  standard 
gauge  and  part  is  narrow  gauge.  The  standard-gauge  por- 
tion is  as  follows:  From  the  sugar  mill  to  Pueblo  Nuevo, 
crossing  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  and  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad; 
from  the  sugar  mill  to  Santa  Ana,  Romero,  Guasimas  Pozo, 
Cercado,  and  La  Caoba ;  from  Amarillas  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
to  San  Miguel  and  Caimito.  The  narrow-gauge  portion 
runs  from  the  sugar  mill  to  "98,"  and  from  the  sugar  mill 
to  Victoria,  Cuba,  Yencedora,  and  Carboneras.  Gauge  (nar- 
row) 30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  (standard)  50  and  60  pounds, 
(narrow)  30  and  35  pounds;  rolling  stock,  (standard)  125 
cane  cars,  (narrow)  3  locomotives,  80  large  and  90  small  cane 
cars. 

INGENIO  PORTUGALETE  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Palmira.  Eight  and  one-eighth  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Cuban  Central 
Railroad.  Gauge,  30  inches ;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and 
70  cane  cars.  There  is  also  a  standard-gauge  spur  running 
from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad. 

INGENIO   PURIO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Calabazar.  A  narrow-gauge  road.  Three 
miles  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Calabazar;  8  miles  from  the 
sugar  mill  to  Granadillo ;  1  mile  from  Calabazar  to  Oriente ; 
3  miles  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Caracas;  4  miles  from  the 
sugar  mill  to  Manuelita.  Weight  of  rail,  about  30  pounds; 
rolling  stock,  3  locomotives  and  80  cane  cars. 


84  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

INGENIO    BAMONA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rancho  Veloz,  Ten  and  five-eighths  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Salva- 
dora.  There  are  two  branches,  one  of  which  runs  to  the 
boundary  line  between  Progreso  and  Marocal  and  the  other 
to  the  finca  Ysabel.  Gauge,  36  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  about 
35  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives,  1  armored  car,  7  fiat 
cars,  and  46  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL  REFORMA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rojas.  Two  and  one-half  miles  of  narrow- 
gauge  road  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Rojas,  at  which  point  it 
connects  with  the  narrow-gauge  branch  of  the  Cuban  Central 
Railroad.  There  is  also  one-quarter  mile  of  standard -gauge 
road  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  and 
five  miles  from  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  to  the  finca 
Loyola.  Gauge,  (narrow)  36  inches;  weight  of  rail,  (stand- 
ard) 60  pounds,  (narrow)  35  pounds;  rolling  stock,  (stand- 
ard) 1  locomotive  and  6  flat  cars,  (narrow)  1  locomotive  and 
34  flat  cars. 

CENTRAL   RESULTA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Sagua  la  Grande.  Thirty-two  and  one-half 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  barrio  Gral. 
Nodarse  to  Calabazar.  Gauge,  32  inches;  weight  of  rail,  30 
and  40  pounds;  rolling  stock,  6  locomotives  and  130  cane 
cars. 

CENTRAL    ROSALIA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Taguayabon.  Four  and  three-eighths  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road.  There  are  two  side  tracks,  one  at 
Guadalupe  and  one  at  Bajada.  Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of 
rail,  50  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  30  cane  cars. 

ROSA    MARfA   RAILWAY, 

Situated  near  Mayajigua.  Four  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road  running  from  Rosa  Maria  to  Estero  Real  on  the  coast. 
Rolling  stock,  2  flat  cars  drawn  by  oxen. 


CUBA   IN    GENERAL.       %  85 

CENTRAL    SAN    AGUSTfN   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Remedios.  Seven  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road  running  from  K.  10,  on  the  narrow-gauge  branch  of  the 
Cuban  Central  Railroad,  to  the  sugar  mill  and  from  that 
point  southeast  to  the  finca  Mujica.  Gauge,  36  inches; 
weight  of  rail,  45  to  50  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives 
and  101  fiat  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    SAN   AGL'STIN    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Las  Lajas.  Thirty-one  and  one-quarter 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  and  3^  miles  of  standard-gauge  road 
running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  finca  Candelaria.  Con- 
nects with  the  lines  of  the  central  Lequeitio.  Gauge,  30 
inches ;  weight  of  rail,  30  to  45  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  5  loco- 
motives, 2  passenger  car's,  140  large  cane  cars,  and  180  small 
cane  cars. 

INGENIO    SAN    ANT6N    DE   LA    UNION    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Santa  Clara.  Two  and  four-fifths  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road to  the  sugar  mill.  Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of  rail, 
60  pounds.  The  rolling  stock  for  use  on  this  portion  of  the 
road  is  furnished  by  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  but  the 
estate  owns  10  freight  cars.  There  is  also  2  miles  of  narrow- 
gauge  portable  railway  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the 
cane  fields.  Gauge,  30  inches;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive 
and  8  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    SAN    FRANCISCO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cruces.  Two  branches  of  a  total  length  of 
9f  miles,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Mercedes  and  to 
the  finca  Mijalito.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rails,  60 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  96  cars. 

There  is  also  2  miles  of  standard  gauge  road  connecting 
with  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad. 

INGENIO    SAN    FRANCISCO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Quemado  de  Giiines.  Two  miles  of  narrow- 
gauge  road  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  cane  fields.  Gauge, 
30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  25  to  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  1 
locomotive  and  35  cane  cars. 


86  ,        CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

INGENIO    SAN    JOS:£    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Santo  Domingo.  Twenty-eight  and  one- 
eighth  miles  of  standard-gauge  and  3f  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road.  The  standard-gauge  road  runs  from  the  sugar  mill 
and  connects  with  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  The 
narrow-gauge  portion  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  through  the 
cane  fields  to  the  colonias  Melilla,  La  Sierra,  and  Santa 
Elena.  Rolling  stock  (standard),  6  locomotives  and  62  cane 
cars,  (narrow),  1  locomotive  and  00  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    SAN    JOSfi    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Placetas.  Two  and  one-half  miles  of  narrow- 
gauge  road,  running  from  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  to 
the  sugar  mill  and  from  that  point  southeast  to  San  Felipe. 
Gauge,  36  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  40  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  1 
locomotive  and  22  flat  cars. 

INGENIO    SAN    LINO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rodas.  Five  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road, 
connecting  with  the  Rodas  branch  of  the  Cuban  Central 
Railroad.  There  are  three  branches;  one  runs  north,  one 
east,  and  one  west.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  35 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  4  locomotives  and  120  cane  cars. 

INGENIO   SAN  PABLO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Calabazar.  Two  and  one-half  miles  of  nar- 
row-gauge road,  starting  at  kilometer  24  of  the  Placetas- 
Caibarien  branch  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  and  running 
to  the  sugar  mill.  It  is  the  property  of  the  Cuban  Central 
Railroad.     No  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO   SAN    PEDRO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Rancho  Veloz.  A  narrow-gauge  road  run- 
ning from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  cane  fields.  Gauge,  30  inches ; 
weight  of  rail,  20  to  35  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomotives 
and  50  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    SANTA    LUTGARDA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Calabazar.  Five-eighths  of  a  mile  of  stand- 
ard-guage  road  from  kilometer  46  of  the  railroad  from  Sagua 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  87 

to  Camajuani  to  the  sugar  mill.     Rolling  stock,  10  cars. 
There  is  also  about  200  yards  of  tramway  near  the  sugar  mill. 

CENTRAL   SANTA    MAEfA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Ranchuelo.  Two  miles  of  standard-gauge 
road.     No  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO  SANTA  ROSA  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Ranchuelo.  A  short  spur  of  the  Cuban  Cen- 
tral Railroad  runs  to  the  sugar  mill.     No  rolling  stock. 

SANTA  TERKSA  SUGAR  COMPANY  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Citiecito.  Thirteen  and  three-fourths  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road.  There  is  one  branch  6|  miles  long 
running  to  colonia  Capitolo  and  another  6^  miles  long  run- 
ning to  Armonia  Nuevo.  The  latter  branch  connects  with 
the  Resulta  Railway.  The  line  also  connects  with  the  narrow- 
gauge  branch  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  Gauge,  30 
inches;  weight  of  rail,  35  to  40  pounds;  rolling  stock,  3  loco- 
motives and  140  platform  and  box  cars. 

CENTRAL   EL    SALVADOR    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Quemado  de  Giiines.  Eleven  and  seven- 
eighths  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  Gauge,  28  inches  and  36 
inches ;  rolling  stock,  3  locomotives  and  95  cane  cars, 

CENTRAL    SANTfSIMA    TRINIDAD    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas.  About  11|  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  into 
the  cane  fields.  A  standard-gauge  siding,  1^  miles  long,  runs 
from  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  to  the  narrow-gauge  road. 
Gauge,  29  inches;  weight  of  rail,  35  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
4  locomotives  and  50  small  and  125  large  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    SOLEDAD    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cienf  uegos.  Twenty-three  miles  of  narrow- 
gauge  road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  plantation 
Limones.  Gauge,  30  inches ;  weight  of  rails,  20  to  40  pounds ; 
rolling  stock,  5  locomotives,  2  passenger  cars,  and  140  flat 
cars. 


88     '  CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 

CENTRAL    TRINIDAD    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Trinidad.  Six  and  three-fourths  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the 
finca  Algaba.  There  are  two  small  branches.  Gauge,  36 
inches;  weight  of  rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomo- 
tives, five  8-ton  flat  cars,  and  ninety  10-ton  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL   TUINUCtJ   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Sancti  Spiritus.  A  standard-gauge  spur  of 
the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long, 
runs  to  the  sugar  mill.  The  estate  owns  5  cane  cars,  and  all 
other  rolling  stock  used  is  obtained  from  the  Cuba  Company 
Railroad. 

INGENIO    UNIDAD    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Cifuentes.  A  spur  of  the  Cuban  Central 
Railroad;  runs  from  kilometer  41  to  the  sugar  mill.  Roll- 
ing stock,  2  locomotives,  5  box  cars,  and  60  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    VICTORIA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Yaguajay.  Thirty-one  and  seven-eighths 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  The  line  runs  from  the  sugar 
mill  to  Playa  de  Victoria  on  the  north  coast,  and  there  are 
various  branches  running  to  the  cane  fields.  Connection  is 
made  with  the  Yaguajay  and  Narcisa  Railroads.  Gauge, 
27^  inches;  weight  of  rail,  40  pounds;  rolling  stock,  6  loco- 
motives, 10  flat  cars,  12  freight  cars,  and  240  flat  cane  cars. 

MAQUINA-SUPLIAL-COCHINAS    RAILWAY. 

About  1|  miles  long.    Gauge,  30  inches;  no  rolling  stock. 

INGENIO   ZAZA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Placetas.  Narrow-gauge  spur,  1^  miles 
long,  runs  from  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  to  the  sugar 
mill.     Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive,  no  cars. 

CAMAGUEY  PROVINCE. 

INGENIO   ALTA   GRACIA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Camaguey.  Four  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road.    Gauge,  40  inches ;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive. 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL.  89 

BAGA-SAN    MIGUEL   RAILWAY. 

Six  miles  of  narrow-gauge  tramway,  running  from  Baga, 
on  Nuevitas  Bay,  to  San  Miguel.  Gauge,  4  feet  9^  inches; 
weight  of  rail,  60  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  platform  cars. 
Oxen  used. 

CENTRAL  FRANCISCO  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur.  Ten  miles  of  standard- 
gauge  track,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  wharf  at 
Francisco  de  Guayabal.  Weight  of  rail,  45  to  60  pounds; 
rolling  stock,  4  locomotives,  8  box  cars,  and  120  cane  cars. 

INQENIO   GUAYABAL  RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Santa  Cruz.    About  twelve  miles  of  road. 

INGENIO    LUGARENO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Xuevitas.  Twelve  and  one-half  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  30 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  4  locomotives  and  180  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    SENADO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Nuevitas.  Eighteen  and  three-fourths  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  Las  Minas,  the  ter- 
minus of  the  Puerto  Principe  and  Nuevitas  Railroad,  to 
the  cane  fields.  Gauge,  30  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  40  pounds ; 
rolling  stock,  8  locomotives,  20  box  cars,  and  330  cane  cars. 

ORIENTE  PROVINCE. 

BANES-TACAJO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Banes  Bay.  Fifteen  miles  of  narrow-gauge 
road,  running  northeast  from  Delite  to  Cuatro  Varades,  at 
which  point  it  joins  the  road  of  the  central  Boston.  A 
branch  runs  southeast  from  Delite  to  the  sugar  mill  on  the 
Tacajo  Railway.  Rolling  stock,  1  locomotive  and  20  cane 
cars. 

CENTRAL  BOSTON   RAILWAY. 

Situdted  at  Punta  Macabi  on  Banes  Bay.  Sixty-four 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill 


90  CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 

through  Banes  to  Canada  Honda.  There  is  a  branch  from 
Cuatro  Varades  to  Vequitas,  one  to  Dougall,  and  one  to 
Las  Angeles.  There  is  also  a  branch  running  south  from 
Banes  to  the  wharf  at  Embarcadero.  Line  connects  with 
the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  at  Entronque  de  Dumois. 
Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of  rail,  40  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
one  6-ton  donkey  engine,  one  8-ton  shunting  engine,  two 
13-ton  engines,  one  26-ton  engine,  five  30-ton  engines,  four 
38-ton  engines,  630  steel  flat  cars,  40  steel  box  cars,  60  flat 
cars  with  steel  trucks,  6  tank  cars,  and  2  wrecking  trains. 

CENTRAL    LOS    CANOS    RAILWAY. 

Situated  about  8  miles  south  of  Guantanamo.  Thirteen 
and  one-half  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the 
sugar  mill  to  its  shipping  point  on  the  coast.  Gauge,  30 
inches;  weight  of  rail,  36  pounds;  rolling  stock,  2  locomo- 
tives and  120  cane  cars.  There  is  also  3^  miles  of  standard- 
gauge  road  connecting  the  narrow-gauge  road  with  the  Guan- 
tanamo Railroad. 

CAPE   CRUZ    COMPANY   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Ensenada  de  Mora.  Eight  and  one-quarter 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  road  made  up  of  a  main  line  and  one 
branch.  The  main  line  runs  from  the  wharf  to  the  sugar 
mill  and  from  that  point  to  Dos  Bocas.  The  branch  runs 
to  Rincon.  Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  40  pounds; 
rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  90  cane  cars. 

CENTRAL    CHAPARRA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  at  Nipe  Bay.  Seventy-eight  and  one-half  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road.  The  following  are  the  main  parts: 
A  line  8  miles  long  runs  to  San  Manuel  and  connects  with  the 
San  Manuel  Railway;  a  line  3^  miles  long  from  the  sugar 
mill  to  Cascarero  wharf  on  Puerto  Padre  Bay;  a  line  12 
miles  long  from  the  sugar  mill  to  Velasco  and  connecting 
with  the  Iberia  branch  of  the  Gibara-Holguin  Railroad;  a 
line  7  miles  long  to  El  Trompo ;  a  branch  4  miles  long 
through  La  Yaya;  numerous  branches  in  the  cane  fields. 
Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of  rail,  45  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
10  locomotives,  10  box  cars,  100  flat  cars,  475  cane  x^ars,  and 
16  hand  cars. 


CUBA    IN    GENERAL.  91 

EL    COBRE    MINES    COMPANY   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Sahtiago  de  Cuba.  Eight  and  one-quarter 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  El  Cobre  to  the 
wharf  at  Punta  de  Sal  on  Santiago  Bay.  Gauge,  48  inches; 
weight  of  rail,  35  pounds;  rolling  stock,  5  locomotives,  2 
passenger  cars,  and  67  ore  cars. 

CENTRAL    CONFLUENTE    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Guantanamo.  Eight  and  one-half  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  sea- 
coast.  Gauge,  33  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  20  pounds ;  rolling 
stock,  one  22-ton  and  two  11-ton  locomotives  and  120  cars. 

DAIQUIRI    MINES    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Daiquiri.  A  standard-gauge  road,  5  miles 
long,  runs  from  the  wharf  at  Daiquiri  to  the  foot  of  the 
incline  at  the  Province  mine.  Weight  of  rail,  60  pounds; 
rolling  stock,  3  locomotives,  74  hopper-bottom  ore  cars,  2 
steam  derricks,  and  4  flat  cars.  At  a  point  2  miles  from  the 
coast  a  narrow-gauge  road  connects  the  standard-gauge  road 
with  the  Berraco  mines.  Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of  rail, 
50  pounds;  rolling  stock,  three  20-ton  locomotives,  40  ore 
cars,  and  4  flat  cars. 

CENTRAL    DOS    AMIGOS    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Manzanillo.  One-third  mile  of  standard- 
gauge  road  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  wharf  at  Campechuela. 
Gauge,  56  inches;  weight  of  rail,  60  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
4  flat  cars,  no  locomotive. 

CENTRAL    ESPERANZA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  5  miles  north  of  Guantanamo.  Fourteen  miles 
of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  into  the 
cane  fields.  Gauge,  39.4  inches;  weight  of  rail,  35  pounds; 
rolling  stock,  two  20-ton  locomotives  and  50  cars. 

INGENIO    HATILLO   RAILWAY. 

Situated  7  miles  west  of  San  Luis.  One  and  one-half 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to 


92  CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 

Paraiso.     Gauge,  30  inches;  weight  of  rail,  25  pounds;  roll- 
ing stock,  1  locomotive  and  12  large  and  58  small  cars. 

CENTRAL    ISABEL    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Media  Luna.  Ten  and  one-half  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the 
wharf.  There  are  two  branches;  one  runs  to  Guayos,  and 
the  other  to  Colorado.  Gauge,  36  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  60 
pounds ;  rolling  stock,  4  locomotives. 

INGENIO    ISABEL   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Guantanamo.  The  Guantanamo  Railroad 
passes  by  this  sugar  mill  and  has  sidings  which  are  used  by 
the  mill. 

JURAGUA   IRON    COMPANY   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Santiago  de  Cuba.  Thirteen  and  one-half 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  the  Juragua 
mines  to  La  Cruz  wharf  on  Santiago  Bay.  Gauge,  36 
inches;  weight  of  rail,  56  pounds;  rolling  stock,  13  locomo- 
tives, 2  derricks,  3  box  cars,  12  flat  cars,  and  1,110  hopper- 
bottom  ore  cars. 

CENTRAL  PRESTON   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Nipe  Bay.  Twenty-five  miles  of  standard- 
gauge  road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  a  wharf  at  Punta 
Tabaco  and  west  to  Rio  Nipe  and  having  a  branch  to  Guero. 
Weight  of  rail,  60  pounds;  rolling  stock,  eight  60-ton  and 
one  20-ton  locomotive,  1  derrick  car,  and  225  flat  cars. 

CENTRAL    SAN    ANTONIO    RAILWAY. 

Situated  11  miles  northeast  of  Guantanamo.  Six  and  one 
quarter  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  the  sugar 
mill  to  the  cane  fields.  Gauge,  36  inches;  rolling  stock,  two 
30-ton  locomotives,  twenty  20-ton  cars,  thirty  16-ton  cars, 
and  thirty-three  10-ton  cars. 

INGENIO    SAN    CARLOS    RAILWAY. 

Situated  3  miles  east  of  Guantanamo.  Three  and  one- 
half  miles  of  standard-gauge  road.     At  the  sugar  mill  it  con- 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  93 

nects  with  a  branch  of  the  Guantanamo  Railroad,  running 
from  the  finca  San  Vicente  to  the  colonia  Rio  Seco.  No 
rolling  stock. 

CENTBAL    SAN    MIGTJEL    RAILWAY. 

Situated  5  miles  north  of  Guantanamo.  Seven  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the  cane 
fields.  Gauge,  31  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  30  pounds ;  rolling 
stock,  2  small  locomotives  and  30  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    SAN    RAMON    RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Manzanillo.  Seven  and  one-half  miles  of 
narrow-gauge  road,  running  from  the  sugar  mill  to  the 
wharf  and  from  the  sugar  mill  into  the  cane  fields.  Gauge, 
36  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  40  pounds ;  rolling  stock,  2  locomo- 
tives and  61  cane  cars. 

INGENIO    SANTA    ANA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  5^  miles  north  of  San  Luis.  Standard-gauge 
spur  one-half  mile  long,  runs  from  Cuba  Company  Railroad 
to  the  sugar  mill.     No  rolling  stock. 

CENTRAL  SANTA  CECELIA   RAILWAY. 

Situated  4  miles  east  of  Guantanamo.  Seven  and  one-half 
miles  of  narrow-gauge  track.  Cars  pulled  by  oxen.  Gauge, 
28  inches;  weight  of  rail,  about  40  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
22  wooden  and  43  steel  cars. 

SANTA    LUCIA    SUGAR    COMPANY    RAILWAY. 

Situated  between  Gibara  and  Banes.  Thirty-six  and  one- 
half  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  One  line  of  the  road  runs 
from  the  sugar  mill  to  Sama  and  has  a  small  branch.  There 
are  also  branches  to  Mineros,  to  Caridad,  and  to  the  wharf 
at  Vita.  Gauge,  30  inches ;  weight  of  rail,  45  pounds ;  rolling 
stock,  5  locomotives,  12  box  cars,  4  tank  cars,  and  180  flat 
cars. 

CENTRAL    SANTA     MARIa    RAILWAY. 

Situated  about  1^  miles  northwest  of  Guantanamo.  Seven 
and  one-half  miles  of  narrow-gauge  and  1  mile  of  standard- 


94  CUBA   IN    GENERAL. 

gauge  road.     In  bad  condition.     Rolling  stock,  10  standard- 
gauge  cars  and  60  narrow-gauge  cars.    No  locomotives. 

SIMON   FEUIT  COMPANY   RAILWAY. 

Situated  at  Cayo  Mambi  on  Sagua  de  Tanamo  Bay.  Four 
and  one-half  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road  running  from 
Cayo  Mambi  to  the  banana  fields  and  to  a  point  on  the  Sagua 
River,  6  miles  from  Sagua.  Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of 
rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock,  two  7-ton  locomotives  and  16 
flat  cars. 

CENTRAL   SOLEDAD   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Guantanamo.  Fourteen  and  three-eighths 
miles  of  combination  standard  and  narrow-gauge  road  and 
5  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  There  is  3f  miles  of  track 
running  to  the  finca  San  Jose  and  a  branch  1|  miles  long  to 
Perseverancia.  A  short  standard-gauge  spur  runs  from 
Soledad  on  the  Guantanamo  Railroad  to  the  sugar  mill. 
Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of  rail,  30  pounds;  rolling  stock, 
one  20-ton  locomotive  and  63  cars  (twenty  15-ton  steel  cars). 

TACAJO   COCOA   AND   SUGAR   COMPANY   RAILWAY. 

Situated  at  Tacajo  on  Nipe  Bay.  Twelve  and  one-half 
miles  of  standard-gauge  road,  running  from  Tacajo  to  En- 
tronque  Dumois,  where  it  joins  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road. Rolling  stock,  one  30-ton  and  one  50-ton  locomotive. 
Cars  of  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  are  used. 

TACAJ6   RAILWAY. 

Situated  near  Banes  Bay.  Eighteen  and  one-half  miles 
of  standard  and  narrow  gauge  road,  running  from  Punta 
Lengua,  on  Nipe  Bay,  to  Naranjo  Dulce.  Road  connects 
with  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  at  Entronque  Dumois. 
Rolling  stock,  2  locomotives  and  20  cars  (narrow  gauge). 

CENTRAL   TERESA    RAILWAY. 

Situated  at  Ceiba  Hueca,  near  Manzanillo.  Fourteen  and 
three-eighths  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road,  running  from 
the  wharf  at  Ceiba  Hueca  through  the  sugar  mill  and  south 
into  the  cane  fields  near  Los  Muchachos.     This  village  is 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL.  95 

on  the  Tana  River.     Gauge,  36  inches;  weight  of  rail,  40 
pounds;  rolling  stock,  4  locomotives  and  100  cane  cars. 

INGEHIO   Uin6N    RAILWAY. 

Situated  1|  miles  northeast  of  San  Luis.  One  and  one- 
half  miles  of  standard-gauge  road,  running  from  the  Cuba 
Eastern  Railroad  to  the  sugar  mill.  Weight  of  rail,  60 
pounds;  rolling  stock,  1  locomotive;  no  cars. 

YUMUBf    CABLE   ELEVATOR. 

Situated  near  Baracoa.  The  cable  elevator  carries  bananas 
from  the  high  table  land  of  Maisi  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Yumuri  River.  In  connection  with  the  cable  elevator  there 
is  a  cable  tramway,  crossing  the  river  and  running  down 
the  east  bank  to  the  coast.  The  elevator  works  by  gravity, 
and  the  tramway  is  driven  by  a  steam  engine  of  8  horse- 
power and  an  auxiliary  gas  engine  of  20  horsepower. 
Freight  weighing  600  pounds  can  be  carried  on  these  cable 
lines. 

ROADS  AND  TRAILS. 

The  Military  Map  of  Cuba  shows  the  roads  as  macadam- 
ized, passable  by  army  wagons  in  the  dry  season,  ox-cart 
roads,  and  trails. 

Macadamized  roads  are  being  rapidly  extended  under  a 
scheme  drawn  up  by  the  provisional  government. 

During  the  dry  season  the  passage  of  other  roads  by  heav- 
ily loaded  army  wagons  would  be  largely  a  question  of  judg- 
ment and  experience. 

During  the  rainy  season  many  unbridged  rivers,  small 
streams,  and  arroyos  become  unfordable  for  days  or  weeks 
at  a  time. 

It  may  be  said  in  general  that  during  the  rainy  season 
unimproved  roads,  with  few  exceptions,  are  not  passable  by 
heavily  loaded  army  wagons. 

During  this  season  of  the  year  pack  transportation  would 
have  to  be  used  in  field  operations. 

In  event  of  active  operations  any  stations  not  on  railroads 
or  macadamized  roads  should  be  fully  provisioned  and  sup- 
plied for  the  rainy  season  during  the  dry  season. 

It  is  to  be  especially  noted  that  practically  all  of  the  haul- 
ing in  Cuba  is  done  with  carts  drawn  by  oxen.    During  the 


96 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 


rainy  season,  when  the  ordinary  country  roads  are  soft, 
deep  ruts  are  worn  in  the  roads,  and  these  ruts  are  about  7 
feet  apart.  In  addition  to  the  above  the  oxen  when  moving 
along  plant  their  feet  in  the  holes  made  by  the  feet  of  oxen 
which  have  preceded  them  along  the  road,  and  this  results 
in  making  the  middle  of  the  road  a  succession  of  holes  which 
are  but  a  short  distance  apart.  When  the  road  is  in  this 
condition  horses  and  mules  travel  the  road  with  extreme 
difficulty  and  frequently  the  fields  on  either  side  of  the  road 
must  be  used  if  any  progress  is  to  be  expected. 

TROCHAS. 

During  the  war  of  1895-1898  the  Spaniards  established 
two  important  trochas  or  barriers  across  the  island.  They 
were  known  as  the  Mariel-Artemisa-Majana  trocha  and  the 
Jucaro-Moron  trocha. 

Full  descriptions  and  surveyed  plans  are  on  file  in  the 
Second  Section,  General  Staff. 


SUGAR  MILLS. 

Owing  to  the  great  amount  of  land  planted  in  sugar  cane, 
and  owing  to  the  annual  value  of  the  crop  and  the  fact  that 
the  cane  is  very  inflammable  from  November  to  the  time 
it  is  cut  and  ground,  which  is  sometimes  as  late  as  May,  it 
is  considered  advisable  to  incorporate  a  list  of  the  principal 
ingenios  and  centrales,  showing  their  name,  location,  and 
production.  The  production  of  a  mill  given  below  indi- 
cates the  output  of  the  mill  at  its  last  grinding.  Some  of 
the  mills  do  not  grind  every  year. 

A  detailed  description  of  each  mill  and  its  properties  is 
on  file  in  the  Second  Section,  General  Staff. 

PINAR  DEL  RfO  PROVINCE. 


T^rmino  municipal. 


Artemlsa. . 
Cabaiias. . 

Do.... 

Do... 

Do.... 

Do.... 

Do.... 
Guanajay . 


Barrio. 


Dolores 

Ceiba 

do 

Carenero 

Bahla  Honda. 

Pueblo 

San  Miguel... 
Macagual 


Class. 


Ingenio . . . 
Central . . . 

...do 

.'..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Name. 


El  Pilar 

Bramales 

Orozco  (San  Luis) 

America 

Girardo 

Mercedita 

Asuneifin 

San  Ram6n 


Produc- 
tion. 


Sacks. 

50,000 

13,000 

27,000 

8,000 

30,000 
40,000 
24,000 


oNo  record. 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 
HAVANA  PROVINCE. 


97 


TSrmino  municipal. 

Barrio. 

Class. 

Name. 

Produc- 
tion. 

Aguacate 

Do 

Numero  Cinco 

do 

Ingenio . . . 
do 

Averhoff 

Sacks. 
20,000 
I9f>  nnn 

Tano :  Central. . . . 

Banes do..    . 

Julia 75' 000 

Lucia                              1      sfi  nnn 

Bauta 

Bejucal 

Giitro  Marrero 

Ingenio . . . 
Central.... 
Ingenio . . . 
do 

San  Agustin 

35,000 
140  nnn 

Guines 

Chareas 

Do 

Jobo 

San  Miguel  ( Jobo)              <^'  finn 

Do 

Lechugas 

San  Jos^ 

50,000 
30,000 
110,000 
75,000 
25,000 

15  000 

Do 

Nombre  de  Dios 

do 

Central.... 
....do 

Nombre  de  Dios 

Do 

Do 

Rubio 

Ingenio . . . 
Central 

....do 

Jaruco 

San  Antonio  Rio  Blan- 
co. 
do 

Loteria 

Do 

Nuestra    Senora    del 

Carmen. 
San  Antonio 

Madruga 

Sabana  de  Robles 

do 

Ingenio . . . 

Central 

....do 

35,000 
40,000 
25,000 
80,000 
55,000 

Do 

Santa  Rita 

Marianao.. 

Playa 

Quijano. . 

Do 

Quemados 

....do 

Toledo 

Nueva  Paz 

Bagaez 

....do 

Do 

Caimito 

....do...   . 

Gomez  Mena 

100,000 
fin  nnn 

Do 

Navarra 

....do 

San  Antonio  de  los 

Chicharo 

....do 

(Trinidad')  (Joseflta).! 
San  Jos6  (Fajardo) '      26,000 

Portugalete                       5>n  nnn 

Banos. 
San  Jose  de  las  Lajas. 

Portugalete 

....do 

MATANZAS  PROVINCE. 


Alacranes 

Estante 

do 

Central 

Ingenio . . . 

Central 

Ingenio . . . 

'.'.'.do'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Conchita 

140,000 

(a) 

Do 

T,as  CfmoR 

Do 

Villa 

Lucia... 

Manuel  Alvarez 

Rio  de  Auras 

Valiente . 

35,000 
60,000 
40,000 

Bolondr6n 

San  Rafael 

Do 

Flora 

Do 

Saratoga 

18,000 

Do      

Tienda  Nueva 

...do 

Armonia. 

35  000 

Do 

do 

...do 

Feliz 

65,000 
20,000 

Do 

do 

...do 

Jiearita 

C&rdenas 

Varadero  -  Camacho  - 

Gudsimas. 
Lagunillas 

...do 

...do 

Preciosa 

25, 000 

Do 

Progreso 

25,000 

Do 

Varadero  -  Camacho  - 
GuAsimas. 

...do 

Central 

...do 

Dos  Rosas 

9,000 
65,000 

Col6n 

Uni(5n 

Do 

Altamisal 

90,000 

Do 

Arabos 

...do 

Occitania 

30, 000 

Do 

Banagiilses 

...do 

Alava 

150,000 

Do 

Manguito 

..do 

Esperanza 

60,000 
20, 000 

Do 

Calimete 

..do 

Por  Fuerza 

Do 

Caobillas 

...do 

Santa  Rita 

55,000 

Do 

...do 

Aguedita 

22, 000 

Do 

Manguito 

...do 

Araujo  (Nena) .... 

Mercedes 

25,000 

Do 

do 

...do 

70, 000 

Do 

Altamisal 

.do 

Tinguaro 

80,000 

Do 

Roque 

Ingenio. .. 
...do 

Reglita 

65,000 

Do 

Macagua 

Dulce  Nombre . , 

Australia 

18, 000 

Jagtiey  Grande 

Do 

...do 

25, 000 

...do 

San  Ignacio  (Asturla). 
San  Vicente 

65, 000 

Jovellanos 

Toscano 

Central 

.do 

20,000 

Do 

Asunci6n 

Soledad 

40,000 

Do 

do       

.do 

Victoria 

25, 000 

Do 

...do 

OUmpo 

60,000 

Do 

...do 

Santa  Amalia 

40,000 

Do 

Ingenio. .. 
CentraL... 

Elizalde 

(a) 

Do 

Coliseo 

Carolina 

40,000 

No  record. 


492—09- 


98 


CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 
MATANZAS  PROVINCE— Continued. 


T6nnino  municipal. 

Barrio. 

Class. 

Name. 

Produc- 
tion. 

MartI 

Ingenio. .. 
Central 

Ingenio. .. 
.do 

Angelita 

Sacks. 
34,000 
25,000 

35,000 

Do 

do 

Algorta  ( Aicorta)  (San 

Nicolds  del  Algorta). 

Guipuiicoa 

Do 

Marti 

Do. 

Santa  Catalina 

Santa  Gertrudis 

Puerto 

60,000 

120,000 

18,000 

30  000 

Do 

Motembo 

Central 

...do 

Matanzas 

Do. 

do 

Limones . 

Do 

Canasi . 

.  .do 

San  Juan  Bautista 

Elena 

20,000 

Do 

...do 

11,000 

Do. 

Ingenio... 

Central 

...do 

Triunfo(  La  Julia) 

Porvenir  ( Los  Angeles) 
Jesus  Maria 

12  000 

Do 

20,000 

Do ... 

.do 

10,000 
25,000 
40,000 

Do 

do 

...do 

San  Cayetano 

Do 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

.     ^0 

Triunvirato. 

Pedro  Betancourt 

Do.  . 

Cabecera 

Navajas 

. .  .  .do 

Santa  Catalina 

Carmen . . . 

26,000 
45  000 

Do 

Santa  Filomena  (En- 

riqueta). 
Nueva  Luisa 

90  000 

Do 

Platanal 

.    do 

80,000 
50,000 
138,000 
s.-i  nno 

Do 

..     .do 

Ingenio. . . 

Central 

Ingenio. .. 

Dolores 

Do 

Uni(5n  de  Reyes.. 

Iglesia 

San  Gonzalo(Majagua) 

Do 

...do 

Santo  Domingo '      65^000 

Luisa  (Condesa)...  .           Liono 

Do 

Sabanilla 

Central 

Caibari^n 

Central 

.do 

Reforma 

Purio... 

60,000 

Calabazar. . 

Centro 

30  000 

Do 

Encrucijada... 

.   .do 

Constancia.        .   .   . 

75,000 

Do 

Mata 

...do 

12,000 

Do 

do 

...do 

Santa  Lutgarda 

Patricio 

30,000 

Do 

Santo . . 

.do 

36,000 
60,000 

Do 

.do 

CamajuanI 

Ingenio. .. 

Central 

...do 

Julia 

10,000 
24,000 
60,000 

Do. 

.do 

Altamira  . 

Do 

Salamanca . . 

Fe 

Cienf negos 

Aguada  de  Pasajeros. . . 
do 

...do 

Ingenio. .. 

Central. . . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

40,000 
4,500 

Do 

Indio 

Do 

Castillo  de  Jagua ; . 

Convento 

Guaos 

Manacas 

60,000 
80,000 
80,000 
10,500 

100,000 
150,000 

Do 

Do.... 

Do 

Nuestra    Seflora    de 

Regla. 
Perse  verancia 

Do.... 

Cruces 

Monte  Cristi 

...do 

Andrelta 

Do 

Marta  Abreu 

...do 

Dos  Hermanos 

San  Francisco 

Santa  Catalina 

Carolina 

Dos  Hermanos 

Manuelita 

Hormiguero 

Portugalete 

Zaza 

Fidencia 

60,000 

Do 

do 

...do 

50,000 

Do 

.  do 

...do 

35,000 

Ingenio... 
Central.. . 
...do 

10,000 

Do 

do ' 

25,000 
50,000 

Do 

do 

Do 

Ciego  Alonso 

...do 

...do 

115,000 

Do 

45,000 

Placetas ... . 

Placetas 

Ingenio... 
Central.... 
...do 

70,000 

Do 

San  Andres 

45,000 

Do : 

do 

30,000 
13,000 

Quemado  de  Giiines 

Carahatas .    ... 

Ingenio . . . 
..do 

San  Francisco 

Esperanza 

Resolucidn      (Campo 
Florido). 

Do 

Giiines 

17,500 
12,000 

Do 

Paso  Cavado 

...do 

Do 

Poblado 

...do 

10,000 

Do 

San  Valentin 

Zambumbia 

,--do 

..do 

Ceptral . . . 
Ingenio . . . 
Central  ... 
Ingenio. . . 

Central 

Ingenio. .. 

El  Salvador 

25,000 

Do 

Jesils  Alfonso 

20,000 

16,000 

Do 

6,000 

Do 

Guanillas 

San  Pedro 

34,000 

Do 

Pozas 

Caridad 

24,000 

Do 

Sabana  Grande 

Sierra  Morena 

Luisa  V  An  tonia 

Santa  Lutgarda 

8,000 

Do 

15,000 

CUBA  IN   GENERAL. 
SANTA  CLARA  PROVINCE— Continued. 


99 


T^rmino  municipal. 

Barrio.                      Class. 

Name. 

Produc- 
tion. 

Ranchuelo 

Bemia 

Central.... 
...do 

Pastora 

Sacks. 
35,000 
40,000 

Do 

Santa  Maria...  . 

Do. 

Sitio  Viejo 

...do. 

Santa  Rosa 

52,000 
60,000 
50,000 
20,000 
22,000 
20,000 
75,000 
40,000 
50  000 

Remedios..  . 

Buena  Vista 

...do 

Adela 

Do 

.     ..do 

Ingenio . . . 

San  Agustin 

Do 

San  Pablo 

Do 

Central 

...do 

Rosalia 

Do 

Vega  Alta. 

Carmita 

Rodas 

...do Constanfiia 

Do 

do 

...do 

Cienegulta 

Do.  . 

...do 

Lequeitio 

Do.... 

Congojas  . 

...do 

Parque  Alto.  . 

50,000 

Do 

Medidas 

...do 

San  l,irio. . 

30,000 

Sagua  la  Grande 

...do 

Resulta 

32,000 

Do 

...do 

Coraz6n  de  Jesi'is  (Flor 

de  Sagua). 
Santa  Teresa. . .     . 

12,000 

99,000 

(») 

18,000 

80,000 

15,000 

10,000 

Do 

Sitiecito 

...do 

Sanetl  Splrltus 

Banao 

Ingenio. .. 

Pojabo 

Do 

Natividad 

Do 

Guayos 

Central 

Tuinucii 

Santa  Clara 

Baez                       

Ingenio . . . 

Ra^A 

Do 

Ceibabo 

Central \  San  Crist<5bal(Cardosa) 

Do 

Egidos 

...do San  Antonio 

35,000 
50,000 

170,000 
50,000 

Salado 

...do 

Santisima     Trinidad 

Lajas. 

Nuevas 

...do 

(Trinidad). 
Caracas 

San  A  CTi.stln 

Do. 

Terry ...          

...do 

...do San  Jo'se 

90,000 

Do 

do 

...do 

Gratitud 

20,000 

Do 

Rio 

...do 

Maria  Antonia 

Trinidad  

25,000 

Trinidad 

RiddeAy.  ... 

...do 

65,000 

Yaguajay 

Ceibabo 

...do 

Santa   Catalina   (Be- 

tono)  (Carbo). 
Victoria 

(o) 

Do 

...do 

70,000 

Do 

do : 

...do 

Narcisa 

75,000 

C.\MAGUEY  PROVINCE. 


Ingenio... 
Central . . . 

...do 

Dos  Marias 

(*) 

Ciegode  Avila 

Do 

Ciego  de  Avila 

do 

Stuart  Sugar  Co.  (Sll- 

veira). 
Jagiieyal 

150,000 
10,000 

Do                

Jatibonico  del  Sur 

Ingenio. .. 
Central.... 
..do 

Jatibonico 

115,000 

Lugareno 

60,000 

Do 

Senado  . 

Senado 

80,000 

Sta.  Cruz  del  Sur... 

...do 

Francisco 

90,000 

ORIENTE   PROVINCE. 


Mor6n 

Central 

Ingenio. .. 
Central.... 
...do 

San  Sebastian 

16,000 

Veguita . 

Sofia 

15,000 

Boston 

260,000 

Do               

Santa  Lucia 

100,000 

Arroyo  Hondo 

Ingenio. .. 

Los  Canos 

26,534 

Do 

Santa  Cecilia 

75,000 

Do 

Caridad 

...do 

Confluente 

10,000 

Do.            

Central.... 
Ingenio. .. 

Esperanza 

48,000 

Do 

San  Carlos 

(<») 

Do 

do 

Isabel 

46,268 

Do 

.do                

...do 

San  Miguel 

20,000 

Do 

.do          

...do 

Santa  Maria 

25,000 

Do 

...do 

Soledad 

55,832 

Do 

Rio  Seco 

..do 

San  Antonio 

40,000 

Do 

...do 

Central — 

Romelie 

40,000 

'  No  record. 


"30  hogsheads  molasses. 


100 


CUBA   IN   GENERAL. 
ORIENTE  PROVINCE— Continued. 


T6rmlno  municipal. 

Barrio. 

Class. 

Name. 

Produc- 
tion. 

Calicito 

do 

Central . . . 
...do 

Tranquilldad 

Sacks. 
25,000 
12,000 

Do 

Salvador  (near  Calici- 
to). 
Dos  Amigos 

Do 

...do 

15,000 

Do      .... 

do 

do 

San  Ramdn 

50,000 
6.5.000 

Do 

.  ..do 

..do 

Teresa 

Do ... 

...do 

Isabel  (Media Luna)...       8.5! 000 

Do 

Pil6n 

.do 

CaboCruz(Pil6n) 

Niquero 

70,000 

Do 

...do 

65,000 

Mavarl 

Mateo  Sanchez. 

do 

Preston 

150,000 

Palma  Soriano . . . 

Lajas 

Ingenio . . . 

Central 

Ingenio . . . 
..  .do 

Hatillo 

12,000 

Puerto  Padre 

Chaparra 

300,000 

Do    ...     . 

San  Manuel. 

San  Manuel 

62,000 

Santa  Ana 

25,000 

Do.   . 

San  Luis 

.do.   . 

Uni6n 

34,000 

THE  PROVINCES. 

The  Republic  of  Cuba  is  divided  into  six  provinces,  which 
from  west  to  east  are  as  follows: 

Pinar  del  Rio,  Havana,  Matanzas,  Santa  Clara,  Camagiiey, 
and  Oriente, 

The  provinces  are  subdivided  into  82  municipal  districts, 
in  the  following  proportion : 

Pinar  del  Rio,  12;  Havana,  18;  Matanzas,  10;  Santa  Clara, 
21;  Camagiiey,  5;  Oriente,  16. 

Some  of  these,  especially  in  the  rural  districts,  are  again 
subdivided  into  wards  (barrios),  the  size,  number,  and  popu- 
lation of  whioh  varies,  the  object  being  to  aid  municipal  con- 
trol by  means  of  delegates  known  as  alcaldes  de  barrio. 


PROVINCE  OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO. 


101 


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102 


PROVINCE  OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO. 


LOCATION  AND  BOUNDARY. 

The  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio  is  situated  at  the  western 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Cuba.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  east  by  the  province  of  Ha- 
vana, on  the  south  by  the  Sea  of  the  Antilles,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  Strait  of  Yucatan. 

AREA  AND  POPULATION. 

The  area  comprises  5,000  square  miles;  the  length  of  the 
province  is  about  160  miles,  the-  width  about  50  miles. 

The  population  of  the  province  is  240,372,  divided  as  fol- 
lows: Native  white,  68.7  per  cent;  foreign  white,  6.4  per 
cent;  colored,  24.9  per  cent,  or  white,  75.1  per  cent;  colored, 
24.9  per  cent. 

JUDICIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  DISTRICTS. 

The  province  is  divided  into  four  judicial  districts,  Pinar 
del  Rio,  San  Cristobal,  Guana  jay,  and  Guane.  It  is  also 
divided  into  12  municipal  districts,  or  townships,  namely: 
Artemisa,  Cabaiias,  Consolacion  del  Norte,  Consolacion  del 
Sur,  Guana  jay,  Guane,  Mantua,  Pinar  Del  Rio,  San  Cristo- 
bal, San  Juan  y  Martinez,  San  Luis,  Vifiales. 

PROVINCIAL  GOVERNMENT. 

There  is  a  governor  and  a  provincial  council  of  eight  mem- 
bers, elected  by  direct  suffrage. 

Each  municipal  district  is  presided  over  by  a  mayor, 
assisted  by  a  municipal  council. 

103 


104  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

CAPITAL  AND  PRINCIPAL  TOWNS. 

The  capital  of  the  province  is  Pinar  del  Rio. 

The  most  important  towns  are  Guanajay,  San  Luis,  Vi- 
nales,  San  Juan  y  Martinez,  San  Diego,  Los  Palacios,  Ca- 
banas, Bahia  Honda,  Mariel,  etc. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  northern  and  western  portions  of  the  province  are 
mountainous,  the  coasts  generally  low  and  marshy.  In  the 
center  of  the  province  is  the  garden  spot  of  the  entire  island, 
the  "  Vuelta  Abajo,"  celebrated  for  its  fertility. 

This  region  is  thickly  populated,  and  the  people  more 
prosperous  than  elsewhere  in  all  the  island. 

The  largest  ranges  occupy  the  greater  part  of  the  western 
and  northern  sections  of  the  province ;  the  coasts  are  usually 
low  and  marshy ;  moor  w^astes,  salty  marshes,  and  shoals  are 
common  in  the  lowlands.  There  are  no  active  volcanoes  in 
the  mountain  ranges,  but  wonderful  caves  and  subterranean 
cavities  are  characteristic. 

Rivers  and  lakes  are  numerous,  although  the  lakes  are 
usually  insignificant.  A  few  larger  ones  are  formed  by  the 
tide;  of  these  Guadiana,  Lacato,  Cortes,  and  Gato  are  the 
most  important.  Some  canals  form  connecting  links,  such  as 
Buenavista,  Romadero,  Cayo,  Lebisa,  and  Alacranes  in  the 
north ;  Las  Cayamas  in  the  south. 

The  extensive  archipelago  of  Guaneguanico  borders  the 
northwestern  shore. 

The  province  is  dominated  by  the  Sierra  Organos. 

The  main  sierra  of  this  range  lies  just  back  from  the  north 
coast  and  extends  from  Mariel  westward  to  the  Ensenada 
Guadiana.  West  of  this  bay  a  line  of  lower  mountains  or 
hills  forms  the  axis  of  the  peninsula  to  Cape  San  Antonio,  the 
western  extremity  of  the  island.  The  sierra  is  flanked  by 
spurs  and  more  or  less  isolated  foothills  and  buttes.  South- 
west of  Bahia  Honda  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  range,  the 
Pan  Guajaibon,  whose  altitude  has  been  variously  estimated 
to  be  from  1,920  to  2,560  feet.  The  former  figures  are  prob- 
ably more  nearly  correct.  Between  the  city  of  Pinar  del  Rio 
and  Vinales  the  range  is  broken  up  into  three  parallel  ridges. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  BIO.  105 

RIVERS. 

The  rivers  are  not  long,  but  in  the  wet  season  of  consider- 
able volume;  only  a  few  of  them  are  navigable.  The  main 
rivers  west  and  north  are  the  Guanes  or  Guadiana,  Mantua, 
Buenavista,  Malas  Aguas,  Rosario,  Bahia  Honda,  Cabanas, 
Pan  de  Aziicar,  Ortigosa,  Guajaibon,  and  Baracoa. 

The  principal  rivers  on  the  south  are  the  Cuyaguateje, 
Guama,  Herradura,  Los  Palacios,  Hondo,  San  Juan  y  Mar- 
tinez, San  Diego  or  Caiguanabo,  Bacunagua,  Taco  Taco,  San 
Cristobal,  Bayate,  San  Sebastian,  and  Feo. 

COAST  LINE. 

The  outline  of  the  coast  is  both  high  and  bold,  and  low 
and  marshy.  Portions  of  it  are  sheltered  by  archipelagoes 
or  screened  by  shoals,  reefs,  or  islands,  making  navigation 
difficult.  Where  the  coast  is  high  there  are  fine  harbors.  The 
coasts  are  alternately  intersected  by  clijffs  and  marshes. 

AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  are  tobacco,  sugar 
cane,  coffee,  timber,  fruits,  charcoal,  and  cattle. 

The  chief  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  tobacco,  but  there 
are  some  lumber  interests. 

Stock  raising  and  fishing  giver  occupation  to  many  of  the 
people. 

Exports  consist  of  manufactured  tobacco,  fine  woods,  and 
some  fruits,  and  the  imports  are  in  general  foodstuffs,  petro- 
leum, etc. 

« 

JUDICIAL    DISTRICTS   AND    MUNICIPAL    DISTRICTS. 

Judicial  district.  Township. 

Guana  jay Artemisa. 

Cabanas. 

Giianajay. 
Guane Guane. 

Mantua. 
Pinar  del  Rio Consolacion  del  Norte. 

Consolacion   del    Sur. 

Pinar  del  Rio. 

San  Juan  y  Martinez. 

San  Luis. 

Vinales. 
San  Cristobal San  Cristobal. 


106 


PROVINCE   OP   PINAE  DEL   RIO. 


JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF   GUANAJAY. 
Township :  Population. 

Artemisa 14,  719 

Cabanas 11,  552 

Guanajay ^ 15,336 

TOWNSHIP  OP  ARTEMISA   (CAPITAL,  ARTEMISA). 


Town,  village,  or  sltio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Rural  and 

urban. 
...do 

Miles. 

4,973 

Canas 

3J 

1* 

2 

Si 
6i 
4 

It 

8 
8 
3i 

1,490 

Rural 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 

543 

Cayajabos 

1,088 

Dolores '. . .  . 

2,270 

Guanimar 

191 

...do 

646 

Pijirlgua 

Pijirigua 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 

781 

Mangas  station. 
Las  Mangas. 

214 

Puerta  de  la  Giiira 

799 

417 

374 

...do 

933 

Artemisa. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated  on  the 
Marianao-San  Cristobal  calzada,  9^  miles  southwest  of  the 
town  of  Guanajay,  and  surrounded  by  level,  well-cultivated 
country.  Houses  nearly  all  one  story;  built  for  the  most 
part  of  stone  and  cement. 

Industries  are  confined  to  a  few  cigar  factories,  for  local 
consumption,  and  a  couple  of  blacksmith  shops  and  carpen- 
ter shops. 

The  inhabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  cultivating  to- 
bacco and  pineapples. 

Population,  3,831. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  one  large  well  situated  on 
Canas  road,  near  railroad  station,  about  200  yards  east  of 
calzada;  equipped  with  steam  pump,  which  forces  water 
into  a  large  tank.  Water  is  piped  from  there  to  the  town, 
and  the  pressure  is  sufficient  to  reach  half  the  area  of  the 
town.  Another  large  well  is  situated  in  the  courtyard  of 
a  house  on  the  corner  of  calles  General  Gomez  and  General 
Diaz;  it  is  equipped  with  a  steam  pump  and  tank.  The 
water  is  transported  in  wagons  and  distributed  to  that  por- 
tion of  the  town  not  otherwise  supplied.  Water  is  of  good 
quality. 


PROVINCE   OF  PINAr"  DEL  RIO.  107 

No  sewer  system.    Street  corners  are  lighted  by  oil  lamps. 

Barracks:  Two-story  frame  building  on  the  corner  of 
calle  Republica  and  the  calzada,  sufficient  for  one  company 
of  infantry,  including  officers ;  new  building ;  tile  roof ;  sani- 
tary condition  good ;  small  court  in  rear  where  kitchen  could 
be  constructed;  vacant  lot  across  the  street  where  quarter- 
master corral  could  be  located ;  water  supplied  by  pipe  from 
well  on  Canas  road;  no  water-closets.  Another  one-story 
stone  building  on  the  southwest  corner  of  calle  General  Diaz, 
three  blocks  west  of  the  calzada,  sufficient  for  one  company 
of  infantry,  with  additional  rooms  for  officers ;  sanitary  con- 
dition good;  building  about  8  years  old;  no  water-closets; 
no  lighting  facilities. 

No  stables. 

No  transportation  corrals.  A  good  location  for  one  would 
be  in  the  triangular  vacant  lot  between  the  railroad,  calzada, 
and  the  main  road  to  the  railroad  station;  water  could  be 
obtained  from  well  on  the  Caiias  road. 

Those  buildings  recommended  as  barracks  could  be  used 
as  hospitals;  also  the  Spanish  Club  building,  which  is  a 
one-story  stone  building  with  tile  roof,  and  would  hold  about 
30  beds.  Water  piped  from  well  on  Caiias  road;  building 
in  good  condition ;  sanitary  condition  good ;  no  water-closets. 

Storehouses:  Freight  house  at  railroad  station;  one-story 
frame  building,  with  iron  roof;  shipping  platform  about  10 
feet  wide  by  3^  feet  high;  the  building  is  about  30  by  80 
feet;  railroad  siding  on  one  side  and  a  wagon  road  on  the 
other. 

A  tobacco-curing  house  on  the  road  between  the  railroad 
station  and  the  town,  about  50  yards  from  the  railroad  sta- 
tion. It  is  a  two-story  building  (frame)  about  30  by  60 
feet;  has  no  railroad  siding. 

A  pineapple-packing  house  at  the  junction  of  the  railroad 
and  Caiias  road;  is  a  one-story  building  (frame),  with  tile 
roof;  about  45  by  70  feet.  It  has  an  unloading  platform 
about  8  feet  wide  by  3^  feet  high;  a  railroad  siding^on  one 
side  and  Canas  road  on  the  other.  '*^ 

Eailroad  station  is  situated  on  dirt  road  running  east 
from  the  calzada,  1  block  from  calle  Republica  (main  street). 

Post-office  is  situated  on  west  side  of  square,  half  a  block 
north  of  calle  Republica,  in  the  City  Hall  building.     Tele- 


108  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

graph  office  in  same  building  with  the  post-office.  No 
telephone  central. 

No  camp  sites  available  in  the  vicinity  of  Artemisa,  as  all 
land  is  cultivated. 

No  fortifications;  most  of  the  blockhouses  have  been 
destroyed,  and  remaining  ones  are  of  no  military  value. 

The  Western  Railway  of  Havana  has  two  sidings  at 
railroad  station,  each  about  400  yards  long;  facilities  for 
entraining  and  detraining,  loading  and  unloading  supplies, 
consist  of  two  sidings  and  the  platform  at  the  freight  house 
already  described. 

Calzada  running  west  to  Cayajabos;  calzada  northeast  to 
Guana  jay;  calzada  southwest  to  Candelaria ;  dirt  road  east 
to  Caiias ;  dirt  road  north  to  central  Pilar, 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  north  and 
northeast,  as  the  underbrush  and  trees  are  thicker,  and 
fewer  stone  houses  are  on  that  side  of  town. 

Canas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  east  of  and 
borders  on  Artemisa  barrio.  Within  its  boundaries  are  the 
fincas  Santa  Teresa,  San  Jose,  Serafina,  Ramos,  La  Papilla, 
Monserrate,  Armenia,  and  Constancia.  The  village  is 
situated  on  a  dirt  road  3|^  miles  east  of  Artemisa,  and  on 
the  main  line  of  the  Western  Railway  of  Havana. 

Nearly  all  buildings  are  native  shacks.  Buildings  on 
main  street  (continuation  of  Artemisa  road)  are  of  stone 
and  cement;  in  very  poor  condition.    No  industries. 

Population,  about  200. 

Water  obtained  from  wells  in  the  village ;  of  good  quality, 
but  of  limited  quantity.  There  is  a  large  well  (with  dummy 
engine)  1  mile  east  of  village  at  finca  Santa  Teresa;  water 
of  good  quality  and  sufficient  for  a  battalion  of  troops. 

No  buildings  suitable  for  troops. 

No  stables. 

No  transportation  corrals.  A  corral  could  be  located  at 
finca  Teresa,  1  mile  east;  plenty  of  open  ground;  water  ob- 
tained from  well. 

No  hitepitals  or  buildings  suitable  for  hospitals. 

Post-office  is  situated  on  corner  of  Artemisa  road  and 
street  leading  to  the  railroad  station.  Telegraph  office  at 
railroad  station. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  109 

Good  site  for  a  camp  of  a  regiment  of  infantry  at  finca 
Santa  Teresa,  1  mile  east  of  Caiias ;  open  level  ground ;  water 
of  good  quality  and  abundant ;  pumped  from  well  by  dummy 
engine ;  wood  plentiful ;  grazing  good. 

The  Western  Railway  of  Havana  has  one  siding  about  200 
yards  long;  no  unloading  platforms  or  other  facilities  for 
entraining  or  detraining. 

Dirt  road  west  to  Artemisa;  dirt  road  north  to  Guana- 
jay;  dirt  road  east  to  Alquizar  and  San  Antonio  de  los 
Bafios;  dirt  road  south  to  south  coast. 

Best  line  of  approach  in  case  village  were  defended  is 
from  the  north  and  west. 

Capellanias. — Barrio.  A  district  northeast  of  Artemisa 
and  adjoining  Puerta  de  la  Giiira  barrio.  Fincas  bearing 
names  Angeli,  El  Brujo,  La  Isabela,  Morejon,  and  Valdes- 
pino  are  within  its  boundaries.  There  is  no  point  bearing 
the  name. 

Cayajabos. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  northwest 
of  Artemisa.  Within  its  boundaries  are  the  fincas  San  Ig- 
nacio,  San  Francisco,  Angerona,  Charco,  Azul,  Desquite,  La 
Pomona,  Esperanza,  and  Jesus  Maria. 

The  village  is  situated  in  the  foothills  of  a  range  of  moun- 
tains, about  8  miles  northwest  of  Artemisa,  and  connected 
with  Artemisa  by  calzada.  Ruins  of  old  town  on  all  sides. 
Nearly  all  the  houses  now  in  use  are  native  shacks,  with  a 
few  frame  buildings.     There  are  no  industries. 

Population,  about  200. 

Water  obtained  from  small  stream  just  south  of  the  vil- 
lage ;  water  of  good  quality  and  abundant. 

No  buildings  suitable  for  quartering  more  than  20  men; 
these  houses  are  mostly  native  shacks ;  there  are  a  few  frame 
buildings,  with  tile  roofs,  and  3  stone  buildings,  all  small; 
about  25  houses  in  all. 

No  transportation  corrals;  plenty  of  ground  adjacent  to 
stream  south  of  the  village  where  corrals  could  be  con- 
structed. 

Post-office  is  in  a  store  on  corner  of  street  just  west  of  the 
ruins  of  old  church ;  no  other  offices. 

Good  camp  site  on  rolling  ground  west  and  south  of  village 
for  a  brigade  of  troops;  sufficient  water  of  good  quality; 
good  grazing;  wood  plentiful. 


110  PROVINCE   OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Old,  ruined  blockhouse  on  hill  east  of  village,  and  another 
on  hill  northwest  of  village. 

Calzada  running  southeast  to  Artemisa. 

Best  line  of  approach  in  case  place  were  defended  would 
be  from  the  north  or  west;  ground  to  the  south  and  east  is 
low. 

Dolores. — Barrio.  District  north  of  and  bordering  on 
Artemisa.  Contains  central  Pilar  and  the  fincas  La  Carlota, 
San  Jose,  and  Kesolucion.     No  point  bearing  the  name. 

Guanimar. — Barrio.  A  district  southeast  of  Artemisa  ad- 
joining Cafias  barrio.  Fincas  bearing  the  names  Desengano, 
Ingenito,  Jupiter,  and  Soledad  are  within  its  borders.  There 
is  no  point  bearing  the  name. 

Mojanga. — Barrio.  A  district  south  of  Artemisa,  adjoin- 
ing Guanimar  barrio.  Fincas  named  Union,  San  Jose,  San 
Pedro,  Neptuno,  Isla  de  Cuba,  and  Minerva  Auxilio  are 
within  its  borders.    There  is  no  point  bearing  the  name. 

Pijirigua. — Barrio  and  village.  This  barrio  is  southwest 
of  and  borders  on  Artemisa  barrio.  It  contains  the  villages 
of  Mangas  Station  and  Las  Mangas,  and  the  fincas  Buena 
Suerte,  Consecuencia,  Esperanza^  Santa  Ana,  San  Nicolas, 
and  Auxilio. 

The  village  is  1  mile  from  Mangas  Station  on  the  Western 
Railway  of  Havana.  It  consists  of  about  12  small  stone  and 
frame  buildings ;  none  suitable  for  quartering  troops.  It  has 
no  telephonic  or  telegraphic  connections,  and  there  is  no  place 
to  camp  troops. 

Mangas  Station. — Village.  Situated  on  Western  Railway 
of  Havana,  2^  miles  east  of  Punta  Brava.  It  consists  of  a 
building  containing  ticket  office,  freight  house,  and  resi- 
dence ;  a  store  and  some  huts ;  two  sidings  400  yards  long, 
but  no  loading  platform. 

Las  Mangas. — Village.  Situated  on  the  calzada,  4f  miles 
southwest  of  Artemisa  and  2^  miles  south  of  Mangas  Station. 
It  consists  of  a  store,  a  schoolhouse,  a  half-dozen  huts,  a 
frame  building  now  used  as  quarters  for  the  rural  guard 
(15  men),  the  ruins  of  an  old  church,  and  a  walled  cemetery. 
Just  east  of  the  village  is  a  large  fresh- water  lake.  The 
water  would  have  to  be  boiled  for  drinking.  Surrounding 
country  is  low  and  uncultivated ;  grazing  is  fairly  good  and 


AvrvA/yno 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 


Ill 


wood  plentiful.  A  regiment  of  infantry  or  cavalry  could  be 
camped  here  in  drv^  season. 

Puehlo  Nuevo. — Barrio.  A  district  southwest  of  Artemisa, 
adjoining  Mojanga  barrio.  Fincas  known  as  Guanal.  Ojo 
de  Agua.  Larrazabel,  Union,  and  San  Francisco  de  Borges 
are  within  its  borders.  There  is  no  point  bearing  the  name 
of  the  barrio. 

Puerta  de  la  Giiwa. — Barrio  and  -village.  The  barrio  is 
northeast  of  Artemisa  barrio,  between  it  and  Capellanias 
barrio.  Besides  the  village  there  are  within  its  borders 
fincas  named  Concepcion,  Chacon,  Diligencia,  Piragua,  and 
Retiro.  The  village  consists  of  about  25  small  houses.  It 
has  no  buildings  suitable  for  troops. 

Punta  Brava. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  southwest  of 
Artemisa  and  adjoins  Pijirigua  barrio.  The  fincas  Alter- 
nativa,  Ave  Maria,  Santo  Tomtis,  San  Roque,  San  Jose,  and 
Linares  are  within  its  borders.  The  sitio  is  situated  on  the 
Western  Railway  of  Havana,  8  miles  southwest  of  Artemisa. 
It  consists  of  the  railroad  station,  a  store,  and  3  huts.  There 
is  a  siding  400  yards  long,  but  no  loading  platform. 

San  Juan. — Barrio.  A  district  west  of  Artemisa  and  ad- 
joining Punta  Brava  barrio.  Fincas  named  Santa  Teresa, 
lemen,  San  Miguel,  San  Juan  de  Dios,  San  Juan  Bautista, 
La  Gloria,  and  Esperanza  are  within  its  borders. 

Virtudes. — Barrio.  A  district  northeast  of  Artemisa  and 
adjoining  Capellanias  barrio.  Fincas  named  La  Cafia,  Cocal, 
Favorita,  La  Manuela,  Petit  Versailles,  San  Rafael,  and  Santa 
Rita  are  within  its  borders.  There  is  no  point  bearing  the 
name. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  C.VBANAS    (CAPITAL,   CABAXAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Cabanas 

Pueblo  (Cabanas) 

Bahia  Honda 

Carenero 

Ceiba 

Conchita 

Damas 

Delicias 

San  Jose 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Miles. 

2,284 

2,566 
455 

San  Pedro. 
Bahia  Honda 

18.5 
18.5 

7.6 

4 
15 
6.7 
12.2 

4 

3.5 

6.8 

Carenero 

Santiago  de  Nuflez 

2,338 
336 
243 
603 
814 

San  Miguel 

...do 

1,021 
530 

San  Ramtfn 

...do 

Vigla 

...do 

362 

112  PROVINCE   OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Cabanas. — Barrio  and  town.  The  urban  portion  of  the 
barrio  comprises  the  town  of  Cabanas.  Sitio  San  Pedro 
and  central  Mercedita  are  situated  in  the  rural  portion  of 
the  barrio.  The  territory  along  the  calzada  running  east  to 
central  Mercedita  is  also  called  Cabaiias. 

The  town  of  Cabaiias  is  situated  on  the  north  end  of  a 
ridge  overlooking  Cabanas  Bay,  with  the  main  street  run- 
ning down  to  the  bay.  Houses  nearly  all  one  story,  and, 
with  few  exceptions,  built  of  stone  and  cement. 

It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Guanaj ay-Cabanas  calzada,  15 
miles  northwest  of  Guanaj  ay.  A  bus  line  makes  two  trips 
each  day  to  Guanaj  ay  via  Mariel, 

The  town  has  no  industries. 

Population,  1,015. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns,  and  very 
limited. 

Oil  lights  at  street  corners. 

Barracks:  The  church  situated  on  top  of  the  ridge  over- 
looking Cabaiias  Bay  is  a  one-story  structure  with  tile  roof; 
in  good  repair  and  good  sanitary  condition.  It  is  situated 
in  the  highest  part  of  the  town  and  would  make  a  good 
place  of  defense  against  infantry  or  cavalry.  One  hundred 
infantry  could  be  quartered  in  the  church.  Water  obtained 
from  wells  in  the  town. 

Hotel  La  Publica,  just  north  of  the  church,  is  a  two-story 
frame  structure  with  an  iron  roof;  sufficient  room  for  one 
company  of  infantry ;  in  good  condition ;  sanitary  condition 
fair.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns  in  town. 
Old-style  closets. 

The  city  hall,  just  back  of  the  church,  and  the  rural  guard 
quarters  next  to  it,  would  accommodate  about  one  company 
of  infantry.  They  are  one-story  stone  buildings,  tile  roofs; 
in  good  condition ;  sanitary  condition  good.  Water  obtained 
from  cistern  in  court  back  of  building;  fair  quality.  Old- 
style  closets. 

Stable  situated  just  across  the  main  street  from  Hotel  La 
Publica.  It  is  a  one-story  frame  structure,  iron  roof; 
capacity  about  20  horses. 

No  transportation  corrals,  and  no  ground  suitable. 

No  storehouses  available,  unless  small  houses  were  used. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  113 

Post-office  building  across  the  street  from  Hotel  La 
Piiblica. 

Telephone  central  in  post-office;  connects  Cabanas  with 
Bahia  Honda,  Quiebra  Hacha,  Mariel,  and  Guana  jay. 

Xo  available  camp  site  in  vicinity. 

Three  wood  and  stone  blockhouses,  12  by  12  by  20  feet 
(two  stories)  high;  walls  1  foot  thick,  filled  with  broken 
stone.  One  old  blockhouse,  stone  and  brick,  3  stories  high; 
walls  1^  feet  thick;  diameter  25  feet,  height  25  feet. 

Calzada  east  to  Guanajaj^;  calzada  west  to  Bahia  Honda; 
dirt  road  southeast  to  San  Juan  Bautista  de  Cabaiias;  dirt 
road  southwest  to  cane  fields. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  would  be  along  ridge 
from  the  southeast. 

San  Pedro. — Sitio.  This  place  consists  of  a  half  dozen 
houses  near  the  wharf  on  Cabaiias  Bay. 

Bahia  Honda. — Barrio  and  town,  A  barrio  situated  south- 
west of  Cabanas  and  bordering  on  barrios  of  Carenero  and 
San  Jose.  Centrales  Montana  and  Girardo,  and  colonias 
Amable,  Mercedita,  Corojal,  Cayao,  Candelaria,  Divisia,  Pas- 
tora,  Dos  Hermanos,  and  Moran  are  within  the  limits  of  this 
barrio. 

The  town  of  Bahia  Honda  is  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains, 
18|  miles  by  road  west  of  Cabaiias,  and  about  1^  miles  south 
of  Honda  Bay.  The  hills  to  the  south  rise  abruptly  from 
the  town.  The  Montaiia  River  flows  about  1|  miles  east  of 
the  town,  and  the  Bahia  Honda  River  touches  the  western 
edge  of  the  town.    Country  east,  north,  and  west,  rolling. 

Aside  from  the  usual  blacksmith,  carpenter,  and  cobbler 
shops,  nearly  all  the  industries  around  the  town  are  con- 
ducted by  Americans  who  are  interested  mostly  in  the  culti- 
vation of  oranges  and  pineapples.  Following  are  the  names 
of  corporations,  with  amount  of  land  owned  by  each,  all 
within  a  radius  of  4  miles  from  Bahia  Honda :  Buena  Ven- 
tura, 1,000  acres;  Redencion,  1,000  acres;  Palm  Grove,  900 
acres ;  Cuban  Sharon  Land  Company,  1,000  acres ;  American 
Improvement  Company,  30,000  acres;  and  Nazareno,  3,000 
acres.  The  last  named  is  owned  by  an  English  company. 
All  of  the  others  are  owned  by  American  companies. 

492—09 8 


114  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   RIO. 

All  of  the  sugar  mills  in  the  vicinity  have  been  destroyed 
except  Bramales  and  San  Luis,  10  and  9  miles,  respectively, 
northeast  of  the  town,  and  Girardo,  about  1  mile  east, 

A  great  many  pineapples  and  oranges  are  shipped  from 
the  port  of  Bahia  Honda. 

The  buildings  in  the  business  portion  of  the  town  are  con- 
structed of  stone,  with  tile  roofs;  one  story  high.  The  resi- 
dence portion  consists  of  frame  houses  with  grass  roofs, 
while  a  considerable  portion  are  native  shacks. 

Population,  1,263. 

Water  is  obtained  from  the  Bahia  Honda  Eiver,  west  of 
town,  and  from  numerous  wells  throughout  the  town. 

No  sewer  system.  The  town  is  very  dirty  and  the  streets 
are  not  in  good  condition  (November,  1906).  Some  of  the 
streets  have  deep  gullies  in  them  washed  by  rains  from  year 
to  year,  and  no  attempt  seems  to  have  been  made  to  repair 
them.    No  attempt  is  made  to  remove  filth  or  deposits. 

No  street  lights. 

Barracks:  One-story  stone  building  on  road  to  the  dock; 
it  is  tile  roofed,  is  about  50  feet  long  by  40  feet  wide,  and 
has  a  court  in  the  rear;  used  as  a  club  building;  repair  and 
sanitary  condition  good ;  would  accommodate  50  men ;  water 
of  good  quality  obtained  from  a  well  in  court.  No  modern 
closets. 

One-story  stone  building,  tile  roof,  adjoining  and  north  of 
club  building;  about  50  feet  long  by  30  feet  wide,  with  a 
court  in  rear;  repair  and  sanitary  condition  good;  capacity, 
about  40  men;  water  of  good  quality  obtained  from  a  well 
inside  of  court.    No  modern  closets. 

A  one-story  stone  building,  tile  roof,  in  center  of  town  on 
main  street,  used  as  a  school  building;  about  100  feet  long 
by  40  feet  wide,  with  a  court  in  rear ;  repair  and  sanitary  con- 
dition good;  would  accommodate  about  100  men;  water  of 
good  quality  obtained  from  well  in  court.    No  modern  closets. 

A  one-story  stone  building,  tile  roof,  on  street  south  of  and 
running  parallel  to  main  street ;  it  is  a  rural-guard  barracks. 
Front  of  the  building  is  about  40  feet  long  by  30  feet  wide, 
with  an  extension  in  rear  about  75  feet  long  by  15  feet  wide; 
court  in  rear,  where  stables  have  been  constructed  sufficient 
for  30  horses.    Building  would  accommodate  75  men ;  repair 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  115 

and  sanitary  condition  fair ;  water  of  good  quality  obtained 
from  well  inside  of  court.    No  modern  closets. 

There  are  also  two  frame  houses  and  a  shack  which  would 
accommodate  about  35  men. 

Stable  inside  of  court  of  rural  guard  barracks  sufficient 
for  30  horses. 

No  transportation  corrals.  Corral  could  be  constructed 
south  of  calzada,  on  west  bank  of  Bahia  Honda  River,  or  1^ 
"miles  northeast  of  town,  on  the  Montaiia  River. 

No  hospital  or  buildings  suitable  except  those  above 
described. 

Storehouses:  Old  city  hall,  just  south  of  the  church.  It 
is  100  feet  long  by  40  feet  wide;  one-story  stone  building; 
tile  roof,  cement  floor;  no  tramways,  railroad  sidings,  or 
unloading  platforms. 

One-story  stone  building,  tile  roof,  at  the  wharf  on  Bahia 
Honda  Bay ;  about  50  feet  long  by  20  feet  wide. 

There  is  a  wharf  running  from  the  warehouse;  it  is  built 
of  wood  and  is  50  feet  long  by  10  feet  wide ;  a  tramway  runs 
from  end  of  wharf  into  warehouse;  one  hand  truck;  the 
platform  of  this  truck  is  about  15  feet  long  by  5  feet  wide ; 
no  unloading  platform.  The  wharf  is  connected  with  the 
town  by  a  good  metaled  road  1^  miles  long.  Boats  drawing 
about  6  feet  of  water  can  unload  at  the  wharf. 

There  are  three  iron  tanks  for  holding  drinking  water; 
each  tank  has  a  capacity  of  about  20  barrels. 

The  light-house  on  the  beach,  close  to  the  wharf,  is  about 
20  feet  high ;  it  burns  petroleum. 

Post-office  and  telephone  central  on  main  street,  one  block 
east  of  school  building. 

A  regiment  of  infantry  or  cavalry  could  be  camped  south 
of  the  calzada,  on  west  bank  of  Bahia  Honda  River;  water 
fair;  plenty  of  w^ood,  and  good  grazing. 

Best  location  for  camp  of  two  or  three  brigades  of  troops 
would  be  on  the  Montaiia  River  about  1^  miles  east  and 
northeast  of  town.  Wood  easily  obtained  from  the  moun- 
tains ;  water  and  grazing  of  excellent  quality,  and  plenty  of 
it;  ground  rolling,  well  drained  and  sufficiently  high  to 
insure  good  sanitary  conditions. 

No  defenses. 

No  railroads. 


116  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Calzada  leads  west  about  1  mile  and  continues  as  a  dirt 
road  west  to  village  of  La  Mulata.  Calzada  north  to  beach ; 
dirt  road  east  to  San  Diego  de  Nuilez;  dirt  road  northeast 
to  central  Montaiia,  Oroszo,  and  the  town  of  Cabanas;  trail 
south  into  mountains  to  finca  Aguacate,  Vega  Morales,  and 
Eosario,  thence  to  the  town  of  San  Cristobal  or  Candelaria. 

Should  attack  town  from  the  south  or  northeast. 

Carenero. — Barrio  and  village.  District  lying  west  of 
Cabanas,  bordering  on  Bahia  Honda  Bay  and  barrio  of 
Ceiba.  The  village  of  Carenero,  Fort  San  Fernando,  cen- 
tral America,  the  colonias  Las  Cuevas,  Candelaria,  Mercedes, 
Remedios,  and  potreros  called  San  Bernardo  de  la  Ortigosa, 
San  Ignacio,  and  Santa  Teresa  are  within  its  borders.  The 
village  is  a  fishing  settlement  on  Honda  Bay,  near  entrance. 
It  consists  of  15  wooden  buildings. 

Ceiba. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  west  of  Cabanas.  Cen- 
trales Bramales  and  Orosco,  and  colonias  San  Jose,  Recom- 
pensa,  Refugio,  San  Agustin,  San  Esteban,  and  San  Pedro 
are  within  its. borders.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name 
in  the  district. 

Conchita. — Barrio.  A  district  south  of  and  adjoining 
Cabanas  barrio.  Within  its  borders  are  colonias  Conchita, 
San  Ignacio,  and  San  Juan  Bautista,  the  potrero  Encruci- 
jada,  and  fincas  Martillo,  Patabanal,  and  San  Francisco 
de  Asis.  No  point  within  the  barrio  other  than  the  colonia 
Conchita  bears  the  name. 

Damas. — Barrio.  The  barrio  is  southwest  of  Cabanas, 
bordering  on  the  barrios  Ceiba  and  San  Jose.  Fincas  Brujo, 
Camarones,  Las  Cuevas,  Esperanza,  Paredones,  Porlier,  San 
Bias,  and  La  Vega  are  within  its  borders.  No  point  or  vil- 
lage bearing  the  name  in  the  district. 

Delicias. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  It  is  southwest  of 
Cabanas  and  adjoins  Conchita  barrio.  Potreros  known  as 
Boucourt,  Delicias,  Guasimas,  Medina,  Rubi,  Santa  Ana, 
San  Rafael,  and  San  Sabastian  are  within  its  borders.  No 
point  other  than  the  potrero  Delicias  bears  the  name  in  the 
district. 

San  Jose. — Barrio.  Southwest  of  Cabaiias  and  bordering 
on  the  barrios  of  Damas  and  Carenero.  Colonias  Jesus  Naz- 
areno,  San  Gabriel,  and  Santiago  are  within  the  limits  of  the 
barrio.     It  also  contains  the  ruins  of  what  was  once  the  town 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL  RIO. 


117 


of  Santiago  de  Nunez.  This  was  at  one  time  a  good-sized 
town,  but  was  entirely  destroyed  in  1896.  There  are  now 
about  20  houses,  mostly  shacks.  It  consists  of  one  long 
paved  street,  in  very  bad  condition. 

San  Miguel. — Barrio,  A  district  east  of  and  adjoining 
Cabanas  barrio.  There  are  within  its  borders  potreros  named 
Santa  Isabel,  Dos  Hermanos,  Jesus  Maria,  and  San  Jose 
Arrostegui,  central  Asuncion,  and  colonias  Ramos,  San  Nic- 
olas, CoRstancia,  and  Herradura,  There  is  no  point  bearing 
name  of  barrio. 

San  Ramon. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  Situated  west  of 
Cabaiias  and  adjoins  Delicias  barrio.  Fincas  named  Colo- 
nia,  Asentista,  Misiones,  and  Sirena  are  within  its  borders. 
No  point  bearing  the  name  in  the  barrio. 

Vigki. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  west  of  Cabanas  and 
adjoining  San  Ramon,  Delicias,  and  Ceiba  barrios.  Potreros 
known  as  Arresto,  Angelita,  Delirio,  Hermita,  Madama,  San 
Claudio,  San  Francisco,  and  San  Joaquin  are  within  its 
borders.     No  point  bearing  name  in  the  barrio. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  GUANAJAY  (CAPITAL,  GUANAJAY). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban.    - 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Norte  de  Guanajay 

Urban . . .  . 

Miles. 

2,611 

.    do 

3,789 

Boca  

Rural 

...do 

5 

1.2 
3.7 
5.5 
12 
3.7 
8 
9 
2 

17 

2 

348 

Cabriales 

856 

Chac6n             

...do 

646 

Guajaibdn 

...do 

644 

Jobo     . ' 

Jobo 

...do 

390 

...do 

546 

Marlel 

Mariel 

Urban 

Rural 

...do 

1,593 

Quiebra  Hacha 

1,6.36 

San  Jos6 

566 

Jabac6. 

San  Juan  Bautista 

...do 

761 

Can  as. 

...do 

950 

Guanajay. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated  about 
7|  miles  south  of  the  port  of  Mariel  and  some  30  miles  by 
road  southwest  of  Havana.  It  is  divided  into  two  wards  or 
barrios,  viz,  Norte  and  Sur  de  Guanajay.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  a  branch  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana  and  the  Ha- 
vana Central  Electric  Railroad.  It  is  also  on  the  old  Arte- 
misa-Mariel  trocha.  It  can  be  reached  from  Havana  by 
United   Railroads  via   Rincon;   by   macadamized    pike  via 


118  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL   RIO,      • 

Marianao;  by  water  to  Mariel,  thence  by  pike;  by  Havana 
Central  Electric  Railway. 

The  population  is  6,400. 

Just  back  of  grocery  store,  corner  of  Martires  and  Maximo 
Gomez  streets,  is  a  large  well  which  supplies  water  for  the 
town.  The  water  is  pumped  into  two  large  tanks  and  sup- 
plied throughout  the  town  by  means  of  6-inch  mains  (cast 
iron),  laid  in  1899.  The  old  mains  are  now  gradually  being 
replaced  by  galvanized-iron  pipes.  This  water  system  is 
owned  by  Faustino  Alvarez.  The  well  is  90  feet  deep  and 
never  has  less  than  30  cubic  feet  of  water.  Water  is  of  fair 
quality.  A  well  has  been  drilled  on  high  ground  about  2,700 
feet  west  of  town.  This  hill  is  49  feet  above  the  town. 
The  well  is  84  feet  deep,  12  feet  diameter;  it  has  three  gal- 
leries, one  running  north  to  a  distance  of  131  feet,  dimensions 
7  by  7  feet ;  one  northwest,  152  feet  long,  7  by  7  feet ;  and  the 
other  south  40  feet  long,  7  by  7  feet.  This  well  has  been 
cemented  and  covered  with  masonry  so  as  to  keep  out  all  sur- 
face water.  It  is  equipped  with  a  steam  pump.  A  large 
stone  tank  into  which  the  water  is  forced  is  entirely  covered. 
An  8-inch  main  leads  from  this  tank  and  connects  with  the 
6-inch  mains  in  the  town.  This  well  is  filled  at  all  times  to 
within  20  feet  of  the  top.  The  water  has  been  analyzed  by 
a  chemist  in  Havana  and  pronounced  to  be  of  excellent 
quality. 

Barracks :  About  1,000  men  could  be  quartered  within  the 
town  and  about  800  in  the  reform  school  near  town.  The 
buildings  most  suitable  for  barracks  are  as  follows : 

Rural  guard  quarters  on  Luz  Caballero  street;  sufficient 
space  for  50  men  and  50  horses.  Constructed  of  adobe;  one 
story  high. 

Cigar  factory,  corner  of  Crombet  and  Maximo  Gomez 
streets,  has  sufficient  space  for  100  infantry.  Constructed 
partly  of  wood  and  partly  of  stone;  two  stories  high.  An- 
other cigar  factory,  on  the  corner  of  Garcia  and  Herrera 
streets,  would  also  accommodate  100  men.  Has  large  well 
inside  of  court. 

Jail,  corner  of  Cespedes  and  General  Banderas  streets ;  two 
companies  of  infantry.  Constructed  of  stone;  one  story 
high ;  tile  roof ;  cement  floor.  The  remainder  of  this  block  is 
the  old  Spanish  barracks ;  badly  in  need  of  repairs,  and  occu- 
pied by  the  poor  people  of  the  town.    Would  accommodate 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAE  DEL  RIO.  119 

2  companies  of  infantry,  or  2  troops  of  cavalry,  by  erecting 
stalls  or  picket  lines  inside  the  court.  Court  is  inclosed  by 
a  stone  wall  9  feet  high.  There  is  a  large  well  in  about  the 
center  of  the  block  with  sufficient  water  for  a  battalion.  A 
dividing  wall  cuts  the  well  in  half,  so  that  water  can  be 
obtained  from  the  same  well  on  each  side  of  the  wall. 

The  city  hall  on  Martires  street  between  Cisneros  and 
Cespedes  would  accommodate  100  men.  Constructed  of 
stone;  one  story  high;  would  also  make  an  excellent  head- 
quarters building. 

Schoolhouse,  corner  of  Villate  and  Luz  Caballero,  would 
accommodate  50  men;  frame  building;  tile  roof;  one  story. 
Schoolhouse,  corner  of  Agramonte  and  Aguilera  streets,  50 
men;  frame  building;  tile  roof;  one  story  high.  Hotel 
American,  just  opposite  the  public  square,  100  men;  would 
also  make  an  excellent  headquarters;  constructed  of  stone; 
two  stories  high;  tile  roof. 

Police  station,  on  Marti  street  between  Zayas  and  Ol- 
vierto  streets,  would  accommodate  100  men;  constructed  of 
stone ;  one  story  high ;  tile  roof. 

The  government  reform  school  is  less  than  a  mile  east  of 
the  center  of  town  on  the  calzada.  The  Havana  Central 
Railroad  is  laid  between  the  calzada  and  the  school.  The 
school  was  built  by  the  United  States  infantry  in  1898  for 
a  post  and  was  afterwards  turned  over  to  the  Cuban  Gov- 
ernment and  converted  into  a  reform  school.  There  are 
adequate  quarters  for  two  battalions  of  infantry  or  two 
squadrons  of  cavalry.  In  case  of  cavalry  it  would  be  nec- 
essary to  construct  picket  lines  or  stables.  An  electric-light 
station,  a  steam  laundry,  and  a  pumping  station  are  near 
the  entrance  of  the  reservation.  The  water  from  the  well 
at  the  pumping  station  is  supposed  to  be  of  excellent  quality, 
and  there  is  a  sufficient  supply  for  all  purposes.  Water  is 
pumped  into  a  large  tank  near  the  center  of  the  reservation, 
from  which  point  it  is  piped  to  all  buildings.  There  are 
several  stand  pipes  throughout  the  reservation  and  a  large 
stone  tank,  near  the  quartermaster's  buildings,  where  stock 
is  watered.  All  buildings  are  constructed  of  wood  with 
galvanized-iron  roofs,  excepting  the  director's  house,  which 
has  a  tile  roof.    Road  around  the  inside  of  the  quadrangle  is 


120  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL  RIO. 

metaled.  Besides  quarters  for  troops  and  oiScers  and  pump- 
ing station  there  is  a  hospital,  capacity  75  beds;  black- 
smith, carpenter,  and  paint  shops;  bakery  and  sufficient 
buildings  for  storing  property. 

The  civil  hospital,  San  Rafael,  is  in  the  northwest  corner 
of  the  town.  Constructed  of  stone,  one  story  high,  tile  roof. 
It  was  built  in  1827  and  was  called  Cuartel  San  Carlos. 
Was  used  as  a  barracks  for  cavalry  until  18G8,  when  it  was 
converted  into  a  detention  hospital  for  both  soldiers  and 
civilians.  Was  converted  into  a  civil  hospital  in  1898  by 
order  of  General  Brooke,  and  is  supported  by  the  Govern- 
ment. It  is  divided  into  five  wards,  viz,  rural  guards,  con- 
sumption, surgical,  yellow  fever,  and  insane.  Is  fitted  with 
an  operating  room,  dispensary  for  employees,  dining  room, 
and  kitchen;  has  98  beds.  A  large  well  in  the  center  of  the 
court  is  6  feet  in  diameter  and  36  feet  deep.  Until  recently 
the  water  was  forced  into  a  large  tank  by  a  windmill  pump. 
Windmill  was  destroyed  during  the  hurricane  of  October  17, 
1906,  and  has  never  been  repaired. 

There  is  a  post-office,  telegraph  office,  and  telephonic  com- 
munication with  Havana,  Mariel,  Quiebra  Hacha,  Cabanas, 
and  Bahia  Honda.  The  telegraph  office  is  on  Martires  street, 
near  the  river. 

The  high  ground  west  of  town  where  new  well  is  situated 
would  make  a  good  camp  for  two  or  three  regiments  of 
infantry  or  cavalry.  Grazing  ground;  water  obtained  from 
well;  fuel,  however,  is  scarce  and  would  have  to  be  hauled 
from  the  foothills  8  or  10  miles  to  the  west. 

There  is  an  old  Spanish  fort  on  the  hill  northwest  of  town. 
It  is  in  dilapidated  condition  and  is  entirely  overgrown  by 
underbrush. 

The  United  Railroads'  freight  depot  is  115  feet  long  by 
35  feet  wide  and  constructed  of  stone.  It  is  one  story  high. 
There  are  three  side  tracks  at  end  of  line,  each  about  500  feet 
long,  also  one  turntable. 

The  Havana  Central  Electric  line  is  double  tracked 
through  the  town,  and  there  is  one  side  track  at  the  end  of 
the  line  about  300  feet  long.  '  Freight  depot  and  power 
house  are  at  the  end  of  General  Diaz  street ;  200  feet  long  by 
30  feet  wide,  constructed  of  stone,  one  story  high. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  121 

Roads  out  of  town :  Calzada  east  to  Havana,  calzada  west 
to  Mariel  and  Cabanas,  calzada  southwest  to  Artemisa,  and 
unimproved  roads  southeast  to  Ceiba  del  Agua  and  Alquizar. 

Boca. — Barrio.  A  district  northwest  of  Guana  jay,  on 
Mariel  Bay.     Xo  point  bearing  the  name. 

Cabriales. — Barrio.  A  district  southwest  of  and  border- 
ing on  Guana  jay.  Contains  Cayado  and  some  small  farms. 
No  point  bearing  the  name. 

Cayado. — Sitio.     Consists  of  one  store  and  a  schoolhouse. 

Chacon. — Barrio.  A  district  west  of  Guanajay  and  bor- 
dering on  Cabriales  barrio.  It  contains  the  hacienda  of 
Mendive  and  small  farms.  The  finca  of  Mendive  is  situ- 
ated on  high  ground  overlooking  entire  surrounding  country 
and  is  good  location  for  signal  station.  Water  in  abundant 
quantities  from  wells ;  there  is  good  grazing  and  good  camp 
site. 

Guajaihon. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  adjoins  the  bar- 
rios of  Boca  and  San  Jose,  north  of  Guanajay.  The  place 
bearing  the  name  consists  of  a  store  and  one  house. 

Joho. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  district  west  of 
Guanajay,  bordering  on  Chacon  barrio.  The  village  consists 
of  a  store  and  half  dozen  houses. 

Macagual. — Barrio.  A  district  northwest  of  Guanajay, 
bordering  on  barrios  of  Chacon  and  Boca.  It  contains 
central  San  Ramon  and  many  small  farms.  No  point  bear- 
ing the  name. 

Mariel. — Barrio  and  town.  The  seaport  town  bearing  this 
name  is  situated  near  the  south  end  and  on  the  east  side  of 
Mariel  Bay.  It  is  not  a  port  of  entry ;  large  seagoing  vessels, 
however,  can  enter  the  bay.  The  government  light-house  is 
at  the  entrance  and  on  the  east  side  of  the  bay.  The  govern- 
ment quarantine  station  is  on  a  peninsula  on  the  west  side  of 
Mariel  Bay  near  the  entrance.  A  high  ridge  of  hills  begin- 
ning near  the  light-house  extends  to  the  south  along  the  east 
side  of  the  bay  close  to  the  shore  line,  and  extending  inland 
follows  the  calzada  toward  Guanajay.  South  of  Mariel  the 
country  opens  up  into  a  valley.  West  of  the  bay  the  ground 
gradually  rises  to  a  low  ridge. 

Population,  1,592. 


122  PROVINCE  OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Water  supply:  There  are  many  cisterns  throughout  the 
town,  but  the  principal  water  supply  is  obtained  from  a  large 
spring  near  top  of  hill  just  east  of  town.  Plenty  of  water 
for  entire  town;  excellent  quality;  contains  considerable 
amount  of  magnesia ;  piped  into  town  through  a  6-inch  main. 

No  sewer  system.  All  filth  and  rubbish  that  can  not  be 
burned  is  thrown  into  bay.  Oil  lamps  are  used  to  light 
houses  and  streets. 

Barracks :  A  large  school  building,  built  of  brick  or  stone 
and  cement,  opposite  the  church,  would  hold  about  75  men; 
there  is  a  cistern  inside  of  the  courtyard ;  water  from  spring 
is  piped  into  building.  A  two-story  frame  building  on  beach, 
used  now  as  a  cafe  and  theater,  would  hold  75  men.  Water 
from  the  spring  is  piped  into  building.  There  is  a  large 
three-story  stone  house  on  a  high  hill  east  of  town  which 
has  70  or  80  rooms  and  an  auxiliary  building,  one  story,  also 
built  of  stone.  Three  hundred  men  could  be  quartered  in 
these  buildings,  but  they  have  recently  been  acquired  by  the 
National  Government  and  are  to  be  used  for  leper  hospital 
(1908). 

No  stables. 

No  corrals.  The  only  open  ground  near  town  lies  south  of 
it.  There  is  a  vacant  space  on  peninsula  just  west  of  town  on 
which  a  corral  could  be  located.  Water  could  be  obtained 
from  the  public  watering  trough  in  the  town. 

The  buildings  described  under  barracks  could  be  used  as 
hospitals. 

Storehouses:  Brick  and  cement  building,  one  story  high, 
about  100  feet  long  by  about  30  feet  wide,  situated  on  beach 
near  two  small  wharves  and  plantation  railroad.  Building 
owned  by  central  San  Ramon;  could  be  used  as  quarter- 
master and  commissary  storehouse.  The  two  wharves  men- 
tioned are  of  wood  and  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  runs  to  end 
of  each.  One  belongs  to  central  San  Ramon;  is  about  50 
feet  long  by  15  feet  wide  with  a  T  on  end  of  it,  30  feet  long 
by  15  feet  wide,  making  total  length  of  wharf  about  65  feet. 
Vessels  drawing  about  9  feet  of  water  can  come  alongside. 
The  other  wharf  is  close  by;  '50  feet  long  by  9  feet  wide. 
Vessels  drawing  about  9  feet  of  water  can  come  alongside. 
It  is  owned  by  the  Industrial  and  Mineral  Cuban  Company. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   RIO.  123 

There  are  no  railroad  sidings  or  unloading  platforms  near 
warehouse. 

Principal  offices :  The  post-office  is  on  the  main  street  just 
below  the  church.  Telephone  in  post-office  connects  with 
Guanajay,  Quiebra  Hacha,  Cabaiias,  and  Bahia  Honda ;  there 
is  also  a  line  from  the  post-office  to  the  quarantine  station. 

No  ice  machine. 

No  camp  sites  available  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Mariel, 
as  nearly  all  level  ground  is  under  cultivation.  The  ingenio 
of  Tina j a,  on  high  ground  west  of  Mariel  Bay  and  1  mile 
from  the  quarantine  station,  would  make  a  good  camp  for  a 
couple  of  regiments  of  infantry  or  cavalry.  Ground  high 
and  well  drained.  Water  obtained  from  a  large  spring; 
wood  plentiful;  grazing  good.  A  couple  of  regiments  of 
infantry  could  camp  on  the  heights  east  of  Mariel  obtaining 
water  from  spring  which  furnishes  Mariel  with  its  water 
supply;  wood  plentiful;  grazing  good;  excellent  sanitary 
conditions. 

Fortifications:  Fort  Elias  is  situated  on  the  end  of  the 
peninsula  between  the  quarantine  station  and  Mariel;  it  is 
now  practically  a  ruin.  One  large  stone  house  capable  of 
quartering  50  men  is  still  standing;  walls  of  the  fort  are  of 
stone  and  are  broken  down  in  a  number  of  places.  They  are 
about  5  feet  high  and  4  feet  thick  at  the  base.  Three  iron 
muzzle-loading  cannons  are  still  mounted  within  the  inclo- 
sure.  Water  is  obtained  from  a  cistern,  which  is  in  poor  con- 
dition. 

Eailroads:  Plantation  railroa:d  owned  by  the  Industrial 
and  Mineral  Cuban  Company  runs  from  the  wharves  through 
the  town  to  San  Juan  Bautista  de  Guanajay  via  central  San 
Kamon ;  one  short  siding  near  beach  for  about  half  a  dozen 
cars. 

Eoads:  Calzada  leading  south  from  Mariel  one  mile  and 
three-quarters  to  central  San  Ramon  where  calzada  branches, 
one  to  Guanajay  and  one  to  Cabaiias  via  Quiebra  Hacha. 
Road  from  town  runs  west,  up  hill  to  leper  hospital;  from 
here  it  continues  through  Sabana,  Banes,  central  Lucia  and 
on  into  Havana  with  branch  roads  connecting  with  the  cal- 
zada. From  the  hospital  it  is  practicable  only  for  pack 
trains.    Trail  is  called  Camino  Real  or  Mosquito  Trail. 


124  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL  RIO. 

Best  approach  to  town  is  from  east  over  Camino  Real,  tak- 
ing the  hills  which  overlook  and  command  harbor  and  town. 

Quiebra  Hacha. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  north- 
west of  Guanajay,  next  to  the  barrio  of  San  Juan  Bautista. 
The  village  is  on  the  Guana  jay-Cabanas  calzadp,  about  8 
miles  northwest  of  Guana  jay,  and  is  surrounded  by  level 
country.  There  are  probably  a  dozen  frame  houses;  re- 
mainder native  shacks.    There  are  no  industries. 

Population,  about  300. 

Water  supply  from  wells  and  cisterns;  of  fairly  good 
quality;  limited  quantity. 

No  sewer  system  or  lights. 

Barracks:  Hotel  at  head  of  main  street  and  calzada;  a 
two-story  frame  structure,  with  tile  roof ;  capable  of  quarter- 
ing 50  men ;  is  in  good  repair ;  good  sanitary  condition ;  has 
a  well  inside  of  court.  Old  style  closets.  Rural  guard  quar- 
ters on  east  side  of  main  street,  third  square  north  of  calzada ; 
is  a  one-story  frame  building,  tile  roof ;  sufficient  room  for  20 
men;  well  in  courtyard  in  rear.  A  new,  one-story  frame 
building,  tile  roof,  on  west  side  of  main  street,  fourth  block 
north  of  calzada ;  good  sanitary  condition ;  sufficient  room  for 
60  men ;  water  could  be  carried  from  other  wells  in  town. 

No  stables. 

No  transportation  corrals.  A  corral  could  be  located  on 
land  just  east  of  the  village ;  water  obtained  from  the  Quiebra 
Hacha  River. 

Post-office  and  telephone  central  in  building  one  square 
north  of  the  calzada,  on  east  side  of  main  street. 

Fair  camp  site  for  regiment  of  cavalry  or  infantry  1  mile 
east  of  village,  on  Quiebra  Hacha  River ;  water  fair ;  grazing 
good ;  fuel  scarce. 

Calzada  east  to  Guanajay  and  west  to  Cabanas ;  dirt  road 
north  to  central  Asuncion. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  northeast. 

San  Jose. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  district  north 
of  and  bordering  on  Guanajay.  It  contains  the  fields  called 
San  Jose,  San  Francisco  (an  old  sugar  plantation),  and  be- 
sides the  sitio  bearing  its  name,  the  village  of  Jabaco.  The 
sitio  is  on  road  leading  north  from  Guanajay,  about  2^  miles 
distant  therefrom  and  at  point  where  a  trail  leads  to  Quin- 
tana.    It  consists  of  2  houses  near  an  old  ruin. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAE  DEL  RIO. 


125 


Jahaco. — Village.  Situated  2  miles  from  town  of  Guana- 
jay,  on  calzada  to  Mariel.  Consists  of  a  frame  house  and  5 
native  huts. 

San  Juan  Bautista. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  north- 
west of  Guana  jay,  bordering  on  Macagual  barrio.  The  vil- 
lage of  Caiias  and  central  San  Ramon  are  within  its  borders. 
The  sitio  is  the  terminus  of  the  plantation  railroad  running 
to  Mariel  via  Caiias  and  belonging  to  the  Industrial  and 
Mineral  Cuban  Company,  which  also  operates  and  owns  the 
asphalt  mines  at  this  place.  There  are  a  few  scattered  houses ; 
water  is  obtained  from  cisterns  and  wells,  and  fuel  is  scarce. 
Sugar  cane  is  cultivated  very  extensively  in  this  locality. 

Cartas. — Village.  Situated  400  yards  west  of  central  San 
Eamon,  on  calzada.  Consists  of  a  blacksmith  shop,  store, 
and  5  huts. 

Santa  Ana. — Barrio.  A  district  containing  small  farms 
and  situated  southejist  of  and  bordering  on  Guanajay.  No 
point  bearing  the  name. 

JUDICIAL    DISTRICT   OF    GUANE. 

Township :  Population. 

Guane ^_  29,236 

Mantua 11,041 

TOWNSHIP  OF  GUANE  (CAPITAL,  GUANE). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Guane Pueblo  (Guane) 


Los  Acostas , 

Cabo  San  Antonio. . 

Catalina , 

Cayuco  or  Remates. 

Cortfis 

LaF6 

Grifa 

Hato  de  Guane 

Ocean  Beach. 

Juan  G6mez 

Las  Martinas 

Paso  Real 

Portales 

Punta  de  la  Sierra . . 

S&balo 

Tenerla 


Acostas  ( Los) 

Cabo  San  Antonio. . 

Catalina 

Cayuco  or  Remates. 

Cortes 

LaF# 

Grifa 

Hato  de  Guane 


Juan  G6niez 

Martinas 

Paso  Real 

Portales 

Punta  de  la  Sierra. 

S4balo 

Tenerla 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


mies. 


15 
70 
8 
19 
17 
18.5 
19.7 
10 

6 
19 

3 

5 
10 

8.5 

7.5 


Popula- 
tion. 


2,093 

948 

706 

743 

5,551 

1,219 

137 

3,430 

804 

619 
3,839 
2,086 
1,677 
1,272 
3,098 
1,014 


Guane. — Barrio  and  town.     The  town  is  situated  in  Guane 
barrio,  40  miles  southwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city,  on  low 


126  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL   RIO. 

hills  and  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Cuy agnate je  River,  which 
almost  surrounds  the  town,  the  river  at  this  point  flowing 
almost  due  south.  The  town  is  about  60  feet  above  the  river. 
Just  across  the  river  to  the  east  and  about  three-fourths  of  a 
mile  awa}'^  is  a  jagged  formation,  which  rises  abruptly  to 
an  elevation  of  GOO  or  700  feet.  Two  miles  farther  south 
is  another  of  these  sentinel  hills  rising  abruptly  and  mark- 
ing the  extreme  southwestern  limit  of  the  mountain  ranges. 
These  two  hills  form  conspicuous  landmarks  in  this  vicinity. 
The  town  is  built  on  five  streets  of  irregular  arrangement. 
The  tiendas  are  nearly  all  brick  and  cement  buildings. 
Principal  industry,  tobacco,  Guane  is  a  distributing  point 
for  many  barrios  in  the  vicinity  and  is  the  present  terminus 
of  the  Western  Railway  of  Havana.  It  is  also  the  center 
from  which  three  important  highways  radiate.  Popula- 
tion, 1,369. 

Water  supply:  The  Cuyaguateje  River  flows  very  near 
the  northern  edge  of  the  town  and  affords  an  ample  supply 
for  all  purposes.  Water  is  brought  into  town  in  large  bar- 
rels by  venders.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  get  their  drink- 
ing water  from  an  arroyo  almost  a  mile  to  the  west.  This 
would  be  unnecessary  if  they  boiled  the  river  water. 

The  Cuyaguateje  River  is  the  only  navigable  stream  in  the 
province.  It  is  a  clear,  sandy-bottom  stream,  about  2^  feet 
deep  and  25  yards  wide  at  this  point.  Vertical  mud  banks 
from  12  to  15  feet  high.  The  stream  is  easily  forded  in 
the  dry  season,  but  in  wet  weather  is  a  serious  obstacle. 
There  is  a  wharf,  Embarcadero  Catalina  de  Guane,  8  miles 
below  Guane;  8  feet  of  water  during  the  dry  season.  The 
river  is  not  navigable  above  this  point.  The  wharf,  a  launch 
of  25  tons  burden,  and  a  storehouse  are  the  property  of  the 
Vuelta  Abajo  Steamship  Company.  This  was  the  main  sup- 
ply point  of  Guane  before  the  completion  of  the  railroad. 

Acetylene  gas  is  used  for  lighting. 

Barracks:  There  are  several  masonry  buildings  and  2 
hotels.  A  masonry  church,  130  by  50  feet,  occupies  the 
highest  point  of  the  town.  The  priest's  quarters  are  at  the 
rear  end,  forming  a  part  of  the' same  building.  This  makes 
the  building  well  suited  for  quartering  150  men;  it  would 
also  make  an  excellent  headquarters  and  hospital. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   RIO.  127 

The  ayuntamiento,  100  yards  Avest  of  the  church,  is  a 
masonry  building,  about  100  by  60  feet,  cut  up  into  offices. 
At  present  the  entire  building  is  loopholed.  The  windows 
and  doors  are  protected  by  brick  loopholed  shields,  about  7 
or  8  feet  high.  The  rural  guard  cuartel  would  quarter  about 
20  men;  a  small  stable  is  attached.  The  hotel  is  a  large 
wooden  structure  and  would  accommodate  about  40  men. 
Stables  could  be  constructed  about  300  yards  back  of  the 
hotel  near  the  brickyard,  which  is  situated  in  a  large  pasture. 
A  small  stream  running  through  the  pasture  would  furnish 
water  for  a  troop;  a  good  camping  place  for  a  small  com- 
mand. 

Corrals:  Open  ground  for  transportation  corrals  may  be 
found  along  the  river  west  of  the  town  and  on  the  main  road 
into  Guane  from  Paso  Real,  on  the  west  side  of  the  river. 
In  this  vicinity,  on  the  heights  just  south  of  the  town,  would 
be  the  best  location  for  a  large  camp.  Abundance  of  water 
and  grass;  wood  scarce. 

There  is  a  post-office  and  telegraph  station;  telegraphic 
connection  with  San  Juan  y  Martinez  and  Mantua.  These 
telegraph  lines  are  frequently  interrupted  in  the  dry  season 
as  a  result  of  fires  in  the  grassy  hills,  which  burn  the  tele- 
graph poles  between  these  points. 

The  defenses  consist  of  8  blockhouses.  These  could  be 
easily  destroyed  by  artillery  fire  from  the  heights  command- 
ing the  town. 

Railroad:  The  station  will  be  about  one-half  to  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  town.  Passenger  station,  store- 
house, and  sidings  will  be  constructed. 

Roads  leading  out  of  Guane:  First  to  San  Juan  y  Mar- 
tinez, via  Sabalo  and  Galafre ;  second  to  Cortes  and  Galafre, 
via  Paso  Real ;  third  to  Las  Martinas,  via  Paso  Real ;  fourth 
to  Mantua,  via  Juan  Gomez;  fifth  to  Luis  Lazo  and  Sumi- 
dero,  via  Las  Portales,  La  Teneria,  and  Punta  de  la  Sierra. 

Best  line  of  approach  is  along  railroad  through  Paso  Real. 
The  heights  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  the  town 
cover  the  approach  in  this  direction,  and  if  taken  would 
render  it  untenable ;  they  would  probably  be  occupied  by  the 
defenders.  A  secondary  line  of  advance  for  a  flanking  col- 
umn would  be  along  the  main  wagon  road  through  Sabalo. 


128  PEOVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL   EIO. 

There  is  a  good  position  here  for  artillery,  which,  if  occu- 
pied, would  render  Guane  untenable.  The  Cuyaguateje  is 
always  fordable  except  after  heavy  rains. 

Los  Acostas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  northeast  of  Guane.  The  village  consists  of  a  store 
and  a  number  of  scattered  houses.  The  store  is  situated  a 
few  hundred  yards  north  of  the  Cuyaguateje  River  and  just 
outside  the  entrance  to  San  Carlos  Valley. 

Cabo  San  Antonio. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a 
rural  district  southwest  of  Guane,  on  the  Guanahacabibes 
Peninsula.  The  sitio  is  on  the  extreme  end  of  the  peninsula 
and  consists  of  a  light-house  and  three  houses  for  keepers  of 
the  light. 

Catalina. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
south  of  Guane,  in  the  valley  of  the  Cuyaguateje  and  adjoin- 
ing Paso  Real  barrio.  The  sitio  is  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Cuyaguateje  River,  and  consists  of  a  large  dwelling  and  a 
store. 

CayuGo  or  Remates. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a 
rural  district  southwest  of  Guane.  The  village  is  19  miles 
southwest  of  Guane^  and  consists  of  4  stores,  a  drug  store, 
schools,  a  blacksmith  shop,  a  butcher  shop,  and  several 
houses.  There  is  also  a  brick  and  tile  factory.  Population 
about  200.  Water  is  obtained  from  artesian  well  at  brick 
factory,  and  is  abundant  in  quantity  at  all  seasons.  Roads 
lead  northeast  to  La  Fe,  east  to  Las  Martinas,  and  west  to 
Mamposton. 

Cortes. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
southeast  of  Guane.  The  village  is  on  Bahia  de  Cortes  and 
about  17  miles  southeast  of  Guane.  It  is  a  seaport  for  Grifa, 
Babineyes,  Cayos,  and  Las  Martinas,  and  consists  of  about 
10  wooden  houses  with  tile  roofs.  There  is  also  a  warehouse 
from  which  a  pier  extends  out  into  the  bay. 

La  Fe. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
southwest  of  Guane.  The  village  is  a  seaport,  situated  on 
Guadiana  Bay,  and  consists  of  a  warehouse  and  about  12 
native  huts.  The  warehouse  is  at  the  end  of  the  pier,  which 
is  400  feet  long.  The  building  is  184  by  56  feet,  and  is  used 
as  a  store,  warehouse,  and  living  rooms.  The  front  part  of 
the  structure  is  masonry  and  the  rest  is  of  wood,  with  partly 
tile  and  partly  tin  roof.     In  the  yard  of  this  warehouse  is 


PROVINCE    OF    PINAR   DEL   RIO.  129 

also  another  building  50  by  56  feet.  Roads  lead  from  this 
place  to  Guane,  Remates,  and  other  inland  points.  Roads 
good  in  dry  season ;  difficult  in  wet  season,  but  are  used  by 
carts. 

Grifa. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
southeast  of  Guane.  The  village,  known  as  La  Grifa,  con- 
sists of  one  drug  store,  schoolhouse.  post-office,  2  blacksmith 
shops,  and  a  number  of  native  huts.  There  are  about  150 
inhabitants.  Roads  lead  from  this  village  west  to  Las  Mar- 
tinas,  southeast  to  Majagua,  northeast  to  Cortes,  and  north- 
west to  Guane. 

Hato  de  Guane. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  southwest  of  Guane.  Contains  village  of  Ocean 
Beach.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  few  shacks  and  a  large  tobacco 
barn,  situated  on  a  high  hill. 

Ocean  Beach  {Punta  Colorado). — Village.  A  small  set- 
tlement of  Canadians;  a  tienda,  2  or  3  houses,  a  few  shacks, 
a  so-called  hotel,  a  storehouse,  and  a  wharf  about  350  feet 
long,  affording  landing  facilities  for  vessels  not  over  10 
feet  draft.  Plantation  in  charge  of  an  American.  Not  a 
good  camping  place — water  must  be  taken  from  wells. 

Juan  Gomez. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  west  of  Guane.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  large  masonry 
residence,  with  a  stable  for  about  20  horses  attached,  and  a 
large  tobacco  almacen.  These  buildings  belong  to  a  tobacco 
finca.  Good  water  in  the  San  Francisco  River  just  back  of 
the  house.    There  is  a  well  in  the  patio. 

Martinas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict southwest  of  Guane.  The  village  known  as  Las  Mar- 
tinas consists  of  five  stores,  a  drug  store,  two  blacksmith 
shops,  post-office,  school,  and  several  houses;  also  a  church 
and  a  large  warehouse.  The  warehouse  is  owned  by  the 
Cuban  Land  and  Leaf  Tobacco  Company,  who  have  their 
headquarters  for  Las  Remates  district  at  this  village.  Ware- 
house is  80  by  250  feet  and  would  shelter  300  men.  Popula- 
tion of  village  about  300.  Water  is  obtained  from  wells.  The 
tobacco  company  also  has  a  donkey  engine  and  water  tank 
of  good  capacity.  Roads  from  this  village  are,  east  to  La 
Grifa,  south  to  Jaimiqui,  west  to  El  Cayuco,  and  northwest 
to  La  Fe. 

492—09 9 


130  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL   RIO. 

Paso  Real. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  south  of  Guane.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Cuyaguateje  River  and  consists  of  four  or  five 
stores,  half  a  dozen  dwellings,  and  several  native  shacks- 

Portales. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
northwest  of  Guane.  The  sitio  consists  of  two  stores,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  Guane-Limpio  Francisco  road,  and  is 
situated  5  miles  from  Guane. 

Punta  de  la  Sierra. — Barrio  and  village.  Tl\e  barrio  is  a 
rural  district  northeast  of  Guane.  The  village  consists  of 
15  houses,  8  of  which  have  substantial  tile  roofs,  2  bakeries, 
6  stores,  and  3  blockhouses;  all  in  good  condition.  It  has 
two  streets,  and  the  main  street,  which  runs  northeast  and 
southwest,  has  a  blockhouse  at  either  end.  The  other  street 
commences  about  the  middle  point  of  the  main  street  and 
runs  northwest  and  has  a  blockhouse  at  the  end.  The  block- 
houses are  made  of  brick,  one  thickness;  about  20  feet  high 
by  16  feet  wide  and  16  feet  long  and  have  two  tiers  of  fire 
and  a  look-out  cupalo.  Buildings  in  center  of  village 
suitable  for  one  troop,  and  building  on  same  street,  to  the 
north,  suitable  for  hospital.  Corrals  could  be  built  on  bank 
of  creek.  Buildings  on  road  leading  to  San  Carlos  suitable 
for  storerooms.  Camp  site  to  southeast  of  village  for  a 
squadron;  there  is  water,  wood,  and  grass.  Roads  lead  to 
San  Carlos,  Luis  Lazo,  and  Pinar  del  Rio,  and  the  Guane- 
Limpio  Francisco  road  passes  through  the  village.  The  vil- 
lage lies  at  the  point  of  a  large  mountain  range  which  runs 
northwest  and  southeast.  Another  large  mountain  range, 
running  east  and  west,  also  comes  to  a  point  here.  There  is 
a  narrow  gap  between  the  two.  Village  is  hardest  to  defend 
from  east  and  southeast  sides. 

Sdhalo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict, east-southeast  of  Guane.  The  village  of  this  name  is 
situated  on  the  Western  Railway  of  Havana  between  kilo- 
meters 219  and  220  west  of  Havana.  It  is  built  along  one 
sandy,  level  street,  running  about  half  a  mile  nearly  east  and 
west,  and  contains  about  25  poorly  constructed  wooden 
houses.  Principal  industry, '  tobacco.  Population,  about 
300.  Good  supply  of  water  is  obtained  from  the  Sabalo 
River  one-sixth  of  a  mile  west.  There  is  also  a  stream 
at  east  end  of  village  and  near  the  church.     A  large  store  at 


MANTUA    TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE    OF    PTNAR   DEL   RIO. 


131 


corner  of  street  to  railroad  would  quarter  about  20  men ;  va- 
cant ground  near  for  horses.  Building  is  in  good  repair  and 
apparently  in  good  sanitary  condition.  A  masonry  church, 
75  by  40  feet,  at  the  eastern  end  of  village  would  shelter  com- 
fortably 150  men.  Suitable  grounds  for  corrals  are  along 
the  river  outside  of  the  village.  There  are  no  buildings  in 
the  village  that  could  be  used  for  storehouses.  The  post- 
office  is  situated  about  the  center  of  the  village.  The  railroad 
station  is  about  half  a  mile  out  from  the  village,  and  consists 
of  a  passenger  depot  and  a  storehouse.  Camp  sites  can  be 
found  along  the  river  near  by ;  good  grass  during  rains ;  water 
is  good  and  plentiful ;  wood  is  not  abundant.  Roads  lead  to 
San  Juan  y  Martinez  and  Guane.  Best  line  of  approach  is 
along  railroad  from  the  east ;  the  place  is  commanded  about 
one-half  to  three- fourths  of  a  mile  in  this  direction. 

Teneria. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
northeast  of  Guane.  The  sitio  consists  of  two  stores,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  road  running  from  Guane  to  Limpio  San 
Francisco,  and  is  situated  7.5  miles  from  Guane. 


TOWNSHIP   OF  MANTUA  (CAPITAL,  MANTUA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Mdntua I  M&ntua. 


Los  Arroyos 

Bd,rtolo 

Limpio  Francisco. 

Cabezas 

Dim  as 

Pueblo  Nuevo. 

Guayabo 

LAzaro 

Macuriges 

Santa  Paula. 

Baja. 

Embarcadero  de  Baja. 

Montezuelo 

Santa  Isabel 


Arroyos. 
Bslrtolo . 

Cabezas . 
Cejas 


Guayabo. . 

Ldzaro 

Macuriges. 


Montezuelo. . 
Santa  Isabel. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 


-do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


-do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


20.5 


12 
15.6 


3.5 
20 


4.5 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,334 

1,687 
302 

515 
1,920 

793 

861 

1,409 


629 
1,591 


Mantua. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Mantua  River,  17  miles  northwest  of  Guane, 
on  the  Guane-Mantua-Dimas  road.  The  principal  portion  of 
the  town  is  built  on  one  street,  running  northeast  and  south- 
west. The  tiendas  and  the  principal  buildings  are  con- 
structed of  brick  and  cement;  a  few  of  wood.  Town  is  well 
built  and  almost  all  the  buildings  are  in  good  state  of  repair. 


132  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Principal  industries,  tobacco  and  distributing  point.  Popu- 
lation, 1,167. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  Mantua  River  and  an 
arroyo  northwest  of  town.  Water  from  the  arroyo  is  always 
clear,  and  that  from  the  river  very  muddy  after  rains. 

The  church  would  accommodate  one-half  a  platoon.  The 
building  is  small  and  constructed  of  brick  and  cement;  in 
good  repair  and  sanitary.  Rural  guard  cuartel  would  ac- 
commodate one-half  a  platoon.  There  is  a  small  stable 
attached  which  would  accommodate  about  12  or  15  horses. 
The  tienda  on  northeast  corner  where  street  from  rural 
guard  cuartel  crosses  the  main  street  is  the  most  commodious 
building  in  the  town.  It  is  built  of  wood,  one  story,  and 
would  accommodate  a  small  troop.  Other  adjoining  build- 
ings would  be  convenient  for  storehouses.  There  are  plenty 
of  buildings  to  accommodate  any  force  that  would  be  sent  to 
Mantua. 

Corrals  could  be  placed  along  the  Mantua  River  southeast 
of  the  town,  or  near  the  brickyard  on  the  arroyo  to  the  north- 
east.    The  latter  place  is  considered  preferable. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  near  center  of  town. 

Good  camp  sites  near  the  river,  on  both  sides. 

Roads  lead  out  of  Mantua  to  Guane,  Los  Arroyos,  Guay- 
abo,  Punta  Colorada  (Ocean  Beach),  Dimas,  and  the  north- 
east hilly  district. 

The  best  line  of  approach  is  from  the  southeast  along  the 
Guane-Mantua  cart  road.  The  hills  east  of  the  town  com- 
mand it,  and  artillery  at  this  point  would  render  it  untenable. 
If  a  landing  were  made  at  the  port  of  Los  Arroyos,  about  7 
miles  to  the  northwest,  and  an  advance  made  from  this  direc- 
tion, a  secondary  attack  could  be  made  from  the  hills. 

Arroyos. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  is  a  district  bor- 
dering on  the  coast  and  northwest  of  Mantua. 

The  town,  Los  Arroyos,  is  situated  on  the  western  coast  of 
Pinar  del  Rio  about  8i  mile?)  northwest  of  Mantua,  and  is 
built  on  one  long  street  which  ends  at  the  coast.  The  build- 
ings are  nearly  all  of  wood  and  in  good  condition.  The 
ground  on  which  the  town  is  built  is  almost  level.  It  is  a 
shipping  and  receiving  point  for  Mantua. 

Population,  1,056. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  EIO.  133 

Water  supply  obtained  from  an  arroyo  about  1  mile  in- 
land from  the  wharf,  and  from  wells.  In  a  house  and  ware- 
house near  the  wharf  are  two  large  steel  tanks  containing 
cistern  water. 

The  tiendas  and  two  or  three  dwelling  houses  would  ac- 
conmiodate  2  or  3  companies  of  infantry.  There  is  a  scarcity 
of  suitable  quarters  in  the  town;  no  large  buildings.  The 
buildings  are  in  a  good  state  of  repair  and  many  of  them  new. 
Sanitary  conditions  good.  Water  supply  would  be  very 
limited. 

There  is  no  place  in  the  immediate  vicinity  suitable  for 
corrals,  on  account  of  scarcity  of  water. 

The  two  large  buildings  at  the  north  end  of  the  street  on 
the  coast  would  serve  as  quartermaster  and  commissary  store- 
houses. Extending  from  these  buildings  are  two  wharves. 
Boats  of  15  feet  draft  can  unload  at  the  larger  of  the  two. 

Roads  lead  from  Los  Arroyos  to  Mantua  and  Dimas. 

The  best  line  of  approach  by  land  would  be  from  the  south 
from  the  direction  of  Mantua,  the  latter  place  being  used  as 
a  base.  Were  Dimas  occupied  best  advance  would  be  from 
that  direction.  Arroyos  could  be  rendered  untenable  by 
gunboat,  and  landing  easily  made.  Arroyos  is  about  2  or 
3  miles  on  the  west  flank  of  the  line  of  advance  on  Dimas. 

This  town  being  a  supply  point  for  so  large  a  district,  is 
important  from  a  military  point  of  view,  and  would  have  to 
be  occupied  were  Mantua  occupied. 

Bartolo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  This  district  is  north  of 
Mantua.  It  contains  the  sitio  Bartolo,  the  sitio  Limpio 
Francisco,  and  a  number  of  scattered  houses. 

The  sitio  of  Bartolo  is  a  small  settlement  situated  at  a 
crossroads  20^  miles  north  of  Mantua  and  near  the  Bartolome 
River.  It  consists  of  one  wooden  house  containing  a  gen- 
eral store,  three  tobacco  barns  and  an  old  dilapidated  block- 
house. These  buildings  are  on  a  small  ridge  which  over- 
looks the  Bartolome  River  Valley.  There  are  a  number  of 
houses  scattered  throughout  the  valley.  A  wagon  road  runs 
in  a  northerly  direction  to  a  farm  named  Caniego.  Another 
road  runs  in  a  southerly  direction  to  Dimas  via  Pinar  Oscuro. 
There  is  also  a  road  running  nearly  due  west  to  Dimas  and 
Macuriges. 


134  PROVINCE   OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Limpio  Francisco. — Sitio.  A  store  about  24  miles  north- 
east of  Mantua  in  the  Francisco  Valley  and  in  a  district 
known  as  Francisco.  In  the  district  are  a  number  of 
scattered  houses  and  a  schoolhouse,  besides  the  store  Limpio 
Francisco. 

Cabezas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
northeast  of  Mantua. 

The  sitio,  known  as  Cabezas  de  Horacio,  is  a  hog  ranch, 
with  three  houses  of  native  construction. 

Cejas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  north  of  Mantua.  There 
is  no  point  bearing  the  name  in  the  barrio.  It  contains, 
however,  the  villages  of  Dimas  and  Pueblo  Nuevo. 

Dimas. — Village.  Situated  on  the  northwest  coast  of  the 
province  of  Pinar  del  Rio,  and  built  on  one  long  street, 
about  one-third  of  a  mile  long,  terminating  at  the  coast. 
There  are  two  short  cross  streets  about  the  center  of  the 
village  on  the  more  northern  of  which  the  principal  tienda 
is  situated,  Nearly  all  the  buildings  are  constructed  of 
wood,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  storehouse  at  the 
northern  end  of  the  village  are  small.  Dimas  is  the  port  of 
supply  for  the  northwestern  district  of  the  province.  There 
are  two  wharves.  The  longer,  about  400  yards  in  length, 
affords  facilities  for  unloading  vessels  of  about  15  feet  draft. 
There  is  a  small  shipyard.     Population,  about  500. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  and  is  very  limited. 
There  is  no  stream  within  several  miles  affording  a  sufficient 
supply.     Principal  buildings  are  lighted  by  acetylene  gas. 

Supply  house  at  the  south  end  of  the  wharf  would  accom- 
modate a  troop ;  the  large  wooden  building,  at  the  north  end 
of  the  main  street,  one  troop ;  and  a  tienda  across  the  street 
could  be  used  as  a  storehouse.  Condition  of  repair  of  all  of 
these  buildings,  good;  sanitary  conditions,  good.  There  is 
a  small  stable  that  would  accommodate  about  15  horses. 

The  rural  guard  cuartel  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  more 
southern  side  street  would  accommodate  about  20  men.  There 
is  a  small  stable  attached,  for  about  15  animals.  The  cuartel 
is  a  wooden  building,  in  good  repair  and  good  sanitary  con- 
dition. The  church,  a  wooden'  building,  which  is  near  by 
would  provide  a  hospital  or  could  be  used  for  a  storehouse. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL.  RIO.  135 

The  post-office  is  near  the  center  of  village.  There  is  a 
telephone  line  to  Mantua,  which  terminates  at  the  large 
wooden  building  already  mentioned  under  barracks.  From 
this  point  there  are  also  lines  to  several  fincas  in  the  hills, 
which  are  owned  by  the  Pedro  Murias  Company. 

There  is  no  good  camp  site  in  the  immediate  vicinity  on 
account  of  the  scarcity  of  water. 

Koads  lead  out  of  village  to  Los  Arroyos,  Mantua,  Pueblo 
Xuevo,  Baja,  and  fincas  in  the  hills. 

The  village  could  be  most  easily  taken  by  an  advance  from 
the  direction  of  Mantua  and  Arroyos,  these  two  places  serv- 
ing as  bases  of  supply.  It  could  also  be  taken  from  the  sea ; 
a  small- gunboat  in  the  harbor  would  render  the  whole  place 
untenable,  and  there  are  no  ready  means  of  preventing  a  gun- 
boat from  entering. 

Pueblo  Nuevo. — Village.  Situated  about  3  miles  south- 
east of  Dimas.  This  place  is  also  known  as  Verona,  the  name 
of  the  circle  in  which  it  is  situated.  It  consists  of  about  20 
houses  and  a  few  storehouses,  all  built  close  together.  There 
is  a  tienda  by  the  name  of  Vascongada  Occidental,  owned  by 
the  Iturbe  Company.  The  largest  building  is  one  owned  by 
Pablo  Suarez,  who  also  owns  the  rest  of  the  town  and  much 
land  in  vicinity.  The  house  mentioned  has  a  tile  roof  and  is 
conspicuous  on  account  of  its  number  of  lightning  rods.  A 
telephone  line  from  Dimas  to  Pinar  Oscuro  passes  through 
the  town  and  runs  into  the  woods,  but  has  no  connection  with 
Pueblo  Xuevo. 

Guayabo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district  south  of 
Mantua.  The  sitio  is  9  miles  by  road  south  of  Mantua.  It 
consists  of  2  stores  and  a  few  scattered  houses. 

Ldzaro. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
situated  southwest  of  Mantua.  The  principal  industry  of  the 
locality  is  the  cultivation  of  tobacco  and  the  raising  of  cattle 
and  hogs.  The  sitio  is  3|  miles  south  of  Mantua,  on  road  to 
San  Francisco  and  Colmenar,  near  the  Mantua  Kiver,  and 
7|  miles  from  the  embarcadero  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  It 
consists  of  a  general  store  and  a  few  scattered  houses. 

Macvriges. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
southeast  of  Mantua.  The  sitio  consists  of  2  stores,  situated 
Paula,  Baja,  and  Embarcadero  de  Baja. 


136  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

The  sitio  consists  of  a  small  number  of  scattered  houses 
and  a  store,  20  miles  north  of  Mantua  and  6  miles  northeast 
of  Dimas. 

Santa  Paula. — Sitio.  A  store  and  2  or  3  houses  about  a 
mile  northeast  of  Macuriges. 

Baja. — Sitio.  Situated  25  miles  by  road  north  of  Mantua, 
11  miles  northeast  of  Dimas,  and  2  miles  from  Embarcadero 
de  Baja.     It  consists  of  2  houses  and  a  store. 

Embarcadero  de  Baja. — Sitio.  Situated  on  Ensenada  de 
Baja  about  25  miles  north  of  Mantua.  Consists  of  a  brick- 
yard and  4  houses.     No  store,  and  no  facilities  for  shipping, 

Montezuelo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
southeast  of  Mantua.  The  sitio  consists  of  2  stores,  situated 
about  4^  miles  south  of  Mantua,  and  several  huts  scattered 
along  the  trail  for  about  a  mile.  The  stores  obtain  water 
from  a  well  and  the  other  houses  from  Montezuelo  River. 
There  is  a  good  camp  site  in  the  vicinity.  The  valley  in 
which  the  sitio  is  situated  is  a  circular  basin  about  1^  miles 
in  diameter,  surrounded  by  low  hills.  It  was  the  scene  of 
a  battle  between  General  Maceo  and  a  Spanish  column  in 
1897,  in  which  the  Spanish  troops  were  forced  to  retire 
toward  Mantua.  The  position  occupied  by  General  Maceo's 
forces  was  on  a  low  ridge,  which  is  about  one  mile  long,  run- 
ning northeast  to  southwest;  it  commands  the  entire  valley, 
and  is  backed  by  another  ridge  which  is  timbered. 

Santa  Isabel. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  north- 
west of  Mantua.  The  village  is  situated  about  6  miles  north- 
west of  Mantua  and  2|  miles  from  the  coast.  Large  store 
in  the  village.  There  are  two  others  built  of  wood,  with 
thatched  roofs.  Good  water  is  obtained  from  a  creek  200 
yards  east  of  the  store. 

JUDICIAL    DISTRICT   OF    PINAR    DEL    RIO. 

Township :  Population. 

Consolacion  del  Norte 11,471 

Consolaci6n  del  Sur 28,819 

Pinar  del  Rio 50,071 

San  Juan  y  Martinez , 19,807 

San  Luis 11,  092 

Vifiales I 16,  840 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  137 

TOWNSHIP  OF  CONSOLACION  DEL  NORTE  (CAPITAL,  LA  PALMA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


La  Palma 

Caimito 

Caiguanabo . . 

La Jagua 

Berracos , 

La  Mulata 

Sagua. 
Las  Pozas 

Cochinito. 

Corralillo. 

Guayabo. 
Rfo  Blanco... 
San  Andres . . . 
Vegas  Nuevas, 


Barrio. 


La  Palma 

Arroyo  Naranjo . 

Arroyo  Rico 

Caiguanabo 

La  Jagua 

La  Lima 

La  Mulata 


Las  Pozas. 


Rfo  Blanco 

San  Andr6s . . . 
Vegas  Nuevas. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


0.5 

5 
12 

6 

4.2 
17.5 

23 


2.5 
9.5 
1.5 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,072 

736 
1,303 

474 
1,341 
1,830 

C71 

1,170 


534 

1,523 
817 


La  Palma. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated  24 
miles  northeast  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city  in  the  valley  of  the 
La  Palma  River.  Surrounded  by  hills  and  within  easy  rifle 
range  from  higher  ground  on  all  sides.  The  town  is  5  miles 
south  of  Rio  Blanco,  which  is  on  the  northern  coast.  It  is 
well  built,  a  number  of  the  buildings  being  constructed  of 
brick  and  cement.  There  is  a  post-office,  telegraph  office, 
hotel,  2  restaurants,  and  a  number  of  large  tiendas.  The 
majority  of  the  dwelling  houses  are  small  and  built  of  wood. 
Principal  industry,  tobacco.  The  town  was  formerly  known 
as  Consolacion  del  Norte. 

Population,  about  800. 

"Water  supply :  Good  water  is  taken  from  streams  that  run 
through  the  town.  The  water  should  be  taken  from  the 
streams  above  the  town  site. 

Barracks :  One  large  building  near  hotel,  three-fourths  of 
a  troop;  hotel,  one-fourth  of  a  troop;  adjoining  tienda  could 
be  used  for  a  quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouse;  the 
church,  75  by  40  feet,  for  a  hospital.  The  rural  guard 
cuartel  would  quarter  about  15.  men.  All  buildings  in  sani- 
tary condition  and  lighted  by  acetylene  gas;  in  good  repair. 

Corrals:  A  small  stable  at  rural  guard  cuartel.  Suitable 
ground  for  camp  and  corrals  northwest  of  town,  or  on  the 
low  hills  to  the  north  commanding  the  town.  Water  supply 
from  La  Palma  River,  but  as  this  site  is  below  the  town, 


138  PROVINCE    OF    PINAR   DEL   RIO, 

precautions  would  have  to  be  taken  against  pollution.  Wood 
and  grass  plentiful. 

Camp  site:  The  best  camp  site  in  the  district  is  on  the 
Rio  Blanco  about  2  miles  northwest  of  La  Palma.  There 
is  abundance  of  grass,  high  ground,  and  plenty  of  excellent 
water.  One  of  the  roads  to  Berracos  crosses  the  river  at  this 
point.  In  fact  all  along  this  river  good  camping  places  may 
be  found. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town :  To  Embarcadero  Rio  Blanco, 
Esperanza,  Vinales,  San  Andres,  and  Bahia  Honda. 

Line  of  approach:  The  best  line  of  approach  is  from  the 
north  and  northwest,  with  Esperanza  as  a  base.  There  are 
more  good  roads  in  this  direction,  and  although  the  country 
is  hilly,  it  is  not  difficult.  The  hills  north  of  the  town  com- 
mand it  and  if  occupied  would  render  it  untenable. 

Arroyo  Naranjo. — Barrio.     Contains  the  sitio  of  Caimito. 

Caimito. — Sitio.  Consists  of  four  tobacco  farms  in  the 
very  heart  of  the  mountainous  district,  about  10  miles  east  of 
Consolacion  del  Norte  and  12  miles  north  of  San  Diego  de  los 
Baiios.  It  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  hills,  which  command 
it,  and  such  portions  of  the  ground  as  have  not  been  cleared 
for  purposes  of  cultivation  are  covered  with  a  dense,  impene- 
trable undergrowth.  It  has  a  population  of  about  50,  of 
whom  one-third  are  negroes.  Nearly  all  the  men  took  an 
active  part  in  the  insurrection  of  1906.  Water  supply  is  ob- 
tained from  a  small  stream  about  one-half  mile  distant, 
whence  it  is  hauled  on  sledges.  The  water  is  of  good  quality 
and  abundant.  Two  large  tobacco  barns  on  the  plantation 
could  be  used  for  purposes  of  storage  or  shelter,  and  for  the 
latter  purpose  would  accommodate  a  company  each  in  biv- 
ouac. The  so-called  "  Camino  Real "  runs  through  the  sitio, 
connecting  it  to  the  south  with  San  Diego  de  los  Baiios  and 
to  the  north  with  La  Mulata ;  a  trail  also  extends  to  Conso- 
lacion del  Norte  to  the  west.  Tobacco  raised  here  is  mar- 
keted in  Havana,  where  it  is  taken  on  pack  mules  via  said 
Camino  Real. 

Arroyo  Rico. — Barrio.  A  district  northeast  of  La  Palma. 
No  point  or  village  bearing  the  liame  in  the  district. 

Caiguanaho. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
lying  southeast  of  La  Palma.  The  present  sitio  of  Caigua- 
nabo  is  in  the  valley  of  the  San  Diego  River,  just  south  of  the 


PROVINCE    OF    PINAR    DEL    RIO.  139 

mountains  and  is  18  miles  nearly  due  north  of  Consolacion 
del  Sur.  It  was  once  an  important  tobacco  center,  but  was 
burned  to  the  ground  during  the  revolution  of  1896  and  has 
never  been  rebuilt.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  site  of  the  old 
tdwn  there  are  three  small  tobacco  farms.  On  these  farms 
are  3  or  4  tobacco  barns  which  might  be  used  as  temporary 
shelter  for  troops  or  supplies  in  an  emergency,  but  otherwise 
they  present  no  military  features  worthy  of  note. 

The  town  of  San  Andres  is  about  5  miles  to  the  west.  This 
locality  is  especially  important  in  that  it  affords  one  of  the 
best  camp  sites  in  this  region.  The  water  from  the  San  Diego 
River  is  of  excellent  quality  and  abundant,  and  there  is 
plenty  of  standing  timber  for  use  as  fuel.  There  is  much 
meadow  land  in  the  valley  which  affords  excellent  grazing. 
There  are  trails  leading  out  of  Caiguanabo  to  Consolacion 
del  Sur,  La  Palma,  San  Diego  de  los  Baiios,  and  San  Andres. 
All  of  these  except  the  last  are  impracticable  for  any  but 
pack  transportation.  There  are  no  railroads,  telegraph,  tele- 
phone, or  post-ofRces  in  this  vicinity. 

La  Jagua. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  district  lying  southwest 
of  La  Palma.  Besides  the  sitio  there  are  numerous  houses 
scattered  about  the  district.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  store,  a 
schoolhouse,  and  4  or  5  wooden  houses,  and  is  situated  about 
6  miles  from  La  Palma  on  road  to  Vifiales. 

La  Lima. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northwest  of  La 
Palma  and  adjoining  Rio  Blanco  and  La  Jagua  barrios.  No 
point  bearing  name.     Contains  sitio  of  Berracos. 

Berracos. — Sitio.  Situated  7  miles  by  road  northwest  of 
La  Palma  and  one-half  mile  from  the  Bay  of  Berracos  at  the 
foot  of  a  low  line  of  hills.  It  consists  of  2  stores  and  several 
scattered  houses,  none  of  which  would  be  of  any  military 
service.  There  is  no  wharf  and  only  flat  bottom  boats  can 
enter  the  bay.     Depth  of  water  is  about  10  feet. 

La  Mnlata. — Barrio  and  village.  This  barrio  is  a  district 
lying  north  of  La  Palma  and  contains  the  sitios  of  La  Mu- 
lata  and  Sagua.  The  sitio  of  La  Mulata  is  more  strictly 
speaking  a  community  of  small  tobacco  farms.  It  is  situated 
on  the  north  coast  of  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio,  about  20 
miles  west  of  Bahia  Honda.  There  is  a  small  harbor  on  the 
coast  at  this  point  which  can  be  entered  by  vessels  of  a  draft 
not  exceeding  15  feet.     The  harbor  is  of  little  value,  how- 


140  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

ever,  as  there  are  no  wharves  and  the  place  contains  no  light- 
ers or  other  means  of  transporting  passengers  or  supplies 
from  ship  to  shore.  There  is  a  sandy  beach,  which  affords 
good  places  for  landing  troops  or  supplies  in  small  boats. 
The  population  of  the  surrounding  farms  is  estimated  at 
about  150.  The  water  supply  is  hauled  in  carts  from  the 
Rio  La  Mulata.  There  is  no  sewer  system.  There  are  no 
buildings  suitable  for  military  purposes;  no  post,  telephone, 
or  telegraph  offices.  There  are  various  sites  in  the  vicinity 
suitable  for  camping  small  commands,  but  the  dense  under- 
growth would  render  it  difficult  to  camp  more  than  a  com- 
pany in  one  place.  There  is  no  good  grazing  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity.  There  are  two  trails  leading  out  of  the  vil- 
lage ;  one  south  to  San  Marcos,  and  one  east  to  Las  Pozas.  It 
would  be  hardest  to  defend  the  place  from  the  sea. 

Sagua. — Sitio.  A  small  farm  situated  about  6  miles  north 
of  Caimito  and  about  3  miles  to  the  east  of  the  main  trail. 
There  are  about  15  acres  of  land  under  cultivation,  on  which 
are  raised  corn  and  tobacco.  There  are  no  buildings  of  any 
military  importance,  the  natives  living  in  small  palm  huts. 
There  are  no  means  of  communication  except  the  small  trail 
leading  from  the  Camino  Real. 

Las  Pozas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  district  lying 
northeast  of  La  Palma.  Besides  the  sitio  bearing  its  name  it 
contains  the  sitios  Cochinito,  Corralillo,  and  Guayabo.  The 
present  sitio  of  Las  Pozas  is  the  ruins  of  what  was  once  an 
important  little  tobacco  center  about  10  miles  west  of  Bahia 
Honda  and  7  miles  from  the  coast.  The  only  industry  at 
present  is  tobacco  raising,  which  is  engaged  in  on  a  small 
scale  in  the  near-by  fields.  There  are  only  5  houses  standing 
at  present  and  these  are  of  a  most  primitive  character,  being 
constructed  of  palm.  The  present  population  is  about  40. 
The  water  supply  is  taken  from  the  Rio  Las  Pozas,  a  rather 
swift  flowing  mountain  stream.  In  January  (1907)  this 
stream  was  about  12  feet  wide,  averaged  4  inches  in  depth, 
and  had  about  a  4-mile  current.  The  water  was  cool,  clear, 
and  of  excellent  quality,  and  the  supply  seemed  to  be  inex- 
haustible. There  is  no  sewer  system,  and  the  natives  seem  to 
take  no  steps  toward  the  proper  disposal  of  waste  matter; 
filth  of  all  kinds  was  found  lying  in  the  roadway  and  around 
their  houses  in  putrid,  reeking  cesspools.     There  are  no  build- 


PEOVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   BIO.  141 

ings  of  any  kind  suitable  for  military  purposes.  There  is 
no  telephone,  telegraph,  or  post-office.  There  are  good  camp 
sites  along  the  Rio  Las  Pozas  to  the  north  of  the  sitio.  These 
camp  sites  are  some  20  feet  above  the  river  bed,  are  dry  and 
healthy,  and  are  sufficient  in  size  to  accommodate  a  regiment 
or  more.  Water  supply  from  river,  excellent ;  standing  tim- 
ber in  vicinity  for  fuel,  or  for  purpose  of  bridging  stream, 
abundant.  Large  rolling  meadows  to  the  east  would  afford 
excellent  grazing.  There  are  no  railroads  or  fortifications  in 
this  vicinity.  The  road  to  the  east  leads  to  Bahia  Honda; 
that  to  the  west  to  La  Mulata.  Both  of  these  roads  showed 
signs  of  having  been  used  by  ox  carts,  but  even  in  the  dry 
season  of  the  year  they  would  be  found  difficult  for  any  other 
class  of  wheeled  transportation,  and  in  the  rainy  season  prac- 
tically impassable  for  any  kind  of  transportation.  There  is 
also  a  small  trail  to  the  north  to  the  small  fincas  of  Morillo, 
F.  del  Agua,  Corrafillo.  Dos  Amigos,  Cochinito.  Guayabo, 
and  Papayal.  These  fincas  are  all  very  small,  the  largest 
having  no  more  than  two  or  three  small  palm  huts.  They 
have  no  value  from  a  military  standpoint.  Las  Pozas  would 
be  hardest  to  defend  on  the  east  side. 

Cochinito. — Sitio.  A  small  farm  situated  about  8  miles 
south  of  west  of  Bahia  Honda.  On  this  farm  are  a  few 
small  native  shacks,  none  of  which  would  be  of  any  use  for 
military  purposes.  The  native  residents  are  engaged  in  cat^' 
tie  raising,  and  in  January,  1907,  there  were  about  200  head 
of  cattle  on  the  farm. 

Corralillo. — Sitio,  Consists  of  a  store  situated  9  miles 
west  of  Bahia  Honda  on  the  main  road  leading  north  from 
Las  Pozas.  There  is  little  wood  or  water  in  the  vicinity,  and 
the  only  military  feature  worthy  of  note  is  that  at  the  time 
this  place  was  visited  there  were  about  1,000  cattle  herded  in 
the  vicinity. 

Guayaho. — Sitio.  A  small  cattle  ranch  lying  about  8  miles 
slightly  south  of  west  of  Bahia  Honda  and  north  of  Las 
Pozas.  The  buildings  on  the  farm  are  small  and  of  native 
construction  and  would  serve  no  military  purpose.  There 
are  about  150  head  of  cattle  and  some  20  head  of  sheep  on 
the  farm. 

Rio  Blanco. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  district  lying  north  of 
La  Palma,  of  which  point  the  sitio  of  Rio  Blanco  is  the  sea- 


142  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL  RIO. 

port.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  store,  a  schoolhouse,  and  2  or  3 
dwellings.  It  is  situated  on  the  main  road  connecting  La 
Palma  with  the  north  coast.  The  embarcadero  of  Rio  Blanco 
is  2|  miles  to  the  north  of  Rio  Blanco.  A  calzada  is  being 
constructed  from  the  embarcadero  to  La  Palma  (1907). 

San  Andres. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
lying  south  of  La  Palma.  The  village  of  the  same  name  is 
about  18  miles  north  of  Consolacion  del  Sur.  It  is  in  the 
valley  of  the  San  Diego  River  and  can  be  reached  by  trail 
from  Consolacion  del  Sur.  This  trail  is  very  rough,  how- 
ever, and  only  pack  transportation  can  be  used  on  it.  In  the 
village  there  are  about  40  houses,  nearly  all  of  which  are 
situated  on  one  main  street.  The  principal  industry  is  to- 
bacco growing.  The  tobacco  raised  is  sold  in  Havana,  being 
sent  there  by  pack  train.  The  population  of  the  village  is 
about  300,  of  whom  approximately  one-half  are  negroes. 
The  water  supply  of  the  village  is  obtained  from  the  San 
Diego  River,  whence  it  is  hauled  in  carts,  a  distance  of  one- 
half  mile.  All  refuse  is  hauled  away  from  the  village  in 
carts  and  deposited  at  a  distance  of  some  3  miles.  The  streets 
and  houses  appear  reasonably  clean.  A  few  houses  are 
lighted  by  acetylene  gas,  and  the  balance  are  lighted  by 
coal  oil.  The  building  occupied  by  rural  guard  would  make 
suitable  temporary  quarters  for  one  company.  In  connection 
with  this  building  there  are  suitable  stable  accommodations 
for  15  animals.  There  is  one  large  tobacco  warehouse  that 
could  be  used  in  emergency  for  purposes  of  storage,  or  for  the 
temporary  shelter  of  troops.  Two  companies  could  be  quar- 
tered in  this  building.  Open  ground  south  of  the  village 
affords  many  suitable  places  for  camp  grounds,  the  San  Diego 
River  affording  an  inexhaustible  and  a  very  good  supply  of 
water.  Wood  is  not  very  abundant  in  this  vicinity,  and  a 
large  column  encamped  for  any  length  of  time  would  soon 
exhaust  the  supply.  In  this  same  locality  there  are  large 
tracts  of  rolling  country  suitable  for  grazing.  There  is  no 
railroad,  telegraph  line,  tramway,  or  ice  plant  in  this  vi- 
cinity. There  is  one  long-distance  telephone,  in  the  general 
store  owned  by  Diaz  &  Bros.,  connecting  with  the  town  of  La 
Palma  (Consolacion  del  Norte).  There  is  one  trail  to  Con- 
solacion del  Sur ;  one  to  the  north  crosses  the  mountains  and 
leads  to  La  Palma  and  one  trail  to  the  east  leads  to  San  Diego 


CONSOLACION   DEL  SUR 

TOWNSHIP 

y^'\/         •^"""^^■'^^ 

^r              y,              -y^               ^\ 

^r               f'      \             "3^          ,      \ 

y'Uk)  H\ 

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<^'"""''  W  k:r  i>^-\  >V'A^ ---fe^r^ 

V^^V*!/^^".^'     /sr  i       )      (^     \    \       Co 

1*'°  X^-^'i        S  W--:/— r — v\      2: 

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\^'^(J^<^'>/'''cflsr    ]c'. ^   Y      %.         Y      ^ 

\  %  "^^.--—i  I  o  "S  ^  ^  ^ 

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"^  ^     /  "" A        "^  ^^^  ^^^^ 

\C!'^X    ^;S 

1  ^^Wm 

PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 


143 


de  los  Banos.  All  of  these  trails  are  very  rough  and  steep, 
and  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  could  be  used 
only  by  pack  trains.  From  the  debris  found  in  trees  and 
brush  wood  at  various  points  on  the  trails  to  San  Diego  de  los 
Baiios  and  to  La  Palma  it  was  noted  that  during  the  rainy 
season  these  trails  were  at  times  2  to  3  feet  under  water. 
There  are  no  defenses  of  any  kind  in  the  vicinity  of  the  vil- 
lage and  it  could  be  most  easily  taken  by  assault  from  the 
south. 

Vegas  Nuevas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  farming 
district,  southwest  of  and  adjoining  La  Palma  barrio.  The 
sitio  consists  of  a  store  and  a  brick  residence  and  2  or  3 
houses  of  native  construction.  Situated  on  the  road  to 
Viiiales  I  mile  southwest  of  La  Palma. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  CONSOLACi6n  -DEL  SUR  (CAPITAL,  CONSOLACI6n 

DEL  SUR). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Consolacidn  del  Sur 

Alonso  Rojas .'. 

San  Francisco  de  las 
Vegas. 

Colmenar 

Herradura 

Herradura  Vieja. 

Jagua 

Las  Lajas 

La  Lena 

Caimito. 

Palenque 

Pilotos 

PinallUo. 
Puerta  de  Golpe 

San  Diego  de  los  Banos . . 

La  Guira. 

San  Pablo 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Marfa. 
Soledad 

Paso  Real. 

Paso  Real  Viejo. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Villa  (Consolaci<5n  del  Sur). ...\  Urban 
Alonso  Rojas !  Rural 


Arroyo  Colorado do 

Ceja  "de  Herradura do 

Colmenar | . .  .do 

Herradura i . .  .do 


Jagua i.r.do 

Lajas I ...  do 

Legua do 

Lefia do 


Palenque . 
Pilotos. . . 


Rio  Hondo . 

Ruiz 

San  Diego  . . 

San  Pablo.. 
Santa  Clara. 


Soledad . 


.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


6.8 

5.6 
1&7 
14.6 

3 
4 

12.5 


1,016 
3,559 

4,653 

550 

1,668 

1,459 
1,128 

777 


Consolacion  del  Sur. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  lies 
northeast  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city  and  includes  the  town  of 
Consolacion  del  Sur. 

The  town  is  situated  14  miles  northeast  of  Pinar  del  Eio 
city.  It  contains  3  bakeries  with  a  capacity  for  a  total  daily 
output  of  about  900  pounds  of  bread.    They  are  at  No.  25 


144  PROVINCE    OF   PINAR    DEL   RIO. 

calle  Marti,  southeast  side  between  Santiago  and  Ubieta, 
capacity  200  pounds;  No.  22  calle  Cervantes,  capacity  500 
pounds;  and  No.  33  calle  Cruz  Vichot,  southeast  side  be- 
tween Acosia  and  Sur,  capacity  200  pounds.  There  is  prac- 
tically no  fresh  meat  on  hand,  a  daily  supply  being  obtained 
from  Havana.  About  500  cattle  and  50  sheep  in  the  vicinity. 
Small  supply  of  flour  at  bakeries.  Vegetables  are  scarce. 
For  freight  purposes  there  are  8  two-wheeled  carts  with  a 
capacity  of  about  1,500  pounds  each.  There  are  2  drug 
stores,  one  at  No.  6  calle  Sur,  southeast  side  between  Martf 
and  Cruz  Vichot,  and  one  at  No.  21  calle  Cruz  Vichot,  south- 
east side  between  Sur  and  Acosia  streets.  There  is  a  black- 
smith shop  at  No.  40  calle  Marti,  northwest  side  between 
Santiago  and  Ubieta ;  one  at  east  corner  of  calle  Cruz  Vichot 
and  calle  Cervantes,  and  one  at  No.  71  calle  Cruz  Vichot, 
southeast  side  between  Dolores  and  Elijes  Cruz.  Rope,  can- 
vas, lumber,  and  nails  can  be  obtained  in  small  quantities  at 
No.  65  calle  Marti,  southeast  side  between  Maceo  and 
Perseverancia. 

The  population  is  3,414. 

There  is  no  water  system.  Most  of  the  houses  have  cis- 
terns of  rain  water,  sufficient  for  their  immediate  needs. 
There  is  a  creek  1  mile  north  of  town  that  furnishes  a  liberal 
supply  of  good  water.  It  is  collected  in  a  reservoir  and  dis- 
tributed about  town  in  carts.  There  is  sufficient  water  in 
the  stream  for  a  regiment  of  infantry,  but  it  is  a  poor  place 
to  water  stock.  The  only  place  to  water  animals  is  where 
the  continuation  of  calle  Perseverancia  crosses  the  creek 
northwest  of  town. 

With  very  few  exceptions  the  buildings  are  of  stone,  brick, 
or  adobe,  with  low,  tiled  roof  and  inner  court.  The  only 
one  suitable  for  use  as  a  barracks  is  the  building  on  the  west 
corner  of  Marti  and  Ubieta.  It  will  accommodate  160  men, 
has  an  abundant  supply  of  good  cistern  water,  and  would  also 
be  suitable  for  use  as  a  hospital  or  as  a  warehouse.  The 
Ayuntamiento  is  on  calle  Cruz  Vichot,  opposite  the  park. 
The  Hotel  Lisardo  is  on  the  west  corner  of  Sur  and  Cruz 
Vichot,  and  the  Hotel  Noqueroes  is  on  the  southeast  side  of 
Cruz  Vichot  between  Sur  and  Acosia.  They  furnish  in- 
different accommodations  for  about  10  guests  each.    Of  the 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  145 

remaining  buildings,  none  are  worthy  of  note  from  a  mili- 
tary standpoint. 

There  is  a  small  corral  at  the  railroad  station  that  will  hold 
about  20  animals.  It  has  earthen  ramp  for  loading  and  un- 
loading. No  facilities  for  watering  stock  nearer  than  2i 
miles. 

The  hotel  on  the  corner  of  calle  Sur  and  Cruz  Vichot 
would,  on  account  of  its  large  cisterns,  probably  be  best 
adapted  for  hospital  purposes,  though  it  would  not  be  large 
enough  for  more  than  30  patients. 

The  railroad  station  is  2  miles  from  the  center  of  the 
town.  It  has  one  warehouse  with  capacity  of  about  30,000 
cubic  feet,  with  300  square  yards  of  floor  space.  Capacity  of 
sidings  about  34  cars.  Telegraph  office  at  station.  No  other 
buildings  there  except  shacks.  Telegraph  office  and  post- 
office  at  No.  5  calle  Sur,  northeast  side,  between  Cruz  Vichot 
and  Ganez  Poro. 

The  best  camp  site  is  north  of  town,  near  the  reservoir. 
The  number  of  troops  that  could  camp  here  would  be  limited 
only  by  the  amount  of  the  water  supply  which,  during  the 
dry  season,  averages  about  10,000  gallons  per  day.  Wood 
is  very  scarce  and  at  no  place  in  town  is  a  supply  kept  on 
hand,  charcoal  being  used  almost  exclusively.  Wood  is  cut 
at  a  distance  of  about  10  miles  to  the  north  and  will  be 
brought  in  to  order  in  a  day  or  more,  depending  on  the 
amount  required.  The  only  standing  timber  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  is  the  royal  palm.  Wood  is  sold  by  the  caballo 
(60  pieces),  and  runs  about  6  caballos  to  the  cord.  The 
country  is  open,  rolling  prairie  for  miles  around,  and  the 
native  animals  seem  to  thrive  on  the  grass  which  it  affords 
in  great  abundance,  the  nutritive  qualities  of  which,  however, 
are  of  doubtful  value  for  American  stock.  The  best  grazing 
is  to  be  obtained  north  of  town. 

A  good  calzada,  practicable  for  wagons  at  all  times,  con- 
nects the  railroad  station  with  the  town. 

Alonso  Rojas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  sec- 
tion of  country  containing  the  village  of  Alonso  Rojas,  and 
the  sitio  of  San  Francisco  de  las  Vegas.  The  country  is  very 
low  and  during  the  greater  part  of  the  rainy  season  is  inun- 

492—09 10 


146  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL  RIO. 

dated.  The  roads  are  fair  in  the  dry  season  and  can  be  used 
by  wagon  transportation,  but  after  the  first  rain  become 
impassable. 

The  village  of  the  same  name  is  about  14  miles  southeast 
of  Consolacion  del  Sur,  and  has  a  population  of  800.  There 
is  no  telegraph  or  telephone  station,  no  drug  store,  and  no 
bakery.  It  contains,  however,  a  church,  schoolhouse,  and 
ruins  of  a  demolished  blockhouse.  All  but  2  of  the  houses 
are  constructed  of  palm,  are  small,  and  in  bad  repair.  The 
place  is  of  no  military  importance.  The  Rio  Hondo 
passes  about  1^  miles  west  of  the  village,  and  the  Rio 
Rabaldra,  a  branch  of  the  Rio  Hondo,  is  about  1|  miles  west. 
Good  camp  sites  can  be  found  along  the  rivers  during  the 
dry  season,  and  wood  is  plentiful.  A  road,  practicable  for 
wagons  in  dry  season,  leads  north  to  Consolacion  del  Sur. 

San  Francisco  de  las  Vegas. — Sitio.  Situated  12  miles 
southeast  of  Consolacion  del  Sur  and  near  the  Herradura 
River.  A  settlement  of  8  to  10  native  huts.  Near  it  are 
extensive  pine  woods  and  a  sawmill. 

Arroyo  Colorado. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  of  very 
little  importance,  situated  northeast  of  Consolacion  del  Sur. 
The  land  is  not  considered  good  for  tobacco  culture.  Houses 
are  much  scattered  and  constructed  of  palm.  The  Rio 
Palacios  and  Rio  San  Diego  form  in  part  the  boundaries  of 
the  barrio,  and  along  them  many  good  camp  sites  can  be 
found.  Pasturage  in  this  part  of  the  barrio  is  good  and 
wood  is  plentiful.  The  roads  are  fair  and  practicable  for 
wagon  transportation  throughout  the  dry  season. 

Ceja  de  Herradura. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  about 
11  miles  a  little  south  of  east  of  Consolacion  del  Sur.  The 
barrio  is  made  up  entirely  of  tobacco  fai-ms,  although  some 
sweet  potatoes,  malanga,  and  corn  are  also  raised.  Land 
along  the  rivers  is  said  to  be  good  tobacco  land.  The  major- 
ity of  the  houses  are  constructed  of  palm.  The  Rio  Her- 
radura runs  through  the  barrio  and  the  Rio  San  Diego  forms 
the  eastern  boundary.  Numerous  good  camp  sites  exist 
along  these  rivers  and  pasturage  is  good.  The  roads  are 
very  poor  and  during  the  rainy  season  are  almost  impassable, 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  country  is  very  low  and  in  many 
parts  marshy. 


PROVINCE  OF  PINAR  DEL  BIO.  147 

Golmenar: — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  south  of  Con- 
solacion  del  Sur  and  is  made  up  of  tobacco  farms.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  Rio  Hondo  near  its  southwest  boundary 
and  the  Rio  Santa  Clara  is  its  southeastern  boundary. 
There  are  numerous  good  camp  sites  along  both  of  these 
rivers  and  they  contain  an  abundance  of  water  at  all  times. 
Wood  can  be  obtained  along  the  Rio  Hondo  for  one  dollar 
a  cord.  There  are  no  houses  in  the  barrio  suitable  for  bar- 
racks or  hospital.  They  are  all  small,  are  built  of  wood,  and 
have  thatched  roofs.  There  is  no  telegraph  or  telephone 
communication.  There  are  10  two-wheel  carts,  about  600 
cattle  and  500  small  stock.  Pasturage  is  fair.  Roads  are 
good  during  dry  season  and  practicable  for  pack  transporta- 
tion throughout  the  year.  The  sitio  consists  of  one  general 
store  and  a  number  of  scattered  houses  and  is  6  miles  due 
south  of  Consolacion  del  Sur. 

Herradura. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  of 
the  same  name  the  barrio  contains  the  sitio  of  Herradura 
Vieja.  The  barrio  is  a  section  of  countr}'^  east  of  Consola- 
cion del  Sur.  The  land  is  better  suited  to  grazing  than  the 
raising  of  tobacco.  Many  good  camp  sites  can  be  found 
along  the  Rio  Herradura.  The  village  is  an  American 
colony  situated  7  miles  northeast  of  Consolacion  del  Sur  and 
has  a  station  on  the  AYestern  Railway  of  Havana.  It  has  a 
population  of  about  300.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from 
two  wells,  water  being  raised  by  a  windmill.  There  is  an 
American  church,  a  schoolhouse,  and  a  branch  post-office. 
Telegraph  station  at  railroad  station.  Much  of  the  land 
in  the  vicinity  is  used  for  raising  tobacco  and  vegetables. 
In  addition,  many  thousand  orange  trees  have  been  set  out. 

Herradura  Vieja. — Sitio.  A  group  of  about  a  dozen 
houses,  schoolhouse  and  store,  about  2|  miles  from  Herradura. 
Water  supply  is  obtained  from  Rio  Herradura.  Houses  are 
all  of  frame  or  palm  construction  and  not  suitable  for  mili- 
tary use.  The  road  to  Consolacion  del  Sur  and  Paso  Real 
is  suitable  for  wagon  transportation  throughout  the  year, 
as  is  also  the  road  to  Guira  via  Las  Xubes. 

Jagua. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  general 
store  situated  5  miles  south  and  west  of  Consolacion  del  Sur, 
on  road  to  Pinar  del  Rio. 


148  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Lajas. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  is  a  section  of 
country  lying  about  15°  east  of  north  of  Consolacion  del  Sur. 
The  land  is  suitable  for  raising  tobacco,  and  there  is  good 
pasturage  for  cattle  and  many  can  be  found  throughout  the 
barrio.  The  town  has  a  population  of  about  900.  The 
houses  are  small,  in  bad  repair,  much  scattered,  and  unsuit- 
able for  military  purposes.  There  is  no  telegraph  or  tele- 
phone station,  post-office,  railroad,  hotel,  drug  store,  or  black- 
smith shop.  The  mail  is  forwarded  to  either  Consolacion  del 
Sur  or  Caiguanabo.  Water  should  be  boiled.  Wood  can  be 
obtained  from  the  hills  about  5  miles  away.  Camping 
grounds  are  numerous,  but  small  in  area.  The  Rio  Santa 
Clara  and  Rio  de  Legua  run  through  the  barrio,  and  good 
camp  sites  with  plenty  of  water  and  wood  can  be  found  along 
these  streams.  The  so-called  mountains  rise  2  miles  north  of 
Lajas,  and  these  hills  of  about  1,500  feet  elevation  form  a 
screen  behind  which  the  Cubans  operated  against  the  Span- 
ish garrison  in  Consolacion  del  Sur. 

Legua. — ^Barrio.  A  section  of  country  consisting  entirely 
of  tobacco  farms.  It  is  about  7^  miles  northeast  of  Consola- 
cion del  Sur.  There  are  2  small  stores  in  the  barrio.  It  is 
of  importance  on  account  of  the  many  fine  farms.  The  to- 
bacco raised  is  of  good  quality,  but  most  of  it  is  raised  only 
for  the  seed,  which  is  sold  at  high  prices.  The  Rio  de  la 
Legua,  the  Rio  Medio,  and  the  Rio  Corralito,  tributaries  of 
the  Rio  de  la  Herradura,  pass  through  the  barrio,  and  there 
is  excellent  pasturage  and  plenty  of  water  and  wood.  Cattle 
are  found  throughout  the  entire  barrio.  No  telegraph  or 
telephone  station  exists  within  its  limits.  The  road  to  Herra- 
dura, the  only  cart  road  in  the  barrio,  is  said  to  be  prac- 
ticable for  wagon  transportation  throughout  the  year. 

Lena. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  section  of  country  northwest 
of  Consolacion  del  Sur,  devoted  to  the  raising  of  tobacco,  and 
there  are  practically  no  cattle  in  the  vicinity.  The  Rio  Leria 
and  the  Rio  Sitio,  tributaries  of  the  Rio  Hondo,  pass  through 
the  barrio  and  contain  water  throughout  the  year.  Many 
good  camp  sites  can  be  found  along  these  rivers  and  wood  is 
plentiful.  The  barrio  contains  many  tobacco  farms,  and  the 
sitios  La  Lena  and  Caimito.  The  sitio  is  about  4  miles  north- 
west of  Consolacion  del  Sur,  on  the  cart  road  leading  from 
Consolacion  del  Sur  to  Pilotos.     It  consists  of  2  stores,  a 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   RIO.  149 

schoolhouse,  and  a  number  of  scattered  houses.  There  is  no 
telegraph,  telephone,  or  post-office. 

Caimito. — Sitio.  Consists  of  a  house  situated  about  4 
miles  north  of  Consolacion  del  Sur.  It  is  connected  by 
mountain  trail  with  San  Diego  de  los  Banos,  La  Catalina, 
and  San  Marcos.  Old  maps  erroneously  show  it  as  a  town 
or  point  of  some  magnitude. 

Palenque. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  southeast  of 
Consolacion  del  Sur  and  is  made  up  entirely  of  tobacco  farms. 
There  are  two  small  stores  in  the  barrio.  The  Agiconal  and 
Hondo  rivers,  which  flow  the  entire  length  of  the  barrio,  fur- 
nish an  abundance  of  excellent  water  throughout  the  year. 
There  are  10  two-wheel  carts  and  about  1,500  cattle  in  the 
barrio.  Pasturage  is  good.  Roads  are  very  poor.  Good 
camp  sites  may  be  found  along  the  Hondo  and  Agiconal 
rivers,  with  plenty  of  water  and  wood.  Wood  sells  for  $2 
Spanish  gold  per  cord.  Xo  fortifications  or  trenches  of  any 
kind  are  found  in  the  barrio.  Tobacco,  malanga,  and  sweet 
potatoes  are  raised.  No  telegraphic  or  telephonic  communi- 
cation exists.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  general  store  and  about 
5  houses,  and  is  about  8  miles  south  of  Consolacion  del  Sur, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  wagon  road  via  Puerta  de 
Golpe. 

Pilotos. — Barrio  and  village.  The  bariio  is  west  of  Con- 
solacion del  Sur.  Outside  of  the  village  of  Pilotos  the  houses 
in  the  barrio  are  small  and  are  constructed  of  wood  or  palm 
leaves.  Water  is  obtained  from  springs  and  the  Rio  Hondo 
and  its  tributaries,  which  furnish  an  abundant  supply 
throughout  the  year.  The  roads  of  the  barrio  are  generally 
poor,  though  native  carts  have  no  difficulty  in  getting  over 
them  in  the  dry  season.  The  roads  to  Pinar  del  Rio,  Consola- 
cion del  Sur,  Puerta  de  Golpe,  and  Vifiales  are  practicable  for 
pack  transportation  throughout  the  year.  There  are  15  two- 
wheel  carts  and  about  2,200  cattle  in  the  barrio.  Pasturage 
is  good.  Many  good  camp  sites  may  be  found  along  the  Rio 
Hondo,  which  flows  through  the  barrio.  Water  and  wood 
are  abundant,  wood  selling  for  $1.80  per  cord.  No  fortifi- 
cations or  trenches  of  any  kind  are  found.  Tobacco,  sweet 
potatoes,  and  malanga  are  raised  throughout  this  section. 
In  the  barrio  are  2  hotels,  a  drug  store,  and  a  bakery,  but  no 
blacksmith  shop.     Besides  the  \nllage  bearing  its  name,  the 


150  PROVINCE   OF   PINAB  DEL  RIO. 

barrio  contains  the  sitio  of  Pinalillo.  The  village  of  Pilotos 
is  situated  about  7  miles  west  of  Consolacion  del  Sur,  11  miles 
north  of  Pinar  del  Rio,  and  about  1  mile  south  of  the  Rio 
Hondo.  Two  or  three  large  stores  of  brick  and  cement  and 
a  church  of  the  same  material  constitute  the  principal  build- 
ings of  the  village.  It  has  a  population  of  about  400.  The 
tobacco  industry  furnishes  the  principal  employment.  Water 
is  obtained  from  a  large  well  in  the  center  of  the  plaza.  It 
is  not  believed  to  be  very  good.  The  large  stores  mentioned 
above  would  be  the  only  available  buildings  for  barracks. 
Probably  a  troop  could  be  quartered  in  the  village.  No  more 
than  this  would  ever  be  necessary.  Roads  run  to  Pinar  del 
Rio,  Consolacion,  Puerta  de  Golpe,  Viiiales,  and  San  Andres. 
The  best  line  of  approach  is  from  the  west  from  Pinar  del 
Rio. 

Pinalillo. — Sitio.  A  small  place  about  1  mile  north  of 
Pilotos,  on  the  Arroyo  de  la  Cantera,  a  branch  of  the  Rio 
Hondo.  A  good  camp  site  is  found  here;  water  is  excellent 
and  abundant,  wood  plentiful,  and  grazing  fair. 

Rio  Hondo. — Barrio.  A  district  southwest  of  Consola- 
cion del  Sur  between  the  rivers  Hondo  and  Agiconal.  It  is 
made  up  of  tobacco  farms.  There  are  a  number  of  general 
stores  situated  in  it,  and  there  are  two  drug  stores  and  a 
blacksmith  shop.  The  only  point  worthy  of  mention  is 
Puerta  de  Golpe,  There  are  no  houses  suitable  for  hospitals 
or  barracks.  Pasturage  in  greater  portion  of  the  barrio  is 
poor,  only  the  "  pajon  "  and  "  espartillo  "  grasses  being  in 
evidence.  There  are  over  4,000  cattle  and  pigs  in  the  barrio. 
Roads  are  exceedingly  bad  during  the  wet  season.  Many 
good  camp  sites  may  be  found  along  the  rivers  Hondo  and 
Agiconal.  There  is  an  abundance  of  Avater  in  these  rivers 
at  all  times.    Wood  is  scarce,  costing  from  $8  to  $10  a  cord. 

Puerta  de  Golpe. — Village.  Situated  9^  miles  northeast 
of  Pinar  del  Rio  city  and  on  the  Western  Railway  of 
Havana.  Contains  about  100  houses,  several  stores,  a  black- 
smith shop,  lumber  yard,  and  railroad  station.  Near  the 
station  are  two  sidings  with  capacity  for  50  cars.  Water 
is  obtained  from  a  creek  one-fifth  of  a  mile  south  of  the 
village.  There  is  a  good  camp  site  along  the  creek.  Im- 
portant roads  lead  to  Pinar  del  Rio  city  and  to  Consolacion 
del  Sur. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   RIO.  151 

Ruiz. — Barrio.  This  is  a  section  of  country  made  up  en- 
tirely of  tobacco  farms.  It  lies  about  18  miles  to  the  south- 
east of  Consolacion  del  Sur.  All  articles  of  merchandise 
come  from  Havana  by  way  of  Coloma.  The  barrio  is  of 
very  little  importance  on  account  of  the  absence  of  roads, 
but  the  land  is  said  to  be  very  productive.  There  is  no  hotel, 
telegraph  or  telephone  station,  bakery,  or  drug  store  in  the 
barrio,  and  but  one  small  general  store.  Good  camp  sites 
may  be  found  along  the  rivers  which  pass  through  and  form 
the  boundaries  of  the  barrio.  Pasturage  is  good  and  wood 
plentiful.  The  roads  are  very  bad  and  wagon  transportation 
can  not  be  used. 

San  Diego. — Barrio  and  village.  A  section  of  country  in 
which  are  situated  the  villages  of  San  Diego  de  los  Banos 
and  La  Guira.  The  village  of  San  Diego  de  los  Baiios  is 
about  14  miles  northeast  of  Consolacion  del  Sur,  and  the 
population  is  about  600.  The  baths  for  which  it  is  noted 
are  about  a  mile  away.  The  houses  are  well  built  and  in 
good  repair.  There  are  several  large  stores,  a  church,  a 
schoolhouse,  two  hotels,  and  a  drug  store.  A  number  of  the 
buildings,  including  the  hotels  and  several  private  houses, 
are  suitable  for  use  as  hospitals  or  barracks.  There  is  no 
telegraph  or  telephone  station  in  the  village.  The  road 
leading  to  Paso  Keal  is  passable  by  wagon  transportation 
throughout  the  year.  The  trails  leading  to  Guira,  Las  Nubes, 
and  the  barrio  La  Sierra  are  practicable  for  pack  trans- 
portation throughout  the  year.  The  trail  to  Bahia  Honda, 
via  La  Catalina,  Caimito  (municipality  of  Consolacion  del 
Norte),  La  Mulata,  Las  Pozas,  and  San  Miguel,  is  practic- 
able throughout  the  year.  It  would  be  extremely  difficult 
and  possibly  dangerous  between  San  Diego  and  Caimito 
during  the  rainy  season,  and  is  hard  to  follow,  as  in  a  num- 
ber of  places  it  passes  through  fenced  yards. 

La  Guira. — Village.  At  a  crossroads,  about  2^  miles 
southwest  of  San  Diego  de  los  Banos ;  consists  of  two  stores 
and  several  houses;  water  obtained  from  a  well  with  a 
windmill. 

San  Pablo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  section  of  country  south- 
west of  Consolacion  del  Sur,  and  made  up  of  numerous 
farms.     The  barrio  is  extensively  cultivated;  tobacco,  sweet 


152  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

potatoes,  and  malanga  are  raised.  The  Rio  Hondo  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  and  the  Rio  San  Pablo,  a  tributary, 
flows  through  the  barrio.  Many  good  camp  sites  can  be 
found  along  these  streams  and  wood  is  plentiful.  The  sitio 
is  3  miles  southwest  of  Consolacion  del  Sur  and  consists  of  a 
small  finca.  There  are  no  buildings  suitable  for  military 
purposes. 

Santa  Clara. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  section  of  country 
southeast  of  Consolacion  del  Sur.  Land  suitable  for  cattle 
raising.  Good  camp  sites  along  the  Rio  Santa  Clara.  The 
road  leading  to  Guira,  and  the  one  leading  to  Las  Nubes  are 
practicable  for  wagon  transportation.  Besides  the  sitio  bear- 
ing its  name  it  contains  the  sitio  of  Santa  Maria.  The  sitio 
of  Santa  Clara  is  a  store,  situated  4  miles  northeast  of  Con- 
solacion del  Sur,  on  the  Consolacion  del  Sur-Paso  Real  road. 

Santa  Maria. — Sitio.  Consists  of  5  small  houses,  2  to- 
bacco warehouses,  and  a  small  stable,  on  a  tobacco  plantation 
3^  miles  from  Consolacion  del  Sur.  Population  about  30. 
Well  of  good  drinking  water  in  front  of  principal  dwelling 
house.     No  stores  or  workshops. 

Soledad. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  section  of  country  north- 
east of  Consolacion  del  Sur.  Land  suitable  for  grazing. 
The  Rio  San  Diego  runs  through  the  barrio  and  many  good 
camp  sites  can  be  found  along  it.  The  sitio  consists  of  2 
houses  situated  12  miles  northeast  of  Consolacion  del  Sur. 
Paso  Real  is  the  nearest  telegraph  station. 

Paso  Real. — Village.  The  proper  name  of  this  place  is 
Julian  Diaz.  The  old  village  of  Paso  Real  is  called  Paso 
Real  Vie  jo.  Paso  Real  or  Julian  Diaz  is  about  21  miles 
southwest  of  Sd.n  Cristobal  and  is  a  station  of  the  Western 
Railway  of  Havana.  It  has  a  good  store  and  several  small 
tiendas.  There  is  also  a  frame  freight  house  40  by  60  feet 
and  a  siding  for  about  20  cars.  Stock  could  be  watered  at 
the  San  Diego  River.  A  road  leads  southeast  to  Coloma  and 
one  north  by  west  to  San  Diego  de  los  Baiios. 

Paso  Real  Viejo. — Sitio.  Formerly  a  good  sized  village 
named  Paso  Real,  which  was  burned  some  years  ago  and 
never  rebuilt.  It  consists  now  of  a  small  tienda  and  about 
a  dozen  shacks.  It  is  now  called  Paso  Real  Viejo,  and 
Julian  Diaz  is  called  Paso  Real  or  Paso  Real  Nuevo. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  153 

TOWNSHIP  OF  PINAB  DEL  RIO  (CAPITAL,  PINAR  DEL  RiO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Pinardel  Rio 

Cabezas 

Mulo. 

Gramales 

Guayabo 

Marcos  V4zquez 

Nombre  de  Dlos 

Embarcadero  de  Rio 
del  Medio. 

Ovas 

Paso  Viejo 

Pimienta  de  Pena  Blanca. 

Pan  de  Azucar. 

Punta  de  Palma , 

RIoFeo 

Rio  Sequito 

San  Jose 

Sumldero 

Taironas 


Norte  de  la  Ciudad ;  Urban. 

Sur  de  la  Ciudad .do . . . 

Cabezas '. i  Rural . . 


Miles. 


Cangre f...do. 

Chamizo ; . . .  do . 

Gramales do . 

Guayabo L . .  do . 

Isabel  Maria ...do. 

Marcos  Vazquez (...do. 

Nombre  de  Dios ...do. 


Ovas 

Paso  Viejo 

Pena  Blanca  or  Pimienta. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Punta  de  Palma do. 

Rio  Feo do. 

Rio  Sequito I . .  .do . 

San  Jose !..  .do. 

Sumidero | . .  .do . 

Taironas .do . 


4J 
9l' 

22 
7 

lOJ 

11 

28 


Popula- 
tion. 


4,592 
6,042 
1,817 

4,337 
352 
1,087 
1,692 
962 
1,176 
1,214 


3,331 

2,982 
2,105 

532 
1,049 
4,727 
3,564 
2,304 
6,206 


Pinar  del  Rio. — Barrio  and  town.  This  district  is  in  the 
center  of  the  famous  tobacco  district,  generally  known  as 
the  Vuelta  Aba  jo,  and  its  principal  industries  are  the  grow- 
ing, manufacturing,  and  shipping  of  tobacco. 

The  city  is  110  miles  west  and  south  of  Havana,  on  the 
Western  Railway  of  Havana,  and  15  miles  from  the  south 
coast.  It  dates  from  1571,  when  Melchor  Rojas  founded  the 
ranch  of  San  Felipe,  and  the  corrals  of  Cangre,  Guama, 
Pinar  del  Rio,  and  Cabezas.  A  post-office  was  established 
as  early  as  1834  and  the  first  school  in  1836. 

The  city  is  situated  on  the  western  slope  of  a  low  ridge, 
which  rises  above  the  surrounding  country  and  reaches  its 
highest  point  at  Casa  de  Salud,  a  hospital  supported  by  the 
Spanish  colony,  and  which  is  situated  at  the  extreme  north- 
west corner  of  the  city  and  about  150  yards  northwest  of  the 
cuartel.  The  elevation  at  this  point  is  160  feet  above  sea 
level.     The  surrounding  country  is  cultivated  in  tobacco. 

From  a  sanitary  point  of  view  the  location  is  excellent. 
Drainage  is  good,  and  with  the  completion  of  the  large  reser- 
voir and  extensive  waterworks  now  in  course  of  construction 
(1907),  ideal  sanitary  conditions  can  easily  be  established 
and  maintained. 


154  PBOVINCE   OF   PINAR    DEL   RIO, 

The  Rio  Guama,  a  fine  stream,  flows  by  the  eastern  edge 
of  the  town. 

Population,  10,634;  number  of  buildings,  2,500;  number 
of  stores,  75. 

Water  supply:  The  present  water  supply  is  partly  from 
wells  and  partly  from  a  tank  on  the  hill,  200  yards  north  of 
the  cuartel.  This  tank  is  supplied  by  a  steam  pump  situated 
on  the  bank  of  the  Rio  Guania,  one-half  mile  north  of  the 
cuartel.  The  plant  was  built  to  supply  the  American  garrison 
during  the  first  intervention  and  was  afterwards  sold  to  the 
city.  It  furnishes  a  limited  supply  of  water  to  the  cuartel 
and  buildings  on  the  hill  surrounding  the  water  tower,  Span- 
ish Hospital,  Hospital  Civil  de  San  Isidro,  the  hotels,  and  a 
number  of  private  buildings,  but  is  inadequate  for  anything 
like  a  general  supply. 

Fine  permanent  waterworks  are  in  course  of  construction 
and  will  be  in  full  operation  by  the  end  of  May,  1907.  It 
is  a  gravity  system,  the  water  coming  from  a  caiion  in  the 
hills,  6  miles  west  of  the  cuartel,  through  a  12-inch  main 
to  a  reservoir  on  the  hill,  250  yards  west  of  the  cuartel. 
From  here  it  will  be  distributed.  This  reservoir  will  have 
a  capacity  of  600,000  gallons.  A  substantial  masonry  dam 
has  been  constructed  in  the  cafion  where  the  water  enters  the 
main.  The  reservoir,  a  concrete  structure,  standing  14  feet 
above  the  ground  and  200  by  100  feet,  divided  into  two  com- 
partments, is  completed ;  work  is  well  advanced  on  the  dis- 
tributing pipe  of  the  system.  This  will  insure  sufficient  ex- 
cellent water  for  a  large  number  of  troops.  From  any  other 
source  than  this  the  water  should  be  sterilized.  This  system 
could  be  easily  interrupted  and  it  would  take  a  considerable 
force  to  protect  it  from  a  determined  enemy. 

Marching  troops,  by  making  camp  at  large  tobacco  planta- 
tions, can  usually  secure  sufficient  potable  water,  and  moun- 
tain streams  may  be  assumed  to  be  pure. 

There  is  an  electric-light  plant  1  mile  northwest  of  the 
cuartel  on  the  bank  of  the  Rio  Guama,  which  furnishes  lights 
to  all  public  buildings,  hotels,  the  streets,  and  many  private 
houses.  The  installation  is  not,'  however,  general  in  private 
houses,  acetylene  being  the  more  common. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAB  DEL   RIO.  165 

Sewage  is  disposed  of  through  open  sewers  and  cesspools. 
Cesspools  are  constructed  under  the  patios  of  nearly  all  pri- 
vate houses. 

Barracks:  The  old  Spanish  cuartel,  a  two-story  building, 
240  by  240  feet,  is  situated  on  high  ground  at  north  side  of 
city ;  capacity,  400  men.  It  is  in  very  good  repair.  There 
are,  besides,  4  wooden  barracks  just  north  of  the  cuartel, 
which  were  built  byAiiiericans  during  the  first  intervention. 
These  buildings  are  in  good  repair  and  will  shelter  a  bat- 
talion. There  are  also  sufficient  houses  in  immediate  vicinity 
for  officers'  quarters. 

Stables:  The  stables  and  corrals  of  the  American  troops 
are  situated  on  the  hills  just  back  of  the  Casa  de  Salud,  and 
about  250  yards  northwest  of  the  cuartel.  The  ground  has 
good  drainage.  Seven  wooden  sheds  have  been  built  which 
will  shelter  altogether  about  450  animals.  Water  at  the  pres- 
ent time  is  supplied  from  the  pumping  plant  to  galvanized- 
iron  troughs  placed  near  each  shed.  The  Guama  River  also 
furnishes  abundance  of  good  water  for  animals.  It  is  ^-mile 
north  of  the  corrals. 

Hospitals:  The  Casa  de  Salud,  Spanish  hospital,  situated 
on  hill  at  northwest  corner  of  the  city ;  a  masonry  two-story 
structure,  tile  roof ;  capacity  24  beds.  The  Charity  Hospital, 
situated  at  the  west  end  of  calle  Marti,  south  side  of  street; 
capacity  about  75  beds. 

Buildings  for  storehouses :  There  are  numerous  warehouses 
and  stores  on  calle  Marti  and  near  railroad  station  which 
could  be  utilized  for  storerooms  of  all  kinds.  Railroad 
freight  depot  at  station. 

Railroad  station  is  situated  at  southeast  corner  of  the  city, 
near  the  calzada  which  leads  to  Coloma. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  on  calle  Isabel  Rubia,  west 
side,  near  center  of  city.  The  National  Bank  of  Cuba  is 
opposite.  Telegraph,  post-office,  and  telephone  central  office 
are  in  the  same  building. 

Ice  plant  is  on  right  bank  of  Guama  River,  near  bridge, 
where  road  to  Consolacion  del  Sur  crosses  river. 

Good  camp  sites  for  large  commands  on  left  bank  of  Rio 
Guama  to  the  east  and  north  of  city.  Grazing  abundant  on 
the  rolling  ground  from  1  to  3  miles  east  and  north  of  city. 
Wood  scarce  in  this  vicinity. 


156  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Defenses  are  as  follows:  Eighteen  earthworks,  50  feet 
long  by  4|  feet"  high,  with  sand  bag  revetments,  surround  the 
city  and  are  so  placed  as  to  command  roads  in  all  directions. 
There  are  also  5  blockhouses,  12  by  12  by  14  feet  high,  walls 
filled  with  earth  15  inches  thick.  These  earthworks  and 
blockhouses  are  the  defenses  prepared  during  the  revolution 
of  1906. 

Cahezas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
lying  west  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city.  The  village  is  compact  and 
built  around  a  crossroad,  14  miles  east  of  Sumidero. 

Population,  about  50. 

The  buildings,  5  in  number,  are  good-sized  brick  buildings, 
the  largest  being  45  by  30  feet.  All  one  story  and  in  good  re- 
pair. Sanitary  conditions  are  those  of  the  ordinary  Cuban 
house.  No  modern  water-closets.  About  150  men  could  be 
quartered  in  the  village.  No  sewer  system.  Acetylene  gas 
in  houses. 

There  are  no  good  stables  and  no  corrals.  Open  ground 
along  the  valley  between  Cabezas  and  Sumidero  affords 
plenty  of  good  ground  for  corrals  and  grazing  for  horses. 

There  are  no  hospitals,  but  buildings  mentioned  above 
might  be  used  if  they  were  cleaned.  The  store  on  southeast 
corner  of  crossroad  has  office  of  telephone  running  to  Pinar 
del  Rio  and  Sumidero. 

Wood  scarce  in  valley  but  plentiful  in  near-by  hills.  Water, 
grass,  and  open  ground  in  valley  for  brigade  camp.  There 
are  no  defenses,  but  graveyard  would  make  a  splendid  one. 

Roads  lead  out  of  village  as  follows :  To  the  east  to  Pinar 
del  Rio;  to  the  south  to  Mulo;  and  to  the  west  to  Sumidero. 
Most  difficult  to  defend  village  from  the  east. 

Mulo. — Village.  Situated  in  a  broad  valley  about  1  mile 
southeast  of  Cabezas,  and  has  population  of  about  100.  A 
small  creek  runs  northward  through  valley  and  furnishes 
water  supply.  There  is  no  sewer  system,  and  no  buildings 
suitable  for  barracks,  stables,  hospital,  or  storehouses.  There 
is  any  amount  of  open  ground  along  the  creek  which  could 
be  used  for  corrals,  and  grass  and  water  for  a  regiment,  but 
wood  is  scarce.  There  are  no  important  offices,  except  tienda 
on  southwest  comer  of  crossroads,  which  is  a  telephone  sta- 
tion on  line   Pinar  del   Rio-Cabezas-Sumidero.     Road   to 


PROVINCE   OF  PINAR  DEL   RIO.  157 

northwest  to  Cabezas,  and  trail  east  to  Pinar  del  Rio  and 
San  Juan.     The  east  side  would  be  hardest  to  defend. 

Cangre. — Barrio.  A  district  lying  northwest  of  Pinar  del 
Rio  city.  The  following-named  tobacco  plantations  are  in 
the  barrio:  Guama,  La  Sabaneta,  Cana  Alta,  Cerro,  and 
La  Ceja  de  Guama. 

Chamizo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southeast  of 
Pinar  del  Rio. 

Gramales. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict 25  miles  from  Pinar  del  Rio  city,  slightly  north  of  west. 
The  village  consists  of  a  large  store,  bakery,  and  carpenter 
shop,  all  under  one  roof,  and  a  number  of  native  huts. 

Guayabo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
lying  west  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city.  The  sitio  consists  of  2 
stores  and  a  post-office.  It  is  situated  7  miles  west  of  Pinar 
del  Rio  city. 

Isabel  Maria. — Barrio.  It  is  a  district  northwest  of  Pinar 
del  Rio,  in  the  Isabel  Maria  Valley,  and  is  about  6  miles  in 
length  and  3  miles  in  width.  There  are  3  stores  and  150  to 
200  houses  scattered  over  the  district.  One  of  the  stores  is 
known  as  Tienda  La  Jagua,  and  is  11  miles  in  direct  line 
northwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio  and  at  the  junction  of  three 
roads  near  the  north  end  of  barrio.  An  abundance  of  water 
can  be  obtained  from  Rio  Isabela  the  entire  year.  There 
are  numerous  camp  sites;  plenty  of  wood.  The  district  is 
connected  with  the  Santo  Tomas  Valley  by  trails  which  are 
practicable  the  year  round  for  pack  transportation. 

Marcos  Vdsquez. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  dis- 
trict lying  east  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city.  The  sitio  consists  of 
3  stores  at  a  cross  roads  on  the  Paso  Viejo  River  at  a  point 
where  river  is  crossed  by  a  steel  wagon  bridge  that  is  some 
60  feet  in  length  by  30  feet  in  height;  about  10  miles  from 
Pinar  del  Rio  city.  No  fords  near;  river  banks  steep,  and 
destruction  of  bridge  would  make  river  a  serious  obstacle. 

NoTThbre  de  Dios. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  lying  northwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city.  Besides  the 
sitio  bearing  its  name,  it  contains  Embarcadero  de  Rio  del 
Medio.  The  sitio  of  Nombre  de  Dios  is  28  miles  from  Pinar 
del  Rio,  on  the  Nombre  de  Dios  River,  at  a  point  where  the 
road  running  south  from  Santa  Lucia  crosses  it;  consists  of 
three  or  four  houses. 


158  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

Emharcadero  de  Rio  del  Medio. — Sitio.  About  32  miles 
by  direct  line  northwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio,  on  the  seashore,  at 
Ensenada  de  Rio  del  Medio,  and  11  miles  northeast  of 
Dimas.  The  settlement  ^contains  about  six  houses.  Boats 
do  not  enter  Ensenada  de  Rio  del  Medio,  but  lighters  go  out 

1  mile. 

Ovas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  of  this  name  is  a 
railroad  station  8  miles  east  of  Pinar  del  Rio.  It  contains  3 
or  4  stores,  a  school,  and  several  houses.  Population,  about 
200.  Rio  Paso  Viejo,  one-quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  village, 
furnishes  the  water  supply.  Good  camp  site  along  the  river. 
Important  roads  lead  to  Pinar  del  Rio  and  Consolacion  del 
Sur. 

Paso  Viejo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict northeast  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city.  The  sitio  is  4  miles 
from  that  city  on  the  main  road  to  Consolacion  del  Sur,  at 
the  point  where  it  crosses  the  Paso  Viejo  River.    There  are 

2  stores  on  opposite  sides  of  the  river,  and  a  schoolhouse. 
The  store  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  is  known  as  Tienda 
Paso  Viejo.  There  is  a  wooden  bridge  crossing  the  river  at 
this  point;  about  175  feet  long  and  40  feet  high;  in  poor 
condition. 

Pena  Blanca  or  Pimienta. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio 
is  a  district  about  18  miles  northwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city. 
The  village,  the  proper  name  of  which  is  Pimienta  de  Peiia 
Blanca,  though  it  is  commonly  called  Pimienta  and  also 
referred  to  as  Pefia  Blanca;  consists  of  a  schoolhouse  and  a 
number  of  scattered  huts  situated  on  the  Peiia  Blanca-Malas 
Aguas  road.    The  village  of  Pan  de  Azucar  is  in  this  barrio. 

Pan  de  Azucar. — Village.  Situated  18^  miles  in  direct  line 
northwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio.  Consists  of  2  stores  and  15  or 
20  scattered  houses.  Water  obtained  from  Rio  Pan  de 
Azucar. 

Punta  de  Palma. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  dis- 
trict southeast  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city.  The  village  consists 
of  from  12  to  16  houses  and  is  about  17  miles  southeast  of 
Pinar  del  Rio  city. 

Rio  Feo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  district  south- 
west of  Pinar  del  Rio.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  store  and  one 
or  two  huts. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   RIO.  159 

Rio  Sequito. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
southwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city.  The  village  consists  of  a 
store  and  a  few  houses,  and  is  about  4|  miles  from  city  of 
Pinar  del  Rio  on  the  Pinar  del  Rio-Rio  Feo  road. 

San  Jose. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  district  north 
of  Pinar  del  Rio  city.  The  sitio  consists  of  2  stores  and  the 
masonry  ruins  of  3  or  4  houses  on  both  sides  of  Rio  Paso 
Vie  jo,  which  is  crossed  by  a  fine  steel  wagon  bridge  at  this 
point ;  bridge  about  100  feet  long  and  30  feet  above  stream. 
River  is  also  called  Rio  San  Jose  at  this  point. 

Sumidero. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
southwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio  city. 

The  village  is  about  16  miles  from  Pinar  del  Rio  and  1^ 
miles  west  of  Cabezas;  is  compact  and  is  at  the  foot  of  a 
sierra  which  rises  almost  perpendicularly  200  feet.  Popula- 
tion, about  150.  Water  supply  from  near-by  creek.  Two- 
story  tienda  has  small  rain-water  tank  10  by  8  by  6  feet.  No 
sewer  system,  and  each  house  makes  its  own  acetylene  gas. 

There  are  about  12  good-sized  brick  buildings,  the  largest 
being  55  by  30  feet,  all  one-story  (except  one  tienda)  and  in 
good  repair.  Sanitary  conditions  are  those  of  the  ordinary 
Cuban  house.  No  modern  water-closets.  Detachment  of 
rural  guard  has  poor  and  dilapidated  shed,  with  stable  room 
for  12  ponies.  Plent}^  of  open  ground  along  creek  that  could 
be  used  for  corrals. 

Buildings  mentioned  above  might  be  used  for  hospital  if 
cleaned.  They  would  make  excellent  storehouses.  Tienda 
on  southwest  corner  of  crossroad  has  telephone  office. 

Wood  scarce  in  valley  but  plentiful  in  near-by  hills;  water 
and  grass  and  open  ground  in  valley  for  brigade  camp. 
Small  brick  blockhouse  15  by  10  feet  in  northeast  corner  of 
village;  of  no  importance. 

Roads  leading  out  of  village:  East  to  Cabezas,  north  to 
Gramales,  west  to  Luis  Lazo,  southeast  to  Mulo.  Road  to 
Luis  Lazo  reported  impassable  for  wagon  transportation; 
practicable  for  pack  transportation  throughout  the  year. 
Four  arroyos  cross  the  road  between  Sumidero  and  Luis 
Lazo.  There  are  no  bridges  over  these  streams.  With  the 
exception  of  periods  of  a  few  hours'  duration  during  heavy 
rains  the  streams  are  always  fordable.     From  Sumidero  to 


160 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 


San  Juan  y  Martinez  the  road  is  reported  impassable  for 
wagon  transportation;  practicable  for  pack  transportation 
throughout  the  year.  No  bridges  between  towns ;  very  moun- 
tainous trail.  From  Sumidero  to  Baja  on  north  coast,  im- 
passable for  wagon  transportation;  practicable  for  pack 
transportation  throughout  the  year;  very  mountainous  trail. 

Taironas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  district  lying  south  of 
Pinar  del  Rio  city.  Besides  the  sitio  of  this  name  there  is 
also  another  point  in  the  barrio  bearing  the  same  name.  It 
is  situated  at  kilometer  8,  Pinar  del  Rio  calzada.  Consists  of 
a  store  and  tobacco  fields  scattered  along  west  side  of  calzada. 
There  is  a  target  range  about  400  yards  east  of  the  store, 
built  by  Americans  during  first  intervention. 

The  sitio  bearing  the  name  of  the  barrio  consists  of  a  store 
and  blacksmith  shop,  5  miles  southwest  of  Pinar  del  Rio 
city,  on  the  Pinar  del  Rio-San  Juan  road.  There  is  a  large 
masonry  dwelling  on  the  hilltop  300  yards  to  the  east  of  the 
store  and  on  the  south  side  of  road. 

^TOWNSHIP    OF    SAN     JUAN    Y    MARTINEZ     (CAPITAL,     SAN    JUAN     Y 

MARTINEZ). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

San  Juan  y  Martinez 

Pueblo  (San  Juan  y  Martinez). 

Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 

Miles. 

2,486 

5.7 

5.5 
10 

3 

4.3 
11.6 

5.5 

4 
12.2 

3.6 

1.2 

2,104 

Galafre 

1,147 

Guill6n 

Guillen 

...do 

1,427 

...do 

1,214 

Norte 

.do 

911 

Primero  de  Luis  Lazo 

...do 

1,146 

...do 

1,411 

Rio  Seco 

Rio  Seco 

-do     ..  . 

2,622 

Segundo  de  Luis  Lazo 

...do 

2,177 

...do 

1,733 

Sur 

-do...     . 

1,429 

San  Juan  y  Martinez. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is 
situated  about  23  miles  northeast  of  Guane,  14  miles  south- 
west of  Pinar  del  Rio  city,  and  about  9  miles  from  the  south 
coast,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  San  Juan  River.  The  town 
is  built  on  three  streets,  running  approximately  north  and 
south,  with  five  cross  streets,  running  approximately  east 
and  west.  The  buildings  generally  are  built  of  brick  and 
cement,  except  on  the  extreme  north  and  south  sides  of  the 
town,  where  there  are  a  number  of  native  shacks.     Along 


S.JUAN    Y  MARTINEZ  TOWNSHIP 


'-^/p 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL  RIO.  161 

the  entire  length  of  the  main  street  the  buildings  are  con- 
tiguous except  in  a  few  instances.  Buildings  all  low,  and 
one  story  in  height.  This  town  was  completely  destroyed 
during  the  War  of  Independence,  but  has  been  rebuilt  and 
few  signs  of  its  destruction  remain  except  here  and  there 
ruins  of  walls  and  old  buildings.  It  is  the  center  of  the 
tobacco  section.  The  headquarters  of  the  American  Tobacco 
trust  for  this  part  of  the  island  are  at  Vivero,  1  mile  north 
of  the  town. 

Population,  2,486. 

Water  supply:  From  the  San  Juan  River,  which  runs 
along  the  northern  edge  and  through  the  eastern  part  of  the 
town;  an  excellent  water  supply  for  all  purposes.  Water 
is  brought  into  the  town  in  large  barrels. 

Acetylene  gas  is  very  generally  used. 

Barracks :  The  church,  a  masonrj^  building,  with  tile  roof, 
90  by  40  feet,  will  quarter  150  men.  The  rural  guard  cuartel 
will  quarter  about  20  men.  By  utilizing  buildings  of  town 
a  brigade  of  3,000  men  could  be  sheltered. 

Stables :  Stables  would  have  to  be  constructed.  Available 
ground  for  transportation  corrals  found  within  the  town 
in  any  of  the  vacant  squares.  Best  location  outside  of  the 
town  is  near  the  river. 

Storehouses:  Storehouses  and  hospital  could  be  obtained 
by  use  of  some  of  the  private  dwelling  houses,  tiendas,  or  the 
church. 

Railroad :  The  Western  Railway  of  Havana  has  a  station 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  out  of  town,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river;  passenger  station,  storehouse  of  good  capacity,  and 
sidings. 

Offices :  The  post-office  and  telegraph  office  are  in  the  same 
building,  situated  in  the  center  of  the  town,  on  the  east  side 
of  the  main  street.  There  is  also  telephonic  connection  with 
Pinar  del  Rio.  The  ayuntamiento  is  on  the  main  street  of 
the  town. 

Camp  sites :  There  are  a  number  of  good  camp  sites  along 
the  river,  affording  good  grazing.  A  regiment  could  be 
camped  in  this  vicinity  and  pastures  allotted  each  squadron ; 
the  grass,  however,  would  not  last  for  any  length  of  time, 
perhaps  not  more  than  a  few  days,  and  hay  would  have  to  be 

492—09 ^li 


162  PROVINCE   OF   PINAB  DEL  RIO. 

brought  by  rail.  Vivero,  the  American  Tobacco  Company's 
plantation,  would  be  the  best  place  for  camping  a  large  force. 
It  is  situated  one-half  mile  east  of  the  town.  Water  supply 
from  tanks;  2  pumps  at  the  river.  Troops  could  be  quar- 
tered in  the  tobacco  barn.  A  siding  from  the  railroad  runs 
to  this  point.  Stable  would  accommodate  horses  of  two 
troops.  The  heights  on  which  Vivero  is  situated  command 
the  town. 

Defenses :  San  Juan  has  a  number  of  small  blockhouses  at 
different  points  around  the  town,  also  a  number  of  sandbag 
entrenchments,  all  of  which  were  constructed  during  the  rev- 
olution of  1906.  The  town  itself  is  on  low  ground,  near  the 
river,  and  surrounded  by  commanding  hills  from  100  yards 
to  1  mile  distant,  the  hills  on  the  north  side  being  the  farthest 
from  the  town.  The  blockhouses  and  trenches,  for  the  most 
part,  occupy  commanding  points  and  are  generally  within 
flanking  distance  of  each  other. 

Roads  lead  out  of  town  to  Pinar  del  Rio,  San  Luis,  Guane, 
Luis  Lazo,  and  Sumidero,  and  to  Punta  de  Cartas,  the  sea- 
port of  San  Juan  Martinez.  A  carretera  is  now  being  built 
to  the  last-named  point  (1907). 

Line  of  approach :  The  best  line  of  approach  is  along  the 
railroad  from  the  east,  after  taking  San  Luis,  which  is  about 
5  miles  to  the  east  and  a  town  of  about  the  same  size  as  San 
Juan. 

Arroyo  Hondo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  place  bear- 
ing the  name. 

Galafre. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district  southwest  of 
San  Juan  y  Martinez.  The  sitio  is  on  the  Western  Railway 
of  Havana  about  6  miles  southwest  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  the  Rio  Galafre.  Sitio  contains 
a  store  and  2  houses.  There  is  a  good  camp  site  on  the  west 
side  of  the  river  for  a  regiment. 

Guillen. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  10  miles  by  road 
southwest  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez.  It  contains  a  general 
store  and  a  few  scattered  houses. 

Lagunillas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  3  miles  by  road 
due  north  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez  and  is  near  the  San  Sebas- 
tian River.  It  contains  a  general  store  and  several  scattered 
houses. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   sio.  163 

Norte. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  situated  a  little  north  of 
west  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez. 

Primero  de  Luis  Lazo. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  dis- 
trict lying  northwest  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez  and  containing 
the  village  of  Luis  Lazo. 

Luis  Lazo. — Village.  About  11  miles  from  San  Juan  y 
Martinez,  and  consists  of  4  or  5  stores  and  a  number  of 
houses  scattered  along  the  San  Juan  y  Martinez-Los  Acostas 
road  for  about  a  mile.  Principal  indifstry,  tobacco.  Popula- 
tion about  75.  Water  is  obtained  from  a  small  creek  that 
runs  through  the  barrio.  One  of  the  stores  is  built  of  brick, 
one  story,  50  feet  by  30  feet;  in  good  repair.  Sanitary 
conditions  are  those  of  the  ordinary  Cuban  house.  No 
modern  water-closets.  There  are  no  stables  and  no  corrals, 
but  plenty  of  open  ground  near  creek  that  could  be  used. 
In  the  store  mentioned  above  is  a  telephone  running  to  San 
Carlos  and  Sumidero.  Sufficient  grass  and  water  for  a 
camp  site  for  two  squadrons,  but  wood  is  scarce.  There  is 
an  old  wooden  blockhouse  on  outskirts  of  village,  on  the 
trail  to  Sumidero,  but  it  is  of  no  importance.  A  trail  leads 
east  to  Sumidero;  roads  south  to  San  Juan,  west  to  Punta 
de  la  Sierra,  and  north  to  San  Carlos. 

This  point  would  be  most  difficult  to  defend  from  the  west. 

Primero  de  Martinez. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  a 
little  west  of  south  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez. 

Rio  Seco. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict lying  northeast  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez.  The  village 
is  on  a  tobacco  plantation  belonging  to  the  American  Tobacco 
Company,  4  miles  northeast  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez,  on  the 
road  to  Pinar  del  Rio.  It  contains  a  number  of  tobacco 
bams,  3  stores,  and  a  number  of  houses.  There  is  a  masonry 
reservoir,  100  by  200  feet,  on  a  high  hill.  It  is  used  for 
irrigating  purposes  and  is  supplied  from  the  Rio  Seco  by 
means  of  a  steam  pump  with  an  8-inch  intake  and  6-inch 
outlet. 

SeguTido  de  Luis  Lazo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  north- 
west of  San  Juan  y  Martinez. 

Segundo  de  Martinez. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  west  of 
San  Jitan  y  Martinez. 

Sur. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  southeast  of  San  Juan  y 
Martinez. 


164  PROVINCE    OF    PINAR    DEL    RIO. 

TOWNSHIP  OP  SAN  LUIS  (CAPITAL,  SAN  LUIS). 


Town,  village,  or  sltio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or     ^f}^^''^ 

Popula- 
tion. 

Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 

Miles. 

3,971 

2.5 

1,379 

1,330 

Punta  de  Cartas. 

...do 

7 

2 
4.4 

678 

...do 

1,383 

Coloma. 

...do 

936 

Tirado 

Tirado 

...do 

1,415 

San  Luis. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated  10 
miles  southeast  of  Pinar  del  Kio  city.  It  has  a  population 
of  1,533. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  Feo  Kiver,  about  400  yards 
east  of  the  town. 

There  are  no  buildings  in  the  town  suitable  for  quartering 
troops,  except  residences  and  one  large  church  about  125  by 
50  feet.  No  stables  of  any  value.  There  is  a  warehouse,  150 
feet  long,  at  the  railroad  station.  Two  sidings  at  this  point ; 
no  water  tank. 

Telegraph  station  and  post-office  on  north  side  of  main 
street,  about  center  of  town. 

Good  camp  sites  along  the  creek. 

There  are  two  blockhouses,  one  at  east  and  one  at  west  end 
of  the  town. 

Roads  lead  out  of  the  town  to  Pinar  del  Rio  city,  San 
Juan,  Rio  Seco,  Punta  de  Cartas  (seaport),  and  Salina,  the 
salt  works,  6  miles  to  the  south  on  the  coast. 

Barhacoas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  northeast  of  San  Luis. 

The  village  is  2^  miles  northeast  of  San  Luis  and  consists 
of  a  stucco  storehouse,  a  tile  factory,  and  numerous  native 
houses  scattered  about.  The  railroad  station  of  the  village 
is  Rio  Feo. 

Barrigonas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict southwest  of  San  Luis;  contains  the  village  of  Punta 
de  Cartas. 

The  sitio  is  known  as  Las  Barrigonas  and  consists  of  a  few 
scattered  huts  near  the  road  running  north  from  Punta  de 
Cartas,  on  road  to  El  Retiro,  16|  miles  from  San  Luis. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL  RIO.  165 

Piinta  de  Cartas. — Village.  Ten  miles  by  road  southwest 
of  San  Luis  and  8  miles  south  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez.  It  is 
the  seaport  for  both  of  these  towns.  The  road  connecting 
it  with  San  Juan  is  a  calzada.  It  consists  of  about  20  houses, 
built  along  the  beach,  about  6  of  which  are  built  of  wood  and 
have  tile  roofs.  There  is  a  restaurant  in  one  of  the  wooden 
buildings.  There  is  a  pier  225  yards  in  length,  at  the  shore 
end  of  which  is  a  wooden  warehouse  140  by  40  feet,  and  on 
the  outer  end  is  a  storehouse  30  by  50  feet.  The  two  ware- 
houses are  connected  by  a  tramway  running  along  the  pier. 
There  are  3  narrow  foot  piers,  125  to  150  yards  in  length, 
running  out  to  both  houses.  They  would  serve  for  landing 
places  for  small  boats.  Troops  could  not  camp  within  C 
miles  of  the  shore,  owing  to  manglar. 

Llanadas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
east  of  San  Luis. 

The  sitio  is  a  tobacco  plantation,  with  a  store  and  a  number 
of  native  huts.  Situated  7^  miles  from  Pinar  del  Rio  city, 
on  good  road  connecting  it  therewith.  Water  is  obtained 
from  wells,  and  for  troops  can  be  obtained  from  Rio  Guama, 
one-fourth  of  a  mile  west.    Accommodations  for  a  squadron. 

Palizadas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict southeast  of  San  Luis.  Contains  the  village  of  Coloma 
and  the  point  bearing  the  name  of  the  barrio. 

The  sitio  is  on  a  ranch,  and  consists  of  a  small  store,  a 
schoolhouse,  and  several  native  houses.  Water  from  wells 
and  Rio  Guama. 

Coloma. — Village.  A  seaport  at  mouth  of  Colon  River, 
about  15|  miles  southeast  of  Pinar  del  Rio.  Houses  in  the 
village  are  all  small  palm  huts.  There  is  a  large  warehouse 
and  two  tiendas.  The  warehouse  is  old  and  in  poor  repair, 
but  could  be  put  in  suitable  condition  to  quarter  troops; 
could  quarter  one  squadron.  Wharf  for  small  vessels  at 
warehouse.  There  is  a  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor  which 
prevents  entrance  of  vessels  of  more  than  3^  feet  draft. 
Larger  vessels  can  anchor  1  mile  from  shore  and  then  unload 
to  lighters. 

Population  about  400,  mostly  negroes;  occupation,  fishing 
and  charcoal  burning.  Water  supply  obtained  from  arroyos 
in  the  vicinity.    No  camp  site  available. 


166 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   RIO. 


This  village  is  of  great  importance  to  troops  operating 
in  or  around  the  city  of  Pinar  del  Rio,  as  it  is  the  only  point 
of  supply  in  case  the  railroad  should  be  destroyed.  Im- 
practicable to  maintain  troops  constantly  within  the  village, 
especially  in  spring,  summer,  and  fall,  on  account  of  annoy- 
ance from  a  variety  of  small  mosquitoes  called  "  jejenes," 
a  pest  against  which  only  nets  made  of  cheese  cloth  will 
afford  protection. 

Rio  Seco. — Barrio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district  north- 
west of  San  Luis.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in 
the  district.  This  barrio  adjoins  a  barrio  of  the  same  name 
in  the  municipality  of  San  Juan  y  Martinez. 

Tirado. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
southeast  of  San  Luis.  The  sitio  is  4.4  miles  southeast  of 
San  Luis  and  consists  of  two  stores  and  a  few  scattered 
houses. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  VINALES  (CAPITAL,  VINALES). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Vlnales 

Cayos  de  San  Felipe 

Guajani 

Laguna  de  Piedra 

Malas  Aguas 

El  Rosario 

San  Cayetano 

La  Esperanza. 

Playuelas. 
San  Vicente 

Banos  de  San  Vicente. 

A  bra. 

Ancon. 

Santa  F6 

Santo  Tom&s 


Barrio. 


Pueblo  (Vinales). 


Albino 

Ancon 

Cayos  de  San  Felipe. 

Guajani 

Laguna  de  Piedra. . . 

Malas  Aguas 

Rosario 

San  Cayetano 


San  Vicente. 


Santa  F6 

Santo  Tom&s. 
Yayal 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Urban  and 

rural. 
Rural 

do 


.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Miles. 


13 

2 

7 

2.5 

3 
16 
12 
10 


3 

10 
7.2 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,425 

700 

711 

351 

1,773 

1,538 

113 

1,686 

4,643 


2,173 


397 
881 
449 


Vinales. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated  near  the 
base  of  a  sierra,  in  a  small  valley,  16  miles  north  of  Pinar  del 
Rio  city.  The  town  is  completely  commanded  by  high 
ground  to  the  south  and  east,  and  within  easy  rifle  range. 
Nearly  all  buildings  are  one-story  brick  or  concrete  struc- 
tures. The  largest  and  best  building  is  the  Spanish  Club,  a 
two-story  building  in  perfect  repair.  The  church  stands  in 
the  center  of  the  plaza  near  the  Spanish  Club. 


PROVINCE   OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO.  167 

Population,  1,425. 

Water  is  supplied  by  a  5-inch  pipe  running  from  a  spring 
in  the  hills  2|  miles  to  the  east.  There  are  two  water  tanks 
about  12  by  15  feet  each,  which  receive*  the  water  from  the 
main.     There  are  also  a  number  of  wells. 

One  mile  east  of  the  town  is  a  good  stream  which  affords 
abundance  of  good  clear  water,  and  there  is  a  good  camping 
ground  along  its  banks. 

No  sewer  system. 

The  Spanish  Club  and  the  church  would  afford  ample 
quarters  for  200  men,  and  the  necessary  storerooms.  No 
shelter  or  stables  for  horses,  but  there  is  space  in  the  vicinity 
for  building. 

The  town  receives  its  supplies  from  Pinar  del  Rio  to  the 
south,  and  from  Esperanza,  its  seaport,  on  the  north  coast. 

The  post  and  telegraph  offices  are  in  the  same  building, 
near  the  western  end  of  calle  Real. 

The  best  method  of  attacking  the  town  would  be  to  gain 
the  heights  to  the  east  and  south,  in  which  case  the  town 
would  be  untenable. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  defense  against  an  attack  from  the 
south  or  east  would  have  to  be  made  on  the  same  high  ground, 
the  best  line  of  defense  being  about  1  mile  south  and  east  of 
the  town.  The  passes  through  the  sierras  to  the  north  would 
have  to  be  guarded. 

The  following  roads  lead  out  of  Viiiales:  To  Pinar  del 
Rio;  to  Pilotos;  to  San  Andres  via  Ceja  Ana  de  Luna;  to  La 
Palma  via  La  Jagua  and  also  via  San  Andres;  to  Berracos 
via  La  Jagua  and  via  El  Rosario;  to  San  Cayetano  and  Es- 
peranza ;  to  Abra  and  Malas  Aguas. 

Albino. — Barrio.  A  district  east  of  Viiiales  and  in  the 
ancient  stock-raising  hacienda  of  Ceja  Ana  de  Luna.  No 
point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in  this  district. 

A7icon. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  which  adjoins  Pueblo 
barrio  on  the  east.  There  is  no  point  bearing  the  name  in 
the  barrio. 

Cayos  de  San  Felipe. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a 
district  lying  south  of  Viiiales. 

The  sitio  of  this  name  lies  about  7  miles  southwest  of 
Viiiales,  and  consists  of  2  stores  and  a  schoolhouse.  There 
is  also  a  post-office  at  this  point. 


168  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL   RIO. 

Guajani. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  district  lying  southwest 
of  Vinales.  The  sitio  consists  of  2  stores  situated  on  the 
road,  about  100  yards  apart,  and  a  number  of  houses  scat- 
tered around  the  valley  within  a  radius  of  half  a  mile. 

Laguna  de  Fiedra. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  district  in  the 
hills  northeast  of  Vinales. 

The  sitio  consists  of  a  store  and  2  or  3  houses,  situated  on 
the  road  from  Vinales  to  the  port  of  Rio  Blanco,  via  Sole- 
dad,  La  Jagua,  and  La  Palma. 

Malas  Aguas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  lying  northwest  of  Viiiales. 

The  sitio  consists  of  a  warehouse  and  3  or  4  small  native 
huts,  situated  on  a  wide-mouthed  bay  that  indents  2^  miles 
inland.  There  are  roads  leading  from  this  point  to  Pan  de 
Azucar,  Gramales,  Peiia  Blanca,  and  Santo  Tomas.  These 
roads  connect  with  other  points  in  the  interior.  A  narrow- 
gauge  railroad  runs  over  a  marsh  to  landing  places. 

El  Rosario. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  district  north  of  Vifiales 
and  adjoining  the  barrio  of  San  Cayetano. 

The  sitio  consists  of  a  store  and  several  houses  situated  on 
the  Esperanza-Rio  Blanco  road,  four-fifths  of  a  mile  from 
Esperanza. 

San  Cayetano. — Barrio  and  village.  A  district  lying 
northwest  of  Viiiales  and  adjoining  the  barrio  of  Rosario. 
Contains  the  village  of  the  same  name,  the  town  of  La  Espe- 
ranza, and  the  village  of  Las  Playuelas. 

The  village  is  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Arroyo 
San  Cayetano,  10  miles  north  of  Viiiales,  and  is  built  on  one 
street  about  one-sixth  of  a  mile  long,  running  northwest  and 
southeast.  Houses  are  of  wood  with  tile  roofs.  There  are 
3  tiendas  on  north  side  of  the  street.  The  calzada  crosses 
the  street  at  right  angles  just  north  of  the  center  tienda. 
Population,  about  200. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  the  Arroyo  San  Cayetano; 
water  good  and  in  sufficient  quantity  for  any  force  that  would 
be  necessary  at  this  point. 

The  tiendas  are  the  best  buildings  in  the  village  and  could 
possibly  accommodate  a  platoon  of  about  40  men.  Condi- 
tions of  repair  good ;  sanitary  conditions  good.  Good  drain- 
age throughout  the  village.  Other  less  important  buildings, 
now  residences,  could  be  used  as  storehouses. 


PROVINCE  OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO.  169 

The  best  camp  site  in  the  vicinity  of  the  village  is  on  the 
San  Cayetano-Esperanza  road  a  few  hundred  yards  east  of 
the  village.  The  arroyo  would  furnish  water  for  two  troops 
if  carefully  used.  Good  drinking  water.  Sanitary  condi- 
tion of  camping  ground  excellent ;  wood  abundant ;  grazing 
facilities  fair. 

Roads  lead  out  of  village  to  Viiiales,  Esperanza,  Dimas, 
and  El  Abra. 

Best  line  of  approach  would  be  from  the  south,  or,  in  case 
Esperanza  were  used  as  a  base,  from  the  north.  The  hills 
north  of  the  village,  which  can  be  approached  under  fairly 
good  cover,  command  the  village,  and  if  occupied  would  ren- 
der it  untenable.  The  place  is  of  little  importance  from  a 
military  point  of  view,  except  as  a  guard  for  a  large  culvert 
on  the  calzada  at  this  point,  the  destruction  of  which  might 
temporarily  interrupt  transportation  during  the  rainy  season. 

La  Esperanza. — Town.  The  town  is  situated  on  a  small 
bay  on  the  northern  coast,  17  miles  north  of  Vinales.  The 
harbor  is  good  and  affords  anchorage  and  embarkation  facili- 
ties for  vessels  not  exceeding  15  feet  draft.  It  is  an  impor- 
tant supply  and  shipping  point,  the  most  important  on  the 
northern  coast,  and  the  base  of  supply  for  the  districts  of 
Viiiales,  San  Cayetano,  Malas  Aguas,  Abra,  and  Rosario. 
The  town  is  built  on  one  street  about  half  a  mile  long.  The 
buildings  are  nearly  all  constructed  of  wood  and  have  tile 
roofs ;  the  large  tiendas  are  built  of  brick  and  cement.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,159. 

Water,  obtained  from  wells,  is  of  a  very  limited  supply 
and  very  bad.  There  is  no  creek  nearer  than  1  mile  affording 
drinking  water  that  is  not  brackish  and  unpalatable.  The 
Arroyo  San  Cayetano  is  the  nearest  water  that  is  good. 

The  large  tiendas  are  the  only  buildings  suitable  for 
barracks.  The  best  is  the  large,  two-story  building  where 
the  first  street  turns  off  to  the  east.  It  is  of  brick  and 
cement  and  would  quarter  a  whole  company  comfortably. 
The  fonda  near  by  would  accommodate  a  platoon.  The 
best  storehouses  would  be  at  the  wharf;  other  buildings 
available. 

If  this  place  were  held  as  a  supply  point  it  would  be 
better  to  build  another  wharf  and  a  large  storehouse  at  the 
end  of  the  street.      There  is  plenty  of  space  for  such  an 


170  PROVINCE   OP   PINAR  DEL   RIO. 

undertaking.  Sanitary  conditions  of  the  town  and  build- 
ings apparently  good. 

There  are  no  good  camp  sites  or  places  available  as  trans- 
portation corrals  in  the  vicinity,  owing  to  lack  of  water. 
Defenses  consist  of  5  blockhouses. 

Esperanza  was  the  terminus  of  a  narrow-gauge  railroad 
between  the  coast  and  Viiiales.  This  railroad  was  destroyed 
some  time  prior  to  1898  and  has  not  since  been  reconstructed. 
It  is  now^  almost  completely  obliterated. 

Has  telegraph  office,  post-office,  and  rural  guard  cuartel. 

Roads  lead  to  El  Abra,  Malas  Aguas,  Vifiales,  and  La 
Palma. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  land  expedition  is  from  the 
south.  In-  case  of  operations  along  the  northern  coast 
Esperanza  w^ould  be  a  very  important  base. 

Las  Playuelas. — Village.  It  is  a  small  settlement  about  13 
miles  by  road  north  of  Viiiales,  and  consists  of  about  20 
houses  situated  300  yards  from  beach. 

Ten  of  these  houses  could  be  used  as  storehouses.  They 
are  frame  and  have  tile  roofs.  All  private  buildings.  No 
railroad  or  tramway.  No  facilities  for  handling  supplies. 
Good  harbor  for  small  craft.  About  9  feet  of  water.  No 
wharves  and  no  frontage  of  any  account.  An  old  rotten 
pier,  about  20  feet  long,  is  used  to  accommodate  small  s;ail- 
ing  craft  freighting  wood.  Depth  of  water  at  pier  about 
0  feet.     Not  suitable  to  disembark  troops  or  supplies. 

San  Vicente. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  northwest 
of  Viiiales,  and  besides  the  sitio  bearing  its  name  it  contains 
Banos  de  San  Vicente,  Abra,  and  Ancon.  The  sitio  is  5,5 
miles  from  Viiiales  on  the  road  to  Esperanza,  at  its  junction 
with  La  Jagua-La  Palma  road,  and  consists  of  a  store  and 
one  or  two  huts. 

Banos  de  San  Vicente. — Sitio.  Near  the  Viiiales-Esper- 
anza  road,  3  miles  north  of  Viiiales.  Consists  of  a  brick 
dwelling  house,  bath  house,  a  small  hotel,  and  a  few  sur- 
rounding farms.     There  are  a  number  of  sulphur  springs. 

Ahra. — Sitio.  Situated  about  7|  miles  northwest  of 
Viiiales,  at  the  entrance  to  Ancon  Valley  and  at  the  junction 
of  roads  and  trails  leading  in  and  out  of  the  valley.  It  is 
also  known  as  Puerta  de  Ancon  and  Abra  de  Ancon.  It 
consists  of  a  store  and  a  number  of  huts.     Calzada  northwest 


SAN      CRISTOBAL    TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL.  RIO. 


171 


to  Playuelas;  cart  road  northeast  connecting  with  calzadas 
to  La  Esperanza  and  Viiiales;  and  trails  southeast  and 
southwest  into  the  valle3^  The  sitio  and  pass  could  be  com- 
manded from  a  ridge  to  the  west,  as  could  also  the  roads  and 
trails  approaching  them. 

Ancon. — Sitio.  Situated  5  miles  northwest  of  Viiiales  on 
the  Guasasa-Abra  road  and  in  the  Ancon  Valley.  Consists 
of  a  general  store  and  a  few  scattered  houses. 

/Santa  Fe. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district  lying  south 
of  Vinales.  About  3  miles  south  of  Viiiales  and  on  the  road 
to  Pinar  del  Rio  is  an  abandoned  store  which  bears  the  name 
Santa  Fe. 

Santo  Tomds. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district  lying 
southwest  of  Viiiales.  The  barrio  is  about  6  miles  in  length 
and  from  one-half  to  one  mile  in  width.  The  sitio  consists 
of  two  stores  and  several  scattered  farm  houses.  Roads  from 
this  point  lead  to  La  Jagua,  Pena  Blanca,  Gramales,  and 
Viiiales. 

Yayal. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northeast  of  Vi- 
iiales.   No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in  the  district. 


JUDICIAL.  DISTRICT  OF  SAN  CRISTOBAL. 
Township :                                                                                                      Population. 
San    Crist6bal 20,388 


TOWNSHIP  OF  SAN  CRISTOBAL  (CAPITAL,  SAN  CRISTOBAL.) 

Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

San  Crist<5bal 

Pueblo  (S.  Cristtfbal) 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 

Miles. 

1,993 
612 

Barracones 

6.2 
7 
5 
6.5 

3.5 

6.2 
12 

6 
22.5 

7.7 
12.5 
16 

23.6 
11 

3.1 

5 
12.7 

9.3 
12.7 

6 

286 

Cliirigota 

...do 

937 

Candelaria 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 

1,746 

192 

Frias 

247 

...do 

930 

Lomas . .                       

...do 

618 

...do 

533 

Los  Palacios 

Mayarl 

Minas 

Palacios  (Los) 

...do 

...do 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 

869 

812 

3,058 

Paso  Real 

Pasto  Rico 

2,625 
180 

Rio  Hondo.                .... 

...do 

992 

Santa  Cruz 

Santa  Cruz 

...do 

900 

...do 

345 

...do 

255 

Sierra 

...do 

1,093 

TacoTaco 

TacoTaco 

...do 

1,165 

172  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL   RIO. 

San  Cristobal. — Barrio  and  town.  The  urban  portion  of 
the  barrio  is  the  town  of  San  Cristobal ;  a  small  rural  dis- 
trict surrounds  it. 

The  town  of  San  Cristobal  is  situated  on  the  main  line  of 
the  Western  Railway  of  Havana,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the 
San  Cristobal-Marianao  calzada.  It  is  about  17  miles  north- 
east of  Los  Palacios,  and  7  miles  southwest  of  Candelaria. 
The  San  Cristobal  River  flows  just  east  of  the  town. 

The  country  is  rolling  and  slopes  to  the  south.  The  houses 
are  mostly  one  story  high,  constructed  of  brick  and  cement, 
with  tile  roofs;  the  remainder  of  the  houses  are  one  story 
high,  constructed  of  wood,  and  have  tile  roofs.  On  the  out- 
skirts of  the  town  there  are  a  few  native  shacks. 

The  locality  is  probably  healthful. 

Population,  1,456. 

Water  is  obtained  from  wells,  of  which  there  are  a  large 
number  throughout  the  town;  water  of  good  quality  and 
abundant.  No  system  of  distribution.  The  San  Cristobal 
River  would  furnish  water  for  a  large  command. 

Oil  lights  are  used  in  the  streets. 

Barracks:  Rural  guard  barracks  situated  on  east  side  of 
the  main  street,  first  block  from  railroad  station;  it  is  con- 
structed of  brick  and  cement,  tile  roof,  one  story  high ;  about 
75  feet  wide  by  35  feet  deep  with  an  addition  in  rear  25  feet 
wide  by  60  feet  long;  there  is  a  court  in  rear,  with  stables  for 
30  horses;  a  well  inside  of  court;  good  water  and  abundant 
quantity;  repair  and  sanitary  condition  fair;  no  modern 
closets.  Oil  lights  are  used.  All  the  buildings  in  that  por- 
tion of  the  block  facing  the  railroad  station  could  be  used  as 
barracks  for  troops. 

No  public  stables. 

No  transportation  corral.  Good  location  for  corral  on 
southeast  side  of  road  leading  to  the  San  Cristobal  River; 
water  obtained  from  the  river ;  dirt  road  leading  to  river. 

Hospital:  The  second  building  south  of  Hotel  Globo  on 
the  main  street.  It  is  used  as  a  Spanish  club ;  one  story  high, 
cement  and  brick;  tile  roof;  about  50  feet  wide  by  80  feet 
deep;  court  in  rear;  well  in  court;  water  good  and  abundant; 
repair  and  sanitary  condition  good;  lights,  carbon  gas;  no 
modern  closets. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  173 

Storehouse :  Prison  and  police  headquarters  on  side  street 
just  north  of  the  Hotel  Globo  and  west  of  the  main  street. 

City  hall  on  main  street,  opposite  church. 

Telegraph  office  in  railroad  station. 

Post-office  on  calle  Colon,  one  block  from  the  railroad  sta- 
tion, on  west  side  of  street. 

Telephone  office  in  same  building  with  post-office ;  connects 
with  Artemisa  and  Consolacion  del  Sur. 

No  telephone  central. 

Camps :  A  brigade  of  troops  could  camp  on  the  San  Cris- 
tobal River  northeast  of  the  town ;  water  obtained  from  the 
river;  fair  quality  and  abundant;  ground  slopes  gradually 
to  the  south;  grazing  fair;  wood  could  be  obtained  in  the 
foothills  about  3  miles  west. 

The  Western  Railway  of  Havana  runs  through  the  town. 
There  are  two  side  tracks  at  the  railroad  station  about  550 
yards  long.  There  is  a  platform  and  a  pen  for  loading  and 
unloading  animals. 

There  is  a  water  tank  with  dummy  engine  at  the  railroad 
bridge  on  the  San  Cristobal  River ;  used  for  supplying  loco- 
motives with  water. 

The  railroad  station  is  a  one-story  frame  building  with 
tile  roof;  about  30  feet  wide  by  65  feet  long. 

Roads  leaving  town :  Calzada,  northeast  to  Artemisa ;  dirt 
road  southwest  to  Los  Palacios;  dirt  road  southeast  to  Los 
Pinos  and  Sabanalamar  (south  coast) ;  trail  northwest  to 
Finca  Brujo. 

Best  line  of  approach  in  case  town  were  defended  is  from 
the  west,  as  it  affords  better  cover  and  ground  is  higher. 

Barracones. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northeast  of 
San  Cristobal.  Contains  a  number  of  small  farms.  No 
point  bearing  the  name  in  the  district. 

Bayate. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  northeast  of  San  Cris- 
tobal and  bordering  on  the  barrio  of  Candelaria.  Contains 
only  small  farms.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in 
the  district. 

Bermejales. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  west  of  San 
Cristobal  and  bordering  on  the  barrio  of  Santa  Cruz.  In- 
cludes part  of  finca  Rosario  and  smaller  farms.    No  point  or 


174  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL   RIO. 

village  bearing  the  name  in  the  district.  Contains  sitio  of 
Chirigota. 

Chirigota. — Sitio.  Situated  4^  miles  southwest  of  San 
Cristobal  on  road  to  San  Diego  de  los  Bafios.  Consists  of 
10  or  12  houses  scattered  along  the  road. 

C andelaria.—^2iVY\o  and  town.  A  district  lying  northeast 
of  San  Cristobal,  The  barrio  includes  town  of  Candelaria 
and  a  small  rural  district  surrounding  it. 

The  town  is  on  the  Western.  Railway  of  Havana  57^  miles 
from  Havana,  and  on  the  Marianao-San  Cristobal  calzada, 
about  13^  miles  southwest  of  Artemisa.  Country  on  all  sides 
low  and  level.  Nearly  all  houses  are  built  of  stone  and 
cement  and  have  tile  roofs;  some  frame  houses.  There  are 
no  industries  within  the  town ;  people  are  mostly  engaged  in 
raising  tobacco  and  pineapples. 

Population,  1,746. 

Water  is  supplied  entirely  from  wells,  of  which  there  are 
a  large  number  scattered  over  the  town;  water  is  of  good 
quality.  The  largest  well  and  the  only  one  equipped  with 
a  dummy  engine  is  in  a  large  tobacco  field  south  of  the 
calzada  and  just  west  of  town. 

No  sewer  system.    Oil  lights  are  used. 

Barracks:  One-story  stone  building,  tile  roof,  on  the 
calzada  in  the  third  block  from  the  west  end  of  town;  in 
fair  state  of  repair  and  fair  sanitary  condition;  sufficient 
size  for  quartering  100  men ;  no  modern  closets. 

One-story  stone  building,  tile  roof,  on  the  calzada,  two 
blocks  east  of  building  just  described ;  in  good  state  of  repair, 
and  sanitary  condition  good ;  is  now  used  as  a  club  building ; 
capacity,  25  men ;  no  modern  closets ;  well  in  court  back  of 
house. 

A  one-story  building,  tile  roof,  on  calzada,  in  block  east 
of  club  building ;  in  good  condition ;  capacity,  about  50  men ; 
well  in  court  in  rear;  no  modern  closets. 

A  one-story  stone  building,  tile  roof,  on  the  calzada,  first 
block  in  east  end  of  town ;  central  portion  of  this  building  is 
used  as  a  school,  the  eastern  end  as  a  dwelling,  and  the  west- 
ern end  as  a  store;  in  fair  sanitary  condition  and  in  good 
repair;  capacity,  about  100  men;  water  obtained  from  well 
in  rear;  no  modern  closets. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO.  175 

A  one-story  stone  building,  tile  roof,  in  the  second  block 
from  the  east  end  of  town  and  one  block  sputh  of  the  calzada, 
is  used  as  a  club  building ;  is  in  fair  repair  and  fair  sanitary 
condition ;  capacity,  about  75  men ;  water  obtained  from  well 
in  rear;  no  modern  closets. 

Warehouse  in  northeast  part  of  town;  capacity,  200  men. 

Guardhouse  of  rural  guard  on  public  square;  capacity, 
40  to  50  men. 

No  stables.  No  transportation  corrals.  A  corral  could  be 
put  on  open  ground  west  of  town,  just  south  of  the  calzada; 
water  pumped  from  well  by  engine. 

No  hospitals;  buildings  described  as  barracks  could  be 
used  as  hospitals. 

Storehouses:  Pineapple-shipping  house  just  south  of  rail- 
road, near  east  side  of  town.  There  is  a  wagon  road  between 
building  and  railroad;  loading  platform  8  feet  wide  and 
about  3  feet  high  on  north  side  of  building;  the  building  is 
frame,  tile  roof,  about  75  feet  long  by  50  feet  wide;  main 
track  runs  next  to  warehouse,  with  siding  on  opposite  side. 

The  railroad  freight  house  is  very  small;  is  on  opposite 
side  of  track  from  the  ticket  office. 

The  post-office  is  in  the  south  part  of  the  town,  two  blocks 
from  the  east  end  of  town.  The  telegraph  office  is  in  the 
railroad  office. 

Two  companies  of  infantry  could  camp  or  a  battalion 
bivouac  on  the  plaza.  A  regiment  of  troops  could  camp 
about  1|  miles  northwest  of  finca  San  Jose,  at  the  head- 
waters of  the  Rio  Santo  Domingo;  there  is  also  a  good  well 
at  that  point ;  wood  plentiful ;  water  and  grazing  good.  No 
other  camp  grounds. 

The  Western  Railway  of  Havana  has  one  siding  440  yards 
long  at  railroad  station.  Facilities  for  entraining  and  de- 
training, loading  and  unloading  supplies  consist  of  a  small 
unloading  platform  at  freight  house. 

A  calzada  leads  east  to  Artemisa ;  calzada  leads  west  to 
San  Cristobal;  dirt  road  north,  from  the  northeast  end  of 
town,  to  Finca  Ginebra;  dirt  road  south,  from  southeast 
corner  of  town,  about  3  miles  through  fields  and  dwindles 
into  a  trail;  dirt  road  south  from  railroad  station  to  south 
coast  (Sabanalamar). 


176  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR   DEL   RIO. 

Best  line  of  approach  to  attack  town  is  along  the  calzada, 
from  either  east  or  west. 

Caramhola. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict northeast  of  San  Cristobal  and  bordering  on  barrios 
of  Bayate  and  Barracones;  contains  only  small  farms.  The 
sitio  is  3^  miles  by  road  northeast  of  San  Cristobal.  Con- 
sists of  1  house. 

Frias. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northeast  of  San 
Cristobal  between  the  barrios  of  Lomas  and  San  Juan; 
contains  Banos  Suroa  and  small  farms.  No  point  or  village 
bearing  the  name  in  the  district. 

Limones. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  west  of  San  Cristobal. 
A  potrero  called  Indio  and  small  farms  are  included  in  the 
barrio.     No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in  the  district. 

Lomas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southwest  of  San 
Cristobal  and  bordering  on  the  barrios  of  Santo  Domingo 
and  Paso  Real.  Potreros  called  Macuriges,  Pinar  de  la 
Doiia,  Catalina,  and  San  Juan  de  Zayas  are  in  the  barrio. 

Macuriges. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  south  of  San  Cristo- 
bal, which  includes  the  fincas  of  El  Brujo,  Los  Pinos,  and 
part  of  Rosario.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in 
district. 

Mayari. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  south  of  San  Cristobal, 
which  includes  the  haciendas  Sabanalamar,  Angostura, 
Mayari,  Santa  Ana,  Santa  Isabel,  and  San  Cristobal.  The 
only  point  bearing  the  name  in  the  district  is  the  hacienda 
Mayari. 

Minas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  southwest  of  San  Cristo- 
bal.    No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in  the  district. 

Los  Palacios. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
lying  southwest  of  San  Cristobal.  It  includes  town  of  Los 
Palacios  and  a  small  rural  district  surrounding  town.  The 
town  is  situated  on  the  main  line  of  the  Western  Railway  of 
Havana  about  17  miles  southwest  of  San  Cristobal  and  about 
4  miles  northeast  of  Paso  Real.  Connected  with  both  towns 
by  dirt  roads. 

The  country  on  all  sides  is  flat  and  open.  The  Los  Palacios 
River  touches  the  western  edge  of  the  town. 

Houses  are  low,  one-story  structures,  about  half  of  which 
are  built  of  cement  and  brick,  the  remainder  consisting  of 


PROVINCE   OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO.  177 

frame  houses  and  native  huts.  The  brick  and  frame  houses 
mostly  have  tile  roofs. 

The  town  is  scattered  over  a  considerable  area.  It  is  prob- 
ably unhealthful  on  account  of  low  country. 

Population,  2,082. 

No  regular  water  system.  Water  is  obtained  from  wells, 
of  which  there  are  a  large  number,  and  from  the  Los  Palacios 
River,  which  skirts  the  edge  of  the  town.  The  water  from 
the  wells  is  very  good  and  abundant ;  that  from  the  river  is 
considered  good.  A  large  command  (division)  could  be  sup- 
plied with  water  from  the  river. 

Oil  lights  are  used. 

Barracks:  A  one-story  frame  pineapple  warehouse,  tar- 
paper  roof,  on  the  northeast  side  of  the  town,  two  blocks  from 
the  railroad  station.  It  is  about  212  feet  long  by  50  feet 
wide;  about  50  feet  of  the  north  end  of  the  building  is  in- 
closed, the  remainder  is  open.  The  inclosed  portion  of  the 
building  has  a  wood  floor,  remainder  dirt  floor.  There  is  a 
well,  168  feet  deep,  just  east  of  the  building,  and  a  dummy 
engine  for  pumping  water  into  the  wooden  tank,  which  holds 
about  35,000  gallons.  The  tank  is  about  30  feet  above  the 
ground.  Repair  and  sanitary  condition  of  the  building  good. 
No  modern  closets. 

A  two-story  frame  building,  tar-paper  roof,  situated  just 
south  of  the  pineapple  warehouse ;  used  as  office  and  dwelling 
house.  It  is  about  75  feet  long  by  50  feet  wide.  Repair  and 
sanitary  condition  good.  Water  piped  to  house  from  well 
near  the  pineapple  storehouse.  One  modern  water-closet. 
Oil  lights  are  used. 

A  one-story  frame  building,  tar  paper  roof,  just  west  of 
the  pineapple  storehouse,  and  at  the  north  end  of  it.  The 
entire  building  is  about  60  feet  by  60  feet,  and  it  is  divided 
into  four  compartments,  each  compartment  being  60  feet 
long  by  15  feet  wide.  Repair  and  sanitary  condition  good ; 
water  obtained  from  well.     Oil  lights.     No  modern  closets. 

A  brick  and  cement  one-story  building,  tile  roof,  one  block 
north  of  the  railroad  station,  and  across  the  street  from  the 
office  of  the  Los  Palacios  Land  and  Fruit  Company.  It  is 
used  as  a  rural  guard  barrack ;  70  feet  long  by  40  feet  wide ; 

492—09 12 


178  PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

court  in  rear,  70  feet  long  by  60  feet  wide,  with  stables  for  20 
horses.  Water  pumped  by  hand  into  a  small  tank  from  well 
on  sidewalk  on  north  side  of  house.  Well  covered  with  stone, 
with  iron  manhole ;  water  good  and  abundant.  The  barrack 
has  a  cement  floor,  and  crushed  rock  and  gravel  in  the  court. 
Building  new;  sanitary  condition  excellent.  No  modern 
closets. 

Stables:  Stables  in  court  of  rural  guard  barrack;  also  a 
one-story  frame  building,  tar-paper  roof,  60  feet  long  by  25 
feet  wide,  owned  by  the  Los  Palacios  Land  and  Fruit  Com- 
pany ;  used  as  a  stable ;  capacity,  15  horses. 

No  transportation  corrals. 

Plenty  of  vacant  ground  just  north  and  east  of  the  pine- 
apple packing  house,  where  a  large  corral  could  be  put. 
Water  could  be  obtained  from  the  well  at  the  packing  house. 
Another  corral  could  be  located  southwest  of  the  town  on  the 
Los  Palacios  River ;  water  obtained  from  river ;  grazing  good. 

Hospital :  A  brick  and  cement  one-story  building  with  tile 
roof ;  on  main  street ;  on  west  edge  of  town ;  used  as  a  Span- 
ish club.  It  is  about  60  feet  long  by  50  feet  wide,  with  court 
in  rear.  At  end  of  court  there  is  a  cement  and  brick  build- 
ing one  story  high,  tile  roof,  used  as  a  stable;  it  is  about  50 
feet  long  by  30  feet  wide.  There  is  a  well  in  court ;  water  of 
good  quality  and  abundant ;  repair  and  sanitary  condition  of 
building  good ;  capacity,  about  40  beds. 

'Storehouses:  A  one-story  frame  building,  tar-paper  roof, 
opposite  the  office  of  the  Los  Palacios  Land  and  Fruit  Com- 
pany ;  used  as  a  carpenter  shop ;  it  is  60  feet  long  by  30  feet 
wide. 

Freight  house  just  east  of  railroad  station;  it  is  about  80 
feet  long  by  40  feet  wide;  galvanized  iron  sides  and  roof; 
plank  floor,  raised  about  3^  feet  above  ground.  Unloading 
platform  next  to  railroad  and  running  entire  length  of  build- 
ing; 3  feet  wide.  Platform  on  west  end  of  building  about  20 
feet  long  and  as  wide  as  the  building.  Unloading  platforms 
have  cement  walls,  and  are  filled  with  crushed  rock.  Rail- 
road siding  runs  alongside  the  building.  The  pineapple 
packing  house  described  under  head  of  barracks  would  be  a 
better  storehouse,  but  has  no  unloading  platforms,  tramways, 
or  sidings. 


PROVINCE   OF  PINAR  DEL   RIO,  179 

No  telegraph  office  except  at  the  railroad  station.  Tele- 
phone in  rural  guard  barrack  which  connects  with  Paso  Real 
and  San  Diego  de  los  Banos;  not  intended  for  public  use. 
Telephone  in  building  on  main  street,  just  west  of  the  church. 
This  is  a  public  'phone  and  connects  with  Paso  Real  only. 
Municipal  office  on  side  street  leading  from  the  railroad  sta- 
tion, and  half  a  block  north  of  the  main  street.  Post-office 
on  the  main  street,  just  north  of  the  railroad  station. 

Camps:  Open  ground  north  and  east  of  the  pineapple 
packing  house  sufficient  for  a  regiment  of  infantry  or  cav- 
alry; water  obtained  from  well;  country  level;  grazing  good; 
wood  hauled  from  the  mountains  about  4  miles  north. 
Ample  room  along  the  Los  Palacios  River,  either  above  or 
below  the  town,  for  camping  about  a  brigade  of  troops; 
water  obtained  from  the  river ;  grazing  good ;  wood  obtained 
from  the  mountains  about  4  miles  north. 

Good  camp  site  on  west  bank  of  the  Los  Palacios  River, 
at  old  Spanish  blockhouse ;  wood  and  water  convenient. 

Defenses:  Two  old  Spanish  blockhouses  near  river;  of 
little  importance.  One  in  eastern  part  of  town  near  rail- 
road; made  of  railroad  iron.  This  blockhouse  is  about  25 
feet  square. 

The  Western  Railway  of  Havana  runs  through  the  town ; 
there  are  two  sidings  about  550  yards  long.  The  only  un- 
loading platform  is  the  one  at  the  freight  house.  There  is  a 
platform  and  a  pen  for  unloading  and  loading  animals  just 
east  of  the  freight  house ;  the  platform  is  about  15  feet  long 
by  8  feet  wide  by  3^  feet  high.  There  is  a  small  36-inch- 
gauge  railroad  running  from  opposite  the  freight  house 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  south  to  a  brickyard.  The  railroad 
and  brickyard  belong  to  Compaiiia  Providencia;  it  has  no 
unloading  platform  and  only  one  car  drawn  by  oxen;  road 
in  poor  condition. 

Roads  leaving  town:  A  dirt  road  runs  north  to  finca  La 
Sierra  and  from  there  to  San  Diego  de  los  Baiios.  A  dirt 
road  starts  from  the  pineapple  packing  house  and  runs 
northeast  to  San  Cristobal  via  Santa  Cruz,  remaining  north 
of  the  railroad  the  entire  distance ;  dirt  road  running  north- 
east on  south  side  of  the  railroad  to  Taco  Taco;  dirt  road, 


180  PROVINCE   OF   PINAE  DEL  RIO. 

continuation  of  main  street,  to  Paso  Real ;  dirt  road  south  to 
south  coast  through  finca  San  Juan  de  Zayas. 

Best  line  of  approach  to  attack  the  town  would  be  from  the 
north,  as  the  country  in  that  direction  is  not  so  open. 

Paso  Real. — Barrio.  A  district  lying  southwest  of  San 
Cristobal.  Potrero  called  Dayaniguas  and  small  farms  in- 
cluded in  district. 

Pasto  Rico. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  southeast  of  San 
Cristobal  and  bordering  on  the  barrios  Rio  Hondo  and 
Mayari.  Potreros  called  Barrendo,  Buena  Vista  Porte, 
Aguacate,  Nuestra  Senora  de  Lourdes,  and  Jejenes  are  in- 
cluded in  the  district.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name 
in  the  district. 

Rio  Hondo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northeast 
of  San  Cristobal.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in 
the  district. 

Santa  Cruz. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district  lying 
west  of  San  Cristobal  and  bordering  on  the  barrios  of 
Limones  and  Bermejales.  Includes  small  village  of  Santa 
Cruz,  part  of  finca  Rosario,  and  smaller  farms. 

The  village  is  on  the  Santa  Cruz  River,  half  a  mile  north 
of  Taco  Taco  and  about  5  miles  west  of  San  Cristobal,  and 
is  connected  with  both  places  by  dirt  road.  There  are  3 
stores  and  about  20  houses  in  the  village;  mostly  native 
shacks  and  rather  scattered.  Population  about  100.  Water 
obtained  from  the  Santa  Cruz  River;  good  quality  and  suf- 
ficient for  a  brigade  of  troops.  No  buildings  available  for 
quartering  troops.  Anywhere  along  the  Santa  Cruz  River 
there  is  good  ground  for  camping  a  brigade  or  more  of 
troops;  country  slightly  rolling;  wood  obtained  near  foot- 
hills, about  3  miles  west.  Grazing  good ;  water  good.  Road 
out  of  village  leads  northeast  to  San  Cristobal;  dirt  road 
south  to  Taco  Taco;  dirt  road  southwest  to  Palacios. 

Best  lines  of  approach  to  attack  village  are  from  the  east 
and  north. 

Santo  Domingo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  south- 
west of  San  Cristobal.  Potreros  called  San  Bartolome  de 
Bacunagua  and  San  Juan  del  Paso  del  Bacunagua  are  con- 
tained in  it.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in  the 
district. 


PROVINCE   OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO.  181 

San  Juan  del  Norte. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  northeast 
of  San  Cristobal  and  bordering  on  barrios  of  Frias  and 
Barracones.  The  finca  Asuncion  and  smaller  farms  are  in- 
cluded within  its  limits.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the 
name  in  the  district. 

Sierra. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  southwest  of  San  Cris- 
tobal. A  field  called  Indio  and  small  farms  are  in  the  barrio. 
No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name  in  the  district. 

Taco  Taco. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict lying  southwest  of  San  Cristobal.  It  includes  the  vil- 
lage of  Taco  Taco,  and  the  haciendas  Puercos  Gordos,  Pinar 
de  la  Decioda,  and  San  Bartolome  de  Bacunagua  y  Guaiquiba 
on  south  coast. 

The  village  is  on  the  Western  Railway  of  Havana.  It  is 
about  5^  miles  southwest  of  San  Cristobal  and  11^  miles 
northeast  of  Los  Palacios,  and  is  connected  with  both  towns 
by  dirt  roads.  The  Taco  Taco  River  flows  just  south  of  the 
village.  The  countr3^  is  flat  on  all  sides.  The  houses  are  low, 
one-story  structures;  mostly  native  huts.  The  village  con- 
tains 5  stores  and  about  30  houses. 

Population,  about  300. 

Water  obtained  from  about  6  wells  in  the  village,  and  from 
the  Taco  Taco  River ;  fair  quality ;  limited  supply. 

Oil  lights  are  used. 

Barracks:  Frame  building,  one-story  high,  tile  roof,  50 
feet  long  by  30  feet  wide ;  court  in  rear ;  well  in  court ;  repair 
and  sanitary  condition  fair ;  no  modern  closets.     No  lights. 

No  stables. 

No  transportation  corral.  Corral  could  be  put  south  of 
village ;  water  obtained  from  the  Taco  Taco  River. 

No  buildings  available  for  hospital. 

Storehouses ;  A  two-story  frame  building,  with  grass  roof, 
just  south  of  the  railroad  station,  about  80  feet  long  by  50 
feet  wide ;  no  tramways,  sidings,  or  unloading  platforms. 

Telegraph  office  at  railroad  station.  No  telephone.  Post- 
office  is  on  street  running  parallel  to  the  railroad. 

No  good  camp  sites,  owing  to  poor  quality  of  water  in 
river. 

The  Western  Railway  of  Havana  runs  through  the  village. 
There  are  two  sidings  at  the  station,  about  300  yards  long. 


182  PROVINCE  OF  PINAR  DEL  RIO. 

The  freight  house  is  a  one-story  frame  building,  tile  roof, 
about  50  feet  long  by  25  feet  wide,  with  unloading  platform 
6  feet  wide  running  the  length  of  the  building.  There  is  a 
platform  and  a  pen  for  loading  and  unloading  animals. 

Koads  leaving  village:  Dirt  road  running  north  to  San 
Cristobal,  via  Santa  Cruz;  dirt  road  running  southwest  to 
Palacios ;  dirt  road  running  southeast  to  finca  La  Angostura. 

Best  line  of  approach,  in  case  village  were  defended,  is 
from  the  north. 


PROVINCE  OF  HAVANA. 


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184 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


LOCATION  AND  BOUNDARY. 

The  province  of  Havana  is,  with  the  exception  of  Pinar 
del  Rio,  the  most  westerly  of  the  provinces.  All  of  its  ter- 
ritory is  in  the  most  northern  part  of  the  island,  its  most 
southern  boundary  being  a  much  higher  zone  than  the  north- 
ern boundary  of  Oriente. 

The  northern  boundary  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  the  eastern, 
the  province  of  Matanzas;  the  southern,  the  Gulf  of  Bata- 
bano,  and  the  western,  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio. 

AREA  AND  POPULATION. 

The  province  of  Havana,  the  smallest  in  area,  is  the  most 
densely  populated. 

The  area  is  2,818  square  miles;  extreme  length,  about  60 
miles;  extreme  width,  about  40  miles. 

The  population  is  538,010,  divided  as  follows:  Native 
white,  58.7  per  cent;  foreign  white,  17.9  per  cent;  colored, 
23.4  per  cent;  or  white,  76.6  per  cent;  colored,  23.4  per  cent. 

JUDICIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  DISTRICTS. 

The  territory  of  the  province  is  divided  into  eight  judicial 
districts:  Havana,  Guanabacoa,  Marianao,  Jaruco,  San  An- 
tonio de  los  Baiios,  Bejucal,  Giiines,  and  Isle  of  Pines.  It 
is  also  divided  into  18  municipal  districts. 

PROVINCIAL  GOVERNMENT. 

There  is  a  governor  and  a  provincial  council  of  eight 
members  elected  by  direct  suffrage.  Each  municipal  dis- 
trict has  a  mayor  and  a  municipal  council. 

CAPITAL  AND  PRINCIPAL  TOWNS. 

The  capital  of  the  province  is  the  city  of  Havana.  Other 
towns  worthy  of  mention  are  Guanabacoa,  one  of  the  most 

185 


186  PROVINCE  OF   HAVANA. 

ancient  towns  of  the  island;  Santa  Maria  del  Rosario,  Ja- 
ruco,  San  Antonio  de  los  Baiios,  Bejucal,  Giiines,  Santiago 
de  las  Vegas,  Marianao,  Managua,  Giiira,  Batabano,  Nueva 
Paz,  and  Aguacate. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  surface  is  made  up  of  flat  or  rolling  plains  broken 
by  occasional  hills  several  hundred  feet  in  height. 

There  are  three  great  lakes  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  province,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  great  swamp,  called  the 
Cienaga  de  Zapata,  viz,  Laguna  Caimito,  Guanamon  and 
Herrera.     These  are  of  considerable  size. 

Lake  Ariguanabo  is  in  the  central  chain  of  hills.  It  is  20 
miles  southwest  of  Havana.  It  has  an  area  of  about  6  square 
miles,  and  contains  fish  in  large  numbers. 

There  are  a  great  many  small  coves  and  inlets  on  the 
northern  coast  of  the  province. 

A  few  hills  rise  from  the  plains  in  the  western  part  of  the 
province.  These  are  the  extreme  eastern  outliers  of  the 
Organos  Range  of  Pinar  del  Eio.  Other  hills  lie  east  and 
southeast  of  Havana,  being  closely  connected  with  a  large 
group  northwest  of  Matanzas. 

Commencing  with  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  the 
province,  there  are  but  few  elevations. 

Within  a  radius  of  6  miles  of  Havana  city  is  the  group  of 
Havana,  comprising  the  hills  of  Morro,  Cabana,  and  San 
Diego  to  the  east  of  the  harbor  of  Havana.  Santo  Domingo 
de  Atares  is  at  the  western  arm  of  the  bay  and  there  is  an 
elevation  to  the  west  of  the  city  called  Del  Principe. 

Near  the  city  are  the  hills,  Jesiis  del  Monte  and  El  Cerro. 
Going  eastward  we  find  the  Sierra  de  San  Martin,  Sierra 
Guanabacoa,  and  Sierra  Sibarimar;  still  farther  northeast 
is  the  Sierra  Susana,  which  rises  just  west  of  the  small  bay 
Escondido. 

In  the  central  part  of  the  province  are  the  Sierra  San 
Francisco  de  Javier  and  Sierra  San  Francisco.  In  the  west- 
ern central  part  is  the  Sierra  Bejucal. 

There  are  many  small  hills  scattered  through  the  central 
region,  and  the  elevations  of  the  province  gradually  disap- 
pear as  the  southern  coast  is  approached. 


PBOVINCE  OF  HAVANA.  187 

RIVERS. 

The  province  is  well  watered  by  a  number  of  small  rivers 
and  streams.  None  are  of  any  value  as  a  means  of  communi- 
cation. The  principal  ones  on  the  north  are  Santa  Ana  or 
Bauta,  Baracoa,  Marianao  (Luisa  or  Quibu),  Chorrera  or 
Almendares,  Cojimar,  Bacuranao,  Tarara,  Guanabo. 

On  the  south  are  the  Guara  Mayabeque  or  Giiines,  Rosario, 
etc. 

COAST  LINE. 

The  most  important  part  of  the  coast  line  is  that  which 
lies  around  and  about  the  Bay  of  Havana.  This  bay  makes 
one  of  the  finest  harbors  of  the  world.  It  is  easy  of  access, 
spacious  enough  to  contain  1,000  vessels,  deep  and  well  pro- 
tected on  all  sides,  except  in  the  case  of  hurricanes. 

There  are  many  playas  (plains  or  beaches)  along  both  the 
northern  and  southern  coasts  of  the  province.  The  lowland 
in  the  southern  part  is  intersected  with  innumerable  small 
rivers,  flowing  south  and  emptying  into  the  gulf  or  bay. 

AGRICULTURE,    INDUSTRY,   AND    COMMERCE. 

The  principal  productions  of  the  province  are  sugar  cane, 
alcohol,  tobacco,  pineapples,  yucca,  starch,  and  fruits  and 
vegetables  of  various  kinds. 

There  are  numerous  cigar  and  cigarette  factories,  tan- 
neries, manufactories  of  sweetmeats,  rum,  soap,  beer,  per- 
fumery, carriages,  etc. 

Havana,  the  capital  of  the  province  and  of  the  island,  is 
the  chief  commercial  city. 

The  principal  exports  to  the  United  States  consist  of  to- 
bacco, fruit,  wax  and  honey,  sugar  and  molasses. 

Imports  include  all  the  necessities  and  luxuries  of  life. 

JUDICIAL   DISTRICTS   AND   MUNICIPAL   DISTRICTS. 

Judicial  district.  Township 

Bejucal Bataban6. 

Bejucal. 

Santiago  de  las  Vegas. 
Guanabacoa Guanabacoa. 

Santa  Marfa  del  Rosario. 


188 


PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA. 


Judicial  district.  Township. 

Gtiines Giiines. 

Madruga. 

Nueva  Paz. 

Havana Havana. 

Jaruco A.guacate. 

Jaruco. 

San  Jose  de  las  Lajas. 
Marianao Bauta  (Hoyo  Colorado). 

Marianao. 

Isle  of  Pines Isle  of  Pines. 

San  Antonio  de  los  Banos AJquIzar. 

Guira  de  Melena. 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baiios. 


JUDICIAL   DISTRICT   OF  BEJUCAL. 

Tovs^nship :  Population. 

Batabano 15,434 

Bejucal ^ 15,  655 

Santiago  de  las  Vegas 13,058 

TOWNSHIP  OF  BATABAN6    (CAPITAL  BATABAN6). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Bataband 

Aguacate 

Azc&rate 

Cuatro  Caminos 

Qulntana 

San  Antonio  de  las  Vegas 

Pozo  Redondo 

San  Felipe 

Surgldero  de  Bataban<5. . 

Dur&n 


Barrio. 


Bataban6 

Aguacate 

Azc&rate 

Cuatro  Caminos 

Guanabo 

Mayaguan(5 

Pueblo  (San  Antonio  de  las 
Vegas). 

Quintanal 

Rio  Blanco 

San  Agustin 

San  Felipe 

San  Jos6  de  Veltia 

Este 

Oeste 

Pueblo  Nuevo 

Tano 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Urban  and 
rural. 

Riu-al 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Urban 

...do 

...do 

Rural 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


12.4 
5 

2.5 
3.1 
3.1 

12.4 

2.5 
12 
2.3 
9 

8.5 
2.6 


6.7 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,531 
495 
716 
266 

1,145 
433 
991 

477 
361 
647 

1,616 
656 

2,352 

2,559 
79 

1,110 


Batabano. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small  town  of  1,533  in- 
habitants about  2^  miles  north  of  the  port  of  Batabano 
(Surgidero). 

Practically  all  of  the  town  can  be  seen  from  the  corner  of 
Maximo  Gomez  and  General ,  Perez  streets,  the  two  main 
streets. 

It  has  no  houses  that  are  particularly  adapted  for  use  as 
barracks,  hospitals,  or  storehouses,  although  there  are  a  num- 


BATABANO     TOWNSHIP 


LAJ^^ 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  189 

ber  of  small  masonry  and  frame  houses  with  tile  roofs  that 
could  be  used  in  case  of  necessity.  They  are  all  on  the  prin- 
cipal streets  named  above. 

Water  supply  is  from  surface  wells;  water  is  not  very 
good.  A  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the  town  is  the  pumping 
station  and  tanks  of  the  waterworks  of  the  port  of  Batabano, 
and  water  could  be  easily  piped  to  Batabano  if  necessary. 

There  are  no  good  camp  sites  near  the  town.  The  level 
cultivated  ground  north  and  northeast  of  the  town  is  the 
best.  This  ground  is  extremely  muddy  in  the  wet  season. 
There  is  no  fuel  in  the  vicinity. 

Water  would  have  to  be  obtained  from  the  surface  wells 
of  the  town  or  from  the  pumping  station  one-quarter  mile 
south. 

There  are  no  stables  in  the  town. 

No  defenses. 

The  best  line  of  approach  to  attack  the  town  is  from  the 
northeast  across  half-open  cultivated  country. 

The  following  roads  lead  from  the  town:  Calzada  south 
to  the  port,  a  road  north  to  Pozo  Eedondo  and  Quivican,  a 
road  east  to  Melena  del  Sur-Guara  road  and  also  connecting 
with  the  calzada  to  Havana  near  Duran. 

Aguacate. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  sitio 
bearing  the  name  is  about  4^  miles  west  of  San  Antonio  de 
las  Vegas  and  consists  of  a  store  and  2  houses. 

Azcdrate. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district  lying  north- 
east of  Batabano.  The  sitio  is  about  5  miles  northwest  of 
Batabano  and  consists  of  2  houses. 

Cuatro  Caminos. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The 
sitio  is  about  2^  miles  by  road  northeast  of  Batabano  and 
consists  of  a  store,  a  schoolhouse,  and  a  few  huts. 

Guanaho. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  west  of  Bata- 
bano. It  contains  the  railroad  siding  Quintana,  which  lies 
about  1  mile  west  of  Batabano  and  consists  of  2  stores. 

Mayaguano. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  or 
point  of  this  name. 

San  Antonio  de  las  Vegas. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small 
town  of  about  350  inhabitants,  situated  22  miles  south  of 
Havana  on  the  Havana-Managua-San  Antonio-Duran  cal- 
zada, and  3^  miles  north  of  the  railway  station  of  Duran. 


190  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

It  is  a  small,  compact  town,  built  along  the  calzada.  The 
water  supply  is  from  a  large  well  on  top  of  the  hill  north  of 
the  town,  near  the  calzada.  Supply  good  and  said  to  be 
abundant.  Has  a  number  of  the  usual  small  stores  and  resi- 
dence buildings  of  frame  and  masonry. 

Roads  out  of  town:  Calzada  runs  north  to  Havana,  22 
miles,  and  south  to  Duran,  3|  miles.  Unimproved  dirt  roads 
run  east  to  Giiines,  northwest  to  Bejucal,  and  southwest  to 
San  Felipe.  A  narrow-gauge  railroad  runs  south  to  the 
station  of  Duran;  used  only  for  hauling  cane  to  the  sugar 
mill  La  Julia. 

Quintanal. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  north  of  Bata- 
bano.     Contains  the  village  of  Pozo  Redondo. 

Pozo  Redondo. — Village.  On  the  Batabano  branch  of 
U.  H.  R.  R.,  about  4f  miles  south  of  San  Felipe.  Has  post- 
office  and  telegraph  office,  3  general  stores,  and  about  25 
houses.  Population,  about  150.  Shelter  for  one  company 
(65  men)  in  depot,  post-office,  and  other  houses.  No  shelter 
for  animals.  Water,  which  is  good,  comes  from  three  or 
four  wells.     Two  sidings,  300  and  200  yards  long. 

Rio  Blanco. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this 
name  within  the  district. 

San  Augustin. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  or 
point  of  this  name. 

San  Felipe. — Barrio  and  town.  A  town  of  1,200  inhabit- 
ants, situated  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  a  point  where  the  Bata- 
bano branch  of  the  railroad  leaves  the  main  line.  Buildings 
of  the  town  are  all  small  and  none  are  particularly  suited  for 
military  purposes.  There  are  a  number  of  side  tracks  at  the 
station,  amounting  in  all  to  about  2,000  yards.  Houses  at  the 
depot  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  sufficient  for  quartermas- 
ter and  commissary  storehouses.  Water  supply  obtained 
from  wells.  Railroad  depot  is  covered.  Telegraph  station 
at  depot.  The  yard  of  the  depot  is  surrounded  by  a  high 
stone  fence  and  contains  well,  steam  pump,  and  water  tank. 
A  small  two-story  house  near  the  church  would  make  a  hos- 
pital for  15  or  20  beds.  Unimproved  roads  lead  from  the 
town :  Northeast  to  San  Antonio  de  las  Vegas ;  west  to  Quivi- 
can;  south  to  Batabano;  northwest  to  Bejucal. 

San  Jose  de  Veitia. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point 
of  this  name  within  the  district. 


PROVINCE  OP   HAVANA.  191 

Surgidero  de  Batahano. — Town,  Situated  on  south  coast 
35  miles  south  of  Havana.  It  is  built  on  low  ground  and 
there  are  numerous  swamps.  Divided  into  three  urban  bar- 
rios, viz,  Este,  Oeste,  and  Pueblo  Nuevo.     Population,  4,990. 

Water  supply:  AYater  of  an  excellent  quality  is  furnished 
the  town  from  wells  situated  about  2  miles  north  of  the  beach. 
These  wells  are  just  east  of  the  calzada  near  the  town  of 
Batabano.  The  wells  and  water  system  are  private  property. 
A  3-inch  pipe  now  supplies  the  town,  but  a  new  6-inch  pipe 
is  being  put  in,  and  new  machinery  is  being  installed  at  the 
wells  (1907).  Springs  giving  excellent  Avater  abound  on  all 
sides  of  the  town. 

Barracks :  There  are  no  houses  especially  adapted  for  use  as 
barracks.  A  one-story  house  on  calle  Maceo  could  be  used 
for  one  company.  Has  city  water.  Calles  Peralejo  and 
Toledo  are  lined  with  small  one-story  residence  houses,  placed 
close  together.  All  of  the  houses  on  each  of  these  streets, 
with  other  houses  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  would  accom- 
modate one  full  regiment.  The  whole  town  would  afford 
shelter  for  two  full  brigades. 

Stables:  There  are  no  private  stables  of  any  size  in  the 
town,  even  the  hotels  being  without  them.  The  public  works 
department  has  a  small  stable  with  10  stalls  on  the  northern 
edge  of  town,  to  the  east  of  calle  Real.  A  large  pasture  sur- 
rounds it;  sufficiently  large  for  a  corral  for  any  sized  com- 
mand, but  the  ground  is  very  wet  in  the  rainy  season.  There 
is  a  large  one-story  tannery  near  these  stables,  to  the  west  of 
calle  Real,  that  would  make  an  excellent  stable  and  could  be 
made  to  hold  about  200  animals.  The  pasture  land  in  the 
vicinity  could  be  converted  into  a  corral  for  a  large  number 
of  animals.  A  stream  of  fresh  water  flows  along  both  sides 
of  calle  Real  and  could  be  used  for  watering. 

Hospitals :  Any  one  of  the  3  two-story  hotels  on  or  near  the 
corner  of  calles  Maceo  and  Main  could  be  converted  into  a 
hospital,  and  would  hold  about  50  beds.  There  are  several 
other  two-story  buildings  that  would  serve  as  hospitals  for 
small  commands.  Two  of  these  are  opposite  each  other  on 
calle  Maceo,  numbers  16  and  20.  Each  has  au  estimated 
capacity  of  30  beds. 


192  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

Storehouses:  There  are  2  warehouses  on  the  outer  end  of 
the  railroad  pier,  each  about  30  by  155  feet.  Stores  are 
loaded  and  unloaded  directly  from  the  cars,  as  there  is  a  dou- 
ble track  to  the  end  of  the  pier.  At  the  railroad  depot  itself 
there  is  a  warehouse  about  32  by  TO  feet.  In  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  depot  there  are  several  stone  buildings  that 
could  be  converted  into  warehouses. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  are  on  calle  Maceo,  No.  3. 
There  is  a  good  ice  plant  on  the  northern  edge  of  town,  one 
block  east  of  calle  Real. 

Camp  sites :  A  temporary  camp  of  3  or  4  regiments  could 
be  made  on  the  land  adjoining  the  beach  west  of  the  dock. 
This  land  is  low  and  is  sometimes  flooded  by  the  sea  in 
time  of  storm.  There  is  a  large  pasture  on  the  northern 
edge  of  town  that  could  be  used  for  a  camp  of  any  size  in 
the  dry  season.  Water  to  be  taken  from  any  of  the  numerous 
springs  that  surround  the  town,  or  from  the  city  water 
works.  Permanent  camps  or  camps  in  the  rainy  season 
would  have  to  be  made  3  or  4  miles  inland  in  order  to  avoid 
the  swamps. 

The  railroad  station  is  near  the  beach,  50  yards  west  of 
calle  Real.  A  pier  with  a  double  track  for  freight  cars 
extends  into  the  sea  from  the  end  of  calle  Real.  This  pier 
is  about  1,350  feet  long,  080  feet  of  this  being  filled-in 
ground,  and  670  feet  built  on  piles.  The  water  at  the  end 
of  the  pier  is  9^  to  10  feet  deep. 

A  calzada  leads  north'  to  Havana. 

Tano. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this  name 
in  the  district.  In  this  district  are  the  station  of  Duran  and 
central  La  Julia. 

Durdn. — Station.  A  station  and  2  stores  on  the  U.  H'.  R.  R., 
situated  25^  miles  south  of  Havana  at  the  end  of  the  Havana - 
Managua-San  Antonio-Duran  calzada.  This  is  the  station 
of  the  sugar  mill  La  Julia,  which  is  less  than  one-half  mile 
south  of  Duran.  Population,  40.  The  station  has  the  fol- 
lowing sidetracks :  One,  400  yards  long ;  one,  250  yards  long ; 
one,  200  yards  long.  A  switch  one-half  mile  long  runs  to 
the  central  La  Julia,  where  there  are  also  some  short  side 
tracks. 


BEJUCAL  TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 
TOWNSHIP  OF  BEJUCAL  (CAPITAL,  BEJUCAL). 


193 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Bejucal . 


Primero 

Segundo 

Aguas  Verdes.. 

Beltran Beltr&n 

Buenaventura I  Buenaventura. 


Barrio. 


Giilro  de  Marrero !  Giilro  de  Marrero . 

Quivicdn I  QuivicAn 


La  Salud La  Salud . 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Urban 

...do 

Rural 

...do 

Urban  and [ 

rural.       j 

Rural ! 

Urban and  I 

rural.  i 
Rural 


Miles. 


Popula- 
tion. 


2.5 
3.7 
3.1 

10.7 
7.2 


2,553 
2,712 
1,165 
699 
1,600 

1,104 
2,624 

3,198 


Bejucal. — Town.  This  town  is  situated  south  of  Havana, 
16|  miles  by  U.  H.  R.  R.  and  16^  miles  by  the  calzada. 
Divided  into  two  urban  barrios,  viz,  Primero  and  Segundo. 
Consists  principally  of  limestone  houses,  most  of  them  one 
story.  Streets  in  general  are  improved  and  macadamized. 
Contains  a  church,  a  Spanish  club,  a  Cuban  club,  schools, 
and  a  hospital. 

Principal  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  cigars.  The  large 
trust  factory  employs  about  600  hands. 

Population,  5,265. 

Drinking  water  is  obtained  from  large  wells  north  and 
south  of  town  on  calzada;  farthest  probably  one-half  mile 
from  tow  n.  Most  houses  in  town  have  wells,  but  w  ater  is  not 
fit  for  drinking  and  is  not  very  good  for  w^ashing.  Water  is 
carried  around  towm  in  carts  and  sold  by  the  bucketful,  and  is 
very  good.    By  capturing  wells  supply  could  be  cut  off. 

Town  has  no  sewer  system ;  all  houses  have  deep  cesspools. 
Troops  at  present  in  Bejucal  use  dry  earth  closets;  refuse 
from  these  is  carted  by  contract,  garbage  by  city  (1907). 
Acetylene  lights  are  used  in  front  of  stores  and  houses ;  sup- 
plied by  owners.  Park  and  ayuntamiento  lighted  by  a  small 
city  acetylene  machine.     No  gas  or  electricity. 

Two  buildings  used  as  barracks  by  troops,  at  corner  of 
Tenth  and  Eleventh  streets,  and  Twelfth  and  Seventh  streets ; 
one-half  company  in  each ;  both  stone,  one-story  buildings,  in 
good  repair;  sanitary  conditions  good.  Cuban  club,  one 
story,  well  ventilated,  suitable  for  one  company;  corner  of 
Eleventh  and  Twelfth  streets. 


492—09- 


-13 


194  PROVINCE    OF   HAVANA. 

Spanish  club,  corner  of  Eighth  and  Ninth  streets,  for  half 
a  company. 

Hospital,  corner  of  Thirteenth  and  Eighteenth  streets,  for 
one  company.  The  last  three  buildings  are  one-story  stone 
structures,  in  good  condition. 

Tobacco  factory,  corner  of  Seventh  and  Fourteenth  streets, 
is  a  two-story  stone  building  and  would  hold  half  a  com- 
pany. All  these  buildings  have  wells,  but  in  bad  condition ; 
water  obtained  from  carts.  Ayuntamiento,  corner  of  Tenth 
and  Thirteenth  streets,  suitable  for  one  company.  Church, 
150  by  75  feet,  stone,  one  story,  high  ceiling;  one  company. 
Three  school  buildings ;  Eleventh  south  of  Eighteenth  street, 
Seventh  street  south  of  Sixteenth  street,  and  Eleventh  and 
Eighth  streets ;  all  in  good  condition ;  platoon  each. 

One  stable  in  town,  extreme  north  end  of  Thirteenth  street; 
40  horses.  Corral  used  by  occupying  force  has  covered  stalls 
for  10  animals. 

Town  contains  no  regular  transportation  corrals.  How- 
ever, below  is  given  location  and  size  of  inclosures  in  town 
which  can  be  used  for  this  purpose.  All  these  are  inclosed 
by  stone  walls  varying  from  6  to  10  feet,  and  the  majority 
contain  a  small  shed  capable  of  sheltering  from  2  to  4  horses : 

Feet. 

Corner  of  Twenty-fourth  and  Seventh  streets 100  by  100 

Corner  of  Thirtieth  and  Ninth  streets 150  by  200 

Corner  of  Thirtieth  and  Ninth  streets 300  by  200 

South  end  of  Eleventh  street  (4  stalls) 50  by   75 

Corner  of  Fifteenth  and  Tenth  streets  (10  stalls) 186  by  110 

North  end  of  Eleventh  street  (30  stalls) 150  by  100 

At  present  all  these  contain  watering  troughs — water 
brought  around  by  wagons. 

Open  ground,  6  acres,  west  of  town ;  wire  fences ;  water. 

Open  ground,  12  acres,  north  of  town ;  stone  fences ;  water. 

Hospital,  corner  of  Eighteenth  and  Thirteenth  streets;  30 
beds;  maintained  partly  by  private  means;  no  operating 
room;  in  charge  of  Sisters  of  Charity;  excellent  sanitary 
conditions. 

Buildings  mentioned  above  could  also  be  used  as  hospitals. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses:  Any  of  the 
buildings  mentioned  above,  especially  the  tobacco  factory, 
might  be  used  for  this  purpose,  although  one-quarter  mile 
from  railroad  and  no  tramway. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  195 

Warehouse  near  depot  (48  by  24  feet),  of  corrugated  iron ; 
has  an  unloading  platform  of  cement  (30  by  60  feet)  with 
switches  on  two  sides.  Another  unloading  platform  at  this 
place,  inclined,  and  about  30  feet  long. 

The  railroad  station  at  south  end  of  Seventh  street  con- 
tains railroad  telegraph  office. 

Post-office  on  Tenth  street,  between  Seventh  and  Ninth 
streets,  contains  telegraph  office  of  Comunicaciones  de  la  Isla 
de  Cuba ;  telephone  from  railroad  station  to  Trinidad  asphalt 
mines  not  in  use. 

Many  good  camping  places  along  calzada  just  north  and 
just  south  of  town.  Koom  for  a  brigade  north  and  south; 
good  grazing;  all  situated  on  or  near  farms  from  which 
town  water  supply  is  obtained.  Camp  site,  west  of  railroad 
station,  for  a  regiment;  good  water.  Wood  is  difficult  to 
get ;  must  be  brought  from  town  of  Surgidero  de  Batabano 
or  be  shipped  up. 

Remains  of  three  blockhouses  on  hills  just  north  of  town; 
no  walls  remain ;  simply  outlines  and  a  small  ditch. 

Railroad  is  the  Giiines  and  Batabano  branch  of  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  Sidings:  One  siding  1,116  feet  long;  one  siding 
783  feet  long;  one  siding  532  feet  long;  one  spur  498^  feet 
long;  one  siding  (connecting)  108  feet  long. 

Calzada  leads  north  and  west  to  Rincon;  out  on  Thir- 
teenth street.  Two  roads,  fair  condition,  unimproved,  lead 
west  to  San  Antonio  de  los  Baiios;  one  out  on  Eighteenth 
street,  other  from  depot. 

One  road  north  on  Ninth  street  to  Santiago  de  las  Vegas; 
branch  of  this  road,  just  north  of  town,  turns  east  to  Trini- 
dad. One  road  out  on  Twelfth  street,  east  to  Trinidad. 
One  road  out  on  Twenty-sixth  street  to  fincas  on  hills. 
Calzada,  south  on  Seventh  street,  to  Quivican  and  La  Salud. 

Hills  on  northern  edge  and  one-half  mile  east  of  town  con- 
trol all  roads  north  and  east  leading  into  town.  These  roads 
run  through  valleys  and  in  places  are  sunken  in  the  rock, 
so  without  possession  of  hills  it  would  be  impracticable  to 
approach  from  this  direction.  These  hills  also  command  all 
ground  to  south  and  west.  However,  the  country  is  low, 
half  open,  and  contains  many  stone  fences,  which,  with  aid 
of  thick  underbrush  in  places,  would  make  attack  easier  from 
either  south  or  west. 


196  PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA. 

Aguas  Verdes. — Barrio,  A  rural  district  which  contains 
no  villages  or  store.  Name  of  the  barrio  is  taken  from  a 
farm. 

Beltrdn. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  place 
of  this  name  has  a  store,  a  schoolhouse,  and  two  huts,  and 
is  4  miles  by  road  west  of  Bejucal.  No  other  stores  in  the 
district. 

Buenaventura. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district.  The 
place  of  this  name  is  a  village  at  the  junction  of  the  Bejucal- 
Salud  and  the  Bejucal-Quivican  calzadas,  3^  miles  south  of 
Bejucal.  Consists  of  2  stores  and  about  12  or  15  small 
houses. 

GiXiro  de  Marrero. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district. 
Place  of  this  name  has  2  stores  and  6  or  8  small  houses;  11 
miles  by  road  south  of  Bejucal.  Within  the  district  there  are 
also  two  other  small  stores  and  the  ingenio  San  Agustin. 

Quivicdn. — Barrio  and  town.  About  24  miles  south  of 
Havana,  at  the  end  of  the  Havana-Bejucal-Quivican  calzada, 
and  about  1  mile  southwest  of  the  station  of  Quivican  on  the 
U.  H.  K.  R. 

A  compact  town  of  1,270  inhabitants,  situated  in  a  flat 
country  which  is  planted  in  cane  and  yucca.  The  town  has 
a  starch  factory,  and  the  sugar  mill  San  Agustin  is  about 
4  miles  south  of  town. 

The  church  and  a  number  of  the  small  buildings  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  plaza  could  be  used  as  barracks  in 
case  of  necessity,  but  there  are  no  buildings  especially 
adapted  for  this  purpose. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses  should  be  lo- 
cated at  the  station  of  Quivican,  where  there  are  2  small 
buildings  belonging  to  the  railroad  that  could  be  used. 

No  stables  of  any  size  in  town. 

Corrals  should  be  established  on  the  northern  or  north- 
western edge  of  town,  as  should  also  the  camps  for  troops. 
Ground  is  level  and  sufficient  for  a  camp  of  any  size.  Water 
supply  is  from  wells ;  water  is  good  and  abundant. 

No  hospital.  A  two-story  house  on  the  plaza  could  be 
used  as  a  hospital  for  25  beds. 

Post-office  is  on  the  plaza.  Telegraph  office  is  at  the  rail- 
way station  about  1  mile  northeast  of  town. 


PROVINCE   OF  HAVANA.  197 

The  switch  which  runs  from  the  station  of  Quivican  to  the 
ingenio  San  Agustin  runs  through  the  town  and  is  used  in 
bringing  supplies.  At  the  station  of  Quivican  there  are  side- 
tracks amounting  to  1,575  yards. 

Light  is  obtained  from  private  acetylene  plants  and  from 
oil  lamps. 

The  best  direction  from  which  to  attack  the  town  would  be 
from  the  west  and  north.  This  part  of  the  country  is  not  so 
open  and  use  could  be  made  of  the  macadam  road  from 
Bejucal. 

The  following  roads  lead  out  of  town:  A  macadam  road 
north,  through  Bejucal,  to  Havana ;  a  macadam  road  north- 
east to  the  station ;  and  unimproved  roads  southeast  to  Bata- 
bano,  south  to  San  Agustin,  west  to  Giiira  de  Helena,  and 
northwest  to  Salud. 

Salud. — Barrio  and  town.  Situated  about  19^  miles  south 
of  Havana  on  the  Western  Railway.  It  is  a  small,  compact 
town,  with  no  large  buildings.  It  has  a  small  plaza  with 
a  small  masonry  church  in  the  center. 

Principal  industries  are  the  sorting  and  shipping  of  to- 
bacco and  the  shipping  of  chickens  and  eggs. 

Population,  1,465. 

Has  no  buildings  suitable  for  barracks.  All  that  could 
be  used  for  that  purpose  are  grouped  around  the  plaza  or 
its  vicinity. 

For  quartermaster  or  commissary  storehouses  there  are 
several  one-story  buildings  along  the  track  of  the  station  that 
could  be  used.     One  of  these  is  of  masonry. 

The  railroad  has  a  galvanized-iron  warehouse,  80  by  20 
feet,  with  an  unloading  platform  110  feet  long. 

Corrals  should  be  established  on  the  open  ground  near 
the  depot  in  order  to  utilize  the  railroad  well  and  steam 
pump  for  water  supply. 

A  large,  well  ventilated,  one-story  frame  building,  used 
as  a  club,  would  make  the  best  hospital.  This  building  is 
75  yards  east  of  the  depot. 

Water  for  the  town  is  obtained  from  wells,  which  average 
about  100  feet  in  depth.  One  of  these  wells,  near  the  plaza, 
is  operated  by  a  windmill.    The  station  has  a  well  and  steam 


198 


PBOVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


pump  and  there  is  another  small  steam  pump  in  the  town. 
Water  is  said  to  be  of  good  quality  and  abundant. 

The  best  camp  ground  would  be  in  the  open  pastures  south- 
east of  the  station.    No  fuel. 

Post-office  is  on  the  plaza. 

Eailroad  station  is  on  the  western  edge  of  town. 

The  telegraph  station  is  at  the  depot,  and  this  place  is 
also  connected  with  Giiira  de  Melena  by  telephone  line. 

The  station  has  two  side  tracks — one  500  yards  long,  one 
200  yards  long — and  a  short  spur  150  yards  long.  It  also 
has  a  concrete  ramp  for  loading  animals. 

Roads  leading  from  town  are:  A  calzada  running  east 
and  north  to  Bejucal  and  Quivican;  a  road  running  north 
from  the  plaza  to  San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios  and  connecting 
with  roads  to  Rincon  and  Bejucal;  a  road  south  from  the 
eastern  edge  of  town  to  Quivican;  one  west  and  southwest 
to  ingenio  Fajardo,  Gabriel,  and  Giiira  de  Melena. 

Not  much  choice  as  to  point  of  attack,  as  the  country  is 
level  and  of  the  same  nature  on  all  sides.  In  the  wet  season 
artillery  would  have  to  approach  the  town  from  the  north- 
east along  the  calzada. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  SANTIAGO  DE  LAS  VEGAS  (CAPITAL,  SANTIAGO  DE   LAS 

VEGAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Santiago  de  las  Vegas 

Boyeros 

Calabazar 

Rinc6n 


Norte  de  la  Cludad. 
Sur  de  la  Ciudad . . . 

Agua  del  Cura 

Boyeros 

Calabazar 

Dona  Maria 

Rinc(5n 


Urban . 
...do... 
Rural.. 
..do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 


Miles. 


1.2 

2.C 

4 

2.3 

2 


3,406 
3,056 

203 
3,085 
1,711 

575 
1,022 


Santiago  de  las  Vegas. — Barrio  and  town.  This  town  is 
situated  on  Western  Railway  of  Havana,  11|  miles  by  rail, 
and  between  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth  kilometer  posts 
on  the  Batabano  calzada  from  Havana.  It  is  divided  into 
two  barrios  or  wards,  viz,  Norte  and  Sur  de  la  Ciudad. 
Town  consists  mostly  of  stone  houses;  some  frame  ones. 
The  Government  agricultural  experiment  station  is  situated 
here,  also  four  large  cigar  factories ;  has  Catholic  and  Prot- 


SANTIAGO  DE  LAS  VEGAS 
TOWNSHIP 


BSJUCAL 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  199 

estant  churches,  a  Spanish  Club,  hospital,  and  telegraph 
office. 

Has  neither  gas  nor  electricity. 

Population,  6,462. 

Drinking  water  is  obtained  from  large  wells  within  the 
town;  carted  around  and  sold  by  the  bucketful.  There  are 
some  private  wells,  but  most  of  them  are  very  poor,  so  that 
a  great  portion  of  the  water  used  is  purchased. 

Town  has  no  sewer  system.  Houses  have  deep  cesspools, 
which  are  cleaned  by  contract.  Garbage  carted  away  by 
the  town.  No  lighting  plant ;  oil  and  acetylene  gas  used  by 
private  individuals. 

Barracks:  At  the  point  where  Batabano  calzada  leaves 
town  there  is  a  long  row  (200  yards  or  more)  of  low,  frame 
houses,  which  might  be  used  as  barracks;  in  poor  sanitary 
condition  and  are  built  right  on  the  ground.  Church  might 
hold  one  company.  Schoolhouses :  One  in  front  of  church 
plaza,  excellent  sanitary  condition,  would  hold  almost  one 
company ;  one,  corner  Fifteenth  and  Tenth  streets,  one  com- 
pany ;  one,  corner  Third  and  Fourth  streets,  half  a  company. 
On  Fourth  street  between  Ninth  street  and  Seventh  street 
is  a  large  cigar  factory  (Manuel  Garcia)  ;  covers  one-half  a 
square;  two  stories.  On  corner  of  Eighth  and  Eleventh 
streets  is  the  Spanish  Club;  clean  and  well  furnished;  one 
story;  suitable  for  about  one  company.  On  corner  Eighth 
and  Thirteenth  streets  is  a  large  two-story  building  in  bad 
sanitary  condition.  Large  three-story  cigar  factory  on 
Second  street  between  Fifth  and  Seventh  streets. 

The  experimental  station  was  at  one  time  used  as  a  post 
where  Spanish  troops,  newly  arrived,  could  be  acclimated. 
It  contains  30  acres.  An  excellent  barracks  (stone),  with 
interior  court — would  hold  over  1,000  men;  also  rooms  for 
officers.  Coupled  with  other  wooden  barracks  this  place 
could  easily  hold  2,000  men.  There  are  also  about  8  well 
built,  frame  houses  for  officers'  quarters.  AVhole  station  is 
supplied  with  electric  lights  and  has  an  excellent  water  sys- 
tem. Pump  can  furnish  10,000  gallons  an  hour;  tank  has 
a  capacity  of  75,000  gallons.  This  water  is  piped  all  over 
the  station  and  also  down  to  the  city  hospital.  Station  has 
good  sewer  system ;  refuse  is  piped  out  into  the  pasture  and 


200  PBOVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

used  as  fertilizer.  Plant  supplied  with  two  excellent  alcohol 
engines.  Has  high  water  tower  and  also  smokestack  over  75 
feet  high,  which  might  be  useful  in  signaling.  All  surround- 
ing country  can  be  seen  from  this  tower. 

Few  stables  in  town.  Experimental  station  has  about  50  or 
75  stalls  with  water  at  hand  and  cement  floors;  ideal  stalls; 
room  in  other  buildings  for  200  more  horses. 

Experimental  station  has  30  acres  of  pasturage,  part  of 
which  is  fenced  off  in  corrals.  About  2,000  horses  could  be 
accommodated. 

Hospital  is  at  the  corner  of  Eighth  and  Eleventh  streets, 
and  contains  small  operating  room  with  fair  equipment ;  has 
room  for  about  40  beds.  Water  is  supplied  from  experi- 
mental station.  Has  tub  and  shower  baths,  not  in  use  at 
present.  It  is  in  poor  sanitary  condition,  but  could  be  made 
into  an  excellent  hospital.  Some  of  the  buildings  mentioned 
above  and  some  detached  buildings  at  experimental  station 
might  be  used  as  hospitals ;  all  at  the  station  are  in  excellent 
sanitary  condition. 

Quartermaster  or  commissary  storehouses :  Buildings  men- 
tioned above,  especially  tobacco  factories,  suitable  for  this 
purpose ;  also  building  at  experimental  station.  The  station 
and  the  factories  are  all  from  one-eighth  to  one-quarter  of  a 
mile  from  railroad  and  have  no  tramways.  At  railroad  sta- 
tion there  is  a  small  loading  corral  (40  by  20  feet)  with  load- 
ing platforms;  also  loading  platform  with  freight  house 
on  it. 

Railroad  station,  west  end  of  Thirteenth  street,  contains 
railroad  telegraph.  Telegraph  station,  corner  Eleventh  and 
Twelfth  streets,  in  post-office.     No  telephone  system. 

No  ice  machine. 

Excellent  30-acre  tract  for  camp  at  experimental  station. 
Open  country  all  along  calzada  south  of  town.  Water  ob- 
tainable by  piping  from  station ;  south  of  town  obtained  from 
fincas.  About  1  or  2  miles  east  of  town  is  Pita  Marquesa 
Valley ;  excellent  grazing  and  good  camping  grounds.  Wood 
in  all  cases  must  be  bought  in  town  or  shipped  in  from  coast. 

No  defenses. 

Roads  out  of  town :  One  north  ( west  of  experimental  sta- 
tion) to  Wajay;  one  at  Thirteenth  street  leads  to  Managua 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  201 

by  upper  route ;  one  south  at  Fifteenth  street  by  lower  route. 
Branch  from  this  road,  just  out  of  town,  leads  to  Bejucal 
and  cuts  off  about  2  miles  from  calzada  route.  This  and 
upper  Managua  road  not  passable  by  artillery.  One  road 
west  on  Thirteenth  street  leads  to  "NVajay  and  Eincon;  fair 
condition. 

On  the  west  side  of  town  is  a  railroad  embankment  and 
about  1  mile  or  more  to  the  west  are  hills  which  could  be 
used  to  defend  the  town  if  artillery  were  used.  These  hills 
command  the  entrance  to  town  from  Pita  Marquesa  Valley. 
It  was  in  this  valley  that  the  rebels  concentrated  before 
moving  on  Wajay  in  the  revolution  of  1906. 

Outside  of  the  railroad  embankment  mentioned  above  there 
are  no  elevations  within  rifle  shot  of  the  town. 

Aguada  del  Cura. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village 
of  this  name. 

Boyeros. — Barrio  and  village.  Twenty-five  small  houses 
built  along  the  Havana-Bejucal  calzada,  about  9  miles  from 
Havana.  Has  a  small  stone  station  on  the  Western  Railway, 
but  no  side  tracks.  A  calzada  branches  northwest  from  this 
place  to  Mazorra  and  Wajay.  Known  as  Rancho  Boyeros. 
Population  about  108. 

Calabazar. — Barrio  and  town.  Situated  on  the  Havana- 
Bejucal  calzada  about  7^  miles  from  Havana.  Western 
Railway  passes  through  town. 

Population,  1,400. 

Has  a  water  system ;  steam  pump,  tank  and  pipes.  Water 
obtained  from  a  spring  on  the  Almendares  River,  which 
skirts  the  northern  edge  of  town. 

A  large  new  building  in  the  center  of  the  town,  3  stories 
high,  built  for  a  cigar  factory  but  at  present  unoccupied; 
would  hold  1  battalion,  and  a  two-story  building  adjoining 
it  and  extending  to  the  plaza  would  accommodate  200  more 
men. 

The  best  site  for  camps  and  corrals  would  be  along  the 
Almendares  River  north  of  the  town. 

Railroad  and  telegraph  station  on  the  eastern  edge  of  town. 
Post-office  facing  the  plaza. 

One  railroad  siding  500  yards  long.  Small  frame  pas- 
senger station.     Four  small  masonry  houses  in  the  immediate 


202  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

vicinity  could  be  used  as  commissary  and  quartermaster  store- 
houses. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  would  be  from  south ;  roll- 
ing, bushy  land.  Town  protected  on  the  north  by  the 
Almendares  River. 

Dona  Maria. — Barrio,  A  rural  district.  No  place  of  this 
name  in  the  district. 

Rincon. — Barrio  and  village.  A  small  village  of  about 
318  inhabitants,  situated  13.6  miles  south  of  Havana  on  the 
Havana-Bejucal  calzada,  at  the  point  where  the  Havana-San 
Antonio  de  los  Baiios  calzada  branches  west  from  the  above 
calzada  toward  San  Antonio. 

This  village  is  also  at  the  junction  of  the  Guana  jay  branch 
of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  with  the  main  line,  and  the  Western  Rail- 
way of  Havana  crosses  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  this  point. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  wells  within  the  village. 

There  is  a  two-story  masonry  house  near  the  station  that 
could  be  used  as  a  storehouse.  There  is  also  a  frame  house 
near  the  station  that  could  be  used  for  the  same  purpose  in 
case  of  necessity. 

The  U.  H.  R.  R.  or  United  Railroads  of  Havana,  has  the 
following  side  tracks:  Double  track  leads  into  Rincon  from 
the  north  and  continues  for  440  yards  south  of  the  station. 
There  is  one  switch  300  yards  long.  A  spur  150  yards  long 
south  of  the  station.  North  of  the  station  there  is  a  switch 
310  yards  long,  connecting  U.  H.  R.  R.  with  the  Western 
Railroad;  also  a  switch  100  yards  long  and  a  15-foot  ramp 
for  loading  animals.  The  track  at  the  station  is  covered  and 
has  a  narrow  platform  150  feet  long. 

The  Western  Railway  has  the  following  side  tracks:  A 
spur,  with  a  turntable,  150  yards  long;  a  spur,  156  yards 
long;  one  switch,  175  yards  long,  and  one  switch,  430  yards 
long.  The  station  platform  is  200  feet  long.  There  is  also 
a  corral  about  25  by  25  feet  with  a  15-foot  ramp  for  unload- 
ing animals. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF   GUANABACOA. 

Township.  Population. 

Guanabacoa  24,968 

Santa  Maria  del  Rosario 3,915 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA,  ^03 

TOWNSHIP  OF  GUANABACOA  (CAPITAL,  GUANABACOA). 


Town,  village,  or  sltlo. 

n^,^^                         Rural  or 
»*^°-                            urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Guanabacoa 

Este  de  la  Asuncion 

Oeste  de  la  Asuncion 

Este  de  San  Francisco 

Oeste  de  San  Francisco 

Cruz  Verde 

Este  de  Corral  Falso 

Oeste  de  Corral  Falso 

Bacuranao 

Urban 

Miles. 

1,711 

...do 

2,911 
2,191 
1,203 

...do 

...do 

...do    .  . 

2,469 
1,867 
2,016 

...do 

...do 

Bacuranao 

Urban  and 

4 

12.2 
3 
13.7 

5 

2.2 

2,577 

Barrera. 
La  Gallega. 
Play  a  de  Bacuranao. 
Mlnas. 
Campo  Florido 

Campo  Florido, 

rural. 
Kural 

930 

rojfmar 

Cojfanar 

2  162 

Guanabo 

Guanabo !. .  .do 

Pepe  Antonio                                       TTrhan  and 

1,345 
1  328 

Playa  de  Guanabo. 
Pepe  Antonio  . .  . 

San  Miguel  del  Padrdn 

San  Franciscode  Paula. 

San  Miguel  del  Padr<5n 

rural. 
Rural 

2.258 

Guanabacoa. — Barrio  and  town.  Consists  of  the  barrios 
Asuncion  Este,  Asuncion  Oeste,  San  Francisco  Este,  San 
Francisco  Oeste,  Corral  Falso  Este,  Corral  Falso  Oeste,  and 
Cruz  Verde.     These  barrios  are  wards  of  the  city. 

It  is  the  second  town  of  importance  in  the  province  of 
Havana;  situated  on  the  high  ground  about  2  miles  east  of 
Havana  Harbor  and  overlooking  the  city  and  the  bay.  A 
compact  town,  with  a  population  of  14,368;  a  great  many 
residents  have  their  places  of  business  in  Havana.  Guan- 
abacoa has  no  industries  of  much  importance.  It  is  prrac- 
tically  a  suburb  of  Havana  and  it  is  made  up  of  residences 
and  stores.  The  place  would  not  be  of  very  much  military 
importance  except  in  case  of  a  siege  of  Havana,  as  it  lies  well 
within  the  lines  of  resistance  that  would  have  to  be  estab- 
lished to  protect  the  city. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  the  city  waterworks  of 
Havana,  water  being  pumped  from  Palatine  Waterworks  to 
a  double,  concrete-covered  tank  on  the  top  of  the  hill  La 
Cruz,  which  is  at  the  western  edge  of  Guanabacoa  on  the  side 
toward  Havana.  This  tank  can  be  seen  from  many  places 
in  and  around  Havana,  and,  as  it  is  square,  it  appears  from  a 
distance  to  be  a  defensive  military  work.  The  water  supply 
of  the  town  could  be  cut  off  by  destroying  the  tank  or  dis- 
abling the  Palatino  pumping  station. 


204  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

The  town  has  no  sewer  system.  It  is  lighted  by  electric- 
ity, the  plant  being  at  No.  12  Luz  street,  near  the  railroad 
depot. 

There  are  a  great  many  buildings  in  all  parts  of  the  town 
suitable  for  use  as  barracks  and  hospitals.  The  building 
now  used  by  the  rural  guard  is  at  58  Maximo  Gomez  street ; 
suitable  for  one  company.  The  three-story  building  at  the 
east  end  of  Maximo  Gomez  street,  used  as  a  college,  would 
make  an  excellent  general  hospital.  The  city  hospital  is  situ- 
ated at  the  eastern  end  of  E.  Guiral  street,  and  has  a  capac- 
ity of  50  beds.  This  is  a  masonry  building,  in  good  state  of 
repair  and  equipped  with  modern  conveniences. 

There  are  a  number  of  masonry  buildings  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  railroad  depot  that  could  be  used  as  quarter- 
master and  commissary  storehouses. 

The  post-office  and  telegraph  office  combined  are  at  No.  17 
Maceo  street.  No  telephone  system.  Railroad  depot  is  on 
the  southeastern  edge  of  town  on  Luz  street.  Station  has  a 
large  covered  passenger  depot.  The  total  length  of  side 
tracks  is  about  1,000  yards. 

A  convenient  site  for  a  small  camp  of  about  one  regiment 
is  on  the  western  edge  of  town  near  the  water  tank.  Corrals 
could  also  be  put  at  this  place.  '  Ground  is  hilly  on  all  sides 
of  the  town. 

The  following  roads  lead  out  of  Guanabacoa :  A  macadam 
road  west  to  Regla,  connecting  with  the  ferry  to  Havana ;  a 
macadam  road  southwest  to  Luyano  and  connecting  from 
there  with  Havana  and  Giiines;  a  macadam  road  north  to 
Cojimar;  a  macadam  road  east  to  Campo  Florido.  The  part 
of  this  last  road  between  La  Gallega  and  Minas  is  unfinished, 
but  work  is  being  done  (1907).  Unimproved  roads  to  Playa 
de  Bacuranao  and  San  Miguel  del  Padron. 

The  town  is  also  connected  with  Havana  by  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
and  by  the  electric  street-railway  system.  Both  of  these  rail- 
roads run  to  Regla  and  the  bay  is  crossed  by  ferry.  An  at- 
tack on  the  town  should  be  made  from  the  east. 

Bacuranao. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  containing  about  160  farms  and  the  villages  of  Bacu- 
ranao, Barrera,  La  Gallega,  Playa  de  Bacuranao,  and  Minas. 
The  village  of  Bacuranao  is  built  along  the  Guanabacoa- 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  205 

Campo  Florido  calzada  and  contains  about  60  houses  and  2 
stores. 

La  Gallega. — Sitio.  A  small  place  on  the  Guanabacoa- 
Campo  Florido  road.     It  contains  about  12  houses. 

Barrera. — Village.  A  small  unimportant  village  in  the 
center  of  a  small  uncultivated  valley.  Population,  about  100. 
Has  20  or  25  houses,  2  small  stores,  and  a  ruined  church. 
Water  is  taken  from  surface  wells  and  is  not  good.  Church 
still  has  a  fairly  good  tile  roof  and  could  be  used  for  shelter, 
or  as  a  storehouse  in  case  of  emergency.  Open,  grassy 
ground  in  center  of  town  sufficient  for  camp  of  one  regiment. 

La  Playa  de  Bacuranao': — Village.  A  small  fishing  village 
on  the  coast.  Has  a  store  and  about  15  small  houses.  The 
bay  at  this  point  is  small  and  unprotected ;  has  a  sandy  beach. 

Minas. — Village.  Small,  compact  village  of  little  impor- 
tance. Has  about  25  small  houses;  one  brick,  one  stone,  and 
the  rest  of  wood.  About  half  the  houses  have  tile  roofs ;  the 
rest  are  thatched.  Railroad  station  is  about  half  a  mile 
south  of  the  village.  Two  small  buildings  in  its  vicinity  that 
could  be  used  as  storehouses  for  a  small  command.  A  dirt 
road  running  south  connects  the  village  with  the  station. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  some  deep  wells  in  the  village. 
There  is  also  a  good-sized  creek  of  clear  water  running  along 
the  western  edge.  Good  camp  grounds  are  to  the  west  of 
the  village ;  good  grazing  land ;  water  from  the  stream  men- 
tioned above.  By  using  all  the  houses,  Minas  would  afford 
shelter  for  two  battalions. 

Campo  Florido. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  built 
almost  entirely  along  the  calle  Real  or  main  street.  This 
street  runs  from  the  center  of  the  depot  300  yards  northwest, 
where  it  reaches  the  turnpike.  Beyond  the  turnpike  there 
are  a  few  huts,  but  most  of  the  village  lies  between  the  turn- 
pike and  the  depot.  Population,  350.  The  water  supply  of 
the  village  is  obtained  from  the  river  Guanao.  There  is  also 
a  deep  well  on  the  western  edge  of  the  village.  At  the  corner 
of  the  turnpike  and  calle  Real  there  is  a  large  two-story 
building  that  is  used  as  a  general  store.  Would  be  very  suit- 
able for  a  hospital.  Capacity  of  the  second  floor  about  50 
beds.  The  rest  of  the  houses  are  one  story  and  small.  Most 
of  them  are  used  as  stores  in  the  front  portion  and  as  living 


206  PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA. 

rooms  in  the  back.  The  whole  village  would  probably  afford 
temporary  shelter  for  two  regiments  or  one  regiment  at  war 
strength. 

Eailroad  station  of  the  U.  H.  K,  E.  is  at  the  south  end  of 
calle  Keal ;  is  a  stone  building,  about  36  by  90  feet ;  one  story. 

The  best  place  for  a  camp  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
village  is  to  the  south  of  the  depot,  on  pasture  land.  Water 
to  be  obtained  from  the  river  Guanao,  which  runs  southeast 
of  the  village.  There  is  a  small  plaza  in  front  of  the  station 
on  which  two  battalions  could  bivouac. 

Cojimar. — Barrio  and  village.  A  summer  resort  about  3 
miles  east  of  Havana  on  the  coast.  Situated  on  a  small  bay, 
and  has  several  bath  houses.  The  Hotel  Campoamor,  a  large, 
new,  four-story  building,  is  on  the  hill  back  of  Cojimar; 
would  make  an  excellent  general  hospital.  Population,  about 
241. 

Guanaho. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  of  this  name  is 
situated  near  the  coast  range,  north  of  Campo  Florido.  Con- 
tains 2  stores  and  20  to  30  small  houses.  Population,  about 
200.  The  district  of  Guanabo  contains  80  farms.  It  also 
contains  the  village  of  Playa  de  Guanabo. 

Playa  de  Guanabo. — Village.  A  small,  unimportant  vil- 
lage near  the  coast  range  of  mountains,  north  of  Campo 
Florido.  It  has  2  stores  and  20  to  30  small  houses,  inhabited 
by  fishermen  and  charcoal  burners.    Population,  about  65. 

Pepe  Antonio. — Barrio  and  village.  The  place  bearing 
the  name  was  formerly  known  as  Peiialver.  The  village  is 
situated  on  the  top  of  a  high  hill.  It  is  a  very  old  place  and 
falling  into  decay.  Has  an  old  church  and  about  30  houses. 
Many  of  the  houses  are  built  of  stone  and  are  along  the  one 
main  street.  The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  and 
from  a  small  stream  east  of  the  village.  Unimproved  roads 
connect  this  place  with  Guanabacoa,  Bucuranao,  Minas, 
Campo  Florido  and  Santa  Maria  del  Eosario.  No  tele- 
graphic or  telephonic  communication. 

San  Miguel  del  Padron. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  dis- 
trict. Place  of  this  name  is  a  small  village  with  a  store  and 
8  or  10  houses.  Population,  about  75.  Village  of  San  Fran- 
cisco de  Paula  is  in  the  barrio. 

San  Francisco  de  Paula. — Village.  A  small  village  of  30 
or  40  houses  built  along  the   Havana-Giiines  calzada,  6.2 


SANTA   MARIA  DEL  ROSARIO 
TOWNSHIP 


^OV^^S"'^^  e 


^^4.^ 


^e   n-AS 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


207 


miles  from  Havana.  Population,  about  550.  It  is  at  the  top 
of  the  ridge  that  rises  from  the  bay  at  Luyano  and  culmi- 
nates in  the  high  hills  around  San  Francisco.  These  hills 
command  the  whole  of  the  city  of  Havana  and  would  have 
to  be  held  in  case  the  city  were  to  be  defended.  The  only 
military  importance  this  place  would  have  is  its  nearness  to 
the  natural  line  of  outer  defences  of  Havana.  It  was  within 
the  Spanish  line  established  in  1898.  The  whole  village 
would  probably  shelter  one  and  one-half  regiments.  Water 
is  obtained  from  wells ;  said  to  be  good  and  abundant. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  SANTA  MARIA  DEL  ROSARIO  (CAPITAL,  SANTA  MARIA  DEL 

ROSARIO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Santa  Maria  del  Rosario... 

Ciudad 

Urban. 

Miles. 

701 

Cambute 

Rural 

do 

0.5 
3.7 
2.5 
3.7 
2 

319 

Cuatro  Caminos 

Cotorro 

Catwte 

679 

GriUo 

.do 

442 

San  Antonio 

.do 

430 

San  Pedro  del  Cotorro... 

do 

1  344 

Santa  Maria  del  Rosario. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small 
compact  town  of  about  650  inhabitants.  It  contains,  all  told, 
150  houses,  counting  native  huts.  Situated  about  1^  miles 
north  of  Cotorro,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  macadam 
road.  This  town  has  a  small  group  of  mineral  baths,  and  a 
small  but  well-kept  public  bath  house.  It  is  a  summering 
place  for  many  people  from  Havana.  The  best  buildings  of 
the  town  are  grouped  around  the  plaza,  where  there  are  a 
number  of  small  one-story  masonry  buildings  that  could  be 
converted  into  barracks  and  storehouses  if  necessary.  Water 
supply  is  from  wells  and  from  a  spring  of  good  drinking 
water  at  the  bath  house.  There  is  a  good-sized  masonry 
church  in  the  plaza.  Post-office  faces  the  plaza.  Ground 
on  all  sides  of  the  town  is  hilly,  and  there  is  not  much  choice 
of  camping  ground;  probably  the  best  ground  for  a  small 
camp  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  bath  house,  so  as  to  use  the 
water  suppl}'^  from  the  spring.  The  station  for  the  town  is 
on  the  Havana  Central  Electric  road  at  Cotorro.  Carriages 
and  guaguas  run  between  Cotorro  and  Santa  Maria  during 
the  summer  months.     Besides  the  macadam  road  leading 


208  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

to  Cotorro,  there  are  unimproved  roads  running  to  Guana- 
bacoa,  Minas,  Campo  Florido,  and  Tapaste.  The  last  three 
mentioned  roads  are  very  rough  and  very  difficult  for  wheels. 

Cambute. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  or  point 
of  this  name.    Whole  district  contains  about  50  houses. 

Capote. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  place  of  this  name 
in  the  district,  but  it  contains  the  village  of  Cuatro  Caminos. 

Cuatro  Caminos. — Village.  This  place  is  on  the  Havana- 
Giiines  calzada,  13  miles  from  Havana  and  5^  miles  by  road 
southeast  of  Santa  Maria  del  Rosario  and  is  the  same  style 
and  class  of  village  as  Cotorro  described  below.  Population 
about  192. 

A  macadam  road  branches  southwest  to  Managua.  An 
unimproved  dirt  road  runs  north  to  Tapaste.  The  Havana 
Central  Electric  Railroad  runs  through  the  village. 

Grillo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  place  of  this  name 
in  the  district. 

San  Antonio. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  or 
point  of  this  name.  The  whole  district  contains  about  58 
houses. 

San  Pedro  del  Cotorro. — Barrio  and  town.  Cotorro  is  a 
small  town  scattered  along  the  Havana-Giiines  caldaza,  9 
miles  from  Havana.  Has  a  number  of  small  masonry  houses 
and  stores  that  could  be  converted  into  barracks  and  store- 
houses if  necessary.  The  Havana  Central  Electric  road 
passes  through  the  town,  and  there  is  one  of  the  standard 
electric  transforming  stations  of  the  company.  Population, 
1,178. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  wells ;  water  said  to  be  good 
and  abundant. 

In  addition  to  the  Havana-Giiines  road,  a  macadam  road 
runs  north  to  Santa  Maria,  and  an  unimproved  road  runs  to 
Managua. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  GUINES. 

Township :  Population. 

Griiines ., 1 32,216 

Madruga 7,  111 

Nueva   Paz 12,196 


PBOVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  209 

TOWNSHIP  OF  GUINES  (CAPITAL,  GUINES). 


Town,  viUage,  or  sitlo. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Guines 

Primero  de  Guines 

Segundo  de  Guines 

Tercero  de  Guines 

Urban 

Miles. 

3,161 

...do 

2,956 

...do 

1,936 

Zaragoza  .          

Alderete 

Rural 

...do 

6.5 
7.2 
11 
7.6 
3.2 
5.1 
4.2 

7.5 

199 

Babiney  Prieto 

812 

Bayamo 

...do 

306 

...do 

1,150 

El  Pico 

Cambre 

...do 

646 

La  Conocida 

Candela           

Candela  Norte 

Candela  Sur 

Norte  de  Catalina 

Sur  de  Catalina 

Charcas 

Costa  de  Guara 

Costa  de  Melena 

Cruz 

Encamaci(5n 

...do 

...do 

Urban.... 
...do 

467 
182 

Gamarra. 
Mateo  Reyes. 

592 

794 

Melena 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

8 

12.5 
10.6 

1.7 

6.2 
6.2 
3 

12.2 
9.3 
8.2 

9.S 
12 
3.6 
4.3 
6 
L5 

9.3 
5.6 
5.3 
L3 
5.5 

10.3 

1,142 

Cruz      

170 

718 
762 

Ocejo. 

419 

Rio  Seco                  

Gabriel        .  . 

.do.    . . 

1,080 

Guanajo     

Guanajo 

.do 

353 

..do 

1,405 

Jobo 

...do 

712 

...do 

369 

Lechuga  (2) 

...do 

1,140 

Melena  del  Sur 

Melena  del  Sur 

Urban 

Rural 

...do 

1,615 

Navio 

335 

Flete 

Nombre  de  Dios 

1,728 

Ocafla 

...do 

424 

Flor  de  Mayo . . : 

Ponce 

...do 

224 

La  Libertad 

Rubio 

...do..... 

1,266 

La  Paloma. 

...do 

243 

ElCangre 

San  Bias 

...do 

165 

Ojo  de  Agua 

San  Jos6 

...do 

1,006 

San  Julian  de  Giiines 

...do.     . 

865 

San  .TiiliAn 

San  Juli&n  de  Melena 

...do...  . 

538 

Palenque 
San  NicoMs 

San  Marcos 

San  NicoWs 

...do 

Urban 

10 
2,326 

Guines. — Barrio  and  town.  Giiines  is  a  town  of  impor- 
tance. It  is  well  regulated,  and  in  the  center  of  the  sugar 
industry  of  the  province  of  Havana.  Large  springs  are  sit- 
uated some  9  miles  from  the  town.  About  one-half  mile 
from  the  town  the  river  has  been  tapped  and  the  whole  sur- 
rounding country  irrigated,  making  the  locality  suitable  for 
truck  gardening.  There  are  some  half  dozen  establishments 
for  packing  and  shipping  tomatoes,  cabbage,  new  potatoes, 
eggplants,  lettuce,  etc.,  to  Havana  and  the  United  States. 
Population,  8,053.  The  town  is  mostly  inhabited  by  negroes 
who  have  no  fixed  occupations.  Some  dozen  American  fam- 
ilies live  in  the  town. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  an  irrigation  ditch  con- 
nected with  the  Rio  Mayabeque,  which  has  its  source  in  the 

492—09 14 


210  PROVINCE    OF   HAVANA. 

aforementioned  springs.  There  are  two  other  ditches  besides 
this  one,  and  there  being  no  sewer  system  the  ditches  receive 
the  whole  drainage  of  the  town.  The  water  works  are  un- 
worthy of  the  name,  as  they  consist  simply  of  a  large  filter 
and  settling  tanks,  through  which  the  water  flows  by  gravity, 
no  pump  or  other  mechanical  appliance  being  used.  There 
is  so  little  natural  "  head  "  that  in  some  houses  of  the  town 
it  is  necessary  to  have  the  outlets  in  pits  in  the  floor  in  order 
to  procure  the  water.  The  filter  referred  to  is  in  a  filthy 
condition.  As  far  as  the  natural  supply  is  concerned  it  is 
excellent  in  quality  and  sufficient  in  quantity  to  give  the 
town  an  excellent  water  service,  provided  a  suitable  pumping 
station  be  constructed.  The  supply  can  be  cut  off  one-half 
mile  east  of  the  city  by  closing  the  gates  of  the  ditch.  This 
point  can  easily  be  protected  from  the  cuartel. 

No  sewer  system,  excepting  the  aforementioned  ditches. 
The  town  is  lighted  by  electricity  furnished  from  the  Ha- 
vana Central  Electric  Railway  plant.  There  is  a  small, 
privately  owned  coal-gas  works  on  the  western  edge  of  town 
which  formerly  furnished  gas  for  street  lighting.  Many 
of  the  residences  and  stores  have  acetylene  gas  generators 
installed. 

Barracks:  Capacity,  one  battalion;  on  eastern  edge  of 
town ;  was  used  as  Spanish  barracks ;  built  of  brick  and  cov- 
ered with  stucco;  sanitary  conditions  good;  no  water  in  bar- 
racks.   Modern  water-closets  not  installed. 

Stables:  None.  The  packing  house  near  railroad  station 
could  be  used  as  a  stable  for  two  troops.  Good  grazing  and 
room  for  picket  lines  close  to  irrigation  ditch  in  front  of 
barracks.  More  ground  suitable  for  grazing,  picket  lines, 
and  camp  sites  is  situated  at  western  end  of  town. 

Transportation  corrals:  None  available.  Good  location 
on  open  ground  near  irrigation  ditch  and  on  good  road  100 
yards  in  rear  of  barracks. 

One  hospital  completely  equipped.  Several  packing  houses 
suitable  for  same  purpose  could  be  used  in  emergency  after 
being  cleaned  and  put  in  sanitary  condition. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses :  Several  pack- 
ing houses  are  suitable  for  the  purpose.  The  packing  houses 
near  the  railway  and  residences  near  electric  railway  are 
suitable. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  211 

The  ayimtamiento  building  is  in  the  center  of  town;  rail- 
way station  (steam)  in  western  part  of  town.  The  electric 
railway  station  is  two  blocks  south  of  ayuntamiento  build- 
ing. Post  and  telegraph  offices  are  east  of  central  part  of 
town.     Xo  telephone  system  established. 

Ice  plant  situated  about  300  yards  east  of  barracks,  eastern 
part  of  town.  There  are  camp  sites,  possessing  desirable 
sanitary  features  for  command  of  10.000  men;  plenty  of 
water,  wood,  and  grazing. 

Some  few  old  Spanish  fortifications  on  macadamized  pike 
from  Giiines  to  Havana  near  deep  cut  in  hills  north  of  town. 
Barracks  are  loop-holed.  Old  Spanish  trocha  about  the 
town  dating  from  1898. 

United  Railroads  of  Havana  reaches  town  by  circuitous 
route.  Distance  from  Havana  by  rail,  45  miles.  There  are 
good  facilities  for  entraining  and  detraining.  Freight  depot 
could  be  used  for  commissary  and  quartermaster  stores.  The 
Havana  Central  Railroad  from  Havana  passes  through  the 
town.  The  station  is  new:  built  of  cement;  about  200  feet 
long;  cement  platform  all  the  way  aroufid.  It  is  connected 
by  switch  with  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana. 

All  roads  out  of  town  are  impracticable  except  turnpike 
or  calzada  to  Havana.  Pack-train  transportation  would  be 
necessary  on  other  roads.  In  case  the  town  were  to  be  de- 
fended the  easiest  and  most  probable  defense  would  be  along 
the  north,  to  protect  from  troops  coming  overland  on  turn- 
pike. The  town  would  be  hardest  to  defend  from  the  east 
and  that  would  be  the  proper  and  logical  side  to  attack. 

Alderete. — Barrio.  A  rural  district,  containing  a  store 
and  2  houses  known  as  Zaragoza;  situated  on  the  Catalina- 
Ganuza  road. 

Bahiney  Prieto. — Barrio..  A  rural  district.  Xo  point  or 
village  in  this  district. 

Bayamo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district,  which  contains  no 
village  or  store. 

Barhudo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  which  contains  the 
sitio  of  Rosario.  The  sitio  is  11  miles  by  road  due  south 
of  Giiines  on  the  south  coast.     It  contains  4  or  5  houses. 

Cambre. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  which  contains  a  store 
known  as  El  Pico,  situated  on  the  Catalina-Guines  road. 


212  PROVINCE    OF    HAVANA. 

Candela  Norte. — Barrio.  A  rural  district,  containing  a 
store  and  2  houses  at  La  Conocida  on  the  Havana-Giiines 
calzada,  and  a  store  on  the  road  which  runs  from  the 
Havana-Giiines  caldaza  to  La  Catalina. 

Candela  Sur. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  the 
sitios  of  Candela,  Gamarra,  and  Mateo  Reyes.  Candela  is 
about  4|  miles  northwest  of  Giiines  on  the  Havana-Giiines 
calzada  near  a  cut  through  the  hill  called  Loma  Candela 
and  contains  15  or  20  houses. 

Gamarra. — Sitio.  On  the  Havana-Giiines  calzada  and 
contains  2  stores  and  4  houses. 

Mateo  Reyes. — Sitio.  Situated  on  the  same  calzada  at 
the  43  kilometer  post.     It  is  a  small  place. 

La  Catalina. — Barrio  and  village.  A  scattering  village 
of  1,490  inhabitants,  situated  on  the  branch  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
which  runs  northeast  from  Giiines,  through  Catalina,  and 
joins  the  Matanzas  branch  near  Ceiba  Mocha.  It  is  divided 
into  two  barrios  or  wards,  viz,  Norte  and  Sur.  No  indus- 
tries except  the  shipping  of  sugar  cane  during  the  grinding 
season.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  within  the 
village,  but  about  1  mile  west  of  the  village,  on  the  road 
leading  to  Giiines,  is  a  large  spring  of  fresh  water,  sufficient 
for  a  command  of  any  size.  Camps  and  corrals  should  be 
on  the  western  side  of  village  in  order  to  use  the  water  from 
this  spring. 

Post-office  is  on  main  street.  Telegraph  office  at  the  rail- 
road station.  The  railroad  station  is  on  the  southern  edge 
of  the  village  and  has  several  long  side  tracks  to  facilitate 
the  loading  of  sugar  cane  on  the  cars.  There  are  three  or 
four  stone  buildings  in  the  vicinity  of  these  tracks  that 
could  be  converted  into  storehouses.  The  village  has  an  old 
Spanish  trench  surrounding  it;  built  in  the  war  of  1895-1898. 

Charcas. — Barrio.  Contains  the  station  of  Melena  on  the 
United  Railroads  of  Havana,  36.5  miles  from  Havana,  and 
the  ingenio  Mercedita  is  at  this  station.  Station  contains 
side  tracks  amounting  to  about  1  mile.  A  macadam  road 
about  2  miles  long  and  a  narrow-gauge  track  connect  the 
station  with  Melena  del  Sur.  In  this  district  there  is  also  a 
store  at  the  farm  El  Rosario. 

Costa  de  Gvara. — Barrio.  \  rural  district.  No  village 
in  the  district. 


PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA.  213 

Costa  de  Melena. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  There  is  a 
store  called  La  Liiisa  situated  at  the  ruins  of  La  Luisa  sugar 
mill. 

Cruz. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  There  are  2 
stores  within  this  district;  one  of  these  is  called  Ocejo,  and 
is  on  the  Havana-Giiines  calzada ;  the  other,  called  Cruz,  is 
at  the  Cruz  farm  on  the  Giiines-Catalina  road. 

Encamacion. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  or 
store  in  the  district. 

Gahriel. — Barrio.  This  district  contains  the  town  of  Rio 
Seco. 

Rio  Seco. — Town.  Has  T  stores  and  60  or  70  small  houses. 
Population,  about  440.  This  station  is  48.6  miles  from 
Havana,  and  4.3  miles  from  Giiines  on  the  United  Railroads 
of  Havana,  and  the  side  tracks  total  in  length  1,200  yards. 
The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  ditches  leading  from  the 
Mayabeque  River,  and  is  not  good.  Country  level,  and 
planted  in  sugar  cane. 

Guanajo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district;  contains  a 
store  called  Guanajo  on  the  Guanajo  road. 

Guara. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small,  old,  and  extremely 
dirty  town  situated  on  the  Giiines  branch  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
about  8  miles  west  of  Giiines.  Has  a  population  of  1,020. 
There  are  no  very  large  houses,  but  there  are  a  number  that 
could  be  converted  into  barracks  in  case  of  necessity.  These 
are  all  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  plaza.  Water  supply 
obtained  from  wells  within  the  town.  Telegraph  station  is 
at  the  railroad  depot.  Depot  has  a  frame  warehouse  about 
100  by  30  feet,  and  there  are  a  number  of  small  stores  near 
the  tracks  that  could  be  converted  into  storehouses.  There 
are  three  side  tracks;  one  about  400  yards  long,  and  two 
about  200  yards  long.  Country  on  all  sides  is  level,  and  either 
cultivated  or  pasture  land. 

Joho. — Barrio.  A  rural  district,  in  which  is  situated  the 
sugar  mill  El  Jobo  (San  Miguel). 

Lechuffa. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  sitio 
consists  of  a  store  and  2  or  3  houses,  and  is  11  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  Giiines. 

Lechugas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  in  which  is  situated 
the  sugar  mill  San  Jose.     It  contains  a  point  called  Lechuga, 


214  PROVINCE    OF    HAVANA. 

which  is  a  store  on  the  Giiines-Melena  road.  It  also  contains 
a  store  called  Cascajaba,  situated  on  the  Giiines-Melena  road, 
8  miles  southwest  of  Giiines. 

Melena  del  Sur. — ^Barrio  and  town.  A  well-kept  town, 
with  a  population  of  1,615.  Situated  about  2  miles  south  of 
the  station  of  Melena  on  the  Giiines  branch  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
and  10  miles  by  road  southwest  of  Giiines.  The  sugar  mills 
Mercedita  and  San  Jose  are  both  near  this  town  and  con- 
tribute toward  its  support.  Water  supply  obtained  from 
two  or  three  wells.  There  are  no  large  houses,  but  a  number 
of  those  along  the  one  main  street  could  be  converted  into 
barracks  in  case  of  necessity.  A  narrow-gauge  railroad 
track  runs  from  the  station  of  Melena  to  the  town,  and  there 
are  a  number  of  small  houses,  near  this  track  and  facing  the 
plaza,  that  could  be  used  as  storehouses.  Country  on  all 
sides  is  level  and  cultivated.  Camps  and  corrals  should  be 
made  on  the  southeastern  edge  of  town,  near  the  main  well. 
At  the  station  of  Melena  is  the  sugar  mill  Mercedita,  and 
there  are  a  number  of  long  side  tracks  at  this  place  that 
would  give  every  facility  for  loading  and  unloading  troops 
and  supplies.  Melena  del  Sur  is  connected  with  the  station 
of  Melena  by  a  new  macadam  road  about  2  miles  long,  and 
with  Giiines,  Guara,  Batabano  and  San  Antonio  de  las  Vegas 
by  unimproved  dirt  roads. 

Navio. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  place  of 
this  name  is  a  store  on  the  Havana-Giiines  calzada.  District 
also  contains  a  store  of  Lucas  Rodriguez  on  the  Guara - 
Nazareno  road. 

Nomhre  de  Dios. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  in  which  are 
situated  the  sugar  mills  Nombre  de  Dios  and  Providencia. 
Also  contains  the  sitio  of  Flete. 

Flete. — Sitio.     Consists  of  a  store  and  4  or  5  houses. 

Ocana. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  which  contains  no  vil- 
lage or  store. 

Ponce. — Barrio.  District  contains  a  store,  called  Flor  de 
Mayo,  situated  on  the  Camino  Real  of  Giiines. 

Rubio. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  the  sugar 
mill  Amistad  and  the  sitios  La  Libertad  and  La  Paloma. 

La  Libertad. — Sitio.  On  the  Giiines-San  Nicolas  road  at 
the  bridge  El  Frances. 


PBOVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  215 

La  Paloma. — Sitio.  On  the  road  from  Giiines  to  Pipian, 
and  contains  3  stores  and  3  houses. 

Ruiz. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  Contains  no  sitio  or 
village. 

San  Bias. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  the  sitio 
El  Cangre. 

El  Cangre. — Sitio.  On  the  Giiines- Pipian  road;  contains 
a  store  and  5  houses. 

San  Jose. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  the  sitio 
Ojo  de  Agua. 

Ojo  de  Agua. — Sitio.  Situated  at  a  spring  1  mile  south- 
west of  Catalina  on  the  Catalina-Giiines  road.  Contains  a 
store  and  4  houses. 

San  Julian  de  Giiines. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  west  of 
Giiines. 

San  Julian  de  Melena. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  railroad 
station  and  village  of  Palenque  are  situated  in  this  barrio. 
The  sitio  called  San  Julian  is  a  finca  5f  miles  west  of  Giiines. 
It  contains  2  houses,  and  the  Rio  Cotillo  flows  nearby. 

Palenque. — Village.  A  railroad  station  on  the  United 
Railroads  of  Havana,  almost  4  miles  west  of  Giiines.  It  con- 
tains a  store  and  15  houses.  Has  a  covered  station  and  about 
1,400  yards  of  side  tracks  and  switches.  From  this  station 
spurs  run  to  the  sugar  mills  Nombre  de  Dios  and  Provi- 
dencia. 

San  Marcos. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  which  contains  no 
village  or  store. 

San  Nicolas. — Barrio  and  town.  A  town  of  2,326  inhabi- 
tants, situated  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.,  about  9  miles  east  of 
Giiines.     Is  built  along  one  principal  street. 

No  houses  particularly  suitable  for  barracks  and  there  are 
no  stables  of  any  size  in  the  town. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  a  well  in  front  of  the 
church;  operated  by  a  windmill.  This  well  does  not  always 
afford  a  sufficient  supply  of  water  for  the  town,  and  the 
water  question  is  often  a  serious  one. 

The  depot  has  a  large  warehouse  and  there  are  several 
other  buildings  in  the  immediate  vicinity  which  could  be 
converted  into  storehouses. 

The  best  place  for  corrals  and  camps  is  a  level  field  along 
the  railroad  on  the  north  edge  of  town. 


216 


PROVINCE    OF    HAVANA. 


The  telegraph  station  is  at  the  railroad  depot. 

There  are  a  number  of  side  tracks  at  the  depot  for  the 
loading  of  cane  cars. 

The  best  place  for  a  hospital  in  this  vicinity  is  the  resi- 
dence of  Gomez  Mena,  at  the  sugar  mill  Teresa,  about  3  miles 
southeast  of  San  Nicolas.  This  is  also  the  best  place  for  a 
camp  or  to  station  troops,  as  there  is  shelter  for  men  and 
animals  and  an  abundant  supply  of  water. 

Unimproved  roads  lead  from  this  town  north  to  La  Cata- 
lina;  northeast  to  Pipian  and  Madruga;  east  to  Las  Vegas, 
San  Antonio,  and  Los  Palos ;  and  west  to  Giiines. 

There  is  not  much  choice  as  to  a  point  of  attack  on  this 
town,  as  the  country  is  level  and  about  half  open  on  all  sides. 
An  approach  from  the  northwest  would  probably  give  the 
most  protection. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  MADRUGA  (CAPITAL,  MADRUGA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Madruga 

Concordia 

Cayajabos. 
Itabo 

Xenes. 

Majagua 

Piplto 

Sabana  de  Robles 

San  Bias 

Zaldlvar 


Barrio. 


Este 

Oeste 

Concordia  y  Cayajabos . 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
....do.. 
Rural. 


Itabo .do. 


Pipi&n . 

Sabana  de  Robles . 

San  Bias 

Zaldivar 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
-do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


5 

5 

3 

4 

2.5 

3.7 

4 


Popula- 
tion. 


737 

1,438 

564 


304 
733 


597 
1,274 


Madruga. — Town.  Built  on  a  hillside  and  overlooked 
from  the  north  and  east  by  high  grassy  hills.  The  ground 
to  the  south  and  west  is  rolling  and  cultivated.  Divided  into 
two  barrios  or  wards,  viz,  Este  and  Oeste.  The  town  has 
2,175  people.    Houses  are  of  stone  and  wood  with  tile  roofs. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  surface  wells,  which  are 
in  almost  every  yard.  The  water  seems  to  be  of  good  quality 
and  abundant. 

There  are  no  buildings  especially  suitable  for  barracks,  but 
there  are  many  houses  that  could  be  used  for  that  purpose. 
These  are  all  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  plaza  and  are 
now  used  as  stores  and  shops  in  the  front  part  and  living 
rooms  in  the  rear.  The  hotel  on  calle  Cespedes  near  the 
plaza  would  hold  one  company.  There  are  two  long,  one- 
story  buildings  on  the  street  near  the  railroad  depot;  each 


MADRUGA     TOWNSHIP 


asuaC^'''^ 


PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA.  217 

would  accommodate  one  full  company.  The  houses  are  now 
used  as  small  apartments. 

All  of  the  houses  have  small  stables.  There  are  two  in- 
closed yards  just  north  of  the  depot  that  could  be  converted 
into  a  corral  for  a  large  number  of  animals;  water  to  be 
obtained  from  the  surface  well,  or  the  animals  watered  in  the 
small  stream  north  of  the  town. 

A  small  warehouse  at  the  depot,  about  18  by  45  feet,  could 
be  used  as  a  storehouse  for  a  small  force.  At  the  corner  of 
the  street  leading  from  the  depot  to  the  town  and  about  1 
block  from  the  former  is  a  large  one-story  house,  built  of 
stone  and  having  heavy  doors  and  windows ;  would  make  an 
excellent  storehouse  for  a  large  force. 

A  large  two-story  building  on  the  plaza  at  the  corner  of 
calle  Cespedes  would  make  an  excellent  hospital ;  would  hold 
50  beds  without  crowding.  It  is  now  used  as  a  hotel  (San 
Luis)  and  is  open  in  the  summer  for  the  tourists  that  go  to 
Madruga  for  the  sulp*hur  baths.  There  are  a  couple  of 
smaller  summer  hotels  in  the  town  that  could  also  be  used 
as  hospitals. 

The  best  place  for  a  camp  is  on  the  hilly  ground  north- 
east of  the  town.  Here  there  is  a  small  clear  stream  from 
which  water  can  be  obtained.  The  ground  is  high,  generally 
dry,  and  is  not  cultivated. 

This  ground  is  commanded  by  the  hills  to  the  north  and 
east,  but  the  same  objection  could  be  found  to  any  camp 
close  to  Madruga,  and  the  placing  of  the  camp  near  the  hills 
would  permit  the  placing  of  a  detached  post  on  the  top  of 
the  hills  to  prevent  their  being  occupied  without  warning. 

The  post-office  and  telegraph  office  are  on  the  plaza. 

The  railroad  depot  is  on  the  south  edge  of  the  town  about 
3  squares  from  the  plaza. 

Concordia  y  Cayajahos. — Barrio  and  sitios.  A  rural  dis- 
trict. The  sitio  of  Concordia  consists  of  2  houses  and  at  the 
point  Cayajabos,  which  is  a  demolished  sugar  mill,  are  2 
houses. 

Itdbo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  point  of 
this  name  has  2  houses.  This  district  also  contains  Xenes, 
a  station  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R. ;  has  a  small  warehouse  and  400 
yards  of  side  track. 


218 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


Majagua. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  Point  of 
this  name  has  one  house. 

Pipidn. — Barrio  and  village.  A  small  village  of  270  in- 
habitants situated  about  4  miles  south  of  Madruga.  It  is 
built  along  one  short  main  street  and  has  no  large  buildings. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  Eio  de  la  Industria,  a  creek 
which  skirts  the  village  to  the  east,  and  from  a  spring  on  the 
bank  of  the  creek.     Water  is  good  and  abundant. 

The  country.in  the  vicinity  is  hilly  and  a  wooded  mountain 
about  1  mile  to  the  east  overlooks  the  village. 

Corrals  and  camping  grounds  should  be  placed  on  the  high 
ground  east  of  the  river.  There  is  room  for  a  camp  of  one 
battalion  at  the  edge  of  the  village  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
stream.  Madruga  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Unim- 
proved roads  lead  to  Madruga,  San  Nicolas,  Las  Vegas,  Los 
Palos,  and  Giiines. 

Sabana  de  Rohles. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district. 
The  place  of  this  name  is  3  miles  by  road  northwest  of 
Madruga  at  the  junction  of  the  Madruga  Branch,  United 
Railroads  of  Havana,  with  the  main  line.  There  are  2  small 
houses,  a  masonry  railroad  station,  and  4  side  tracks,  amount- 
ing in  length  to  700  yards.  Land  in  the  vicinity  is  flat  and 
swampy  in  the  rainy  season.  Water  obtained  from  surface 
wells  and  not  good.  District  also  contains  Santa  Rita  and 
San  Antonio  sugar  mills. 

San  Bias. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  Point  of 
this  name  has  4  houses  and  is  3  miles  by  road  southwest  of 
Madruga. 

Zaldivar. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  place 
of  this  name  consists  of  2  houses  and  is  4  miles  by  road  south 
of  Madruga. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  NUEVA  PAZ  (CAPITAL,  NUEVA  PAZ). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance  i 
from     j 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Nueva  Paz Nueva  Paz Urbanand 

rural. 

Bagaez * Rural 

Caimito Caimito .do 

Playa  del  Caimito.  j 

i  Jagua '...do 

i  Navarra .do 

Los  Palos Palos .do 

San  Luis .do 

Vegas Vegas j...do 

Yaya ...do 


Miles. 


3 

8.7 

4.8 
3.7 
2.5 
3.6 
5.6 
9.3 


2,379 

1,428 
1,351 

455 
•  830 
2,574 

640 
1,862 

677 


NUEVA    PAZ      TOWNSHIP 


'V. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  219 

Nueva  Pas. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small  town  near  the 
eastern  border  of  Havana  Province  and  about  3  miles  south 
of  Los  Palos.  Contains  468  houses,  all  told,  and  has  a  popu- 
lation of  2,379. 

The  cane  fields  in  the  vicinity  and  the  sugar  mill  Nueva 
Paz  seem  to  be  the  main  support  of  the  town. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  three  or  four  wells 
in  the  town.  Water "  is  not  of  very  good  quality,  and  the 
supply  is  hardly  adequate. 

There  are  no  hirge  buildings.  Two  or  three  masonry 
buildings  at  the  north  edge  of  town  could  be  used  as  com- 
missary and  quartermaster  storehouses,  and  the  buildings  in 
the  vicinity  of  Central  Park  could  be  converted  into  barracks 
in  case  of  necessity. 

The  best  place  for  transportation  corrals  is  near  the  well 
by  the  cemetery,  on  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  town. 

Post-oiRce  and  telegraph  office  is  on  Libertad  street  just 
east  of  Central  Park  and  north  of  the  church. 

A  narrow-gauge  railroad  runs  to  the  sugar  mill  Nueva 
Paz  and  connects  with  a  branch  which  runs  to  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
at  Los  Palos. 

The  ground  is  level  and  cultivated  on  all  sides,  but  no 
camps  of  any  size  could  be  made,  due  to  the  lack  of  water. 

Roads  lead  out  of  town  as  follows:  A  macadam  road 
north  of  Los  Palos;  an  unimproved  road  west  to  Las  Vegas 
and  San  Nicolas;  an  unimproved  road  south  to  Guanamon ; 
and  one  southeast  to  sugar  mill  Nueva  Paz. 

The  best  place  for  troops  in  this  vicinity  is  at  the  sugar 
mill  Nueva  Paz,  about  3  miles  southeast  of  the  town,  where 
abundance  of  water  and  shelter  for  troops  are  to  be  found. 

Bagaez. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this  name 
in  the  district;  contains  central  Nueva  Paz. 

Caimito. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict southwest  of  Nueva  Paz  and  contains  central  Gomez 
Mena  (Teresa).  The  sitio  is  4  miles  southeast  of  San  Nico- 
las and  about  9  miles  southwest  of  Nueva  Paz,  at  the  inter- 
section of  roads  from  each  place.  It  contains  a  general 
store  and  two  or  three  houses.  There  is  also  a  point  in  the 
barrio  called  Playa  del  Caimito.  It  is  situated  4  miles  south 
of  Caimito  and  consists  of  a  few  shacks. 


220  PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA. 

Jagua. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this  name 
in  the  district. 

Navarra. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this 
name  in  the  district;  contains  central  Santisima  Trinidad 
(Josefita). 

Lo8  Palos. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small  town  situated  on 
the  U.  H.  K.  R.  near  the  eastern  border  of  Havana  Province. 
2.5  miles  northeast  of  Nueva  Paz.  Population,  2,100.  Water 
supply  is  obtained  from  wells  within  the  town.  There  are 
no  large  buildings  especiallj^  suitable  for  barracks.  All  the 
buildings  of  any  size  are  on  the  one  short  main  street,  which 
runs  south  from  the  depot.  Corrals  should  be  established 
north  of  the  depot,  on  the  open  ground,  in  order  to  utilize 
the  well  at  the  depot  for  watering.  The  station  of  the  rail- 
road has  a  large  masonry  warehouse,  and  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  buildings  in  the  immediate  vicinity  which  could  be 
converted  into  storehouses.  The  depot  has  about  1,500  yards 
of  side  track.  Telegraph  office  is  at  the  depot.  Country  on 
all  sides  of  Los  Palos  is  level  and  about  half  open.  A 
macadam  road  leads  south  to  Nueva  Paz;  an .  unimproved 
road  runs  north  to  Pipian ;  the  road  to  Las  Vegas  is  through 
Nueva  Paz.  The  best  place  for  troops  in  this  vicinity  is  at 
the  sugar  mill  Josefita,  about  1  mile  north  of  Los  Palos. 
where  there  is  shelter  for  men  and  animals,  and  an  abund- 
ance of  water. 

San  Luis. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this 
name  in  the  district. 

Vegas. — Barrio  and  town.  A  scattering  town  of  about 
950  inhabitants,  situated  5.6  miles  northwest  of  Nueva  Paz 
on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  and  near  the  eastern  border  of  the  prov- 
ince. The  town  is  scattered  along  both  sides  of  the  railroad, 
and  has  two  or  three  buildings  that  could  be  used  as  store- 
houses if  necessary.  Ground  is  level  and  cultivated  on  all 
sides.  Water  obtained  from  surface  wells.  Has  a  number 
of  side  tracks,  amounting  in  length  to  1,000  yards. 

Yaya. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this  name 
in  the  district. 

JUDICIAL   DISTRICT  OF   HAVANA. 

Township :                                                                                                 Population. 
Hnvana 302,  526 


HAVANA    TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE    OF   HAVANA. 
TOWNSHIP  OF  HAVANA  (CAPITAL,  HAVANA). 


221 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or    ^^J^*^ 

urban.          ^"J™, 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Havana 

Arsenal T. 

Atar6s        

Miles. 
Urban.... 

5,706 

...do..  .. 

«  a^n 

Ceiba 

...do 

fi  709 

...do 

17,321 

, 

Col6n 

...do 

9,214 
8  446 

Chavez   

. .  -do 

Dragones 

...do 

7,244 
7,761 
16,018 

...do 

Jesus  del  Monte 

...do 

Jesus  Maria 

...do 

4,259 
5  735 

Marti   

.  -do      .   . 

Monserrate 

...do 

8,152 
4,131 

Paula 

...do 

Penalver 

...do 

9,477 

Pilar            

.  .do 

. .  -do 

14,916 

9,915 

8,711 

3,825 

4,540 

6,908 

5,264 

...do. 

...do 

San  Felipe           

.do 

. .  .do 

...do      .    . 

...do 

San  Lazaro        .      .  . 

do 

j        24,894 

:          7,911 

6  334 

San  Leopoldo 

.do 

San  Nicol&s 

...do 

. .  .do 

1          5,030 

Santa  Teresa 

...do 

7,268 

Santo  Angel   . 

do 

i  XUi 

Santo  Cristo. . 

.do 

4,464 
7,059 
3,047 
11,130 
7,504 
5,525 

4  .';.33 

Tacon         

-do 

Templete 

.do 

Vedado 

do 

VUlanueva 

...do 

Vives 

...do 

Arroyo  Apolo 

Arroyo  Apolo 

Rural 

...do 

3.1 

Arroyo  Naranjo 

6.2  1          2' 015 
5. 6            1 .  nK6 

San  Juan. 
Calvario 

Calvario 

...do 

Chorrera. 
Mantilla. 
Casa  Blanca 

Rural  and 

urban. 
...do 

3,182 
2.491 

Luyano 

Luyand 

3 

Puentes  Grandes 

Puentes  Grandes  

Rural 

Urban... 

4       '           2.266 

Regla 

Primero  de  Regla 

2,845 
3,380 
3,307 
2,929 

Segundo  de  Regla 

...do 

Tercero  de  Regla 

...do 

Quarto  de  Regla 

-do 

City  of  Havana, 
historical  sketch. 

Havana  does  not  enjoy  the  distinction  of  being  the  first 
capital  of  the  island  of  Cuba.    This  honor  belongs  to  Baracoa. 

In  1518  Diego  de  Velasquez  established,  on  the  south  coast, 
at  the  place  where  Batabano  now  stands,  a  town  named  San 
Cristobal  de  Abana.  The  settlement  was  afterwards  moved 
to  the  north  coast  on  the  site  now  known  as  Chorrera, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Almendares  River,  and  thence  it  was 


222  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

again  transferred  and  established  at  the  Puerto  de  Carenas, 
as  Havana  Bay  was  formerly  called. 

In  time  the  name  San  Cristobal  de  Abana  became  shortened 
to  Havana. 

In  1538  the  town  was  destroyed  by  French  buccaneers,  but 
was  soon  restored  by  Hernando  (or  Fernando)  de  Soto,  who 
erected  the  first  fort — La  Fuerza. 

In  1550  the  residence  of  the  captain  general  and  the  seat  of 
government  were  transferred  to  Havana  from  Santiago  de 
Cuba,  which  was  at  that  time  the  capital  of  the  island. 

From  1551  to  1555  the  city  was  repeatedly  plundered  by 
Jacob  Sores  and  his  band  of  pirates,  and  in  1585  was  threat- 
ened by  Drake.  For  the  protection  of  the  city  against  the 
numerous  bands  of  pirates  which  infested  the  West  Indies, 
Philip  II  ordered,  and  Capt.  Gen.  Don  Juan  de  Tejeda 
caused  the  erection  of  the  Bateria  de  la  Punta  and  the  much 
celebrated  "El  Castillo  del  Morro,"  of  which  so  much  has 
been  written  during  the  war  just  passed. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  Havana 
seems  to  have  suffered  less  from  pirates,  and  to  have  passed 
the  next  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  of  its  life  in  comparative 
peace. 

In  1634  the  importance  of  the  place  received  royal  recogni- 
tion, and  by  the  royal  cedula  of  May  24  Havana  was  called 
"  Llave  del  Nuevo  Mundo  y  Antemural  de  las  Indias  Occi- 
dentales  "  [Key  of  the  New  World  and  Bulwark  of  the  West 
Indies] . 

In  1646  defensive  towers  were  erected  on  the  coast  at 
Chorrera  and  at  Cojimar. 

In  1652  Governor  Gelder  proposed  the  construction  of  a 
canal  from  the  shore  of  the  bay,  where  now  stands  the 
arsenal,  to  the  gulf  near  the  present  calzada  de  San  Lazaro, 
partly  as  a  defensive  work,  partly  for  the  purpose  of  purify- 
ing the  fever-breeding  bay.  Instead  of  that,  a  defensive  wall 
around  the  city  was  constructed  at  an  enormous  cost.  This 
wall  was  demolished  and  removed  in  1880. 

In  1665  the  city  was  confirmed  in  the  use  of  a  coat  of  arms, 
long  before  adopted. 

In  1724  the  navy-yard,  now  the  arsenal,  was  erected. 


PROVINCE  OP  HAVANA.  223 

During  the  year  1730  a  new  wall  was  begun  from  La  Punta 
along  the  shore  of  the  bay,  and  a  part  of  it  still  serves  as  a 
sea  wall. 

In  1762  the  English,  under  Admiral  Pococke  and  Duke  of 
Albemarle,  attacked  the  city,  and  on  August  14,  after  a  two 
months'  siege,  Havana  was  surrendered,  but  was  restored  to 
the  Spaniards  on  February  10, 1763,  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in 
exchange  for  the  Florida  s. 

The  capture  of  the  city  b}'  the  English  proved  such  a  valua- 
ble lesson  to  the  inhabitants  that  the  thirty-five  years  which 
followed  (1763-1798)  saw  the  beginning  and  completion  of 
all  the  great  defensive  works  now  existing  around  the  city. 

In  1782  was  published  La  Gaceta  de  la  Havana,  the  earliest 
newspaper  in  the  island. 

In  1780  the  Jesuits  were  expelled  from  the  city  and  their 
church  became  the  cathedral  of  Havana. 

The  urn  containing  the  ashes  of  Columbus  was  deposited 
in  the  Havana  Cathedral  in  1796.  It  was  taken  to  Spain 
after  the  Spanish- American  war. 

The  port  of  Havana,  in  common  with  others  of  the  island, 
was  by  law  opened  to  foreign  commerce  in  1818. 

Many  useful  institutions,  as  well  as  material  improvements 
and  embellishments  of  that  city,  are  mainly  due  to  Capt.  Gen. 
Don  Miguel  Tacon,  such  as  the  fire  brigade,  the  theater  which 
bears  his  name,  and  several  of  the  finest  public  promenades. 

The  first  railway  on  the  island,  running  from  Havana  to 
Giiines,  was  commenced  in  1835;  and  in  1837  the  first  ferry 
was  established  between  the  city  and  Regla,  a  suburban  town 
just  across  the  bay. 

In  1850  the  first  steamship  line  was  established,  between 
Cadiz  and  Havana. 

From  1868  to  1878  occurred  the  first  Cuban  revolution, 
which  affected  Havana's  commercial  interests  very  little. 

From  1896  to  1898,  during  the  revolution  just  past,  under 
the  regime  of  General  Weyler,  the  city's  commercial  interests 
suffered  greatly. 

From  April  22  to  x\ugust  12,  1898,  the  city  was  blockaded 
by  the  American  fleet,  and  for  a  portion  of  this  time  the 
inhabitants  were  on  the  verge  of  starvation. 


224  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

At  noon  on  January  1, 1899,  the  city  was  formally  occupied 
by  the  American  forces  following  the  treaty  of  peace  between 
Spain  and  the  United  States. 

The  city  was  formally  transferred  to  the  Cuban  Republic 
at  noon,  May  20,  1902. 

COAT    OF    ABMS. 

The  coat  of  arms  mentioned  in  the  historical  sketch  con- 
sists of  a  shield  bearing  three  castles,  argent,  upon  a  field  of 
azure,  and  a  golden  key — an  allusion  to  the  three  fortifica- 
tions guarding  the  mouth  of  the  harbor  and  to  Havana 
being  the  key  of  the  New  World.  Above  is  a  crown,  and 
for  the  border  the  necklace  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  The  coat 
of  arms  was  adopted  early  in  the  seventeenth  century,  but 
was  not  confirmed  by  royal  order  until  1665. 

CLIMATE   AND    METEOROLOGICAL    CONDITIONS. 

The  climate  of  Havana  is  essentially  tropical,  although  the 
excessive  heat  is  tempered  by  the  sea  breeze,  which  blows 
regularly  every  morning,  and  the  "terral"  (land  breeze), 
which  blows  every  evening. 

There  are  two  seasons,  the  dry  or  so-called  winter  season, 
from  November  to  May,  when  very  little  rain  falls,  and  the 
wet  or  summer  season,  which  usually  begins  early  in  June 
and  lasts  until  the  middle  of  October,  during  which  period 
scarcely  a  day  passes  without  heavy  rains,  frequently  ac- 
companied by  violent  thunder  and  lightning. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  is  77°.  The  range  of  the 
temperature  between  the  range  of  the  hottest  month  and  that 
of  the  coldest  month  is  from  82°  to  71°,  or  only  11°. 

In  January  it  is  warm  but  not  hot  during  the  day,  and  the 
evenings  are  cool.  The  mean  annual  rainfall  at  Havana, 
derived  from  observations  of  many  years,  is  52  inches.  The 
record  shows,  in  different  years,  a  rainfall  ranging  from  40 
to  71  inches. 

Rarely  are  there  more  than  twenty  rainy  days  in  any  one 
month,  and  the  average  is  from  three  to  ten.  The  rainfall 
generally  occurs  in  the  afternoon,  there  being  about  seven- 
teen days  a  year  in  which  it  rains  in  both  the  forenoon  and 
the  afternoon. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  225 


HILLS    AND    ELEVATIONS. 


There  are  many  important  hills  and  elevations  within 
or  adjacent  to  the  city  of  Havana.  The  highest  is  called 
Jesus  del  Monte,  220  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Loma  de  Mazo,  the  most  important  hill  of  the  group  from 
a  strategic  point  of  view,  received  the  name  of  "  The  Key 
Hill  "  on  account  of  its  advantageous  position. 

Many  of  these  hills  and  elevations  are  surmounted  by  cas- 
tles or  forts. 

Castillo  del  Morro,  one  of  the  oldest,  is  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  harbor  on  an  elevation  75  feet  above  sea  level. 

Castillo  de  la  Punta  is  diagonally  opposite  Morro  Castle, 
farther  on  at  the  entrance. 

Castillo  de  la  Cabaiia  dominates  the  playa  (seacoast). 

Castillo  del  Principe,  2|  miles  distant,  on  the  hill  of  same 
name,  150  feet  in  height,  juts  out  into  the  southern  valley. 

The  hills  of  Atares  and  El  Cerro  must  also  be  mentioned. 

A  tabulation  of  permanent  triangulation  points  established 
by  a  topographical  field  party  is  on  file. 


TERRITORIAL   DIVISIONS. 


While  in  reality  the  city  is  not  divided,  it  is  commonly 
recognized  as  being  in  two  parts,  viz,  the  intramural  or  old 
town,  between  the  bay  and  the  site  of  the  ancient  walls,  and 
the  extramural,  or  new  town,  beyond  the  walls. 

Not  far  from  La  Punta,  at  Monserrate  and  Refugio  streets, 
are  remnants  of  the  old  city  wall.  Another  fragment  has 
been  preserved  on  Monserrate  street,  near  Teniente  Rey. 
These  ancient  landmarks  indicate  the  boundary  of  old 
Havana.  The  wall  extended  from  the  shore  of  the  harbor 
east  of  the  arsenal  along  a  line  east  of  the  Prado  to  the 
water  front  again  at  a  point  in  line  with  the  carcel. 

The  following  outlying  sections  of  the  city  are  considered 
as  being  within  the  city  limits :  Regla  and  Casa  Blanca.  In 
addition  the  following  suburbs  are  in  the  municipality  of 
Havana :  Puentes  Grandes,  Luyano,  Arroyo  Apolo,  Arroyo 
Naranjo,  and  Calvario. 

Marianao  and  Guanabacoa  are  residence  suburbs  and  are 
about  6  and  3  miles,  respectively,  from  the  city. 

The  summer  resort  of  Cojimar  is  3|  miles  east  of  the  city. 

492—09 15 


226  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


STREETS. 


In  the  old  town  the  streets,  though  for  the  most  part 
regular  and  well  paved,  are  extremely  narrow,  the  sidewalks 
being  barely  wide  enough  for  two  pedestrians  to  pass. 

They  vary  in  width,  but  generally  they  are  6.8  meters 
(about  22  feet)  wide,  of  which  the  sidewalks  occupy  about 
7.5  feet.  In  many  streets  the  sidewalk  at  each  side  is  not 
even  18  inches  wide. 

The  older  a  Cuban  city  or  any  part  thereof,  the  narrower 
the  streets. 

As  time  extended  the  city  farther  and  farther  beyond  its 
walls,  the  streets  gradually  became  wider,  until  some  at- 
tained the  ordinary  dimensions  usually  found  in  the  United 
States. 

Matanzas,  Cardenas,  and  Cienfuegos  were  founded  sub- 
sequently to  Havana  in  the  order  named ;  therefore  Matanzas 
has  many  narrow  streets,  but  not  as  narrow  as  Havana; 
Cardenas  few,  and  Cienfuegos  none. 

The  streets  of  Havana  are  well  paved  and  kept  exception- 
ally clean,  even  on  the  water  front. 

As  there  is  no  sewer  system,  many  of  the  streets  are  flooded 
in  the  rainy  season  after  a  heavy  rain. 

The  city  has  a  good  electric  street  railway  system,  whose 
lines  extend  not  only  through  many  of  the  narrow  streets  of 
the  city,  but  to  the  suburban  towns  of  Vedado,  Cerro,  Jesus 
del  Monte,  and  Marianao. 


ABCHITECTURE. 


The  prevailing  style  of  architecture  is  almost  identical 
with  that  of  the  south  of  Spain. 

The  walls  of  most  of  the  houses  in  Havana  are  built  of 
"  mamposteria  "  or  rubble  masonry,  a  porous  material  which 
freely  absorbs  atmospheric  as  well  as  ground  moisture.  The 
mark  of  this  can  often  be  seen  high  on  the  walls,  which 
varies  from  2  to  7  feet  in  the  houses  generally. 

The  walls  themselves  are  very  thick,  often  painted  within 
and  without  in  showy  colors,  especially  blue,  green,  or  yellow, 
and  sometimes  a  mingling  of  all  three.  The  roofs  are  excel- 
lent, usually  flat,  and  constructed  of  brick  tiles.     The  win- 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  227 

dows  are,  like  the  doors,  unusually  high,  nearly  reaching  the 
ceiling,  which,  in  the  best  houses  only,  is  also  unusually  high. 
The  windows  are  seldom .  glazed,  but  protected  by  strong 
iron  bars  on  the  outside  and  on  the  inside  by  solid  wooden 
shutters,  which  are  secured,  like  the  doors,  with  heavy  bars  or 
bolts,  and  in  inclement  weather  greatly  interfere  with  proper 
ventilation.  Fireplaces  with  chimneys  are  extremely  rare, 
so  that  ventilation  depends  entirely  on  the  doors  and  windows, 
which,  it  should  be  stated,  are  by  no  means  unusually  large 
in  most  of  the  sleeping  rooms  of  the  poor.  Generally  in 
Havana,  less  generally  in  other  cities,  the  entrances  and 
courtyards  are  flagged  with  stone,  while  the  rooms  are  usu- 
ally floored  with  tile  or  marble.  With  rare  exceptions  the 
lowest  floor  is  in  contact  with  the  earth.  Ventilation  between 
the  earth  and  floor  is  rarely  seen  in  Cuba.  In  Havana  the 
average  height  of  the  ground  floor  is  from  7  to  11  inches 
above  the  pavement,  but  in  Havana,  and  more  frequently  in 
other  Cuban  towns,  one  often  encounters  houses  which  are 
entered  by  stepping  down  from  the  sidewalk,  and  some 
floors  are  even  below  the  level  of  the  street.  In  Havana  some, 
in  Matanzas  more,  in  Cardenas  and  Cienfuegos  many  of  the 
floors  are  of  the  bare  earth  itself,  or  of  planks  raised  only  a 
few  inches  above  the  damp  ground. 

About  two-thirds  of  the  population  live  in  densely  inhab- 
ited portions  of  the  city  where  the  houses  are  closely  in  con- 
tact wdth  each  other.  There  are  about  nine  inhabitants  to 
every  house  in  Havana.  Generally,  one-storj^  houses  have 
four  or  five  rooms ;  but  house  rent  as  well  as  food  and  cloth- 
ing are  so  high  that  it  is  rare  for  workmen,  even  when  paid 
$50  to  $100  per  month,  to  enjoy  the  exclusive  use  of  one  of 
these  little  houses. 

The  average  house  lot  in  the  city  is  about  27  by  112  feet. 

In  the  densely  populated  portions  of  the  city  the  houses 
generally  have  no  back  yard,  properly  so  called,  but  a  flagged 
court,  or  narrow  vacant  space  into  which  sleeping  rooms  open 
at  the  side,  and  in  close  proximity  with  these,  at  the  rear  of 
this  contracted  court,  are  located  the  kitchen,  the  privy,  and 
often  a  stall  for  animals.  In  the  houses  of  the  poor,  that  is, 
of  the  vast  majority  of  the  population,  there  are  no  store- 
rooms, pantries,  closets,  or  other  conveniences  for  household 


228  PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA. 

supplies.  These  are  furnished  from  day  to  day,  even  from 
meal  to  meal,  by  the  corner  groceries ;  and  it  is  rare,  in  large 
sections  of  Havana,  to  find  any  one  of  the  four  corners  of  a 
square  without  a  grocery. 

Many  of  the  residences  in  the  extramural  portion  of  the 
city  are  constructed  in  a  more  modern  style,  particularly  in 
El  Cerro  (The  Hill),  a  handsome  street,  3  miles  long,  lead- 
ing to  a  village  of  the  same  name,  and  in  Vedado  and 
Marianao. 

PUBLIC  EDIFICES. 

Foremost  among  the  public  edifices  of  Havana  is  the 
Cathedral,  erected  in  1724  and  used  by  the  Jesuits  as  a 
college  till  1789. 

Santa  Catalina  and  San  Juan  churches,  dating  from  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  the  Church  of  San  Augustin  from 
the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  are  noteworthy  for 
the  richness  and  splendor  of  their  decorations. 

El  Templete  (the  Little  Temple)  is  curious  as  having 
been  erected  in  1828  on  the  spot  where  the  mass  was  first 
celebrated  in  1519. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  Plaza  de  Armas  is  the  President's 
residence,  a  yellow  tw^o-story  edifice,  with  a  handsome  colon- 
nade in  front;  it  is  occupied  by  the  President,  his  aids,  and 
the  offices  of  the  several  government  departments. 

The  custom-house  fronting  on  the  bay  is  a  spacious  build- 
ing, devoid  of  architectural  interest. 

The  customs  warehouse  was  formerly  the  church  of  San 
Francisco,  consecrated  in  1737. 

La  Casa  de  Beneficencia  is  a  large  building,  with  beautiful 
grounds.  It  comprises  an  orphan  asylum  and  an  asylum  for 
vagrants,  established  about  1790. 

La  Carcel  (prison)  is  a  vast  quadrangular  structure, 
erected  in  1771,  near  the  mouth  of  the  bay. 

The  University  is  also  worthy  of  mention. 

El  Tacon,  a  theater  built  in  1838  under  the  auspices  of 
Captain-General  Tacon,  whose,  name  it  bears,  is  said  to  be 
equal  in  size  to  La  Scala,  of  Milan.  It  is  capable  of  accom- 
modating about  3,000  persons.  Now  known  as  the  National 
Theater. 


PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA.  229 

HOSPITALS,    CHTTBCHES,    SCHOOLS,    AND    LIBRARIES. 

The  most  important  hospitals  are  the  Mercedes ;  No.  1 ;  Las 
Animas,  where  the  experiments  for  yellow  fever  were  made ; 
the  Quinta  de  Higiene,  for  venereal  diseases;  the  Tamayo 
Dispensary,  for  tuberculosis;  La  Caridad  and  La  Creche; 
the  Paula  (for  women)  and  San  Lazaro  (for  lepers). 

There  is  also  a  hospital  for  the  insane  at  Mazorra,  near 
Vento  Spring. 

In  the  city  are  21  Catholic  churches  and  6  Protestant 
churches.  The  principal  schools  are  two  conservatories  of 
music,  a  school  of  painting  and  drawing,  institute  or  high 
school  of  arts  and  trades. 

The  principal  libraries  are  the  National,  in  La  Maestranza, 
Cuba  street,  and  the  Sociedad  Economia,  62  Dragones  street. 

Under  the  proper  heading  will  be  found  the  location  and 
description  of  such  of  these  buildings  as  can  be  used  for 
barracks,  hospitals,  or  storehouses. 

PUBLIC    PARKS. 

.  A  system  of  parks,  promenades,  and  drives  extends  from 
the  water  front  on  the  Gulf  through  the  center  of  the  city 
out  to  Principe  Hill. 

The  central  parkway  is  the  Prado  (Paseo  de  Marti)  which 
connects  Colon,  India,  and  Central  parks  with  Punta  and 
Malecon. 

Beyond  Colon  Park  are  the  drives  La  Reina  and  Carlos  III 
or  Tacon. 

During  the  first  American  military  occupation  the  Prado 
was  largely  remodeled  and  concrete  walks  were  laid.  Under 
a  project  prepared  by  the  chief  engineer,  Maj.  AVilliam  M. 
Black,  Corps  of  Engineers,  the  Malecon  was  built  and  the 
construction  of  Gulf  avenue  commenced.  This  avenue  is  des- 
tined to  become  a  parkway  and  drive  extending  along  the 
Gulf  from  the  Malecon,  at  the  entrance  to  the  bay,  to  the 
Almendares  River. 

Other  small  parks  or  squares  are :  The  Plaza  de  Armas,  in 
front  of  the  President's  palace;  the  Plaza  de  Monserrate,  at 
the  head  of  Obispo  street ;  the  Plaza  de  Catedral  or  "  Dis- 
cusion,'"  at  San  Ignacio  and  Empedrado  streets;  the  Plaza 
del  Cristo,  at  Teniente  Rey  and  Villegas  streets ;  the  Plaza  de 
San  Juan  de  Dies,  at  Aguiar  and  Empedrado  streets. 


230  PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA. 

HAVANA  BAY  AND   HABBOR. 

The  entrance  to  the  port  of  Havana  may  be  easily  recog- 
nized by  the  Morro  Castle  and  light-house.  The  land  to  the 
eastward  of  the  city,  until  near  the  Jaruco  or  Iron  Mountains, 
18  miles  distant,  is  about  200  feet  high,  and  the  shore  bold 
and  steep-to. 

Nine  miles  south  of  the  Morro  there  is  a  remarkable  iso- 
lated hill,  732  feet  high,  with  two  round  hummocks,  called  the 
Managua  Paps.  This  hill  is  not  only  an  excellent  guide  for 
Havana  when  coming  from  the  northward,  but  useful  also 
as  a  point  of  departure. 

The  channel  for  about  one-half  mile  is  not  more  than  200 
yards  wide;  farther  in  it  widens,  opening  into  a  basin  of 
irregular  shape,  2^  miles  long  and  from  one-half  to  1  mile 
wide. 

A  light-house  stands  on  Morro  Castle,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  harbor,  and  exhibits  a  white  light,  revolving  every  half 
minute,  at  144  feet  above  the  sea,  and  should  be  visible  18 
miles. 

There  is  on  file  all  information  of  military  value  respect- 
ing the  harbor,  and  also  a  map,  showing  soundings. 

LOCATION,   POPULATION,    AND   INDUSTRIES. 

The  city  is  situated  on  a  level  peninsula  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Bay  of  Havana. 

The  population  of  the  city  proper  is  297,159. 

The  principal  industries  of  the  city  are  the  cigar  and  ciga- 
rette factories ;  plants  for  the  manufacture  of  rum,  preserves, 
and  sweets;  cooperage  and  boxmaking,  subordinate  to  the 
tobacco  industry.  There  are  also  plants  for  the  manufacture 
of  cement,  beer,  shoes,  iron,  paper,  soap,  etc. 

All  of  the  industries  are  susceptible  of  great  development. 

The  principal  exports  to  the  United  States  consist  of  to- 
bacco, fruit,  wax  and  honey,  sugar  and  molasses. 

Of  the  exports,  about  54  per  cent  is  sugar  and  its  deriva- 
tives; 33  per  cent  tobacco,  crude  and  manufactured;  9  per 
cent  other  agricultural  products  and  products  of  rural  in- 
dustries ;  3  per  cent  products  not  depending  upon  agriculture, 
such  as  ore,  asphalt,  etc. 


PBOVINCE   OP   HAVANA.  231 

The  principal  imports  from  the  United  States  are  cotton 
goods,  boots  and  shoes,  machinery,  and  foodstuffs.  Prac- 
tically all  the  flour,  corn,  and  lard  used  are  imported  from  the 
United  States. 

WATER   SUPPLY. 

The  water  supply  of  Havana  comes  from  the  Vento  spring, 
situated  at  the  edge  of  the  Almendares  River,  6.2  miles  south 
of  the  Palatino  pumping  station.  The  water  from  the  spring, 
which  is  abundant  and  of  excellent  quality,  is  collected  in  a 
small  reservoir  which  is  built  around  the  spring  in  the  form 
of  a  basin,  and  carried,  in  a  masonry  aqueduct  to  the  dis- 
tributing reservoirs  at  Palatino  pumping  station.  This 
aqueduct  is  egg-shaped,  measuring  6.5  by  7.7  feet.  From  the 
basin  built  around  the  spring  the  water  flows  under  the 
Almendares  River  through  two  cast-iron  pipes  in  a  masonry 
tunnel  and  then  enters  the  aqueduct.  The  aqueduct  is  about 
10,389  yards  long,  has  24  inspecting  towers,  and  is  carefully 
protected  from  surface  drainage  and  from  overflow  of  the 
Almendares  River.  A  macadam  road  runs  along  the  aque- 
duct from  Vento  spring  to  Palatino. 

There  are  two  distributing  reservoirs  at  Palatino  of 
8,000,000  gallons  capacity  each.  The  surface  of  the  reser- 
voirs is  116  feet  above  sea  level.  The  reservoirs  are  not 
covered.  The  water  is  supplied  to  the  city  by  gravity 
through  a  42-inch  cast-iron  pipe  and  also  a  20-inch  cast-iron 
pipe  which  belonged  to  the  old  aqueduct. 

In  the  grounds  of  Palatino  there  is  a  pumping  station  to 
supply  Guanabacoa,  Cojimar,  Jesus  del  Monte,  Arroyo  Apolo, 
La  Vibora,  Principe  Hill,  part  of  Vedado,  Camp  Columbia, 
and  Marianao. 

Guanabacoa  is  supplied  by  a  12-inch  pipe,  9,011  yards  long, 
and  a  covered  concrete  reservoir  with  a  capacity  of  500,000 
gallons,  situated  on  Loma  la  Cruz  at  the  western  edge  of 
Guanabacoa;  the  surface  of  the  water  is  242  feet  above  sea 
level. 

Cojimar  is  supplied  from  an  elevated  concrete  tank,  situ- 
ated on  a  hill  about  2  miles  due  north  of  Loma  la  Cruz.  This 
tank  receives  its  water  by  gravity  from  the  reservoir  on  Loma 
la  Cruz. 


232  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

Jesus  del  Monte,  Arroyo  Apollo,  and  La  Vibora  are  sup- 
plied by  an  8-inch  pipe  1,038  yards  long,  and  an  uncovered 
concrete  reservoir  containing  320,000  gallons,  situated  on  the 
Loma  de  Mazo.     Elevation  of  tank,  259  feet  above  sea  level. 

Principe  Hill  and  Vedado  (upper  part)  are  supplied  by 
a  6-inch  pipe  5,358  yards  long.  These  places  are  supplied 
by  direct  pumping  through  distributing  pipes  with  two 
small  towers  at  Hospital  No.  1  to  balance  the  pressure. 
These  towers  can  hold  50,000  gallons  each.  Their  bottom 
is  141  feet  above  sea  level.  Two  elevated  concrete  tanks, 
holding  about  50,000  gallons  each,  have  recently  been  in- 
stalled at  Principe  fortress  to  supply  this  district;  elevation 
183  feet. 

Puentes  Grandes  is  supplied  from  a  circular,  covered, 
concrete  reservoir  which  was  recently  built  on  the  Loma  de 
Matos,  near  eastern  limits  of  Puentes  Grandes;  capacity, 
about  100,000  gallons ;  elevation,  183  feet. 

Camp  Columbia  and  Marianao  are  supplied  from  two 
elevated  concrete  tanks  situated  at  Buena  Vista.  These 
tanks  receive  water  through  a  force  main  6  inches  in  diam- 
eter and  3,827  yards  long. 

Casa  Blanca,  Triscornia,  Fort  Cabafia,  Morro  Castle,  Bat- 
teries Nos.  1,  2,  4,  and  the  artillery  camp  in  rear  of  Cabaiia 
are  supplied  from  a  tank  that  is  situated  at  Cabana  fort 
with  an  elevation  of  137  feet.  The  tank  is  19  feet  8  inches 
in  diameter  by  39  feet  4  inches  high  and  receives  water  from 
the  pumping  station  at  the  foot  of  Cabaiia  hill,  to  which 
it.  comes  from  the  Havana  supply  by  gravity,  crossing  the 
bay  by  a  6-inch  pipe  laid  along  the  bottom. 

The  pumping  station  at  Palatino  contains  one  D'Auria 
pump,  8-inch  discharge;  one  Dean  duplex  pump,  10-inch 
discharge;  and  two  Worthington  duplex  pumps  of  8-inch 
discharge  and  a  boiler  room  with  three  100  horsepower 
Worthington  tubular  boilers. 

To  supply  all  of  the  water  necessary  the  D'Auria,  Dean 
and  one  of  the  Worthington  pumps  have  to  work  steadily  at 
their  full  capacity.     Two  of  the  boilers  are  used  at  a  time. 

Another  pumping  station  is  being  built  at  the  same  place, 
using  gas  engines  and  rotary  pumps.  This  station  will  be 
used  to  supply  all  of  the  pumped  water  and  the  present 
station  will  be  kept  as  a  reserve. 


PROVINCE    OF    HAVANA.  233 

There  are  being  installed  in  the  new  pumping  station  two 
rotary  pumps  of  25,000  gallons  each  per  minute  against  a 
pressure  of  90  pounds,  two  gas  motors  of  220  horsepower 
each  and  a  complete  plant  to  generate  the  gas  for  the  motors. 

The  Vento  spring  is  protected  by  a  large  masonry  block- 
house on  the  hill,  about  100  yards  distant.  This  blockhouse, 
however,  would  not  withstand  shell  fire  at  all,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  it  could  withstand  fire  from  high-power  rifles 
for  any  length  of  time.  If  control  of  the  spring  and  supply 
gates  could  not  be  gained,  the  entire  supply  from  the  spring 
could  be  shut  off  by  cutting  the  aqueduct.  Disabling  the 
Palatino  pumping  station  and  the  elevated  distributing  tanks 
by  shell  fire  would  interrupt  the  supply  of  the  suburbs  and 
■  higher  portions  of  the  city^. 

The  Almendares  River  and  the  Zanja  Real  or  Royal  Ditch 
which  leads  out  of  it  would  give  Havana  sufficient  water  if 
the  supply  were  cut  off  from  the  Vento  spring,  but  the  w^ater 
would  not  be  good  and  the  city  would  be  greatly  inconven- 
ienced. 

SEWEB  SYSTEM   AND   LIGHTING. 

The  sewer  system  of  Havana  is  very  defective.  The  sewers 
that  exist  are  of  all  sizes,  styles,  shapes,  and  depths.  Many 
of  them  are  simply  the  old  surface  drains  converted  into 
sewers  and  lying  but  a  few  feet  under  the  surface.  All  of 
them  are  makeshifts  that  have  been  constructed  from  time  to 
itime  by  absolute  necessity.  Most  of  the  houses  have  cess- 
pools, and  the  overflow  of  these  pools  runs  into  the  sewer  or 
drain.  All  of  the  streets  in  the  city  as  far  west  as  Belascoain 
calzada  have  sewers  and  most  of  the  built-up  portions  of 
town  beyond  that  street  have  some  sort  of  sewer  or  under- 
ground drain  connections.  These  sewers  all  empty  directly 
into  the  harbor  of  Havana  and  into  the  sea  north  of  the  city. 
A  new  system  is  being  built  (1908). 

Havana  has  both  gas  and  ^electricity,  in  addition  to  which 
a  great  number  of  private  acetylene-gas  plants  have  been 
installed.  The  latter  system  of  lighting  is  very  much  used 
in  Cuba.  The  Spanish-American  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany has  plants  as  follows:  Electric  plant  No.  1,  with  over- 
head current,  at  Tallapied^a  Wharf;  electric  plant  No.  2, 
with  underground  current,  at  Almendares  River,  Vedado; 


234  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

gas  plant  No.  1,  at  Tallapiedra  Wharf;  gas  plant  No.  2,  at 
gas  reservoir,  situated  at  corner  of  Eleventh  and  N  streets, 
Vedado.  The  Guanabacoa  Light  and  Power  Company  has 
an  electric  plant  at  Regla.  The  electric  plants  of  the  Havana 
Street  Railway  Company  are  at  the  corner  of  Colon  and 
Blanco  streets.  The  electric  plants  of  the  Havana  Central 
Railroad  Company  are  at  Luyano. 

BABBACKS. 

There  is  only  one  building  of  any  size  in  the  city  of 
Havana  that  is  now  used  as  barracks.  This  is  a  government 
building  occupied  by  the  rural  guard,  situated  at  Dragones 
and  Lealtad  streets.  It  is  a  one-story  building,  except  at  one 
end,  where  the  upper  story  is  used  as  officers'  quarters.  The 
building  is  in  the  form  of  a  square  with  a  small  center  court- 
yard. It  is  constructed  of  rubble,  with  tile  roof,  and  has 
accommodations  for  100  men  and  110  horses.  The  building 
is  in  good  repair,  has  running  city  water,  and  modern  closets 
and  shower  baths.  The  floor  is  of  concrete,  and  in  the  stable 
part  has  a  board  superstructure  on  which  the  horses  stand. 
The  stable  is  so  close  to  the  sleeping  rooms  of  the  men  that 
it  is  unsanitary,  and  the  building  should  be  used  entirely  for 
barracks  or  entirely  as  a  stable.  U.  H.  R.  R.  tracks  pass  in 
front  of  building. 

The  two  small  forts — La  Punta,  at  the  eastern  end  of  the 
Malecon  drive,  and  La  Fuerza,  at  the  Caballeria  Wharf — 
could  be  made  to  hold  about  100  men  each  in  case  of  necessity. 
These  buildings  are  now  used  as  offices  and  residences  of  the 
rural  guard  officials.  The  number  of  buildings  that  could 
be  converted  into  barracks  is  very  great,  and  they  exist  in 
practically  all  parts  of  the  city.  The  best  of  these  are  prob- 
ably the  tobacco  factories  in  the  vicinity  of  the  arsenal.  The 
barracks,  stables,  etc.,  at  Camp  Columbia  and  at  Cabana  are 
given  separately  under  camp  sites. 

STABLES. 

Public  stables :  Depot  quartermaster  stable  at  128  Figueras 
street.  The  corral  is  situated  about  5  squares  west  of  the 
arsenal  and  was  formerly  occupied  by  a  branch  of  the  sani- 
tary department.     There  are  stalls  for  320  animals,  good 


PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA.  235 

bathing  facilities  for  the  men,  ample  sleeping  quarters,  a 
good  dining  room  and  kitchen  facilities;  parkage  for  about 
150  wagons  in  the  interior.  There  is  also  a  small  repair 
shop  where  old  transportation  is  repaired. 

A  saddlery  shop,  hospital  for  sick  animals,  and  a  wheel- 
wright and  blacksmith  shop  are  also  established  at  the  cor- 
ral. Frame,  with  part  tile  and  part  paper  roof;  floor  of  con- 
crete, with  wooden  superstructure.  Many  lumber  yards  in 
the  vicinity  could  be  converted  into  corrals. 

Obras  Piiblicas  stables  in  the  arsenal :  Frame  construction, 
open  sides,  tile  roofs,  concrete  floors,  with  board  superstruc- 
ture. City  water  for  watering  animals  and  flushing  stalls. 
Contains  456  double  stalls,  giving  a  capacity  of  912  animals. 
This  place  contains  a  small  hospital  for  animals  and  a  cob- 
blestone courtj^ard  for  200  or  300  wagons.  Buildings  in  a 
good  state  of  repair. 

Rural  guard  stable  at  Dragones  and  Lealtad  streets;  ca- 
pacity 100  animals.     (See  barracks  above.) 

Rural  guard  stable  at  Carcel  and  Zulueta  streets;  a  large 
well-lighted  masonry  building;  concrete  floor,  with  a  board 
superstructure  in  the  stalls.  .Has  large,  airy  rooms  for  at- 
tendants, and  carriage  space  for  10  or  15  carriages;  running 
water  and  sanitary  plumbing;  contains  32  single  stalls. 
Building  in  good  state  of  repair.  Contains  horses  of  the 
officers  at  rural  guard  headquarters.  The  whole  building 
measures  45  by  245  feet. 

Stables  of  the  mounted  police  at  Zulueta  and  Refugio 
streets ;  stable  for  60  horses ;  city  water  connections  for  water- 
ing and  flushing.     Buildings  not  in  good  repair. 

Private  stables:  Stable  corner  of  Concha  and  Ensenada 
streets.  Frame  building,  with  tarred  paper  roof.  Has  stalls 
for  38  animals  and  pens  for  100.  Stalls  have  pine  floors  and 
pens  have  shavings.  Has  three  rooms  and  a  kitchen,  for 
attendants.     City  water  connections  and  zinc  troughs. 

Another  stable  adjoining  above.  Same  construction.  Con- 
tains pens  for  about  60  animals. 

Another  stable  at  19  Atares  street,  same  construction  as 
described  above,  has  a  capacity  of  75  animals. 

A  stable  at  No.  1  Concha  has  a  capacity  of  50  animals. 
Construction  same  as  described  above. 


236  PROVINCE    OF    HAVANA. 

At  the  warehouses  of  the  U-  H.  R.  R.  at  Regla  there  is  a 
large  warehouse  for  receiving  cattle;  contains  pens  with  a 
capacity  of  about  2,000. 

Stables  of  the  guagua  company  "La  Union:"  This  com- 
pany has  been  bought  by  the  Havana  Electric  Street  Rail- 
way Company,  and  the  guaguas  are  run  by  the  latter  com- 
pany. 

Stable  in  Jesus  del  Monte,  near  the  end  of  the  car  line; 
masonry  building,  tile  roof,  pine  floor,  feed  boxes  for  160 
animals;  not  divided  into  stalls.  Has  a  small  blacksmith 
shop  and  space  for  8  or  10  wagons.  City  water  connections. 
Building  in  a  bad  state  of  repair. 

Stable  in  Cerro,  at  Marquez,  No.  1 :  Rented  by  La  Union 
Company  from  Venda  de  Estanillo.  Frame  building,  very 
poor  state  of  repair ;  tile  roof,  but  very  leaky ;  has  feed  boxes 
for  348  animals,  but  would  not  hold  quite  that  many  large 
American  horses.  Open  space  in  vicinity  for  corrals,  but  is 
swampy. 

This  company  also  has  stables  at  Concordia,  149 ;  Principe, 
near  the  fort;  San  Jose,  128,  and  at  Diaria,  44.  These  latter 
are  somewhat  smaller. 

TRANSPORTATION   CORRALS. 

Ground  suitable  for  corrals  at  Cabana  and  Camp  Co- 
lumbia. 

HOSPITALS. 

Government  hospitals;  Nuestra  Seiiora  de  las  Mercedes, 
situated  in  the  barrio  of  Principe  between  streets  21,  23,  and 
J  and  L ;  capacity,  250  patients. 

Niimero  1.  Situated  in  the  barrio  of  Principe,  about  1  mile 
from  the  above ;  capacity,  500  patients. 

Hospitals  of  a  general  character  sustained  by  their  own 
funds:  San  Lazaro,  situated  in  La  Marina  street,  corner  of 
the  calzada  San  Lazaro ;  capacity,  120.     A  leper  hospital. 

Hospitals  of  a  private  character:  Paula,  for  women,  situ- 
ated on  street  of  same  name.     Capacity,  100  patients. 

Sanitariums:  Nuestra  Seiiora  de  Covadonga,  situated  in 
the  Cerro  on  the  calzada  de  Cerro. 

La  Benefica,  situated  in  the  barrio  of  Jesus  del  Monte, 
Municipio  street. 


PBOVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  237 

La  Purisima  Concepcion,  situated  in  the  same  barrio  of 
Jesus  del  Monte  and  facing  the  calzada  of  Jesus  del  Monte 
and  Alejandro  Ramirez  street. 

La  Internacional,  situated  in  the  calzada  of  Cristina. 

San  Rafael,  situated  on  the  corner  of  the  calzada  Cristina 
and  Concha,  facing  the  above. 

Cuba,  situated  on  calzada  de  la  Infanta,  No.  37. 

In  addition  to  these,  there  are  a  number  of  sanitariums 
belonging  to  societies. 

QUARTERMASTER  AND  COMMISSARY   STOREHOUSES. 

i.  The  depot  quartermaster  occupied  (in  1908)  the  new 
storehouse  at  the  arsenal  on  the  water  front. 

The  wharf  immediately  in  front  of  the  storehouse  is  con- 
nected with  it  by  a  platform  330  feet  long  by  45  feet  wide, 
with  23  feet  of  water  around  it. 

A  channel  of  24  feet  has  been  dredged  to  the  wharf  and 
transports  can  come  to  the  dock. 

The  depot  quartermaster  storehouse  proper  contains  23,000 
square  feet  of  floor  space. 

The  depot  commissary  and  the  medical  supply  depot  occu- 
pied jointly  a  similar  space,  in  a  similar  shed,  connected  with 
a  platform  on  the  water  front. 

The  forage  storehouse  consists  of  two  cement  structures, 
with  slate  roof,  at  the  west  end  of  the  arsenal.  It  has  600 
feet  by  400  feet  of  floor  space,  and  is  about  25  feet  in  height. 
One  of  these  storehouses  was  ample  for  the  supply  of  forage 
kept  in  the  arsenal,  and  the  other  was  used  for  a  lumber  shed 
and  the  storage  of  wheel  transportation,  such  as  crated  am- 
bulances, light  spring  wagons,  etc. 

Most  of  the  forage  for  outlying  posts  was  unloaded  on 
lighters  at  a  cost  of  $30  per  day  per  lighter,  and  sent  across 
the  bay  to  Hacendados  and  Regla  wharves,  where  it  was 
loaded  direct  into  the  cars.  This  method  saved  double  han- 
dling, besides  being  the  most  expeditious  way  of  making  these 
forage  shipments. 

2.  San  Jose  docks  and  warehouses,  situated  on  the  bay 
front  at  the  end  of  San  Ignacio  and  Compostela  streets.  The 
three  main  buildings  measure  508  by  203  feet,  508  by  164  feet, 
and  445  by  158  feet,  respectively.  Buildings  are  of  mam- 
posteria,  tile  roofs,  and  wooden  floors. 


238  PROVINCE  OF  HAVANA. 

First  building  has  two  stories,  narrow-gauge  tracks,  and 
elevators;  no  unloading  platforms. 

Second  building,  one  story,  tracks,  but  no  platform. 
Third  building  is  very  old ;  has  a  low  roof ;  no  tracks. 

3.  Havana  Central  dock;  depth  of  water,  from  map  of 
harbor,  27  to  30  feet ;  pier  190  by  380  feet. 

Warehouse  on  pier  has  a  steel  frame,  galvanized  iron  roof 
and  sides;  lighted  by  electricity  so  that  night  work  can  be 
done;  tracks  for  standard-gauge  trolley  cars  run  through 
and  around  the  warehouse;  inside  of  building  are  fire  plugs 
and  reels  of  hose.     Warehouse  about  136  by  352  feet. 

4.  Warehouses  and  docks  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  at  Regla 
ferry  landing.  At  this  place  there  are  54  warehouses,  each 
measuring  48  by  270  feet.  These  warehouses  are  in  four 
buildings,  masonry,  tile  roofs,  30-foot  walls,  containing  24, 
8,  9,  and  13  warehouses,  respectively.  The  warehouses  under 
the  same  roof  have,  as  a  rule,  no  partition  walls  between 
them,  and  several  warehouses  form  one  large  room.  Stand- 
ard-gauge tracks  for  freight  cars  run  along  the  back  end  of 
these  buildings,  but  there  are  no  facilities  for  loading  and 
unloading  supplies. 

A  pier  runs  out  at  the  southern  end  of  the  row  of  ware- 
houses, 408  by  48  feet.  Three. standard-gauge  tracks  run  to 
the  end  of  this  pier  and  supplies  can  be  unloaded  directly 
from  ships  into  the  cars.  On  the  pier  there  are  two  steam 
cranes  running  on  tracks  to  unload  heavy  weights  from  ships 
on  either  side  and  one  stationary  steam  crane.  The  floor 
of  the  pier  is  concrete,  held  up  on  heavy  piles.  Around 
the  warehouses  there  are  wide  porches  under  which  2,500 
men  could  be  temporarily  bivouacked. 

Several  of  these  warehouses  have  pens  for  receiving  cattle; 
capacity,  2,000. 

LOCATION   OK   IMPOKTANT   STATIONS   AND   OFFICES. 

The  United  Railroads  of  Havana  have  two  main  stations, 
one  the  Villanueva  station,  corner  of  the  Prado  and  Dra- 
gones  street,  and  the  other  at  Regla,  across  the  bay,  a  ferry- 
boat connecting  it  with  Havana. 

The  Cristina  station  of  the  Western  Railroad  is  at  Cristina 
and  Matadero  streets,  near  Atares  Fortress. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


239 


The  Concha  station  of  the  Marianao  Railroad  is  on  Carlos 
III,  near  Principe  Fortress. 

The  station  of  the  Havana  Central  Electric  road  is  at  the 
Arsenal,  at  south  end  of  Zulueta  street. 

The  post-office  and  telegraph  office  is  at  the  Caballeria 
A\Tiarf  on  the  Plaza  de  Armas;  it  has  the  following  substa- 
tions in  Havana: 


Letter : 

A Aguiar  59. 

B Belascoain  14. 

C Salud  5. 

D Monte  138. 

E Muralla  15. 

F Seventh    street. 

No.  93,  Vedado. 

G Monte  412. 

H JesGs   del   Monte 

240. 

I- Hotel  Pasaje; 

telegraph  sta- 
tion also. 


Letter : 

J Obisix)  37. 

K Hospital  6. 

L Someruelos  26. 

M Carlos    IIL    No. 

209. 

N San  Ignacio  50. 

O San  Pedro  26. 

P Neptuno  112. 

R Belascoain  74. 

S Seventeenth    and 

C,  Vedado. 


The  telephone  central  is  at  the  market  building,  west  end 
of  Colon  Park.  The  cable  office  is  at  the  corner  of  Cuba  and 
Obispo  streets. 

The  ferries  to  Regla  are  at  the  Luz  Pier  at  the  end  of  Luz 
street. 


ICE   FACTORIES. 


The  Tropical  ice  factory.  Infanta  and  Universidad  streets ; 
30  tons  daily.  The  Tropical  brewer}^  and  ice  factory,  at 
Puentes  Grandes ;  90  tons  daily.  The  Palatino  brewery  and 
ice  factory,  at  Palatino  Park  in  the  Cerro  district;  75  tons 
daily.  La  Habana,  Infanta  and  Neptuno;  90  tons  daily. 
La  Competidora,  Regla;  40  tons  daily.  Cubana,  Cristina 
street.  No.  17;  30  tons  daily.  Cristalizador,  Pedrosa  street, 
No.  2;  not  running;  capacity,  10  tons  daily. 


CAMP    SITES 


There  are  numerous  well-drained  open  spaces  within  a 
radius  of  5  miles  from  the  center  of  the  city  for  temporary 
camps  for  large  commands,  convenient  to  calzada,  rail  trans- 
portation, and  mains  of  Vento  spring  water.     It  is  not  neces- 


240  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

sary  to  give  definite  locations  of  such  sites,  as  all  immediate 
demands  would  be  supplied  by  the  available  permanent  and 
semipermanent  posts  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city.  To  the  east 
of  the  city  are  situated  the  fortresses  of  Morro  and  Cabana 
and  a  semipermanent  artillery  post.  In  the  rear  of  these 
there  is  unlimited  open  space  for  camping  purposes  on  high 
ground  which  slopes  toward  the  sea.  To  the  west  of  the 
city  is  the  semipermanent  post  Columbia  Barracks  (also 
known  as  Camp  Columbia),  in  the  vicinity  of  which  an 
almost  unlimited  number  of  troops  could  be  temporarily 
camped.  Below  are  described  the  buildings  pertaining  to 
these  fortresses  and  posts. 

Cabana :  In  the  fort  of  Cabana  there  are  three  buildings 
made  to  live  in  and  divided  into  casemates,  with  doors  and 
small  windows  at  each  end.  In  the  largest  of  these  there 
are  18  casemates,  each  one  of  which  would  hold  comfortably 
30  men,  or  540  all  told.  The  other  two  buildings  are  smaller, 
the  casemates  measuring  85  by  18  feet;  but  each  casemate  is 
divided  into  two  rooms  by  a  narrow  hallway  which  runs 
through  each  building  from  end  to  end.  One  of  these  build- 
ings has  7  casemates  and  the  rooms  are  very  dark.  The 
other  building  has  15  casemates,  but  the  rooms  are  ventilated 
and  lighted  by  modern  skylights  through  the  roof.  There 
are  many  other  casemates  and  rooms  that  could  be  used  as 
kitchens  and  storerooms,  but  should  not  be  occupied  by 
troops.  Has  city  water  and  modern  washrooms;  rears  and 
baths  have  been  constructed  sufficient  for  about  200  men. 

Morro:  One  building  constructed  within  Morro  Fortress 
for  living  purposes,  146  by  146  feet,  two  stories  high,  6  case- 
mates in  each  story.  These  casemates  are  18  feet  wide  and 
140  feet  long  and  would  hold  comfortably  50  men  each.  The 
lower  casemates  are  very  damp,  and  only  the  6  in  the  upper 
story  should  be  occupied  by  troops.  Water  connections,  sani- 
tary rears,  etc.,  would  have  to  be  installed,  as  none  exist 
There  are  officers'  quarters  at  one  end  of  the  building.  There 
are  many  casemates  that  could  be  converted  into  kitchens  and 
storerooms.  Morro  would  hold  comfortably  300  men  and 
officers. 

Artillery  camp  at  Cabana:  Buildings  are  of  the  same 
style  and  construction  as  at  Columbia.     There  are  8  barracks 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  241 

(one  without  kitchen)  and  2  buildings,  21  by  162  feet,  each 
having  11  small  sets  of  quarters;  a  frame  stable,  open  sides, 
for  60  animals;  a  small  corral  with  wire  fence;  2  small 
storehouses,  21  by  133  feet;  running  cit}'^  water  in  camp. 
Buildings  are  all  in  a  poor  state  of  repair.  The  hospital  is 
of  frame  construction;  wide  porches;  capacity,  70  patients; 
has  storerooms,  kitchens,  dispensary,  operating  room,  etc. 
Has  two  small  screened  wards  for  fever  patients;  city  water 
connections.     Buildings  in  fair  state  of  repair. 

Columbia  Barracks  (Camp  Columbia)  :  A  semipermanent 
post  situated  on  high  ground  overlooking  the  sea,  about  8 
miles  west  of  the  business  district  of  Havana.  The  post  has 
a  long  rectangular  parade  ground,  on  the  north  side  of  which 
are  situated  the  officers'  quarters,  and  on  the  south  side  the 
barracks  and  stables.  Buildings  are  frame,  with  tile  and 
galvanized  iron  roofs ;  all  have  running  water,  sanitary  rears, 
and  shower  baths.  Buildings  are  old,  but  at  present  (1908) 
are  in  a  good  state  of  repair.  The  reservation  covers  295 
acres. 

There  are  24  barracks,  each  holding,  when  full,  an  organi- 
zation of  125  men.  Each  set  of  barracks  has  a  screened  din- 
ing room  and  kitchen. 

There  are  12  double  sets  and  3  single  sets  of  officers'  quar- 
ters, and  4  buildings,  each  divided  into  10  small  sets  of  bach- 
elor quarters. 

There  are  13  stables ;  frame,  open  sides,  and  paper  roofs ; 
each  made  for  75  animals,  but  can  hold  100. 

In  addition  to  these  there  are  quartermaster  stables  for  175 
animals,  a  forage  barn,  and  barrack  for  quartermaster  em- 
ployees. 

The  hospital  as  at  present  equipped  has  108  beds  and  bar- 
racks for  110  hospital  corps  men,  but  the  number  of  beds 
could  be  greatly  increased  by  utilizing  some  of  the  buildings 
now  used  as  barracks  and  by  screening  the  large  porches. 

The  quartermaster's  storehouse  measures  48  by  208  feet. 

The  commissary  storehouse  measures  48  by  208  feet. 

These  two  buildings  are  frame,  with  tarred-paper  roofs, 
and  are  at  Quemados,  about  one-half  mile  from  Camp  Colum- 
bia; connected  with  the  Marianao  Railroad  and  the  Havana 
electric  lines ;  unloading  platform  on  both  sides. 

492—09 16 


242  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


FOBTIFICATIONS. 


A  full  report  on  the  fortifications  of  Havana  is  on  file  in 
the  Second  Section,  General  Staff. 


BAILBOAD    SIDINGS. 


The  railroad  sidings  are  situated  at  the  stations  noted 
above.  (For  full  descriptions  see  Eailroad  Files  of  Cuba 
in  Second  Section,  General  Staff.) 


BOADS  LEADING  OUT   OF   HAVANA. 


A  macadam  road  runs  east  from  Regla  through  Guanaba- 
coa  to  Campo  Florido.  A  road  from  Havana  runs  around 
the  bay  and  joins  this  road  at  Guanabacoa. 

A  macadam  road  runs  southeast,  through  San  Francisco 
and  San  Jose,  to  Giiines. 

A  macadam  road  runs  south,  through  Calvario,  Managua, 
and  San  Antonio  de  las  Vegas,  to  the  railroad  station  of 
Duran.    This  road  is  to  be  completed  to  Batabano. 

A  macadam  road  runs  south  through  Santiago  de  las  Ve- 
gas, Bejucal,  and  Salud,  to  Quivican.  A  branch  from  this 
road  runs  southwest,  through  San  Antonio  de  los  Baiios,  to 
Giiira  de  Melena. 

A  macadam  road  runs  from  the  Palatino  pumping  station, 
through  the  Vento  Springs  and  Wajay,  to  Arroyo  Arenas. 

A  macadam  road  runs  southwest,  through  Marianao  and 
Guana  jay,  to  Mariel  and  Cabafias. 


LINE   OF    APPROACH. 


Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  would  be  from  the  south- 
east, using  the  Giiines-Havana  calzada  and  the  Havana 
Central  Railroad  as  lines  of  communication.  (See  detailed 
description  of  environs  of  Havana.) 

THE   ENVIRONS   OF    HAVANA. 

General. 

Havana  is  a  city  surrounded  on  three  sides,  the  east,  south, 
and  west,  by  a  series  of  hills  between  which  lie  cultivated 
valleys.  To  the  north  lies  the  sea.  The  hills  in  general  are 
in  the  form  of  ridges  which  extend  from  the  higher  land  of 
the  interior  toward  the  city,  gradually  decreasing  in  eleva- 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  243 

tion  and  ending  in  more  or  less  abrupt  buttes,  which  com- 
mand the  city,  those  to  the  east  and  southeast  at  a  compara- 
tively short  range  and  those  to  the  south  and  west  at  a 
longer  range.  These  ridges,  especially  those  to  the  southeast 
and  south  are  in  general  broken  up  by  knobs  or  higher  points, 
which  increase  in  elevation  as  the  ridge  recedes  from  the 
city,  each  knob  in  turn  commanding  a  view  of  the  city  and  of 
the  lower  points  along  the  ridge.  These,  with  the  exception 
of  the  Morro-Cojimar  ridge,  are  half -open  pasture  lands, 
cut  up  by  stone  walls,  wire  fences,  hedges  of  cactus,  and 
stone  quarries.  The  ground  is  usually  a  hard  limestone  forma- 
tion, covered  by  a  thin  coating  of  sandy  loam,  and,  except 
for  the  artificial  obstruction,  such  as  wire  and  stone  fences, 
cactus  hedges,  and  stone  quarries  is  practicable  for  artillery 
and  cavalry. 

The  valleys  lying  between  these  ridges  are  more  culti- 
vated, and  many  of  them  contain  towns,  villages,  or  groups 
of  farm  buildings.  The  lower  ground  is  also  cut  up  by 
wire  and  stone  femces,  cactus  hedges,  and  stone  quarries,  is 
inclined  to  be  marshy  along  the  streams,  and  would  be  ex- 
tremely difficult  for  cavalry  and  artillery  during  the  rainy 
season.  There  are  but  few  lines  of  communication  between 
the  ridges,  and  most  of  the  few  that  exist  are  of  doubtful 
value.  All  roads  lead  to  Havana,  and  some  of  the  suburbs 
built  along  these  roads  are  only  a  mile  or  two  apart,  but 
they  usually  have  no  means  of  cross  communication. 

The  following  are  the  principal  ridges.  Their  distances 
from  the  center  of  the  town  increase  in  the  order  named, 
beginning  on  the  east  and  extending  in  a  semicircle  around 
to  the  sea  on  the  west. 

1.  The  ridge  extending  from  the  Morro  and  Cabana  to 
Cojimar,  and  beyond  the  river  of  Cojimar,  which  cuts  the 
ridge  about  3  miles  from  the  city  of  Havana. 

2.  The  ridge  extending  from  Regla  to  Guanabacoa  and 
reaching  its  highest  point  at  the  hill  of  La  Cruz,  upon  which 
the  Guanabacoa  water  tanks  are  placed. 

3.  The  ridge  extending  from  the  bridge  at  Luyano  to  San 
Miguel. 

4.  The  ridge  beginning  in  Jesus  del  Monte  and  running 
south  through  the  Loma  de  Luz,  the  Loma  de  Mazo  and  Vi- 
bora,  and  from  there  extending  in  a  southwesterly  direction. 


244  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

5.  The  plateau  on  which  are  situated  Puentes  Grandes, 
Quemados,  Camp  Columbia,  and  Marianao.  This  plateau  is 
by  far  the  greatest  in  area  of  all  the  ridges.  Its  military 
crest  extends  for  almost  2  miles  along  the  west  bank  of  the 
Almendares  Eiver. 

Besides  these  five  ridges  there  is  a  long,  irregular  ridge 
lying  east  of  the  Almendares  River.  It  begins  at  the  Loma 
de  Matos,  near  Mordazo,  extends  in  a  general  northerly  and 
northeasterly  direction  through  the  cemetery  of  Colon  and 
the  Castillo  del  Principe,  and  ends  near  the  beach  at  the 
Santa  Clara  battery. 

Between  the  ridges  1  and  2  lies  a  generally  cultivated  val- 
ley which  becomes  marshy  as  it  approaches  the  bay,  and 
through  the  western  side  of  which  runs  the  Regla-Guana- 
bacoa  railroad.  Between  ridges  2  and  3  lies  the  cultivated 
valley  of  the  Martin  Perez  River,  through  which  runs  the 
United  Railroads  of  Havana.  Between  the  ridges  3  and  4 
is  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Luyano  River,  the  village  of 
Luyano,  and  a  part  of  Jesiis  del  Monte.  The  broad  stretch 
of  land  between  ridges  4  and  5  is  the  valley  of  the  Almen- 
dares River,  which  runs  at  the  western  side  of  the  valley 
among  the  hills.  Through  this  valley  runs  the  Western  Rail- 
way, the  Zanja  Real,  and  the  aqueduct  which  carries  the 
Havana  water  supply.  To  the  north  and  northwest  of  the 
fifth  ridge  is  a  long,  gentle  slope  to  the  sea.  This  slope  is 
being  cut  up  into  streets  and  sold  in  small  lots  for  building 
purposes.  It  is  to  become  a  residence  district.  To  the  north- 
west of  the  Loma  de  Matos-Principe  ridge,  and  lying  be- 
tween it  and  the  sea,  is  the  residence  district  of  Veda  do.  To 
the  east  of  this  ridge  is  a  part  of  Havana  proper,  and, 
farther  south,  the  barrios  of  El  Cerro  and  Palatino  and  the 
small  village  of  Mordazo. 

Detailed  study  of  the  environs. 

1.  The  ridge  from  Morro  to  Cojimar  is  low,  regular  in 
form,  and  covered  almost  its  entire  length  with  a  thick  growth 
.of  brush.  The  surface  is  a  limestone  rock,  covered  with  a 
thin  coating  of  sandy  loam.  This  ridge  commands  the  city 
in  its  entire  length,  but  it  is  so  close  that  it  would  probably 
not  be  used  in  an  attack  on  or  a  defense  of  the  city  because 


PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA.  245 

an  attacking  force  must  have  gained  a  sufficient  advantage 
over  a  defending  force,  before  it  could  arrive  at  this  ridge,  to 
have  caused  a  surrender.  The  ridge  continues  east  of  the 
Cojimar  River  and  here  constitutes  one  of  the  most  important 
hills  in  the  environs  of  Havana.  The  hill  of  Buenavista 
(also  known  as  San  Pedro,  and  the  Loma  de  Cojimar)  juts 
out  into  the  valley  from  this  ridge  and  commands  a  view  of 
all  Havana,  Morro,  Cabana,  Regla,  Cojimar,  Guanabacoa, 
and  the  hill  of  La  Cruz.  It  commands  the  valley  between  it- 
self and  Guanabacoa  for  several  miles  back  from  the  bay.  It 
is  skirted  on  three  sides  by  the  Cojimar  River,  and  the  slope 
on  these  three  sides  is  so  steep  and  so  rough  that  it  is  imprac- 
ticable for  horses.  The  reverse,  or  eastern,  slope  is  quite 
gradual  and  could  be  easily  ascended  if  a  road  were  cut 
through  the  brush.  The  surface  of  the  hill  is  the  usual  lime- 
stone formation,  covered  in  places  with  a  sandy  loam.  It  is 
covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  brush  which  would  have  to 
be  cleared  in  order  to  get  horses  through.  This  hill  was 
fortified  in  1898  and  the  remains  of  the  earthworks  are  still 
there.  The  estimated  height  of  this  hill  is  250  feet.  The 
range  from  this  hill  to  the  Havana  wharves  on  the  western 
side  of  the  bay  is  about  6,000  yards. 

The  lines  of  communication  for  this  ridge  are : 

{a)  A  road  running  from  between  Morro  and  Cabana  to 
Cojimar  by  the  seashore.  This  is  an  unimproved  road  pass- 
ing close  to  the  beach.  It  is  sandy  in  places,  but  has  a  rock 
foundation  and  would  be  practicable  for  cavalry,  artillery, 
and  automobiles  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  It  is  wide  enough 
for  one  wagon  only,  has  no  appreciable  grades  except  at 
Cabaila.  and  is  concealed  almost  its  entire  distance  from 
Cojimar  to  Battery  No.  1  by  a  thick  brush  on  both  sides 
which  is  about  10  feet  high.  At  Cojimar  this  road  joins 
the  Cojimar-Guanabacoa-Havana  calzada. 

{h)  The  Cojimar-Guanabacoa  calzada.  A  good  macadam 
road,  which  is  level  in  the  valley,  but  has  moderate  grades 
over  the  Cojimar  ridge  at  one  end  and  rises  to  the  level, 
of  the  town  of  Guanabacoa  at  the  other.  This  road  ends  at. 
Cojimar. 

(c)  A  road,  running  over  private  property,  which  leaves 
the  above-mentioned  calzada  near  the  foot  of  the  Buenavista 
hill,  crosses  the  river  over  a  wooden  bridge,  and,  running  in 


246  PROVINCE  OF  HAVANA. 

an  easterly  direction,  gradually  ascends  to  the  top  of  the 
hill.  This  is  a  good  improved  road  with  moderate  grades 
and  practicable  for  all  kinds  of  wheeled  transportation  at  all 
seasons.    Is  wide  enough  for  only  one  wagon. 

Between  the  Morro-Cojimar  ridge  and  hills  of  Guana- 
bacoa  lies  a  partly  cultivated  half  open  valley  about  one 
mile  in  width,  which  is  drained  in  part  by  the  Cojimar  River 
and  in  part  by  the  Bay  of  Havana.  This  valley  becomes 
marshy  as  it  approaches  the  bay.  It  is  crossed  by  the 
Guanabacoa-Cojimar  calzada  and  through  the  center  of  it 
runs  an  abandoned  railroad,  which  was  built  during  the  first 
intervention  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  supplies  to  Tris- 
cornia.  Through  the  southern  part  of  this  valley  runs  the 
Regla-Guanabacoa  Railroad, 

2.  The  ridge  running  from  Regla  to  Guanabacoa  is  broken 
into  a  number  of  small  ridges  and  hills  as  it  ascends  to  the 
latter  place.  This  ridge  reaches  its  highest  point  at  the 
Loma  de  la  Cruz  (also  called  the  Loma  de  Guanabacoa,  the 
Loma  del  Indio)  and  another  hill  about  one-fourth  mile  west, 
upon  which  is  a  small  wooden  blockhouse,  constructed  in 
1906.  These  two  hills  command  a  view  of  all  of  Havana 
proper,  Morro,  Cabaiia,  El  Principe,  and  Atares.  They  also 
command  the  town  of  Guanabacoa,  which  lies  on  the  western 
slope  of  these  two  hills,  and  the  valleys  on  the  east  and  west 
for  several  miles  from  the  bay.  The  Loma  de  la  Cruz  has 
two  concrete  water  tanks  with  an  estimated  capacity  of  one 
million  gallons.  -The  crest  of  this  hill  is  not  more  than  150 
yards  square,  but  on  both  sides  are  benches  which  would 
afford  good  artillery  positions.  ■  The  remains  of  Spanish 
earthworks,  constructed  in  1898,  are  noticeable,  but  are  of  no 
practical  value.  The  slope  to  the  east  of  this  hill  is  quite 
gradual.  The  slopes  to  the  south  and  west  are  steeper,  but 
are  practicable  for  cavalry  and  light  artillery.  This  hill  has 
an  elevation  of  248  feet,  and  its  distance  from  the  wharves 
on  the  Havana  side  of  the  bay  is  about  4,000  yards. 

The  hill  referred  to  as  being  one-fourth  mile  west  of  La 
Cruz  hill  is  more  limited  in  area  on  top  and  is  much  cut  up 
by  an  old  stone  quarry.  Its  southern  and  eastern  slopes  are 
gradual,  but  the  slopes  to  the  west  and  north  are  very  steep 
and  are  cut  by  the  Guanabacoa-Luyano  calzada.  This  hill 
has  an  elevation  of  about  245  feet,  and  the  range  to  Havana 


PROVINCE   OP   HAVANA.  247 

is  slightly  greater  than  that  of  the  Loma  de  La  Cruz.  The 
crest  of  the  whole  ridge  is  open,  but  its  sides  become  half 
open,  more  cultivated,  and  more  cut  up  by  fences  and  hedges 
as  they  descend  into  the  valleys. 

The  lines  of  communication  of  this  ridge  are : 

(a)  The  Regla-Guanabacoa  calzada,  a  fine  macadam  road 
with  moderate  grades,  which  ascends  steadily  from  Regla  to 
Guanabacoa. 

(b)  The  Cojimar-Guanabacoa  calzada,  described  above. 

(c)  The  Guanabacoa-Luyano  calzada,  a  good  macadam 
road,  which  joins  the  calzada  of  Jesiis  del  Monte  west  of 
Luyano.  This  road  passes  between  the  two  hills  described 
above,  has  moderate  grades,  and  crosses  two  bridges — a  steel 
one  over  the  Martin  Perez  River  and  a  stone  one  over  the 
river  of  Luyano.  Both  these  bridges  carry  the  water  pipes 
for  the  Guanabacoa  tanks. 

{d)  The  Guanabacoa-San  Miguel  road,  unimproved  and 
scarcely  more  than  a  trail.  Would  be  very  difficult  for 
horses  and  wagons  except  in  the  dry  season. 

(e)  The  Guanabacoa-Regla  electric  line. 

(/)  The  Guanabacoa-Bacuranao  calzada,  which  runs  east 
from  Guanabacoa. 

Between  the  Guanabacoa  hills  and  the  Luyano-San  Miguel 
ridge  is  a  cultivated  valley  about  a  mile  in  width  through 
which  runs  the  river  of  Martin  Perez  and  the  United  Rail- 
roads of  Havana.  Crossing  this  valley  are  the  Guanabacoa- 
Luyano  calzada  and  the  Guanabacoa-San  Miguel  road  de- 
scribed above. 

3.  The  Luyano-San  Miguel  ridge  is  a  long,  broad,  and 
rather  low-lying  hill  which  gradually  descends  from  the 
higher  land  inland  until  it  ends  in  a  point  opposite  Luyano, 
upon  which  point  is  a  small  wooden  blockhouse  built  in  1906. 
The  highest  point  of  the  ridge  is  about  1  mile  east  of  the 
blockhouse.  The  ridge  as  it  ascends  to  this  elevated  point 
from  the  blockhouse  is  broken  into  a  number  of  elevated 
points,  each  commanding  a  view  of  the  city  and  of  the  other 
points  lower  down  on  the  ridge.  The  highest  point  referred 
to  has  the  remains  of  some  old  Spanish  earthworks,  as  have 
also  some  of  the  points  lower  down  on  the  ridge. 

This  ridge  commands  the  valleys  on  either  side  of  it  and 
the  elevated  points  command  a  view  of  Havana,  Morro,  and 


248  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

Cabana.  The  topography  is  such  that  it  would  lend  itself 
admirably  to  the  use  of  indirect  fire  of  artillery,  as  there  are 
a  number  of  knobs  behind  which  the  artillery  could  be 
placed.  The  surface  of  the  ground  is  the  usual  limestone 
formation  partly  covered  with  a  sandy  loam.  It  is  half- 
open  pasture  land,  becoming  more  cultivated  as  the  sides 
descend  into  the  valleys.  It  is  much  cut  up  with  wire  and 
stone  fences,  cactus  hedges,  and  stone  quarries.  The  average 
width  of  the  ridge  is  400  yards,  arid  the  range  of  the  highest 
point  mentioned  above  is  about  4,700  yards  to  Atares,  and 
some  6,000  yards  to  Central  Park. 

The  lowest  point,  on  which  stands  the  blockhouse,  is  about 
1  mile  nearer  to  the  city  places  named. 

About  2  miles  inland  from  the  highest  point  are  a  number 
of  higher  hills  which  overlook  this  position. 

The  lines  of  communication  of  this  ridge  are : 

(a)  The  Guanabacoa-Luyano  calzada,  described  above. 

(b)  The  Guanabacoa-San  Miguel  road,  described  above. 

(c)  The  Luyano-San  Francisco  de  Paula  calzada,  a  mac- 
adam road  which  runs  close  to  the  ridge  to  the  southwest 
of  it. 

(d)  Three  short,  unimproved  roads,  which  extend  from 
the  calzada  of  Luyano-San  Francisco  to  the  top  of  the  ridge. 
These  roads  are'  rough,  but  are  practicable  for  cavalry  and 
artillery  at  any  season  of  the  year. 

(e)  The  Luyano-San  Miguel  road:  This  road  is  very 
rough  in  places  and  muddy  in  others.  It  is  unimproved  and 
would  be  difficult  for  horses  or  wagons  at  any  season  of  the 
year.  The  portion  of  it  between  Jacomino  and  Luyano 
would  be  impassable  for  horses  in  the  rainy  season. 

The  valley  to  the  south  and  southwest  of  this  ridge  is 
narrow,  about  half  a  mile  in  width,  and  it  is  generally  culti- 
vated. Through  it  runs  the  Luyano  River  and,  for  a  short 
distance,  the  Guanajay  Electric  Railroad. 

4.  The  line  of  hills  extending  south  and  southwest  from 
Jesus  del  Monte  contains  five  clearly  defined  "  lomas,"  which 
command  good  views  of  Havana  and  its  suburbs  at  com- 
paratively short  range.  These  are  so  placed  as  to  make  two 
parallel  lines  running  east  and  west.  In  the  line  nearest 
Havana  are  the  Loma  de  Luz,  on  the  west,  and  the  two 
Lomas  de  Timon  (Cantares)  on  the  east.    About  1,200  yards 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA^  249 

south  of  these  and  rising  above  and  commanding  them  are 
the  Loma  de  Mazo  on  the  west  and  the  Loma  de  la  O  (also 
called  Lejanito)  on  the  east. 

The  Loma  de  Luz  commands  all  of  the  town  of  Havana, 
except/  Vedado,  which  is  concealed  by  the  Principe  ridge. 
It  commands  a  view  of  Morro,  Cabaiia,  Regla,  the  Palatino 
waterworks,  and  all  of  the  valley  between  Jesus  del  Monte 
and  Palatino,  except  a  few  disconnected  folds  in  the  ground. 

The  two  Lomas  de  Timon  are  about  a  half  a  mile  east  of 
Loma  de  Luz.  One  of  them  is  crowned  by  a  wooden  block- 
house, built  in  190G,  and  the  other  one  on  its  eastern  side  has 
been  quarried  out  almost  to  its  center.  These  two  hills  give 
about  the  same  view  as  the  Loma  de  Luz,  except  that  they 
command  the  valley  of  the  Luyano  River  and  the  Luyano- 
San  Miguel  ridge  to  the  east  instead  of  the  valley  toward 
Palatino.  The  height  of  these  hills  is  estimated  at  220  feet 
above  sea  level.  They  are  about  2,500  yards  from  Atares, 
and  about  5,200  yards  from  Central  Park.  On  the  northern 
slope  of  these  hills  and  partly  between  them  is  the  suburb 
of  Jesiis  del  Monte. 

The  Loma  de  Mazo  (the  Key  Hill),  as  its  name  implies,  is 
one  of  the  most  important  hills  surrounding  Havana.  It 
lies  about  1,200  yards  south  of  the  Loma  de  Luz,  and  its 
summit  is  300  yards  west  of  the  village  of  Vibora,  which  is 
the  end  of  the  Jesus  del  Monte  car  line,  and  at  which  point 
are  situated  the  car  barns.  The  Loma  de  Mazo  gives  a 
clear  view  seaward  and  signals  with  ships  could  be  ex- 
changed. It  commands  the  three  hills  mentioned  above,  all 
of  the  bay,  Regla,  and  Havana  and  its  suburbs  except  Ve- 
dado. It  gives  a  view  of  Morro,  Cabaiia,  El  Principe,  and 
Atares.  It  commands  the  valley  of  the  Almendares  for 
some  distance  inland,  and  gives  a  view  of  the. Western  Rail- 
way for  2  or  3  miles. 

The  Loma  de  Mazo  is  about  800  feet  long,  running  east 
and  west.  Its  highest  point  is  about  300  yards  from  the  cal- 
zada,  which  cuts  its  eastern  flank  whei-e  the  slope  is  steepest. 
The  slope  northward,  which  overlooks  Havana,  is  next  in 
steepness,  but  not  too  steep  for  wagons.  To  the  south  and 
southeast  the  slope  is  gentle.  Toward  the  west  the  hill  runs 
into  a  long  ridge  and  disappears  in  low  ground  along  the  line 
of  the  Western  Railway.    The  southwestern  corner  of  the 


250  JPBOVINCE  OF  HAVANA. 

crest  has  a  wooden  blockhouse,  built  in  1906,  and  the  ground 
is  much  cut  up  by  an  old  Spanish  earthwork,  built  in  1898. 
The  highest  point  on  the  hill  is  occupied  by  a  concrete  water 
tank,  which  has  an  estimated  capacity  of  300,000  gallons. 
This  is  supplied  from  the  Palatino  waterworks.  About  1^  or 
2  miles  south  by  southeast  lie  a  series  of  hills  which  com- 
mand a  view  of  this  position. 

The  Loma  de  Mazo  has  an  elevation  of  261  feet,  and  it  is 
about  3,700  yards  from  Atares  and  6,400  yards  from  Central 
Park. 

The  Loma  de  la  O  rises  about  1,000  yards  east  of  the 
Loma  de  Mazo.  It  is  a  ridge  about  700  yards  long,  and  it  is 
made  up  of  three  elevated  points,  on  each  of  which  are  the 
old  1898  Spanish  earthworks.  This  hill  commands  a  view 
of  the  principal  points  in  and  around  Havana ;  small  portions 
of  the  town  are  concealed  by  the  Lomas  de  Luz  and  Timon, 
but  there  is  no  part  of  the  town  that  can  not  be  seen  from 
some  part  of  this  hill.  The  slope  to  the  north  and  northeast 
is  gradual,  rolling,  and  cultivated.  The  electric-car  barns  at 
Luyano  can  be  seen  from  this  hill,  and  also  a  portion  of  the 
lower  valley  of  the  Luyano  River.  The  southern  slope  of 
this  hill  is  steep,  is  inclined  to  be  marshy  at  the  foot,  and 
would  be  difficult  for  artillery.  A  small  creek  runs  at  the 
foot  of  the  southern  slope,  turns  the  eastern  flank  of  the  hill, 
and  empties  into  the  Luyano  River.  Along  this  creek  runs 
the  Guana  jay  Electric  Railroad,  which  is  visible  both  to  the 
east  and  south.  To  the  south  of  the  Loma  de  la  O  the 
country  is  rolling  and  hilly.  At  a  distance  of  about  2  miles 
the  ground  rises  to  an  equal  or  greater  height,  forming  hills 
which  overlook  this  hill  and  the  city  of  Havana.  The  low 
country  in  the  vicinity  is  well  cultivated  and  much  broken 
up  by  fences,  hedges,  and  groups  of  trees,  but  the  hills  are 
mostly  open  pasture  lands.  The  Loma  de  la  O  has  been 
staked  off  into  streets  and  lots,  and  it  is  evidently  the  inten- 
tion to  sell  this  land  for  building  purposes. 

About  1,200  yards  to  the  east  of  the  Loma  de  la  O  and  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  creek,  along  which  runs  the  Guana- 
jay  Electric  Railroad,  is  a  high  isolated  hill,  called  La  Capi- 
tana,  very  much  cut  up  with  Spanish  earthworks.  This  hill 
commands  a  view  both  up  and  down  the  valley  of  the 
Luyano,  and  also  of  Havana.     Running  to  the  southwest 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  251 

from  this  hill  is  a  lower  ridge  with  three  elevated  knobs. 
This  ridge  lies  almost  parallel  to  the  Loma  de  la  O,  about 
1,000  yards  from  it,  and  limits  the  view  to  the  southeast  from 
the  latter  hill. 

Still  farther  east  and  slightly  northeast  of  La  Capitana  is 
an  isolated  ridge  which  is  covered  with  Spanish  earthworks. 
This  ridge  is  about  500  yards  long  at  the  crest,  extends  in  a 
northwesterly  and  southeasterly  direction,  commands  the 
eastern  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Luyano,  and  has  about  the 
same  view  of  Havana  as  La  Capitana.  It  is  about  1,000 
yards  or  more  from  the  latter  hill. 

The  lines  of  communication  of  the  Jesiis  del  Monte  ridge 
are: 

(a)  The  calzada  of  Jesus  del  Monte  from  Havana,  along 
which  the  electric  street  cars  run  as  far  as  Vibora. 

(h)  The  Guana  jay  Electric  Railroad,  which  runs  through 
Luyano  and  crosses  the  ridge  a  short  distance  south  of 
Vibora. 

(c)  The  Havana-Bejucal  calzada,  which  runs  south  from 
the  Jesus  del  Monte  calzada.     This  is  a  good  macadam  road. 

(d)  A  macadam  street  is  being  constructed  from  the  Pala- 
tino  waterworks  to  Jesus  del  Monte.  This  will  pass  between 
the  Loma  de  Luz  and  the  Loma  de  Mazo  (1907). 

The  broad  valley  of  the  Almendares,  between  ridges  4  and 
5,  is  rolling,  cultivated,  and  much  cut  up  by  fences  of  wire 
and  stone,  hedges,  and  small  streams.  It  is  inclined  to  be 
marshy  in  many  places  and  has  no  means  of  cross  communi- 
cation. In  order  to  cross  this  valley  in  the  vicinity  of 
Havana  it  is  necessary  to  go  into  the  city  to  reach  the  cal- 
zadas  which  run  from  there  to  these  ridges.  Through  this 
valley  run  the  Almendares  River,  the  Zanja  Real,  the  aque- 
duct carrying  the  water  for  Havana,  the  Western  Railway, 
and  the  Villaneuva  Division  of  the  United  Railroads  of 
Havana. 

5.  On  the  northeast  corner  of  the  plateau,  upon  which  are 
situated  Marianao,  Quemados,  Camp  Columbia,  and  Puentes 
Grandes,  is  a  hill  called  La  Loma  de  San  Ignacio,  which  still 
shows  the  remains  of  old  Spanish  earthworks.  From  this 
hill  can  be  seen  practically  all  Havana,  Principe,  Morro, 
Cabana,  Atares,  Puentes  Grandes,  and  the  Palatino  water- 
works.    It  overlooks  and  commands  the  valley  of  the  Almen- 


252  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

dares  for  several  miles  inland  from  Puentes  Grandes,  The 
crest  of  this  hill  is  about  250  yards  long.  Its  northern  slope 
is  too  steep  and  rough  for  horses ;  its  southern  slope  is  gentle 
and  cultivated.  About  half  a  mile  south  of  San  Ignacio  Hill 
is  another  hill  of  about  the  same  form  and  size,  and  about  the 
same  elevation,  which  is  connected  with  it  by  a  saddle.  To 
the  northwest  of  the  San  Ignacio  Hill  the  crest  of  the  plateau 
is  cut  by  a  dry  arroyo;  beyond  this  arroyo  is  a  small  ridge, 
very  much  cut  up  by  stone  quarries  and  near  which  are  situ- 
ated a  number  of  brickyards.  To  the  northwest  of  this 
ridge  is  a  small  swampy  stream,  which  here  divides  the  pla- 
teau by  a  deep  but  narrow  valley.  Over  the  mouth  of  this 
valley  the  Marianao  Railroad  runs  on  a  high  fill.  On  the 
high  ground  northwest  of  this  valley  is  the  village  of  Puentes 
Grandes,  From  Puentes  Grandes  the  crest  of  the  plateau 
follows  the  river  bank  quite  closely  almost  to  its  mouth.  At 
a  place  about  half  a  mile  north  of  Puentes  Grandes  are  some 
old  Spanish  earthworks,  built  in  1898,  which  to  the  west  com- 
mand a  view  of  a  portion  of  Camp  Columbia  and  the  slope 
from  Camp  Columbia  to  the  sea.  To  the  east  these  works 
command  a  view  of  the  cemetery,  El  Principe,  and  the  east- 
ern portion  of  Havana,  seen  over  the  cemetery  ridge.  To  the 
north  of  these  works  a  large  butte  sticks  out  to  the  east,  caus- 
ing the  river  to  make  a  sharp  turn  eastward  to  get  around  it. 
This  butte  is  cultivated  on  top,  but  its  sides  are  wooded  and 
toward  the  river  are  very  steep.  This  hill  gives  a  closer  view 
of  the  cemetery  ridge  and  of  Principe,  but  due  to  its  isolated 
position  and  its  difficulty  of  access  it  is  of  no  value  from  a 
military  point  of  view.  The  Almendares  here  runs  through 
a  deep  gorge  with  steep  wooded  banks,  caused  by  this  butte 
on  one  side  and  the  cemetery  ridge  on  the  other.  The  crest 
of  the  plateau  gradually  lowers  and  ends  near  the  angle  made 
by  the  Almendares  River  and  the  sea. 

The  plateau  extends  to  the  southwest  of  the  crest  described. 
It  is  about  the  same  elevation  as  the  crest,  and  the  country  is 
slightly  rolling,  half  open,  cultivated  ground.  On  this  pla- 
teau are  situated  Marianao,  Quemados,  and  Camp  Columbia. 
The  lines  of  communication  of  this  plateau  are : 
(a)  The  Ceiba  road,  which  is  macadamized,  runs  through 
Marianao,  Quemados,  Puentes  Grandes,  and  joins  the  Cerro 
calzada. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  253 

(h)  The  macadam  road  leading  from  Camp  Columbia  to 
the  cemetery  of  Colon,  and  there  connecting  with  two  streets, 
one  leading  to  Vedado,  and  the  other  to  El  Principe,  and 
there  connecting  with  the  street  system  of  the  city.  This 
road  crosses  the  Almendares  River  on  a  floating  bridge;  at 
this  point  the  grades  are  steep,  but  are  practicable  for  loaded 
wagons  and  automobiles.  (Reinforced  concrete  bridge,  800 
feet  long,  in  process  of  construction,  1908.)  In  other  places 
on  this  road  the  grades  are  moderate. 

(c)  The  Vedado-Marianao  electric  car  line,  which  runs 
from  Vedado  past  Camp  Columbia  to  Marianao. 

(d)  The  Marianao  Railroad,  which  starts  at  Havana  and 
runs  through  Puentes  Grandes  and  Marianao,  skirting  Camp 
Columbia  on  the  way. 

Arroyo  Apolo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  built 
along  the  Havana-Bejucal  calzada  about  3.1  miles  from  Ha- 
vana and  contains  5  or  6  stores  and  about  20  houses. 

Arroyo  Naranjo. — Barrio  and  village.  Contains  the  vil- 
lage of  the  same  name  and  the  sitio  of  San  Juan.  The 
village  is  on  a  ridge  on  the  Havana-Bejucal  calzada,  where 
the  Western  Railway  of  Havana  crosses  it  about  6.2  miles 
from  Havana.  It  is  built  along  the  calzada  and  has  a  small 
station  but  no  side  tracks.  Population  about  300.  There  is 
a  brickyard  which  would  shelter  one  battalion,  if  necessary. 
Water  is  pumped  to  the  village  from  Calabazar,  1^  miles  dis- 
tant, and  is  distributed  by  means  of  a  tank  and  pipes. 

San  Juan. — Sitio.  On  the  Havana-Bejucal  calzada  about 
4f  miles  from  Havana.    Contains  a  store  and  4  or  5  houses. 

Calvario. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  contains,  be- 
sides the  village  of  Calvario,  the  villages  of  Chorrera  and 
Mantilla. 

The  village  is  on  the  top  of  a  high  hill  on  the  Havana- 
Managua  calzada,  5.6  miles  from  Havana,  and  has  about  250 
inhabitants.  Water  supply  obtained  from  5  or  6  wells,  but 
these  wells  run  dry  and  water  has  to  be  hauled  in  public 
wagons  from  Jesus  del  Monte.  A  road  branches  east  to  San 
Francisco  and  one  west  to  Arroyo  Naranjo.  No  telegraphic 
communication. 

Chorrera. — Village.  Situated  7.4  miles  from  Havana,  on 
the  Havana-Managua  calzada.    Consists  of  6  or  8  houses  and 


254  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

a  store.  Water  obtained  from  4  or  5  wells ;  said  to  be  good ; 
is  abundant.    No  telegraphic  communication. 

Mantilla. — Village.  Consists  of  6  or  8  houses  along  the 
Havana-Managua-San  Antonio-Duran  calzada,4.3  miles  from 
Havana^  and  situated  on  the  top  of  a  ridge  which  gives  a  good 
view  north,  toward  Havana.  Water  supply  obtained  from 
wells,  but  in  1906  they  went  dry  and  water  was  hauled  from 
Jesus  del  Monte  in  Obras  Piiblicas  water  wagons. 

Casa  Blanca. — Barrio  and  village.  A  coal-receiving  sta- 
tion situated  across  the  bay  from  Havana.    Part  of  the  city. 

Luyano. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town,  of  about  200  houses, 
nearly  all  of  cement,  is  situated  south  of  the  most  southern 
point  of  Havana  Bay,  on  a  calzada  running  east  from  Jesus 
del  Monte  to  Guanabacoa.  The  eastern  limit  of  the  village 
may  be  considered  as  the  Rio  Martin  Perez,  though  new 
houses  are  now  being  constructed  east  of  this  river. 

The  importance  of  this  place  is  due  to  the  fact  that  from 
here  radiate  5  calzadas,  running  in  all  directions,  and  here 
the  Havana  Central  and  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana  have 
stations  and  a  large  amount  of  siding,  and  the  cars  of  the 
Western  Railroad  can  also  be  run  to  these  stations.  The 
proximity  to  the  warehouses  and  wharves  of  Havana  render 
the  place  a  center  of  commerce.  When  Havana  was  pre- 
pared.for  defense  by  the  Spanish  in  1898,  Luyano  was  the 
headquarters  of  a  brigade  and  the  location  of  the  reserve. 
The  population  is  estimated  to  be  about  1,400.  Water  is  ob- 
tained from  the  Havana  supply,  Vento  springs.  The  sup- 
ply runs  along  the  Guanabacoa  calzada  on  the  south  side  of 
the  road.  The  supply  for  Regla  runs  100  yards  north  of  the 
calzada  and  can  be  cut  here.  There  is  no  sewer  system,  and 
acetylene  gas  is  used  for  lighting.  In  addition  to  the  Vento 
water  there  are  many  wells  and  cisterns.  The  Martin  Perez 
and  Luyano  rivers  and  Arroyo  Pastrana,  all  of  which  are  in 
the  limits  of  the  village,  are  salty,  but  animals  will  drink 
from  them. 

Two  buildings  are  especially  suitable  for  barracks;  the 
police  station  and  the  Quinta  de  la  Asuncion  (Quinta  de  los 
Jesuitos).  The  first  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  Guanabacoa 
calzada,  100  yards  west  of  the  Puente  de  Alcoy,  spanning  the 
Rio  Luyano.  It  has  one  story;  built  of  cement;  Vento 
water;   modern  closets;  has  wall   lockers  for  25   men.     It 


PBOVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  255 

would  quarter  50  infantry  soldiers  and  has  a  stable  for  12 
horses. 

The  Quinta  de  la  Asuncion,  property  of  Belen  College, 
Havana,  is  on  the  Jesus  del  Monte-Guanabacoa  calzada,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  road,  200  yards  west  of  where  the 
Calzada  de  Concha  comes  in  from  Havana.  It  is  in  the 
center  of  a  wooded  field,  on  a  hill  about  50  feet  high.  It  has 
two  stories;  is  of  cement;  Vento  water,  also  a  well  and  cis- 
tern; acetylene  gas;  modern  closets;  would  quarter  200  in- 
fantry.   The  grounds  are  well  drained  by  Arroyo  Pastrana. 

The  Havana  Central  Railroad  has  along  the  south  side  of 
the  calzada  and  north  of  their  repair  shops  a  stable  for  200 
animals.  The  United  Railroads  of  Havana  has  a  large  corral, 
suitable  for  500  animals.  This  is  situated  northwest  of  town. 
There  are  a  large  number  of  corrals  and  stables  pertaining 
to  Havana  within  easy  reach  of  Luyano.  There  are  also 
many  cattle  chutes  and  ramps.  Practically  all  the  stock  that 
comes  to  Havana  is  unloaded  here. 

There  is  no  hospital,  but  the  Quinta  referred  to  would 
make  an  excellent  one.  The  post-office  is  alongside  of  the 
police  station,  already  described.  The  railroad  stations  of 
the  Havana  Central  and  United  Railroads  of  Havana  are 
within  200  j^ards  of  where  the  Concha  calzada  enters  the 
Guanabacoa  road,  but  the  chief  traffic  is  carried  on,  not  at 
the  stations,  but  at  the  corrals.  '  The  Havana  Central  has  a 
telephone  at  the  station,  and  the  Havana  "  Red  "  has  a  sta- 
tion at  the  police  station  connecting  with  Havana.  The 
United  Railroads  of  Havana  has  telegraph  connection  at  the 
railroad  station. 

There  is  no  ice  machine. 

The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  line  of  low  hills,  not  over 
50  feet  high.  The  depression  in  which  it  is  situated  is  well 
drained  by  the  streams  above  mentioned.  The  land  within 
this  depression  is  half  open  pasture,  not  suitable  for  the  camp 
of  a  large  body,  but  a  regiment  could  find  a  camp  site.  The 
hills  were  fortified  by  the  Spanish  in  1898  and  formed  a  por- 
tion of  the  third  line  of  defense  of  Havana.  They  are  not 
wooded. 

Roads:  A  calzada  east  to  Guanabacoa;  one  southeast  to 
Giiines;  one  south  to  Batabano;  one  north  to  Havana  (de 


256 


PEOVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


Concha) ;  one  west  to  Jesiis  del  Monte.  About  200  yards 
south  of  Luyano  are  the  Havana  Central  Railroad  machine 
shops,  and  there  is  much  available  siding. 

An  approach  upon  this  place  embraces  the  problem  of 
approaching  the  city  of  Havana  itself. 

Puentes  Grandes. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is 
about  4  miles  from  the  business  part  of  Havana,  on  the  Ha- 
vana-Cerro-Marianao  calzada,  at  the  point  where  it  crosses 
the  Almendares  River.  Contains  a  paper  factory  and  several 
brickyards. 

Regla. — Town.  Situated  on  the  east  side  of  Havana  Bav. 
Divided  into  four  barrios,  viz:  Primero,  Segundo,  Tercero, 
and  Cuarto  de  Regla.  Contains  large  warehouses  and 
wharves.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Matanzas  branch  of  the 
United  Railroads  of  Havana  and  a  shipping  point  for  sup- 
plies going  to  or  coming  from  the  interior  of  the  island.  It 
is  a  part  of  the  city  of  Havana  and  is  connected  therewith  by 
two  ferries,  each  one  making  the  trip  each  way  every  twenty 
minutes. 

JUDICIAL    DISTRIC  T   OF  JARUCO. 

Township :  Population. 

Aguacate •  7,  305 

Jaruco 12,  067 

San  .Tose  de  las  Lujas 11,988 

TOWNSHIP  OF  AGUACATE  (CAPITAL,  AGUACATE). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Aguacate 

Averhofl 

Bainoa 

Caraballo 

Mamey  Dure 

San  Francisco  de  Asis 
Finca  El  Socorro 


Barrio. 


Aguacate 

Averhoff 

Bainoa 

Caraballo 

Mamey  Duro 

Reloj(El) 

San  Francisco  de  Asis. 

Santa  Cruz 

Santisima  Trinidad . . . 
Socorro 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
Rural. 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
..do... 
...do... 


Distance 

from  . 

capital. 


Miles. 


10 
8 
4 

3.7 
9.5 
2 
L2 


Popula- 
tion. 


2,027 
936 
527 
730 
845 
625 

1,032 
228 
193 
162 


Aguacate. — Barrio  and  town.-  The  town  has  1,109  inhab- 
itants, with  probably  about  200  houses  all  told.  Houses 
are  of  stone  and  wood  with  tile  roofs.  Situated  about  35^ 
miles  by  railroad  east  of  Havana  and  about  6  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  Madruga. 


PROVINCE    OF    HAVANA.  257 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  a  well  on  calle  Real,  50 
yards  north  of  the  church.  This  well  is  about  60  feet  deep  to 
water  and  has  about  40  feet  of  water,  with  a  constant  flow ; 
is  the  property  of  the  city,  and  has  a  small  steel  tank  w^hich 
is  kept  full  by  means  of  a  small  steam  pump.  The  railroad 
depot  has  a  water  tank  supplied  from  a  well  by  means  of  a 
steam  pump,  and  at  the  southwest  edge  of  town  there  is  a 
large  tank  and  steam  pump  from  which  the  sugar  mill 
Rosario  obtains  its  water  supply. 

There  are  several  stores  near  the  railroad  station  that 
could  be  used  as  barracks ;  all  small,  one-story  buildings,  and 
none  of  them  particularly  adapted  for  military  use. 

There  is  a  two-story  house  (hotel)  opposite  the  railroad 
depot  that  would  make  an  excellent  base  hospital.  It  is  a 
large,  new  building  and  used  as  a  store.  It  has  a  roofed-over 
courtyard,  with  a  glass  wall  on  the  western  side.  Capacitj^ 
of  the  upper  story  probably  about  50  beds. 

There  is  a  large  railroad  warehouse  about  100  yards  from 
the  passenger  depot  that  could  be  used  as  a  quartermaster 
and  commissary  storehouse.  Near  this  building  is  the  Span- 
ish Club  that  could  be  converted  into  a  storehouse  or  could 
be  used  as  offices  or  as  officers'  quarters. 

On  the  corner  of  calle  Real  and  the  calzada  that  leads  to 
the  sugar  mill  is  a  small  building,  back  of  which  is  a  walled 
inclosure  that  could  easily  be  made  into  a  quartermaster 
corral  for  150  or  200  animals;  water  to  be  obtained  from 
the  city  well  or  from  the  w^ell  at  the  railroad  depot. 

The  best  place  for  a  camp  is  at  the  ingenio  Rosario,  which 
is  about  one-half  mile  west  of  the  town.  The  ingenio  is  sur- 
rounded by  earthworks,  which  inclose  a  space  about  250 
yards  square.  At  intervals  along  these  works  are  small 
blockhouses  that  would  hold  about  4  men.  The  sugar  mill 
and  the  surrounding  buildings  could  shelter  about  one  full 
regiment  and  two  more  could  be  placed  in  the  inclosure  if 
necessary.  The  country  surrounding  this  place  is  flat,  and 
if  the  sugar  cane  were  cut  down  it  would  be  a  strong  posi- 
tion. The  water  supply  is  pumped  from  a  well  on  the  south- 
west edge  of  the  town,  probably  a  little  over  one-half  mile 
from  the  ingenio.     The  ingenio  contains  many  tanks  wherein 

492—09 17 


258  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

water  for  an  indefinite  period  could  be  stored.  A  switch 
runs  to  the  mill  from  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  tracks  at  Aguacate. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  are  on  calle  Libertad,  one 
block  east  of  the  station  of  the  railroad. 

The  railroad  station  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  is  a  small,  new 
building  near  the  center  of  the  eastern  edge  of  town. 

The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  series  of  earthworks  built 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1898.  They  are  still  plainly  traceable, 
but  are  of  little  military  importance. 

Averho-ff. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district  lying 
south  and  west  of  Aguacate.  It  contains  the  ingenios  Aver- 
hoff  and  Rosario.  The  village  of  Averhoff  is  made  up  of  the 
buildings  pertaining  to  the  sugar  mill  Averhoff  and  the 
homes  of  the  workmen. 

Bainoa. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  a  small,  un- 
important one  with  20  or  25  houses  and  is  situated  9  miles 
by  road  northwest  of  Aguacate.  The  railroad  depot  of  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  is  of  stone ;  about  30  by  70  feet.  All  houses  are 
one-story,  with  tile  roofs.  The  water  supply  is  obtained 
from  a  deep  well  that  is  near  the  depot.  It  is  said  to  have 
a  constant  flow.  The  ground  around  Bainoa  is  all  low  and 
cultivated  and  there  is  not  much  choice  of  camping  ground 
except  that  it  should  be  near  the  well. 

Carahallo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated 
11  miles  by  road  northwest  of  Aguacate  and  consists  of  62 
houses  and  2  stores;  is  built  in  a  flat,  level  country,  planted 
in  sugar  cane.  Houses  in  center  of  village  are  masonry,  with 
tile  roofs.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells;  water  is 
said  to  be  good  and  abundant.  Village  is  connected  with 
the  43-kilometer  station  of  Matanzas  branch  of  the  United 
Railroads  of  Havana  by  the  narrow  gauge  railroad  of  the 
Carmen  and  Loteria  ingenios. 

Mamey  Duro. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  of  this  name  con- 
sists of  3  houses  and  2  stores,  widely  separated.  District  con- 
tains 86  farms. 

Reloj. — Barrio.  No  point  of,  this  name.  District  con- 
tains 43  farms. 

San  Francisco  de  Asis. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  of  this 
name  is  a  store.    District  contains  28  farms. 

Santa  Cruz. — Barrio.  No  point  of  this  name.  The  dis- 
trict contains  42  farms. 


PROVINCE    OF    HAVANA. 


259 


Santisima  Trinidad. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point 
or  village  of  this  name.    District  contains  five  farms. 

Socon'o. — Barrio  and  finca.  A  rural  district.  The  point 
bearing  this  name  is  a  farm  called  Finca  El  Socorro,  and  is 
1^  miles  by  road  southwest  of  Aguacate. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  JARUCO  (CAPITAL,  JARUCO). 


Town,  village,  or  sltio. 

Barrio. 

Rturalor 
urban. 

^fr^"    Pojpul. 
capital.        "*"^- 

Pueblo  (Jaruco) 

Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 

MiUi. 

2,056 

Arroyo  Vuelto 

2 

4.7 

9.3 

43 
48 
5.2 
3 
13 

1.3 
3.7 
&6 
9.5 

508 
618 

Boca  de  Jaruco 

...do 

447 

Playa  del  Rmc6n. 
Casiguas 

Casiguas 

...do 

1,236 

Castilla 

...do 

590 

...do 

731 

Jibacoa 

Playa  Jibacoa. 

...do 

447 

Jibacoa 

Paradero. .                           

...do 

...do 

1,450 
700 

Rio  Blanco... 

San  Antonio  de  Rio  Blanco. . . 

...do 

...do 

1,606 

585 

Santa  Cruz  del  Norte.. 

..do 

1,093 

Jaruco. — Barrio  and  town.  Town  is  built  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  a  plateau ;  population,  2,056 ;  estimated  num- 
ber of  houses  all  told,  about  250,  Houses  are  mostly  of  stone, 
with  tile  roofing. 

There  are  two  principal  streets — calle  Comercio,  the  most 
important,  and  calle  Real.  These  two  streets  are  parallel 
and  run  east  and  west. 

There  are  many  houses  that  would  serve  well  as  barracks, 
both  on  calle  Comercio  and  on  calle  Real.  The  best  of  these 
are  on  calle  Comercio  at  the  corner  of  Correos.  This  is  a 
block  of  solid  stone  houses,  now  used  as  stores  and  ware- 
houses. Three  companies  at  full  strength  could  be  quartered 
in  this  block.  Other  buildings  suitable  for  barracks  are  in 
the  immediate  vicinity. 

Practically  all  of  the  houses  have  sheds  used  as  stables,  but 
none  are  large  enough  to  accommodate  any  considerable  num- 
ber of  horses. 

The  best  place  for  corrals  would  be  below  the  town,  about 
half  a  mile  to  the  east,  in  order  to  have  the  watering  facili- 
ties afforded  by  the  Jaruco  River.  The  depot  building  could 
be  used  as  a  storehouse  for  a  small  command.     It  is  of  stone, 


260  PBOVINCE   OP   HAVANA. 

one-story,  and  about  30  by  80  feet.  Two  large  one-story 
buildings  of  stone,  on  the  calzada  and  half  way  between  the 
depot  and  the  town,  would  make  excellent  quartermaster  and 
commissary  storehouses,  as  they  stand  alone  and  are  near  the 
depot. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  the  river  Jaruco  and  from 
two  deep  wells  in  the  town.  One  of  the  wells  is  on  calle 
Guaicanamar  near  Comercio;  150  feet  deep;  good,  clear 
water,  and  as  far  as  could  be  ascertained  has  a  constant  flow. 
The  other  well  is  200  yards  due  southwest  of  the  corner  of 
Comercio  and  Guaicanamar.  Same  as  one  described  above. 
There  are  two  houses  well  suited  for  hospitals,  due  to  the 
fact  that  they  have  upper  stories  and  are  well  ventilated. 
One  is  on  calle  Keal  between  Correo  and  Iglesia,  and  has  an 
estimated  capacity  of  25  beds  upstairs  and  25  below.  The 
other,  now  used  as  the  Hotel  Cabrera,  corner  of  calle  Comercio 
and  Guaicanamar,  has  6  small  rooms  upstairs;  capacity,  25 
beds. 

The  plaza  in  front  of  the  church  would  accommodate  the 
permanent  camp  of  two  companies  or  the  bivouac  of  a  bat- 
talion. It  is  well  drained,  built  up  on  one  side  and  revetted 
with  stone,  and  should  be  always  dry.  This  is  on  the  west- 
ern edge  of  the  town  and  overlooks  the  deep  but  compara- 
tively narrow  valley  of  the  Jaruco.  Near  the  plaza  is  a 
cemetery  with  a  stone  wall  100  by  100  feet  and  7  feet  high; 
could  be  used  for  defensive  purposes. 

Open,  grassy  pasture  land  to  the  north  and  west  of  the 
town  affords  the  only  good  camping  ground  in  the  vicinity. 
Water  would  have  to  be  hauled  from  the  river,  or  the  wells 
mentioned  above;  a  distance  of  about  half  a  mile  in  either 
case.  It  would  be  better  to  place  a  temporary  camp  on  the 
western  edge  of  the  town,  on  the  cultivated  ground  near 
the  wells. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  station  are  at  No.  8  calle 
Comercio. 

The  railroad  station  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  is  almost  a  mile 
from  the  town,  east  by  southeast.  Calzada  de  Paradero 
runs  from  the  end  of  calle  Comercio  to  the  depot.  Depot 
building  is  of  stone,  one  story,  30  by  80  feet. 

Arroyo  Vuelto. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  northwest  of 
and  adjoining  Pueblo  barrio. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  261 

Bainoa. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  which  contains  43 
farms.  There  is  a  village  called  Bainoa,  which  is  divided 
between  the  municipalities  of  Jaruco  and  Aguacate.  De- 
scribed under  Aguacate. 

Boca  de  Jaruco. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district 
which  contains  17  farms.  The  place  of  this  name  is  a  fish- 
ing village  situated  on  a  small  inlet  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Jaruco  River,  9.3  miles  north  of  Jaruco.  Population  330. 
The  village  has  2  small  stores  and  45  huts.  Boats  of  12  feet 
draft  can  enter  the  bay,  and  the  river  is  navigable  for  about 
2  miles,  and  to  a  point  opposite  the  old  town  of  San  Mati'as 
for  boats  of  9  feet  draft.  This  place  has  always  been  a 
smugglers'  resort. 

Playa  del  Rincon.  —  Village.  A  village  of  about  15 
thatched  huts,  inhabited  by  fishermen  and  charcoal  burners. 
It  is  situated  on  a  small  unprotected  bay,  with  a  sandy 
beach;  about  11  miles  slightly  west  of  north  of  Jaruco. 

Casiguas. — Barrio  and  village.  A  village  of  18  or  20 
houses,  situated  4.3  miles  south  of  Jaruco.  Two  stores  and 
several  of  the  houses  are  masonrj'.  Population  120.  Water 
supply  obtained  from  a  small  stream  of  clear  water  which 
flows  near  the  southern  edge  of  the  village.  Water  not  pure. 
No  telegraphic  or  telephonic  communication.  Unimproved 
road  connects  this  place  with  Jaruco,  Bainoa,  La  Catalina, 
and  Tapaste. 

Castilla. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  31  farms. 
No  village  or  point  of  this  name. 

Don  Martin.  —  Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  40 
farms.  Xo  village  or  point  of  this  name.  District  contains 
San  Matias. 

San  Matias. — Sitio.  Situated  about  8  miles  north  of 
Jaruco  on  the  Jaruco  River.  The  ruins  of  a  town  which 
was  burned  in  the  insurrection  of  1895-1898.  There  are  now 
two  native  huts  on  the  site  of  the  old  town.  Water  supply 
is  obtained  from  the  river  and  is  of  good  quality. 

Escalera. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  51  farms. 
No  village  or  place  of  this  name. 

Jibacoa. — Barrio  and  village.  Small,  unimportant  vil- 
lage of  no  military  value;  situated  13  miles  northeast  of 
Jaruco;  has  about  40  houses;  population,  320.  Water  sup- 
ply from  river  Jibacoa.    Camping  grounds  on  the  extremely 


262  PEOVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

hilly  ground  west  and  northwest  of  village.  Has  a  post- 
office,  but  no  telegraphic  or  telephonic  communication. 
Roads  lead  from  this  town  north  to  the  coast ;  east  to  Canasi ; 
south  to  Mamey  Duro  and  Aguacate;  southwest  to  San 
Antonio,  San  Matias,  and  Caraballo;  and  northeast  to  Santa 
Cruz.     All  unimproved. 

Playa  Jibacoa. — Sitio.  A  small  settlement  of  three  or  four 
houses,  2^  miles  from  the  town  of  Jibacoa.  Has  a  small 
wooden  pier  about  30  feet  long,  with  10  feet  of  water  at  the 
end.  The  water  at  the  end  of  the  pier  is  protected  by  a 
small  reef,  about  50  yards  out,  which  comes  near  the  surface 
of  the  water  and  breaks  the  waves.  This  place  can  be  recog- 
nized from  sea  by  two  tall  rocks,  called  La  Monja  and  El 
Fraile,  which  stick  up  on  the  beach  on  each  side  of  the  river. 

Paradero. — Barrio.    A  rural  district  containing  82  farms. 

San  Antonio  de  Rio  Blanco. — Barrio  and  village.  A 
small  place  of  little  importance ;  situated  3.7  miles  northeast 
of  Jaruco;  contains  about  100  small  houses;  8  are  of  stone, 
and  the  rest  are  of  wood.  Population  about  600.  Water 
from  deep  wells;  three  in  town.  Large  plaza  in  front  of 
church;  sufficient  ground  for  the  camp  of  a  battalion.  .  A 
standard-gauge  road  runs  from  the  sugar  mill  at  Aguacate 
to  the  burned  ingenio  El  Conde,  five-eighths  of  a  mile  from 
San  Antonio ;  also  a  branch  of  the  narrow-gauge  railroad  of 
centrals  Garmdn  and  Loteria,  runs  near  the  edge  of  the 
village. .  Has  a  post-office,  but  noN;elegraphic  or  telephonic 
communication^ 

Santa  Ana.-^2irv'\o.  A  rural  dis'trict  containing  26  farms. 
No  village  or  point  of  this  name,  but  it  contains  the  sitio  of 
Tumba  Cuatro,  a  small  place  with  a  store  and  four  or  five 
huts. 

Santa  Cruz  del  Norte. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small  town 
situated  9.5  miles  northeast  of  Jaruco  on  an  inlet  from  the 
sea  which  forms  a  bay  that  is  used  as  a  harbor  for  small 
vessels.  Has  two  platforms,  one  on  either  side  of  the  bay, 
to  which  ships  can  tie  to  load  and  unload  supplies.  Each 
of  these  platforms  has  a  warehouse  large  enough  for  use 
either  as  a  quartermaster  or  commissary  storehouse.  Ships 
of  14  feet  draft  can  enter  this  harbor  and  tie  to  the  wharves. 
Population  about  950.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  the 
Rio  las  Cruces,  which  runs  through  the  town,  and  from  a 


N  ,y 


^ROViNCE   OF  SAVANA. 


263 


spring  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river,  near  the  south  edge  of 
the  4:own.  Camping  grounds  are  south  of  the  town  in  the 
hilly  pasture  lands  along  the  river.  Town  is  overlooked  on 
three  sides  by  hills  from  one-half  to  2^  miles  distant.  To 
the  north  lies  the  sea. 

TOWNSHir  OF  SAN  JOSfi  DE  LAS  LAJAS   (CAPITAL,  SAN  JOSfi  DB  LAS 

LAJAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 


San  Jos^  de  las  Lajas 

Domingo  Pablo 

Guasimas. 

Gamuza 

Jamaica 

Managua 

Nazareno , 

Cuatro  Caminos 

Tapaste 


Barrio. 


Indei)endencia  Norte. 


Independencia  Sur. 

Canoa 

CMvez 

Cotilla 

Domingo  Pablo 


Gamuza . , 
Jamaica . . 

Jaula 

Lechuga . 
Managua. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban  and 
rural. 

...do 

Rural 

...do 


-do. 
.do. 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Rural  and 

urban. 
Rural 

do 


Nazareno 

Portugalete 

San  Andres ' . .  .do 

Santa  B&rbara i . .  .do 

Tapaste I  Ruraland 

urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


5 

2.5 
2.1 
11.2 

3.7 
2.5 
3.5 

19 

11.1 

6.7 

5.8 

3.8 

6 

4.7 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,380 

1,503 
224 
507 
255 
447 

562 
702 
610 
217 
1,842 

597 
518 
626 
314 

1,684 


/San  Jose  de  las  Lajas. — Barrio  and  town.  Situated  on 
the  Havana -Giiines  calzada,  18  miles  southeast  of  Havana. 
It  is  divided  into  two  barrios  or  wards,  viz,  Independencia 
Norte  and  Sur.  The  Havana  Central  (electric)  Railroad, 
from  Havana  to  Giiines,  runs  through  the  town. 

Town  is  built  principally  along  the  calzada  which  serves  as 
main  street,  but  there  are  several  side  streets.  The  land  sur- 
rounding the  town  has  been  divided  into  lots  and  an  effort  is 
being  made  to  sell  these  lots  to  the  people  of  Havana  as  sub- 
urban residence  sites.    Population,  2,873. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  two  or  three  wells  within 
the  town  and  the  water  is  distributed  in  carts  and  sold  to  the 
townspeople.  There  is  a  small  lake  at  the  southeastern  edge 
of  town  that  is  used  for  watering  animals. 

Electric  lights  are  to  be  installed. 

There  are  no  buildings  that  could  be  used  as  stables  for  any 
large  number  of  animals.     Corrals  should  be  established  on 


264  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

the  southeastern  edge  of  town  so  as  to  be  able  to  use  the  lake 
for  watering  purposes. 

A  two-story  building  on  the  corner  of  the  main  street  and 
the  calzada  that  branches  off  to  Tapaste  could  be  converted 
into  a  30-bed  hospital ;  the  lower  part  of  the  building  is  used 
as  a  general  store.  The  town  hall,  situated  near  the  eastern 
end  of  the  main  street,  could  be  used  as  a  hospital  for  50  beds 
or  as  a  one-company  barrack.  A  small  theater  in  the  center 
of  the  town  could  be  used  as  a  one-company  barrack.  Other 
masonry  buildings  could  be  used  as  shelter  for  troops  in  case 
of  emergency.  These  are  all  grouped  in  the  center  of  the 
town,  on  the  main  street. 

The  Havana  Central  (electric)  Railroad  depot  is  at  the 
eastern  edge  of  town,  south  of  the  road.  The  depot  is  of  con- 
crete, about  130  by  20  feet,  and  is  a  combined  waiting  room, 
office,  and  converting  station. 

There  are  several  masonry  buildings  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  depot  and  its  sidetracks  that  could  be  used  as 
storehouses. 

There  are  two  side  tracks,  one  200  yards  long,  and  one  400 
yards  long. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  on  main  street. 

Telephone  to  Giiines,  Havana,  and  intermediate  points 
from  the  Havana  Central  depot.  Camps  should  be  estab- 
lished to  the  east  or  southeast  of  the  town  so  as  to  use  the  lake 
for  watering  purposes. 

Roads  lead  from  San  Jose  as  follows:  A  macadam  road 
northwest  to  Havana ;  a  macadam  road  southeast  to  Giiines ; 
a  macadam  road  north  to  Tapaste ;  an  unimproved  road  west 
to  Nazareno  and  Managua. 

The  south,  east,  or  west  would  be  the  best  direction  from 
which  to  attack  the  town.  Two  miles  northwest  of  the  town, 
the  road  passes  through  a  narrow  pass  with  high  hills  on  both 
sides,  and  it  would  be  extremely  difficult  for  troops  approach- 
ing from  the  north  to  dislodge  a  defending  force  occupying 
these  hills. 

Canoa. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  which  contains  23 
farms.     No  place  of  this  name  in  the  district. 

Chavez. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  62  farms. 
No  point  of  this  name  in  the  district. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  265 

Cotilla. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  22  farms. 
Xo  point  of  this  name  within  the  district. 

DoTningo  Pablo. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district 
which  contains  63  farms.  The  place  bearing  the  name  has 
2  stores  and  10  small  houses.  The  barrio  also  contains 
the  sitio  of  Guasimas,  a  small  settlement  of  scattered  houses 
on  the  calzada  from  Havana,  and  about  2  miles  north  of 
Managua. 

Gamma. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district  containing  54 
farms.  Xo  village  of  this  name,  but  a  store  about  3  ■•liles 
southeast  of  San  Jose  on  the  calzada  is  called  Gamuza. 

Jamaica. — Barrio  and  village.  A  scattering  village,  about 
2  miles  north  of  San  Jose  de  las  Lajas,  on  Havana-Giiines 
calzada.  It  has  2  small  stores  and  50  houses,  but  these  are 
so  small  and  so  widely  dispersed  that  it  is  not  difficult  to 
pass  through  the  place  without  noticing  it.  Population 
about  450.  A  macadam  road  branches  off  at  this  place  and 
runs  to  Tapaste.     Water  is  obtained  from  surface  wells. 

Jaula. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  18  farms. 
Xo  place  or  point  of  this  name. 

Lechuga. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  43  farms. 
No  village  or  point  bearing  this  name. 

Managua. — Barrio  and  village.  A  small  village  of  about 
650  inhabitants.  Situated  12  miles  southeast  of  Havana; 
built  along  the  Havana-Managua-Duran  calzada.  No  tele- 
graphic communication.  The  buildings  are  all  of  the  usual 
type  found  in  a  small  village  and  are  closely  grouped. 

Water  is  obtained  from  5  or  6  wells  that  never  go  dry. 
There  is  a  two-story  house  in  the  center  of  the  A^llage  that 
could  be  used  for  a  small  hospital  of  about  20  beds.  The 
schoolhouse  is  on  a  side  street  south  of  the  church  and  it  af- 
fords shelter  for  one  company.  The  main  street  has  several 
masonry  stores  that  could  be  used  as  storehouses.  Camps 
should  be  made  north  of  the  village  in  order  to  avoid  being 
commanded  by  the  high  hill  which  lies  to  the  south  of  Ma- 
nagua. Water  would  have  to  be  obtained  from  the  wells  in 
the  village.  A  calzada  runs  north  to  Havana,  and  south  to 
San  Antonio  and  Duran.  A  dirt  road  runs  northeast  to 
Cotorro,  and  a  calzada  is  being  constructed  east  to  Cuatro 
Caminos   (1907).     A  road,  unimproved,  runs  southeast  to 


266  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

Nazareno,  and  one  runs  west  to  Santiago  de  los  Baiios  and 
Beji^al.  The  hills  south  of  the  town  command  the  village 
and  the  intervening  ground,  but  if  these  hills  were  defended 
th^  would  be  difficult  for  a  command  to  take  from  any 
direction.  The  country  to  the  east  and  northeast  contains 
many  groves  of  trees  and  brush,  and  is  half  open.  This 
direction  seems  to^best  favor  an  attack. 

Nazareno. — Barrio  and  village.  District  contains  70  farms. 
The  settlement  of  this  name  is /an  old  village  that  has  the 
aiapearance  of  falling  to  pieces.  Situated  about  7  miles 
southwest  of  San  Jose  and  about  5  miles  southeast  of  Ma- 
nagua. Has  2  small  stores  and  19  houses,  and  a  population 
of  about  150.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  a  spring  in  the 
gulch,  south  of  the  village.  Camps  would  have  to  be  made 
near  this  spring.  Ground  is  hilly  on  all  sides.  Unimproved 
roads  run  to  San  Jose,  Managua,  San  Antonio  de  las  Vegas, 
and  Cuatro  Caminos. 

Portugalete. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  11  farms. 
The  sugar  mill  Portugalete  is  in  this  barrio.  Part  of  the  vil- 
lage of  Cuatro  Caminos  is  also  in  it,  the  other  portion  being 
in  the  barrio  of  Capote  of  the  municipality  of  Santa  Maria 
del  Rosario,  where  a  description  will  be  found. 

San  Andres. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  86 
farms.     No  village  or  point  of  this  name. 

Santa  Barbara. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  40 
farms.     No  village  or  point  of  this  name. 

Tapaste. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated  about 
5  miles  north  of  San  Jose.  It  is  a  small  place  and  of  little 
importance;  built  along  one  street.  Houses  are  small,  one- 
story  buildings,  with  tile  roofs.  Has  12  small  stores,  125 
houses  all  told,  and  1,300  inhabitants.  The  whole  town  can 
be  seen  from  the  corner  where  the  calzada  from  Jamaica 
enters,  and  the  only  good  building  in  the  town,  except  the 
church,  is  a  store  on  this  corner.  The  plaza  is  opposite  this 
store,  and  is  about  100  yards  square.  The  church  is  in  the 
plaza,  as  is  also  the  post-office  and  telegraph  office.  Water 
supply  of  the  town  is  obtained  from  wells  in  the  yards  and 
from  the  lakes  which  lie  to  the  south  and  west.  A  small 
force  of  not  more  than  a  battalion  could  camp  on  the  plaza, 
but  a  larger  force  could  be  encamped  on  the  pasture  land 
to  the  east  or  northeast  of  the  town. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 


267 


JUDICIAL   DISTRICT  OF   MARIANAO. 

Township :  Population. 

Bauta    (Hoyo   Colorado) 13,430 

Marianao , 18,156 

TOWNSHIP  OF  BAUTA   (CAPITAL,  BAUTA). 

-    f 


Town,  village,  or  sltlo. 

Barrio.    -  ^ 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capita^ 

Popula- 
tion^ 

Bauta 

Bauta 

Anafe - 

Banes T 

Baracoa x, 

Caimito 

Cangreieras 

Corralillo .....'. 

Guatao 

Guayabal 

Punta  Brava 

Quintana =- .' 

San  Pedro , 

Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Miles. 

^,786\ 

~2 

6.2 

6 

XI 
^6.4 

2.5 

5.3 
;?6.2 

4.3 

7.4 

4 

/        449 
1,319 

Playa  de  Baracoa 

699 

Caimito 

2,011 

Cang'"ejeras . .      .        

-     728 

Con-alillo 

309 

Guatao 

680 

Guayabal 

856 

Punta  Brava 

2,514 

659 
420 

Bauta  {Hoyo  XJolorado). — Parrio  and  town.  ^  The  town  is 
situated  16  miles  southwest  of  Havana  on  the  Havana- 
Guana  jay  calzada.  Population,  1,907.  Water  supply  ob- 
tained from  wells  in  the  town.  This  place  is  the  terminus  of 
the  Marianao  branch  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana, 
and  the  Havana  Central  Electric  Road  also  passes  through. 
The  depot  of  the  electric  road  is  a  masonry  building  130  by 
20  feet,  and  is  a  combined  waiting  room,  office,  and  convert- 
ing station.  Near  this  building  and  next  to  the  tracks  is  a 
masonry  store  that  could  be  used  as  a  storehouse.  The  elec- 
tric road  has  two  side  tracks,  about  300  yards  each.  The 
steam  railroad  has  two  side  tracks  about  200  yards  long  and  a 
Y  track  for  turning  trains  around;  each  branch  of  the  Y  is 
about  500  yards  long.  A  macadam  road  branches  north  to 
the  Playa  of  Baracoa,  4|  miles  distant.  An  unimproved 
road  runs  south  2|  miles  to  the  village  of  Corralillo. 

Anafe.  Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  or  point 
of  this  name. 

Banes. — Barrio  and  village.  A  small  village  bears  this 
Most  of  the  buildings  are  in  ruins.     There  are  a  large 


name. 


store  and  4  houses.  A  good  stream  of  water  flows  north ; 
about  1  foot  deep,  15  feet  wide ;  rock  and  gravel  bottom.  A 
good  camp  could  be  secured  for  a  company  of  infantry  or  a 


268  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

troop  of  cavalry.  Grazing  good  in  the  vicinity.  From 
Banes  it  is  9  miles  to  Mariel,  G  miles  to  Caimito,  6  miles  to 
Hoyo  Colorado,  and  1  mile  to  central  Lucia.  A  narrow- 
gauge  railroad  (36-inch)  runs  from  central  Lucia  to  Boca 
del  Rio  Banes,  5  miles  north. 

Baracoa. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  known  as 
Playa  de  Baracoa  and  is  situated  6  miles  by  road  northwest 
of  Hoyo  Colorado,  near  a  small  bay  and  on  a  point  of  land 
formed  by  a  shallow  lagoon  and  a  river  or  inlet  which  ex- 
tends inland  from  the  bay  for  about  half  a  mile.  Contains 
about  50  houses.  Water  is  obtained  from  a  large  spring 
about  1^  miles  from  the  village  and  near  the  river.  Quan- 
tity sufficient  for  a  command  of  almost  any  size,  and  water 
is  of  good  quality.  A  new  macadam  road  runs  from  the 
beach  through  a  rolling  cultivated  country  for  6  miles  to 
Hoyo  Colorado,  where  it  connects  with  the  Havana-Guana- 
jay  calzada.  Boats  not  drawing  over  6  feet  can  enter  the 
river.  Ships  drawing  over  30  feet  of  water  can  come  to 
within  a  short  distance  of  the  shore — inhabitants  say  one-half 
mile.  About  If  miles  west  is  the  Baracoa  cave,  which  was  a 
camping  place  for  insurgents  during  the  war  of  1895-1898. 

Caimito. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  on  the  main  line 
of  the  Havana  Central  Electric  Railroad  and  on  the  Guana- 
jay-Marianao  calzada  at  its  junction  with  the  calzada  to 
Vereda  Nueva.  It  is  about  5  miles  east  of  Guanajay,  at  the 
foot  of  a  high  ridge,  which  practically  has  its  beginning  at 
Caimito,  and  follows  the  road  toward  Guanajay  for  a  dis- 
tance of  about  3^  miles. 

The  ridge  is  north  of  the  road  and  commands  it  for  the 
entire  distance.    All  ground  to  the  south  slopes  gradually. 

Two-thirds  of  all  houses  are  one-story,  frame  buildings, 
with  tile  roofs,  the  remainder  being  about  equally  divided 
between  stone  and  cement  houses  and  native  shacks. 

Population,  1,000. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  inside  of  town,  of 
which  there  are  about  a  dozen ;  water  is  of  fair  quality  and 
sufficient  in  quantity  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

Oil  lights  are  used. 

Barracks:  On  the  southeast  corner  of  main  street  and 
street  to  railroad  station  is  a  new  two-story  building  with 
tile  roof;  lower  story  of  cement  and  stone,  upper  story  of 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  269 

wood ;  50  feet  long  by  50  feet  wide ;  upper  part  is  used  as  a 
dwelling  and  lower  portion  as  a  store;  no  modern  closets; 
well  in  courtyard.  A  frame,  two-story  building,  tile  roof, 
second  building  east  of  the  church;  60  feet  long  by  25  feet 
wide ;  lower  part  used  as  a  store,  upper  portion  as  a  dwelling 
house ;  condition  of  repair  and  sanitary  condition  poor ;  well 
in  rear;  no  modern  closets. 

Pineapple  shipping  house  at  end  of  street  about  150  yards 
northwest  of  railroad  station ;  frame,  one-story  building,  tile 
roof ;  about  108  feet  long  by  54  feet  wide ;  wood  floor  about 
4  feet  above  the  ground ;  sanitary  condition  good ;  condition 
of  repair  good;  no  closets;  no  water;  west  end  of  building 
is  one  story  high,  of  stone  and  cement,  with  tile  roof;  this 
portion  is  used  as  a  residence  and  a  store ;  it  is  about  50  feet 
long  by  36  feet  wide ;  court  about  50  feet  square,  in  rear. 

A  railroad  siding  runs  alongside  the  house;  there  is  no 
unloading  platform,  but  the  cars  run  so  close  that  the  raised 
floor  serves  the  purpose  of  a  platform.  A  frame,  one-story 
building,  tile  roof;  about  60  feet  long  by  30  feet  wide;  in 
fair  sanitary  condition  and  good  repair;  used  as  quarters 
for  the  rural  guard;  situated  on  west  side  of  street  leading 
to  railroad  station  and  close  to  the  main  street;  the  court  in 
rear  has  stable  for  15  horses ;  there  is  a  well  inside  of  court. 

No  stables  except  the  one  in  the  quarters  occupied  by  the 
rural  guard. 

No  transportation  corrals.  A  corral  could  be  placed  on 
vacant  ground  south  of  the  main  street  of  the  town.  Water 
could  be  obtained  from  w^ells  in  the  vicinity. 

No  hospitals,  and  no  buildings  available,  except  those  men- 
tioned as  barracks. 

Storehouses :  The  pineapple  packing  house  described  under 
head  of  barracks.  The  railroad  station  and  freight  house 
combined,  is  constructed  of  wood  and  has  a  tile  roof;  about 
90  feet  long  and  21  feet  wide;  about  54  feet  of  this  building 
is  two  stories  high,  the  second  story  being  used  as  a  residence. 
Of  the  lower  portion,  one  room  occupied  by  the  ticket  office 
and  waiting  room  is  about  36  feet  long,  and  the  freight  house 
54  feet  long;  has  an  unloading  platform. 

The  post-office  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  main  street,  near 
west  end  of  town.     No  telegraph.     The  telephone  line  run- 


270  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

ning  through  the  town  is  owned  by  the  Havana  Central  Eail- 
road  and  is  not  used  by  the  public ;  the  office  is  in  the  railroad 
station. 

Owing  to  lack  of  water  supply,  no  camp  sites  available  for 
a  large  body  of  troops.  A  battalion  of  troops  could  be 
camped  in  the  town,  on  vacant  ground  south  of  the  main 
street;  water  could  be  obtained  from  wells;  wood  obtained 
from  the  ridge  north  of  the  town;  no  grazing. 

Two  one-story,  stone  and  cement  blockhouses  on  ridge 
north  of  the  town ;  serviceable  against  small-arms  fire ;  capa- 
ble of  holding  20  men  each.  Another  blockhouse,  same  type, 
south  of  railroad  in  southeast  part  of  town. 

The  Havana  Central  Electric  Railroad  runs  through  the 
southern  part  of  town. 

There  is  one  siding  along  main  track ;  about  550  yards  long. 
Another  siding,  about  280  yards  long,  runs  back  to  the  pine- 
apple packing  house. 

Roads  leave  town  as  follows:  Calzada  west  to  Guana  jay; 
calzada  east  to  Havana;  calzada  south  to  Vereda  Nueva. 
Dirt  road  north  for  about  200  yards ;  becomes  a  trail  and  runs 
to  Banes. 

Town  should  be  attacked  from  the  north  and  northwest. 

Cangrejeras. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  of  this  name 
has  about  20  small  houses  and  is  6  miles  by  road  northeast 
of  Bauta.     Population,  about  140. 

Corralillo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  of  this  name 
has  about  25  scattered  houses.  It  is  2^  miles  southeast  of 
Bauta  and  near  Lake  Ariguanabo.  The  fish  caught  in  this 
lake  help  to  support  the  village.    Population,  about  160. 

Guatao. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  a  small,  dirty 
place,  with  about  30  small  houses;  situated  5^  miles  north- 
east of  Bauta. 

Guayahal. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  6^  miles 
southwest  of  Bauta  on  a  calzada  which  connects  with  the 
Caimito-Guanajay  calzada  at  a  point  1  mile  from  Caimito 
and  runs  south  through  Guayabal  to  within  about  2  miles 
of  Ceiba  del  Agua,  where  the  calzada  ends;  dirt  road  con- 
tinues to  Ceiba  del  Agua.  The  village  is  about  1  mile  south 
of  the  station  of  Guayabal  on  the  Havana  Central  Railroad. 
There  is  only  one  street  in  the  village,  the  calzada,  and 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  271 

about  20  shacks  are  scattered  along  it.  There  are  a  number 
of  large  ruins  throughout  the  village.  Level  country  on 
all  sides.  Population,  about  154.  Water  obtained  from 
wells;  limited  amount;  very  good  quality.  No  buildings 
that  could  be  used  as  barracks.  Post-office  in  center  of  vil- 
lage. No  available  camp  site  for  anything  larger  than  a 
company  of  infantry,  owing  to  lack  of  water.  Roads:  Cal- 
zada  north  to  Guanajay-Caimito  calzada,  crossing  the  Ha- 
vana Central  Railroad  1  mile  north  of  Guayabal;  calzada 
south,  to  within  about  2  miles  of  Ceiba  del  Agua.  If  the 
ridge  north  of  the  Guanajay-Caimito  calzada  is  in  possession 
of  the  attacking  force,  the  village  should  be  attacked  from 
the  north ;  otherwise  it  should  be  approached  from  the  south. 

Punta  Brava. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  built 
along  the  Havana-Guanajay  calzada,  and  is  11.8  miles  from 
Havana.  Population,  1,956.  Principal  industry  is  the  pack- 
ing and  shipping  of  pineapples,  and  there  are  a  number  of 
storehouses  for  the  purpose.  These  storehouses  have  side 
tracks  from  the  electric  railroad.  The  water  supply  is  ob- 
tained from  shallow  wells.  Post-office  is  on  the  main  street. 
Telephone  connection  at  the  electric  railroad  depot.  Tele- 
graph office  at  the  steam  railroad  station.  The  electric  road 
depot  has  a  galvanized-iron  warehouse,  100  by  26  feet,  and 
there  is  a  warehouse  across  the  street  from  the  electric  sta- 
tion, 90  by  60  feet.  Near  the  southwestern  edge  of  village 
are  2  frame  storehouses  connected  by  side  tracks.  One  of 
these  side  tracks  runs  to  a  pineapple  warehouse  on  the 
northern  edge  of  the  village  and  is  about  450  yards  long. 
The  electric  line  has  the  following  side  tracks  at  the  depot: 
Two,  200  yards  each ;  one,  100  yards ;  one,  300  yards ;  one,  700 
yards;  and  those  mentioned  above  as  connected  with  the 
pineapple  warehouses.  The  Marianao  Railroad  has  one  side 
track  150  yards  long  and  another  one  200  yards  long;  no 
storehouses.    A  calzada  leads  south  to  Guatao  and  San  Pedro. 

Quintana. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this 
name  in  the  barrio. 

San  Pedro. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict. The  point  called  San  Pedro  consists  of  a  store  and  3 
small  houses. 


272  PEOVINCE   OF  HAVANA. 

TOWNSHIP   OP   MARIANAO    (CAPITAL,   MARIANAO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Marianao 

Arroyo  Arenas 

ElCano 

La  Ceiba 

Playa  de  Marianao 

Jaimanito. 
Quemados 

Curazao. 
Wajay 


Coco  Solo. 


Lisa 

Pocito 

Arroyo  Arenas . 

El  Cano 

Ceiba 

Playa 


Quemados . 
Wajay 


Urban  and 
rural. 

...do 

...do 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Miles. 


3.1 
3.7 
2 
2.4 


Urban  and 

rural. 
Rural 


2,807 

652 
1,838 
1,322 
1,717 
2,661 


4,035 
2,155 


Marianao. — Barrio  and  town.  Situated  on  the  Havana- 
Guanajay  macadam  road  5.5  miles  southwest  of  Havana; 
nearly  10  miles  from  the  business  district.  The  portion  of 
the  calzada  passing  through  the  town  is  known  as  Calle 
Real,  and  is  the  main  street.  The  town  is  on  a  ridge  about 
2  miles  from  and  overlooking  the  sea.  It  is  considered  a 
very  healthful  place,  and  contains  a  number  of  fine  resi- 
dences in  which  many  of  the  well-to-do  families  of  Havana 
live.  It  is  divided  into  3  barrios,  viz :  Coco  Solo,  Lisa,  and 
Pocito.  Each  of  these  barrios  have  rural  portions  adjoin- 
ing the  town.  The  barrio  of  Lisa  is  separated  from  the  main 
portion  of  the  town  of  Marianao  by  the  Marianao  (Luisa 
or  Quibu)  River,  and  thie  portion  of  Marianao  in  the  Lisa 
barrio  appears  to  be  a  separate  town.  It  is  known  as  La 
Lisa  and  has  a  small  station  on  the  Havana  Central  Rail- 
road. Within  the  jurisdiction  of  Marianao,  and  about  1  mile 
from  it,  is  Camp  Columbia,  in  which  a  large  force  of  Ameri- 
can troops  was  stationed  during  the  first  and  second  interven- 
tions. There  are  a  number  of  small  cigar  factories  in  the 
town,  and  the  Toledo  sugar  mill  is  about  a  mile  southeast. 

Population,  9,332. 

Water  is  supplied  by  the  Havana  city  waterworks,  and 
comes  from  Vento  springs.  The  tanks  from  which  the  water 
is  distributed  to  the  town  are  atBuena  Vista,  in  the  barrio  of 
Quemados. 

There  are  no  sewers,  but  there  is  a  project  to  install  a 
sewer  system.    The  town  is  lighted  by  electricity  and  many 


MARIANAO    TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE  OF   HAVANA.  273 

individual  acetylene  plants  have  been  installed.  Electric 
light  plant  is  on  Medrano  street  about  2  blocks  from  Keal 
street  and  near  the  northeastern  edge  of  town,  but  is  not  in 
operation;  the  current  is  furnished  by  the  Havana  Central 
Electric  Railroad. 

Barracks,  stables,  transportation  corrals,  hospitals,  and 
storehouses  are  all  situated  at  Camp  Columbia  and  are  de- 
scribed under  that  head.  In  addition  to  those  at  Camp 
Columbia,  there  are  a  great  number  of  buildings  in  the  town 
that  could  be  used  for  barracks,  etc.,  in  case  of  necessity.  The 
best  building  in  the  town  is  the  so-called  "  Palace."  This 
is  a  two-story,  masonry  building  and  was  used  for  military 
headquarters  and  offices  in  both  interventions.  It  would 
make  an  excellent  general  hospital;  situated  at  115  Real 
street. 

The  telephone  office  for  the  local  telephone  is  on  Medrano 
street,  two  blocks  south  of  Real  street.  The  post-office  and 
telegraph  office  is  on  Real  street,  No.  194.  Many  individual 
lines  of  the  Red  telephone  run  to  Havana,  but  there  is  no 
central  for  that  system  in  the  town. 

Ice  machine  of  the  Tropical  Brewery  and  Ice  Company 
is  in  Ceiba  barrio,  about  2  miles  from  Marianao. 

City  hall,  belonging  to  municipality,  is  at  Real  street, 
No.  142. 

The  Havana  Central  Electric  Railroad,  from  Havana  to 
Guana  jay.  runs  along  the  southern  edge  of  town,  and  the 
station  is  about  one-half  mile  from  the  southern  edge.  The 
Marianao  Railroad,  from  Havana  to  Hoyo  Colorado,  runs 
along  the  northern  edge  of  town,  and  the  station  is  on  that 
side.  A  branch  of  this  road  runs  2  miles  northwest  to  the 
Playa  de  Marianao.  Marianao  is  also  connected  with  Ha- 
vana by  the  Marianao- Vedado  electric  street  railway. 

The  following  roads  lead  out  of  town :  Two  macadam  roads 
run  to  Havana,  one  through  Ceiba  and  Cerro,  and  the  other 
through  Camp  Columbia  and  Vedado.  A  macadam  road 
southwest  through  Guanajay  to  Mariel  and  Cabanas;  a 
branch  macadam  road  leaves  this  road  at  Arroyo  Arenas  and 
leads  south  to  Wajay,  Mazorra,  Vento  spring,  and  Santiago 
de  las  Vegas.    A  macadam  road  runs  northwest  to  the  Playa, 

492—09 18 


274  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

An  unimproved  road  runs  south,  through  Toledo,  to  Wajay 
and  Santiago  de  las  Vegas. 

Arroyo  Arenas. — Barrio  and  town.  Situated  8.7  miles 
southwest  of  Havana,  on  the  Havana-Guanajay  calzada,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Marianao  Railroad  with  the  Havana 
Central  (electric)  road.  It  is  a  small  town  of  about  490 
inhabitants.  Water  supply  obtained  from  a  well  near  the 
macadam  road,  about  500  yards  northeast' of  the  town. 

The  electric  road  has  one  side  track,  about  200  yards  long, 
and  the  Marianao  Railroad  has  two  short  side  tracks.  A 
calzada  branches  south  from  this  town  to  Wajay,  and  the 
Vento  spring,  with  a  branch  to  Mazorra  and  Santiago  de  las 
Vegas.  The  post-office  is  on  the  main  street.  Railroad 
stations  are  on  the  southern  edge  of  town.  Telephone  con- 
nection at  the  electric  railroad  station,  and  telegraph  station 
at  the  depot  of  the  steam  railroad. 

El  Cano. — Barrio  and  village.  Situated  1  mile  south  of 
Arroyo  Arenas,  on  the  calzada  which  leads  from  Arroyo 
Arenas  to  Wajay,  and  about  9.5  miles  from  Havana.  A 
compact  village  of  about  750  inhabitants.  Lighted  by  elec- 
tricity. Water  supply  obtained  from  wells,  but  there  is  a 
large  spring  at  the  fipca  Lima,  about  1  mile  south  of  the 
village.  Railroad  stations  are  those  of  Arroyo  Arenas.  A 
store  and  one  house  on  the  macadam  road  to  Wajay,  and 
called  Cuatro  Caminos  del  Chico,  also  belongs  to  this  district. 

Ceiba. — Barrio  and  town.  The  center  of  the  town  is  about 
2  miles  from  the  center  of  Marianao.  It  is  built  along  the 
calzada  running  from  Marianao  to  Havana,  and  borders  on 
the  Almendares  River,  which  is  the  eastern  boundary  of 
the  barrio  as  far  as  the  sea.  Population,  2,661.  Across  the 
river  from  Ceiba  is  the  barrio  of  Puentes  Grandes,  which 
belongs  to  the  municipality  of  Havana.  Within  the  limits 
of  Ceiba  barrio  there  are  factories  devoted  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  chocolate,  biscuits  and  sweets,  cement,  beer,  and  ice. 

Playa. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district  bordering 
on  the  coast.  The  point  called  Playa  de  Marianao  is  a  small 
watering  place  and  fishing  village,  on  a  small  bay  about  2.4 
miles  from  Marianao.  Population,  about  650.  It  contains 
u   few   small   summer  residences  and   the  large   two-story 


PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA.  275 

frame  building  of  the  Havana  Yacht  Club.  This  place  con- 
tains the  only  beach  in  the  vicinity  of  Havana  and  will  un- 
doubtedly some  day  be  a  summer  resort  of  importance.  At 
present  most  of  the  buildings  are  small  houses  in  which 
fishermen  and  laborers  live.  A  branch  of  the  Marianao 
Railroad  runs  to  the  village,  and  it  is  also  connected  with 
Marianao,  Camp  Columbia,  and  Havana  by  a  macadam  road. 
The  ground  immediately  back  of  the  village  is  swampy  for 
200  or  300  yards,  but  beyond  that  there  is  a  gentle  slope, 
ascending  to  Marianao.  The  village  of  Jaimanito  and  cen- 
tral Quijano  are  within  the  barrio. 

Jaimanito. — Village.  'A  small  fishing  village;  situated 
on  a  small  bay  about  3  miles  west  of  the  Playa  de  Ma- 
rianao; contains  15  or  18  small  houses  and  2  small  stores. 
Population,  about  100. 

Quemados. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  of  Quemados 
merges  into  that  of  Marianao,  and  the  description  of  the 
latter  place  fits  it.  It  is  on  the  Havana-Guana  jay  calzada, 
between  Ceiba  and  Marianao,  and  near  it  are  the' two  large 
water  tanks  which  supply  Camp  Columbia,  Marianao,  and 
Quemados  with  water.  The  sitio  of  Curazao  and  the  sugar 
mill  Toledo  are  also  in  this  barrio. 

Wajay  {Guajay). — Barrio  and  village.  A  small  village, 
of  about  550  inhabitants,  situated  8.7  miles  from  Havana  on 
the  macadam  road  which  runs  through  the  Vento  water- 
works. Village  is  built  along  one  main  street,  all  the  houses 
being  small.  It  has  a  small  church.  Country  on  all  sides  is 
flat  and  half  open,  and  contains  many  small  plots  of  tobacco 
and  pineapples.  Water,  obtained  from  five  or  six  wells 
within  the  village,  said  to  be  good  and  abundant. 

Roads:  A  macadam  road  runs  to  Havana  through  Vento 
waterworks ;  a  macadam  road  runs  to  Marianao  through  Ar- 
royo Arenas ;  a  fairly  good  dirt  road  runs  to  Santiago  de  las 
Vegas  and  Rincon;  and  a  branch  macadam  road  runs  to 
Santiago  de  las  Vegas  through  Mazorra. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  ISLE  OF  PINES. 

Township :                                                                                                       Population. 
Isle  of  Pines 3,  276 


276  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  ISLE  OF  PINES  (CAPITAL,  NUEVA  GERONA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Urban .... 

Miles. 

879 

CuchillaAlta 

Rural 

...do 

9.3 
27.7 
11.1 

5.6 
3 

453 

Puntadel  Este 

345 

Santa  r6 

Santa  F4 

Urban  and 

rural. 
Rural..... 
..do 

1,155 

178 

Sierra  de  Casas 

266 

GENERAL   DESCRIPTION   OF    TOWNSHIP. 


This  township  comprises  the  Isle  of  Pines, 

The  Isle  of  Pines,  which  derives  its  name  from  its  numer- 
ous pine  trees,  is  some  60  miles  west  of  south  of  Batabano. 
Its  area  is  given  as  1,214  square  miles;  its  population  3,276, 
of  which*  about  400  are  Americans. 

There  are  two  indentations  slightly  nearer  the  southern 
than  the  northern  coast.  On  the  east  is  the  Boca  de  Cienaga ; 
on  the  west  is  the  Ensenada  de  Siguanea.  As  a  marsh  ex- 
tends from  one  of  these  indentations  to  the  other,  the  Isle  of 
Pines  may  be  considered  as  composed  of  two  islands. 

By  far  the  larger  portion  of  the  island's  surface  is  made 
up  of  nearly  level  plain,  whose  general  elevation  is  between 
75  and  125  feet  above  the  tide. 

Considerable  portions  of  the  plain  are  almost  perfectly 
level,  while  elsewhere  its  surface  is  gently  undulating,  the 
undulations  rarely  reaching  more  than  30  feet  in  height. 

The  streams,  which  are  not  numerous,  flow  in  broad  shal- 
low depressions,  with  very  gentle  slopes.  Their  channels  are 
sharp  cut,  from  5  to  15  feet  in  depth,  and  having  a  width 
proportionate  to  the  size  of  the  stream.  These  channels  are 
entirely  filled  when  the  streams  are  in  flood.  Nearly  all  of 
the  stream  channels  are  rock  cut  and  have  no  flood  plains. 
The  streams  reach  tide  level  some  distance  from  the  coasts; 
their  lower  portions  are  generally  deep. 

The  principal  ones  are  Rio  de,las  Casas,  Rio  de  Santa  Fe, 
and  Rio  de  Los  Indios.  These  are  navigable  4  or  5  miles  in- 
land for  small  sailing  craft  and  the  steamer  that  plies  be- 
tween the  island  and  Cuba.  They  have  channels  with  depth 
sufficient  to  allow  passage  of  boats  drawing  as  high  as  18 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  277 

feet,  and  the  Casas  River  would  furnish  a  fairly  good  harbor, 
but  the  bars  at  the  mouths  of  these  rivers  prevent  the  passage 
of  more  than  8  feet  at  low  water.  The  tide  water  reaches 
inland  from  6  to  10  miles. 

The  principal  towns  are  Nueva  Gerona,  the  capital,  and 
Santa  Fe.  There  are  a  number  of  American  colonies  or  set- 
tlements, the  principal  of  which  are  Columbia,  McKinley, 
and  Los  Indios.  Nueva  Gerona  and  Santa  Fe  are  connected 
by  a  good  highway,  11^  miles  long.  There  are  also  good 
wagon  roads  from  Nueva  Gerona  to  Columbia,  about  6  miles, 
and  McKinley,  8  miles. 

Eising  abruptly  from  the  plain  above  described  are  several 
isolated  ridges.  The  most  important  ones  are  the  Sierra 
de  las  Casas  and  Sierra  de  Caballos,  on  either  side  of  Nueva 
Gerona ;  Sierra  de  la  Daguilla,  in  the  southeastern  portion  of 
the  island ;  and  the  Sierra  de  Canada,  in  the  western  portion. 
The  contours  of  these  ridges  vsLry,  some  being  smooth  and 
others  rugged,  with  precipitous  slopes. 

The  southern  portion  of  the  island  has  fewer  elevations 
than  the  northern. 

The  northern  section  of  the  island  is  very  fertile,  while  the 
southern  portion  is  barren. 

The  pine  trees  of  the  island  are  of  the  long-leaf,  southern 
variety,  and  there  are  several  sawmills  engaged  in  cutting 
the  lumber,  which  is  very  resinous,  and  after  seasoning  be- 
comes so  hard  that  it  is  difficult  to  work. 

These  pines  furnish  abundant  wood  for  camping  purposes, 
but  the  prevalence  of  insects  would  make  camping  difficult. 
These  insects  are  blood  feeding,  and  so  small  that  an  ordi- 
nary mosquito  net  is  of  no  value,  so  that  for  protection  it  is 
necessary  to  use  screens  of  cheese  cloth,  which  prove  quite 
warm.  ' 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF   BAREIOS   AND   TOWNS. 

Nueva  Gerona. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  consists  of 
a  number  of  well-built  stone  buildings  and  some  outlying 
native  huts.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  island  and  has  a  popu- 
lation of  about  879.  It  is  situated  on  the  Casas  River,  about 
4  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  has  a  depth  of  about  15  to  20  feet 
of  water  at  its  wharf,  but  over  the  bars  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  only  about  6  to  8  feet  can  be  carried  at  low  water. 


278  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

There  is  a  good  calzada  connecting  the  town  with  Santa 
Fe,  11^  miles  distant.  It  crosses  the  Casas  River  at  Nueva 
Gerona  on  a  wood,  pile  bridge,  150  feet  long,  which  bridge 
limits  navigation  for  large  craft  to  the  portion  of  the  river 
below  it.  It  passes  through  a  section  where  the  surface  soil 
is  Mai  Pais  gravel,  and  has  been  crowned  and  well  ditched. 

The  culverts  are  of  concrete,  with  the  wing  w^alls  extending 
about  1  foot  above  the  road  surface;  these  wing  walls  limit 
the  width  of  the  road  over  the  culverts  to  10  feet,  the  width 
on  the  bridge  being  the  same;  between  culverts,  however,  it 
has  sufficient  width  for  vehicles  to  pass  each  other  easily. 

The  bridges  are  all  of  wood  and  (December,  1906)  are  in 
poor  condition,  but  the  road  as  a  whole,  considering  that  no 
work  has  been  done  on  it  since  the  first  intervention,  is  still 
an  excellent  highway. 

Cuchilla  Alta. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  There  is  no 
point  of  this  name  in  the  district. 

Punta  del  Este. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  There  is  no 
point  of  this  name  in  the  district. 

Santa  Fe. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated  on 
the  Jiicaro  River,  6  miles  inland,  and  consists  of  a  number  of 
well-built  stone  buildings'  and  some  outlying  huts.  Has  a 
population  of  about  500.  Its  port  is  Jucaro,  at  which  point 
there  is  a  wharf  with  about  15  to  20  feet  of  water,  but  over 
the  bars  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  only  about  6  or  8  feet  can 
be  carried  at  low  water.  The  town  is  connected  with  its 
landing  place  by  a  road,  4  miles  of  which  is  metaled  and  2 
miles  unmetaled.  It  is  also  connected  with  Nueva  Gerona  by 
a  calzada.  There  is  an  unimproved  wagon  road  to  Los 
Indios,  17  miles,  via  La  Ceiba  and  Canada,  and  one  to  Santa 
Rita  de  La  Jagua.     They  are  not  passable  in  wet  season. 

Sierra  de  Gaballos. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  There  is 
no  point  or  village  of  this  name  within  the  district. 

Sierra  de  Casas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  There  is  no 
point  of  this  name  within  the  district, 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  LOS  BANGS. 

Township:  Population. 

Alqufzar 10,561 

GOira  de  Helena 13,701 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios 20,447 


ALOUIZAR  TOWNSHIP 


ftiO   DC  LOS    B^^^ 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  279 

TOWNSHIP  OF  ALQUiZAB    (CAPITAL,  ALQUlZAR). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 

T>~..4^                          Rural  or 
B"rfo-                          urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Pueblo  ( Alqulzar) Urban 

Miles. 

4,315 

Guanlmar 

Guanlmar  /. Rural 

Paz  (La) do 

Playa  de  Guanlmar do  

San  Andres do 

Tumbadero do 

3.7 

3.7 
9 

4.3 
2.3 

1,374 

Rlnc6n. 
La  Paz.            

1,893 

Playa  de  Guanlmar 

Frlas 

62 
1,448 

1,469 

Alquisar. — Barrio  and  town.  Alquizar  is  on  the  Western 
Railway,  near  the  western  boundary  of  Havana  Province. 

A  small,  compact  town,  built  in  a  flat  country,  which  is 
almost  entirely  planted  in  tobacco,  and  the  main  industry 
is  the  sorting  and  shipping  of  tobacco.  Water  supply  ob- 
tained from  wells  within  the  town;  almost  every  house. has 
its  own  well,  and  several  on  the  outskirts  of  town  have  small 
engines,  tanks,  and  pipes  for  watering  the  tobacco  plants. 
There  are  no  public  wells.  The  water  is  good  and  abundant. 
Population,  4,315. 

There  is  no  sewer  system.  Lighting  is  by  individual  acety- 
lene plant  or  by  oil. 

The  principal  buildings  of  the  town  are  grouped  around 
what  is  called  the  "  four  corners,"  where  Maximo  Gomez  and 
Maceo  streets  cross.  There  is  no  plaza,  and  in  this  vicinity 
are  the  buildings  best  suited  for  barracks.  The  two  houses, 
48  and  50  Maximo  Gomez  street,  are  used  as  tobacco  sorting 
houses,  and  each  would  make  a  good  barrack  for  one 
company. 

A  sorting  house  on  Maceo  street.  No.  26,  near  the  railroad, 
could  be  used  as  a  shelter  for  two  companies  or  as  a  store- 
house. 

The  two-story  schoolhouse  on  Pedro  Diaz  street  would 
shelter  two  companies  or  would  make  a  hospital  for  40  or  50 
beds. 

The  buildings  mentioned  are  all  in  a  good  state  of  repair. 
Water  would  have  to  be  obtained  from  wells  in  the  vicinity. 

Xo  stables  of  any  size  in  the  town.  There  is  a  small  corral 
belonging  to  the  municipality  on  the  northwestern  comer  of 
the  town;  capacity,  20  animals.     This  could  be  enlarged  to 


280  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

hold  any  number  of  animals.  Water  obtained  from  a  well 
near  corral. 

The  railroad  has  a  warehouse  at  the  depot,  64  by  32  feet, 
and  there  are  several  buildings  in  the  vicinity  that  could  be 
used  as  storehouses.  The  best  one  is  a  tobacco  sorting  house 
at  No.  26  Maceo ;  it  is  about  20  yards  from  the  track. 

The  railroad  depot  is  on  the  southern  edge  of  town.  The 
telegraph  office  and  post-office  are  at  No.  1  Marti  street. 
There  is  no  telephone  connection. 

The  best  place  for  a  camp  is  at  the  Louis  Marx  tobacco 
plantation,  which  is  about  one-half  mile  northwest  of  town. 
At  this  place  there  is  an  abundance  of  well  water.  The  nu- 
merous tobacco  barns  could  be  used  to  shelter  troops  and 
animals. 

The  country  is  level  on  all  sides  of  the  town,  and  camps 
could  be  established  almost  any  place,  as  there  are  wells  on 
all  of  the  small  tobacco  plots.     Wood  is  scarce. 

No  defenses. 

The  Western  Railway  runs  through  town.  The  depot  con- 
sists of  a  small  frame  station  and  a  warehouse,  frame,  with 
tile  roof;  32  by  64  feet.  There  are  two  side  tracks;  one,  350 
yards,  and  one,  100  yards. 

Roads  lead  out  of  town  as  follows :  A  macadam  road  east 
to  Giiira  de  Melena,  5  miles,  and  from  there  north  to  San 
Antonio  and  Havana;  a  macadam  road  to  San  Antonio 
de  los  Bafios ;  a  macadam  road  west  to  Artemisa ;  a  road 
north  to  Vereda  Nueva ;  a  road  south  to  the  coast  and  a  num- 
ber of  short  roads  running  to  various  outskirts  of  the  town 
and  connecting  with  the  main  roads. 

There  is  no  choice  as  to  a  point  of  attack  except  that  troops 
approaching  from  the  east  would  have  a  macadam  road  as  a 
line  of  communication. 

The  country  around  Alquizar  is  very  flat,  is  practically  all 
under  tobacco  cultivation,  and  groups  of  trees  prevent  a  very 
extended  view  in  any  direction. 

Guanimar. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  place 
called  Guanimar  is  a  store,  and  there  is  another  store  in  the 
district  called  Rincon. 

La  Paz. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  point 
called  La  Paz  consists  of  a  store  and  a  school  house. 


GUIRA   DE  ME  LENA 
TOWNSHIP 


SAA/ 


W/^^ 


PROVINCE    OF    HAVANA. 


281 


Playa  de  Guanimar. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a 
rural  district  along  the  south  coast.  The  village  consists  of 
a  store  and  29  huts  and  is  about  12|  miles  from  Caiias.  It 
has  a  wooden  pier  125  feet  long  by  5  feet  wide,  with  about  15 
feet  of  water  at  the  end;  in  bad  condition.  Population 
at)out  160. 

San  Andres. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  a  store, 
called  Frias.     There  is  no  point  called  San  Andres. 

Tumhadero. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  There  is  no  point 
called  Tumbadero. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  QUIRA  DE  HELENA  (CAPITAL,  GUIRA  DE  MELENA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Pueblo  (Guira  de  Melena) 

Gabriel 

Urban 

Miles. 

5,550 

Gabriel 

Rural 

...do 

3.1 
3.1 

3.1 

3,135 

Sibanac^n 

2,823 

Cachimba. 
Playa  de  Cogio. 

TnTnhfvlfirn .  ... 

Tumbadero 

do 

2,193 

Giiira  de  Melena. — Barrio  and  town.  On  the  ^^''estern 
Railway  of  Havana  27^  miles  southwest  of  Havana.  A 
fairly  well-kept  town,  with  most  of  the  streets  paved  with 
stones.     Few  of  the  houses  are  more  than  one  story  high. 

Population,  5,550. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  wells;  there  are  many  in  the 
town.  Many  of  the  houses  on  the  edge  of  the  town  have  ele- 
vated water  tanks.  Some  of  these  tanks  have  small  steam 
pumps.  The  railway  depot  has  a  steam  pump  and  water 
tank,  as  has  also  a  small  planing  mill  beside  the  depot.  The 
wells  average  about  40  feet  in  depth.  Water  is  said  to  be 
good. 

Most  of  the  houses  are  lighted  by  acetylene  gas;  the  others 
by  oil. 

There  are  many  buildings  that  could  be  used  as  barracks. 
None  of  them  are  very  large,  and  practically  all  of  them  are 
on  the  plaza  or  on  calle  Cuba,  Which  leads  from  the  depot 
to  the  plaza. 

There  are  no  large  stables  in  town.  A  planing  mill  near 
the  depot  could  be  converted  into  a  stable  for  40  or  50  horses, 
and  a  yard  75  yards  square  could  be  used  as  a  corral.  This 
place  has  a  well,  water  tank,  and  small  steam  pump.     At 


282  PEOVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

calle  Retiro,  No.  8,  about  two  blocks  from  mill  mentioned 
above,  is  a  cart  shop  that  could  be  used  as  a  stable.  The  yard 
of  this  place  is  small. 

Open  ground  north  of  depot  could  be  used  as  a  corral,  and 
water  obtained  from  depot  tank  or  from  mill  mentioned 
above. 

There  are  4  two-story  buildings  that  could  be  used  as 
hospitals.  The  city  hall,  which  is  on  the  plaza,  would  prob- 
ably hold  50  beds  upstairs.  The  Hotel  Inglaterra  on  calle 
Cuba,  No.  30,  would  hold  25  or  30  beds  upstairs.  A  new 
frame  building.  No.  29,  calle  Cuba,  with  porches  all  around, 
both  upstairs  and  down,  would  hold  about  25  beds  on  each 
floor.  A  two-story  building  on  calle  Cuba,  south  of  the 
plaza,  would  hold  20  beds  upstairs. 

A  galvanized-iron  warehouse  at  depot,  120  by  40  feet, 
would  make  a  good  quartermaster  storehouse ;  side  track  and 
unloading  platform  on  two  sides. 

A  new  T-shaped  frame  schoolhouse,  100  'yards  south  of 
depot,  is  best  commissary  storehouse  in  vicinity  of  depot. 
Several  one-story  masonry  stores  in  vicinity  of  depot  could 
also  be  used. 

The  post-office  and  telegraph  office  is  on  calle  San  An- 
tonio, half  a  block  east  of  calle  Cuba,  the  main  street. 

Railroad  station  is  at  the  northern  end  of  calle  Cuba. 

A  large,  open,  grassy  stretch  of  land,  bordering  the  south- 
ern edge  of  town,  is  the  best  camp  site  in  the  vicinity.  The 
burned  ingenio  Victoria  is  about  1  mile  south  of  town  and 
ern  edge  of  town,  is  the  best  camp  site  in  the  vicinity.  The 
pumps  and  tanks  are  still  there  and  could  be  easily  refitted 
and  made  serviceable. 

Ditches  have  been  dug  through  this  ground  to  drain  it  in 
the  wet  season,  and  small  pastures  are  numerous  in  the 
vicinity.  Fuel  would  have  to  be  brought  in,  as  none  exists  in 
vicinity. 

No  defenses. 

There  are  two  ordinary  station  side  tracks  at  the  depot. 
Railroad  warehouse  described  above. 

The  following  roads  lead  out  of  town :  A  calzada  west  for 
5  miles  to  Alquizar;  a  macadam  road  north  to  San  An- 
tonio de  los  Baiios;  a  road  south,  which  runs  to  the  coast 
roftd  and  from  there  goes  east  to  Batabano,  or  west  to  the 


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PROVINCE   OF    HAVANA. 


283 


Vuelta  Abajo  country;  a  road  east,  connecting  with  roads 
to  Bejucal  and  Quivican. 

The  best  line  of  approach  to  attack  the  town  would  be 
from  the  north,  as  there  are  some  slight  folds  in  the  ground, 
stone  fences,  and  many  hedges  and  groves  of  trees.  In  other 
directions  the  ground  is  more  open  and  difficult  to  cross. 

Gabriel. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  of  this  name  is  on 
the  Western  Railway  of  Havana,  24.2  miles  from  Havana; 
population,  about  500.  Contains  35  small  houses  and  about 
the  same  number  of  native  huts.  Village  is  in  a  flat,  culti- 
vated country.  Water  obtained  from  wells.  A  calzada  and 
a  switch  of  the  railroad  run  from  the  place  to  the  ingenio 
Fajardo,  1  mile  distant.  Station  has  a  side  track  300  yards 
long. 

Sibanacdn. — Barrio  and  village.  The  place  bearing  this 
name  is  a  village  of  about  16  small  houses. 

Cachimha. — Village.  A  small  place  containing  2  general 
stores,  a  schoolhouse,  and  about  25  dwellings,  most  of  which 
are  huts.     Situated  about  3  miles  southeast  of  Giiira. 

Playa  de  Cogio. — Sitio.  On  the  south  coast.  10  miles  by 
road  southeast  of  Giiira  de  Melena  and  on  a  drainage  canal 
which  runs  inland  for  3|  miles.    Contains  a  few  huts. 

Tumbadero. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  a  small  place 
containing  7  huts. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  LOS  BA5J0S  (CAPITAL,  SAN  ANTONIO  DE 

LOS  BAlJOS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


San  Antonio  de  los  Banos 

Aranguren 

Armonia 

Ceiba  del  Agua 

Chicharo 

Govea 

Guachinango 

Monjas 

Quintana 

Santa  Rosa 

Seborucal 

Valle 

Vereda  Nueva 


San  Antonio  de  los  Banos 

Aranguren 

Armonia 

CastiUo 

Ceiba  del  Agua 

Chicharo 

Collazo 

Goicurla 

Govea 

Guachinango 

Jutia 

Monjas 

Nemesio  Reyes 

Quintana 

Santa  Rosa 

Seborucal  de  San  Antonio 

Seborucal  de  Vereda  Nueva. . . 

Tmnba  Cuatro 

Valle 

Vargas 

Vereda  Nueva 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 

Rural.. 

..do.... 

..do.... 
...do.... 

..do.... 

..do.... 

..do.... 

..do.... 

..do.... 

..do.... 
...do.... 

..do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 


Distance 

from 
capitaL 


Popula- 
tion. 


MiUi. 


7.5 
L5 
9.3 
8.5 
5.5 
7.7 
8.7 
5 
7 
5 

1.3 
10 
2 

4.5 
3.5 
4.3 
6.5 
2.5 
7 
7.5 


9,125 
762 
770 
236 
782 
489 
199 
341 
960 
575 
420 

1,045 
181 
858 
704 
533 
593 
429 
311 
97 

1,037 


284  PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

San  Antonio  de  los  Banos. — Barrio  and  town.  A  town 
situated  on  the  Guana  jay  branch  of  the  U.  H.  K.  R.  and 
about  22  miles  southwest  of  Havana.  Manufacture  of  cigars 
is  the  principal  industry. 

Population,  9,125. 

Water  is  obtained  from  the  Ariguanabo  River,  which  origi- 
nates in  the  Ariguanabo  Lake  and  disappears  in  a  cave  just 
below  the  town.  Water  is  pumped  to  a  concrete  tank  on  the 
hill  near  the  city  jail  and  distributed  by  pipe  line.  Capacity 
of  pumping  station  18,000  gallons  every  6  hours ;  capacity  of 
tank  18,000  gallons.  It  is  on  the  edge  of  the  river  near  the 
northeast  edge  of  the  town. 

The  two  principal  streets  have  a  sewer  system.  These 
streets  are  parallel  and  are  called  Maximo  Gomez  and  Juan 
Delgado.  The  town  is  lighted  by  electricity  and  the  electric- 
light  plant  is  on  the  bank  of  the  river  near  the  northeast 
edge  of  the  town.  Plant  is  a  75-kilowatt  direct-current  ma- 
chine and  is  operated  by  water  power. 

The  old  Spanish  barracks  is  a  building  inclosing  a  square 
courtyard,  situated  on  the  hill  at  the  north  end  of  McKinlej^ 
street.  The  building  is  used  as  a  cigar  factory.  It  measures 
about  120  by  120  yards  and  1,000  men  were  quartered  in  it 
before  1898,  but  not  more  than  one  battalion  at  full  strength 
should  be  quartered  in  it.  It  has  running  water  from  the  city 
waterworks,  but  no  sewer  connections.  A  large  cistern  in 
the  courtyard  is  used  as  a  cesspool. 

City  jail,  capacity  200  men,  situated  on  the  hillside  at  the 
north  end  of  Monteymoso  street  near  the  above-mentioned 
barracks. 

Stables  would  have  to  be  improvised,  as  there  are  none  of 
any  size  in  the  town.  Corrals  should  be  established  near  the 
railroad  depot  on  the  east  edge  of  town,  because  the  land 
here  is  level  and  the  river  is  near. 

The  front  of  the  city  jail  has  2  stores,  and  the  upper  part 
is  the  city  hospital,  with  a  capacity  of  60  beds.  There  are  a 
number  of  two-story  buildings  in  the  town  that  could  be 
converted  into  hospitals  AmOng  these  are  a  house  on 
Plaza  Central,  corner  of  Marti  street,  capacity  60  beds;  a 
house  on  the  corner  of  Marti  and  McKinley  streets,  capacity 
about  40  beds. 


PROVINCE  OF   HAVANA.  285 

The  railroad  depot  has  a  masonry  warehouse  about  100  by 
30  feet.  There  is  also  a  large  building  on  the  corner  of 
Vivacano  and  San  Gabriel  streets  near  the  railroad  that 
would  make  a  good  quartermaster  or  commissary  storehouse. 
Other  buildings  close  to  the  depot  could  also  be  used. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  are  at  70  Marti.  No  tele- 
phone office.  Railroad  station  is  on  the  southeast  edge  of 
town. 

Ice  machine  is  on  the  bank  of  the  river  near  the  north- 
east edge  of  town ;  capacity,  1^  tons  per  day. 

Open,  level  ground  back  of  the  old  Spanish  barracks,  to 
the  north,  affords  a  good  camp  site  for  1  regiment.  Water 
for  animals  to  be  obtained  from  the  river,  which  skirts  the 
camp  site. 

The  railroad  has  3  side  tracks;  2  about  300  yards  long, 
and  1  about  200  yards  long. 

The  best  approach  to  the  town  to  attack  it  would  be  from 
the  west,  as  the  country  is  broken  and  half  open.  To  the 
south  the  country  is  more  open  and  level.  To  the  north  is 
the  river  Ariguanabo  and  the  lake  of  the  same  name.  The 
east  has  the  advantage  of  the  macadam  road  from  Havana, 
but  the  country  is  quite  open. 

Aranguren. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district.  Place 
of  this  name  has  about  20  houses ;  district  contains  68  farms. 

Armonia. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  Point  of 
this  name  has  4  houses.     District  contains  65  farms. 

Castillo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  town  or  village 
of  this  name  in  the  district.     District  contains  64  farms.  . 

Ceiha  del  Agua. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  built 
principally  along  one  main  street.  Situated  near  the  western 
edge  of  Havana  Province  on  the  Guana  jay  branch  of  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  with  side  tracks  amounting  to  about  600  yards  ; 
contains  a  number  of  small  tile-roof  houses  that  could  be 
used  for  military  purposes  if  necessary.  Population  about 
500.  Water  obtained  from  wells;  said  to  be  good  and  abun- 
dant. A  macadam  road  runs  from  this  place  to  Artemisa. 
Unimproved  roads  run  to  Vereda  Nueva  and  Alquizar. 
Country  level  and  cultivated  on  all  sides,  mostly  in  tobacco. 


286  .     PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA. 

Chicharo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  Point 
called  Chicharo  has  4  houses.  District  contains  13  farms  and 
central  San  Jose  (Fajardo). 

Collazo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  of  this 
name  in  the  district.    District  contains  27  farms. 

Goicuria. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  town  or  village 
of  this  name  in  the  district.     District  contains  46  farms. 

Govea. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  point 
called  Govea  has  1  store  and  8  huts,  and  is  situated  5^  miles 
by  road  northeast  of  San  Antonio  de  los  Baiios.  District 
contains  91  farms. 

Guachinango. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  Place 
of  this  name  has  1  store  and  3  or  4  houses,  and  is  situated  6^ 
miles  by  road  northwest  of  San  Antonio  de  los  Baiios.  Dis- 
trict contains  85  farms. 

Jutia. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  point  of  this  name 
in  the  district.    District  contains  35  farms. 

Monjas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  point 
called  Monjas  has  3  houses.    District  contains  101  farms. 

Nemesio  Reyes. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  of 
this  name  in  the  district.    District  contains  15  farms. 

Quintana. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  point 
of  this  name  has  3  houses,  and  is  2  miles  by  road  south  of  San 
Antonio  de  los  Baiios.    District  contains  62  farms. 

Santa  Rosa. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The 
point  called  Santa  Rosa  has  2  houses.  District  contains  88 
farms. 

Sehorucal  de  San  Antonio. — Barrio.  A  rural  district 
which  contains  the  sitio  Seborucal  and  57  farms.  The  sitio 
Seborucal  is  situated  4  miles  west  of  San  Antonio  de  los 
Baiios  and  consists  of  about  3  houses. 

Sehorucal  de  Vereda  Nueva. — Barrio.  A  rural  district. 
No  village  or  town  of  this  name.    District  contains  80  farms. 

Tumha  Cuatro. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  or 
town  of  this  name.    District  contains  33  farms. 

Valle. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  a  rural  district  which 
contains  43  farms.  The  sitio  is  a  general  store  situated  2:| 
miles  east  of  San  Antonio  de  los  Baiios. 

Vargas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district.  No  village  or  town  of 
this  name.    District  contains  5  farms. 


PROVINCE   OF   HAVANA.  287 

Vereda  Nueoa. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated 
at  the  end  of  a  branch  calzada  from  Caimito,  24.1  miles 
southwest  of  Havana.  It  is  about  2  miles  north  of  the  station 
of  Saladrigas  on  the  Guana  jay  branch  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R. 
Population,  1,037.  Water  supply  obtained  from  a  number 
of  wells  within  the  town.  Post-office  is  on  the  main  street. 
No  telegraphic  communication.  All  of  the  buildings  which 
might  be  of  any  service  are  closely  grouped  around  the 
corner  of  the  calzada  and  the  main  street.  These  buildings 
are  of  the  usual  masonry  and  frame  construction  and  of  the 
small  size  usually  found  in  the  small  towns.  A  road  leads 
west  to  Ceiba  del  Agua,  and  one  leads  east  to  San  Antonio 
de  los  Bafios.  A  calzada  runs  south  to  the  station  Saladrigas, 
and  another  one  runs  north  to  Caimito  and  from  there  to 
Havana.  There  is  level,  half -open  ground  on  all  sides  of  the 
town. 


PROVINCE  OF  MATANZAS. 


492—05) — —11)  289 


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PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS. 


LOCATION  AND  BOUNDARY. 

The  province  of  Matanzas  is  situated  in  the  west  central 
part  of  the  island.  Its  northern  part  is  in  the  most  fertile 
and  productive  portion  of  the  island  and  is  noted  for  its  pic- 
turesque landscapes. 

Its  southern  part  is  composed  of  the  large  swamp  called 
Gran  Cienaga  Occidental  de  Zapata.  This  swamp  is  on 
both  sides  of  the  River  Hatiguanico,  the  upper  portion  ex- 
tending 10  miles  inland  in  the  province  of  Matanzas  and 
the  lower  portion  extending  5  miles  inland  in  the  province 
of  Santa  Clara. 

The  province  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Straits  of 
Florida,  on  the  east  and  south  by  the  province  of  Santa 
Clara,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Gulf  of  Batabano  and  the 
province  of  Havana. 

AREA  AND  POPULATION. 

The  area  of  the  province  is  3,700  square  miles. 

The  width  between  extreme  points  north  and  south  is 
about  60  miles,  and  the  length  between  its  extreme  points 
east  and  west  is  about  95  miles. 

The  '  population  is  239,812,  divided  as  follows :  Native 
white,  54.6  per  cent ;  foreign  white.  7.4  per  cent ;  colored,  38 
per  cent ;  or  white,  62  per  cent ;  colored,  38  per  cent." 

JUDICIAL  AND   MUNICIPAL  DISTRICTS. 

It  is  divided  into  four  judicial  districts,  viz,  Matanzas, 
Cardenas,  Alacranes,  and  Colon.  It  is  also  divided  into 
ten  municipal  districts  or  townships,  viz,  Alacranes,  Bolon- 
dron,  Cardenas,  Colon,  Jagiiey  Grande,  Jovellanos  (Bemba), 
Marti  (Hato  Xuevo),  Matanzas,  Pedro  Betancourt  (Corral 
Falso),  Union  de  Reyes. 

291 


292  PROVINCE.  OF    MATANZAS. 

PROVINCIAL  GOVERNMENT. 

There  is  a  governor  and  a  provincial  council  of  eight  mem- 
bers elected  by  the  people.  Each  municipal  district  is  pre- 
sided over  by  a  mayor  aided  by  a  municipal  council. 

CAPITAL  AND  PRINCIPAL  TOWNS. 

The  capital  is  Matanzas.     It  has  great  commercial  activity 
and  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  surroundings. 
Cardenas  is  also  an  important  commercial  center. 
Colon  is  in  the  heart  of  the  sugar-producing  region. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  ground  is  generally  level,  with  some  hills  which  belong 
to  the  central  group  of  mountains. 

There  is  a  large  group  northwest  of  Matanzas  containing 
one  prominent  point,  the  Pan  de  Matanzas,  which  reaches  an 
altitude  of  about  1,300  feet.  Some  hills  occur  also  between 
Matanzas  and  Cardenas. 

In  general  these  isolated  hills  or  groups  have  rounded  sum- 
mits, but  in  their  lower  slopes  are  frequently  very  steep,  ris- 
ing abruptly  from  the  surrounding  level  plains. 

In  the  extreme  northwest  is  the  rocky  range  of  Sierra  de 
Camarones  and  the  Arcos  de  Diego ;  in  the  northeastern  part, 
Hato  Nuevo  de  Santa  Clara;  and  in  various  parts  of  this 
central  group  district  of  mountain  ranges  are  to  be  found 
many  hills  and  elevations,  among  which  are  the  group  of 
Havana,  Tetas  de  Camarioca,  Palenque,  Cumbre,  Carbas, 
Limonar,  Santa  Ana,  Gonzales,  Triana,  Cimarrones,  and 
Las  Guimbambas. 

On  the  southern  coast  is  the  greater  half  of  an  immense 
swamp,  called  Gran  Cienaga  Occidental  de  Zapata. 

There  is  a  large  plain  extending  from  Cardenas  to  the  east. 

The  tropical  valley  of  the  Yumuri  has  great  natural 
beauty. 

Marshes :  Majagiiiyal,  Yumuri,  and  Zapata.  The  marshes 
Hicacos  and  Charco  are  salty.  ,  The  latter  yields  many  hun- 
dred tons  of  salt  annually. 

RIVERS. 

In  Matanzas  the  principal  rivers  flow  to  the  south,  the 
greatest  general  height  of  the  land  being  near  the  northern 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  293 

coast.  The  principal  river  is  the  Hatiguanico  or  Negro,  into 
which  flow  the  rivers  Gonzalo,  Guareiras,  and  the  Hana- 
bana.  Other  rivers  are,  Palma,  Caiia,  Camarioca,  Cimar- 
rones,  Bacunayagua,  Puerto  Escondido,  Yumuri,  San  Juan, 
and  Canimar.  The  Yumuri,  San  Juan,  and  Canimar  empty 
into  Mantanzas  Bay  and  are  navigable  for  a  short  distance. 

COAST  LINE. 

On  the  northern  coast  are  the  highlands  skirting  Matanzas 
Bay,  indented  by  the  bays  of  Matanzas,  Cardenas,  and  Maya. 
The  coast  line  of  this  province  extends  only  along  the  north- 
ern boundary,  the  other  boundaries  being  either  land  or 
rivers. 

AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  are  sugar  cane, 
alcohol,  and  timber.  Matanzas,  the  capital  of  the  province, 
is  a  city  of  commercial  activity.  The  principal  industries  are 
rum  distilling,  sugar  refining,  and  the  manufacture  of  guava 
jelly.     The  chief  articles  of  export  are  sugar  and  molasses. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICTS  AND  MUNICIPAL  DISTRICTS. 

Judicial  district.  Township. 

Alacranes Alacranes. 

Bolondron. 

Union  de  Reyes. 
C&rdenas Cardenas. 

Jovellanos. 

Marti  (HatoXuevo). 
Col6n Col6n. 

Jagiiey  Grande. 

Pedro  Betancourt    (Corral 
Falso). 
Matanzas Matanzas. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  ALACRANES. 
Township :  Population. 

Alacranes 15,838 

Bolondron 12,377 

Uni6n  de  Reyes 11,  202 


294  PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  ALACRANES  (CAPITAL,  ALACRANES). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Villa  ( Alacranes) 

Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 

Miles. 

2,870 

Cabezas 

Cabezas 

10 
6 
6 

Hi 

13i 

3,731 

Estante . 

Estante , 

3,855 

...do 

2,892 

Bermeja. 

Magdalena . .                        ... 

...do 

1,431 

Tlnajita.                     

...do 

1,059 

Alacranes. — Barrio  and  town.  The  rural  portion  of  the 
barrio  contains  ingenio  Valiente  and  a  few  fincas.  The  town, 
which  was  formerly  known  as  Alfonso  XII,  is  situated  20 
miles  south  of  Matanzas  on  a  branch  railway  from  Union 
de  Reyes.  Dependent  entirely  upon  agricultural  resources 
of  surrounding  cane  country.  Terminus  of  extensive  system 
of  plantation  railways  running  south  to  edge  of  Zapata 
swamp  and  connecting  with  ingenios  Las  Canas  and  Con- 
chita.  Headquarters  of  a  judicial  district.  Location  of 
prison  and  residence  of  judge.     Population,  2,870. 

No  public  water  system.  Town  supplied  by  numerous 
shallow  wells.  The  quantity  is  ample,  and  the  quality  is 
good  where  precautions  are  taken  to  prevent  pollution.  No 
sewer  system.  Neither  electric  nor  gas  plants.  Streets 
sparsely  supplied  with  oil  lamps.  Acetylene  gas  quite  gen- 
erally used. 

The  Spanish  Club,  church,  ayuntamiento,  and  prison 
would  each  quarter  a  company.  These  buildings  are  suit- 
able, having  large  rooms,  but  are  without  sanitary  conven- 
iences. A  few  private  dwellings  would  make  suitable  bar- 
racks. Water  supply  for  all  from  private  wells.  There  are 
no  stables  or  corrals.  Open  ground  in  all  directions.  Small 
pasture  to  north  near  ingenio  Valiente,  where  there  is  ample 
water  supply,  would  make  good  transportion  corral. 

The  ayuntamiento  building,  church,  and  Spanish  Club 
would  be  the  most  suitable  buildings  in  town  for  hospital 
purposes.  There  are  no  suitable  buildings  on  railway  for 
storehouses;  stores  along  calle  Libertad,  near  the  railway, 
would  have  to  be  used.     Railway  station  at  south  end  of 


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PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  295 

calle  Libertad.  Post-office  and  telegraph  office  on  plaza  op- 
posite church.  Xo  telephone  central.  Only  available  camp 
site  is  near  ingenio  Valiente,  one-half  mile  north;  ground 
for  a  battalion;  water  and  grazing  plentiful;  wood  about  2 
miles  distant.  No  defenses.  One  side  track  for  40  cars,  and 
many  miles  of  private  railway  to  south  would  furnish  all 
necessary  trackage.  Loading  facilities  poor.  No  platform 
except  that  of  small  station. 

Roads  lead  out  of  town  to  Sabanilla,  Bermeja,  Union,  Con- 
chita,  and  Las  Caiias.  Surrounding  country  is  flat  and  low. 
Town  best  approached  from  north  and  northwest. 

Cabezas. — Barrio  and  town.  Town  situated  10  miles 
northwest  of  Alacranes,  on  branch  of  United  Railroads  of 
Havana  from  latter  place.  Small  and  unimportant ;  entirely 
dependent  on  colonias  and  fincas  of  vicinity.  No  local  in- 
dustries.    Population,  1,500. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  a  spring  in  a  limestone 
ravine  about  one-half  mile  north,  from  which  water  is  hauled 
in  small  tank  carts.  This  spring  is  walled  up,  and  the  water, 
though  somewhat  discolored  by  seepage,  is  good  and  plenti- 
ful. No  sewer  system.  The  streets  are  sparsely  lighted  by 
oil  lamps.  The  church,  which  is  of  usual  construction, 
about  40  by  80  feet,  is  the  only  suitable  building  for  bar- 
racks. It  is  in  good  repair  and  clean,  though  without  sani- 
tary arrangements.  There  is  a  private  house  and  store  of 
ample  size  for  50  men  if  the  situation  demanded  it.  It  is 
new  and  clean,  though  without  sanitary  arrangements;  has 
a  well,  but  it  is  not  reliable.  Stables  for  15  animals  at  rural 
guard  barracks;  no  others  of  consequence.  No  corrals. 
There  is  open  ground  to  the  east,  west,  and  south.  Ground 
to  the  west  near  the  cliffs  would  probably  be  best  for  corrals, 
as  it  is  near  a  small  stream  which  flows  from  spring  described 
above.     Grazing  fair. 

The  church  and  building  described  above  could  be  used  for 
hospital  purposes;  also  the  rural  guard  barracks,  which 
would  hold  about  8  beds. 

Railway  station  building  could  be  used  for  storehouse.  It 
is  of  the  usual  construction,  25  by  60  feet,  and  has  a  platform 
8  feet  wide.     Station  and  telegraph  office  in  west  end  of 


296  PBOVINCE    OF    MATANZAS. 

building.  Post-office  is  on  east  side  of  the  main  street  near 
railway  station.  Private  telephone  line  to  fincas  Quinte- 
nelle  and  Boldivieso  about  3  miles  northwest;  instrument  at 
station.  Best  camp  site  is  to  the  north,  along  base  of  cliffs 
and  near  entrance  to  the  arroyo  where  water  supply  is  lo- 
cated; grazing  good;  water  from  spring  400  yards  distant; 
wood  in  sufficient  quantities  for  a  battalion,  on  cliffs  and 
along  the  various  arroyos  in  the  vicinity. 

Railway  runs  east  and  west  along  southern  edge  of  town. 
Two  sidetracks  with  capacity  for  60  cars.  The  platform  at 
the  station  affords  the  only  facilities  there  are  for  loading 
and  unloading.  Roads  run  to  Ceiba  Mocha  via  Amorosa; 
Matanzas  via  ingenio  Magdalena;  and  to  ingenio  Jesus 
Maria,  Bermeja,  Esperanza,  and  Pipian. 

Best  line  of  approach  would  be  from  rough  country  to 
north.  Entire  town  commanded  by  cliffs  one-half  mile 
north. 

Estante. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  section  of 
country  made  up  of  about  183  fincas  and  contains  the  sugar 
mills  Conchita  and  Las  Caiias.  The  village  consists  of  2 
stores,  a  schoolhouse,  and  about  20  houses,  and  is  6  miles 
south  of  Alacranes.  Population  about  300.  Was  rather  im- 
portant during  war  1895-1898,  and  revolution  of  1906,  on 
account  of  being  stopping  point  of  troops  operating  along 
south  coast  and  swamp. 

Lima. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  section  of  coun- 
try made  up  of  about  169  fincas.  It  contains  about  115 
dwelling  houses,  24  stores,  etc.,  4  schoolhouses,  and  the  town 
of  Bermeja.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  store  situated  about  6 
miles  west  of  Alacranes. 

Bermeja. — Town.  Situated  5  miles  west  of  Union  de 
Reyes  on  line  of  United  Railroads  of  Havana.  Unimportant 
town;  dependent  on  agricultural  resources  of  surrounding 
country.  No  local  industries  of  any  consequence.  Popula- 
tion, 1,087. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  two  public  wells  and  many 
private  ones ;  quantity  plentiful  and  quality  good.  Railway 
company  maintains  a  pumping  station  and  has  a  2,000-gallon 
tank  on  the  track  near  station.     This  is  the  most  easily  avail- 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  297 

able,  most  plentiful,  and  best  water  supply  for  10  miles  east 
or  west.  No  sewer  system;  no  lighting  plant.  A  few  oil 
lamps  on  the  streets.  There  are  no  suitable  buildings  in  the 
town  for  barracks,  excepting,  possibly,  the  church,  which  will 
hold  100  men  in  an  emergency.  If  more  sl^^elter  were  indis- 
pensable, houses  and  stores  could  be  obtained  for  a  battalion. 
Enough  could  be  found  which  are  in  a  fair  state  of  repair, 
but  none  have  sanitary  arrangements.  Private  wells  would 
have  to  be  used.  No  stables  of  consequence.  No  corrals. 
Open  fields,  mostly  in  cane,  in  all  directions.  Ground  higher 
and  less  under  cultivation  to  north ;  most  available  therefore 
for  camp  or  corral  purposes.  Water  supply  from  railway 
well.  Buildings  for  hospital  purposes  would  have  to  be  se- 
lected from  those  mentioned  above  as  suitable  for  barracks. 
A  stone  freight  station,  25  by  100  feet,  on  northern  edge  of 
the  town  would  serve  for  storehouse;  tracks  on  both  sides, 
and  usual  facilities  for  loading  and  unloading.  Railway 
station  and  telegraph  office  at  railway  crossing  on  main  street 
at  northern  edge  of  town.  Post-office  on  main  street  near 
center  of  town. 

The  most  suitable  camp  site  is  north  of  railroad  track; 
water  supply  from  railroad  well ;  plenty  of  young  cane  and 
some  grazing  farther  north ;  wood  can  be  obtained  in  limited 
quantities,  1  to  2  miles  from  town.  The  railroad  runs  along 
the  northern  edge  of  the  town ;  there  are  two  side  tracks  with 
capacity  for  about  50  cars.  Stock  and  supplies  could  be  un- 
loaded at  freight  house.  Roads  lead  out  of  town  to  Union 
de  Reyes,  Alacranes,  Cabezas,  Sabanilla,  and  Los  Palos. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  would  be  from  the  north, 
in  which  direction  land  gradually  ascends  and  becomes 
rougher. 

Magdalena. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  lying  north- 
west of  Alacranes.  Contains  about  58  fincas.  In  the  barrio 
are  3  stores  and  2  schools.  There  is  no  settlement  bearing  the 
name. 

Tinajita. — Barrio.  The  barrio  is  a  section  of  country 
lying  southwest  of  Alacranes.  Contains  about  17  fincas.  In 
the  barrio  are  2  stores  and  2  schools. 


298  PEOVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  B0L0NDR6N    (CAPITAL,   B0L0NDR6N). 


Town,  village,  or  sltio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Bolondr<5n 

Urban .... 

Miles. 

2,581 

1,042 

943 

Gale<5n 

Rural 

...do 

6.25 

1.9 

4 

3.75 

3.9 
10.5 

4.4 

5 

2.75 
11.5 

\ 

Gonzalo 

Giiira  de  Macuriges 

Giiira  de  Macuriges 

Urban 

Rural 

...do 

1,253 

Lucia 

859 

Manuel  Alvarez 

799 

Piedras,  Las 

...do 

500 

Punta  Brava 

...do 

592 

Rio  de  Auras 

...do 

1,219 

Tienda  Nueva 

...do 

1,770 

Zapata 

..do 

819 

Bolondron. — Barrio  and  town.  Six  miles  east  of  Union 
de  Reyes  on  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana.  Entirely  de- 
pendent on  agricultural  resources  of  surrounding  country. 
Has  one  good  machine  shop  for  repairing  heavy  mill  ma- 
chinery. Population,  2,581.  The  water  supply  is  obtained 
from  a  well  which  is  120  feet  deep.  The  water  is  raised  by 
a  steam  pump,  supplemented  by  a  large  windmill,  to  two 
iron  tanks,  which  have  capacity  of  1,000  barrels  each  and 
are  elevated  20  feet  above  the  ground.  From  these  tanks 
the  water  is  distributed  along  the  principal  streets  north  of 
the  railroad  by  mains,  and  these  are  to  be  further  extended. 
There  are  numerous  street  hydrants  and  all  buildings  on 
piped  streets  are  required  to  be  connected.  The  water  is 
good  and  plentiful.  It  is  a  public  system.  The  pumping 
station  is  near  calle  Maceo  at  northern  edge  of  town.  The 
railway  company  also  maintains  a  pumping  station  near 
its  passenger  depot  at  the  south  end  of  calle  Independencia, 
where  there  is  a  steam  pump  and  a  2,000-gallon  tank. 

There  is  no  sewer  system.  Some  few  buildings  have  been 
supplied  with  modern  plumbing  in  connection  with  cesspools. 
There  is  a  small  electric-light  plant,  with  a  capacity  of  six 
hundred  16-candlepower  lights,  near  the  corner  of  calles 
Maceo  and  Independencia.  This  system  is  installed  quite 
generally  in  the  stores  and  offices,  but  the  streets  are  lighted 
by  oil  lamps. 

The  ayuntamiento,  in  the  plaza,  the  Catholic  Church  on 
calle  Independencia,  and  the  Cuban  Club  near  the  plaza 
are  the  only  public  buildings  suitable  for  barracks.     These 


BOLONDRON 
-V  TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS.  299 

three  buildings  would  accommodate  200  men.  They  are  in 
good  repair  and  sanitary.    All  are  piped  for  city  water. 

There  are  no  stables  oi  any  size.  There  are  no  corrals,  but 
some  inclosed  yards  might  be  used.  There  is  ample  open 
ground  just  east  of  the  town  near  the  pumping  station  which 
would  be  suitable. 

Any  of  the  buildings  mentioned  above,  and  in  addition 
the  Episcopal  Church  at  the  north  end  of  calle  Indepen- 
dencia,  would  be  suitable  for  a  hospital.  There  are  also  two 
large  store  buildings  on  calle  Independencia — one  near 
Catholic  Church  and  one  two  blocks  south  that  might  be  used 
in  an  emergency.  Both  are  in  good  repair  and  supplied  with 
city  water. 

Railway  station  just  to  west  of  calle  Independencia  cross- 
ing. Posr,  and  telegraph  office  on  calle  Independencia  about 
two  blocks  north  of  railway.    No  telephone  central. 

Best  location  for  camp  site  is  west  of  town  in  open  fields, 
adjoining  pumping  station;  space  and  water  for  regiment; 
wood  scarce — must  be  hauled  about  5  miles  from  the  swamp, 
if  needed  in  quantity.  These  fields  are  nearly  flat  but  it  is 
believed  they  will  drain  themselves. 

No  defenses.  Ruins  of  about  10  small  blockhouses  all 
about  the  town. 

The  railway  runs  nearly  east  and  west  near  the  southern 
edge  of  the  town.  Three  side  tracks;  capacity  100  cars. 
There  are  plantation  railways  to  three  ingenios;  Jicarita, 
Armonia  and  San  Rafael.  Loading  and  unloading  would 
have  to  be  done  through  freight  house. 

Roads  lead  to  Union;  the  various  ingenios;  Limonar  via 
Rio  de  Auras;  and  Giiira.  The  best  approach  for  an  attack 
would  be  from  the  rough  country  to  the  north. 

Galeon. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  containing  about 
100  fincas.  Situated  south  of  Bolondron.  In  the  barrio  are 
4  stores  and  3  schools.  There  is  no  settlement  bearing  the 
name. 

Gonzalo. — Barrio.  Rural  district  surrounding  town  of 
Bolondron,  and  extending  north  and  east  from  that  town. 

Giiira  de  Macuriges. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situ- 
ated 4  miles  west  of  Navajas  on  the  Matanzas  branch  of  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  and  4.5  miles  slightly  south  of  east  of  Bolondron. 
Commonly  called  Giiira.     Population,  1,253.     "Water  taken 


300  PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS. 

from  well  and  raised  to  tank  by  windmill;  distributed  by 
pipe  line;  tank  about  100  yards  northeast  of  depot.  No 
sewer  system.  Town  lighted  by  oil  lamps.  Wooden  school 
house,  90  by  40  feet,  about  300  yards  from  depot  on  main 
street,  could  be  used  as  barracks;  has  no  lighting  facilities, 
Avater,  or  closets ;  would  accorhmodate  about  150  men.  Stable 
for  about  8  horses  at  rural  guard  quarters.  Corral,  about 
50  yards  from  depot,  suitable  for  about  40  animals.  Stone 
building  on  main  street,  about  400  yards  from  depot,  with 
water  and  closets,  would  serve  for  hospital ;  capacity,  20  beds. 
Storehouse,  stone,  40  by  15  feet,  near  depot,  with  siding 
alongside.  Telegraph  office  at  depot.  Post-office  50  yards 
east  of  depot.  No  camp  sites ;  ground  low.  There  is  an  old 
stone  blockhouse  east  of  town  on  railroad  track ;  18  by  18  feet, 
2  feet  thick  and  25  feet  high;  in  bad  repair;  capacity  about 
140  men.  Two  railroad  sidings,  about  250  yards  each,  near 
depot.  Road  leaves  town  from  east  to  Navajas,  and  from 
northeast  to  ingenio  Flora. 

Lucia. — Barrio.  A  narrow  strip  of  country  southeast  of 
Bolondron.  Contains  ingenio  San  Rafael.  9  tineas,  1  store, 
and  2  schools.     There  is  no  settlement  bearing  the  name. 

Manuel  Alvarez. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  southeast 
of  Bolondron.  Contains  ingenio  Flora,  15  fincas,  2  stores, 
and  1  school.  The  only  point  in  the  barrio  bearing  the  name 
consists  of  the  ruins  of  an  old  ingenio. 

Las  Piedras. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  southeast  of 
Bolondron.  It  contains  26  fincas  ^nd  1  store.  No  point 
bearing  the  name. 

Punta  Brava. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  northeast 
of  Bolondron.  It  contains  19  fincas,  2  stores,  and  1  school. 
No  settlement  bearing  the  name. 

Rio  de  Auras. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Ingenio  Saratoga  is  in 
the  barrio.  The  sitio  is  5  miles  north  of  Bolondron  and  con- 
sists of  but  1  house. 

Tienda  Nueva. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  south  and  west 
of  Bolondron,  and  contains  the  ingenios  Armonia,  Feliz,  and 
Jicarita. 

Zapata. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  containing  100 
fincas.  It  has  3  stores  and  3-schools.  No  settlement  bearing 
the  name,  which  is  taken  from  the  Gran  Cienaga  de  Zapata, 
the  southern  boundary  of  the  barrio. 


UNION   DE  REYES  TOWNSHIP 

^ 

\                      1         ?                 Centra]  Luis  a.  ^        \ 
\                   J  ^j^                   or  Ccndesa              \ 

/C-X..-V 

^^f                              ^'''^1^\^ 

M              7 

• 

/ 

■ A           /    S                 4, /ng.  Sta^Momingo            \ 

^       / — \J 

/ 

I'V 

/    ^ 
/     ^ 

PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  301 

TOWNSHIP  OP   UNI6n   DE   REYES    (CAPITAL,   UNi6n   DE   REYES). 


Town,  village,  or  sltlo. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Unidn  de  Reyes 

Unidn. 

Rural      ' 

Miles. 

4,088 
1,731 
5,383 

Sabanilla 

Iglesla ! do 1           2.7 

Sabanilla      .     .                        '       dn          \          a 

.... 

Union  de  Reyes. — Town.  Situated  in  the  barrio  Union 
about  18  miles  south  of  Matanzas,  on  line  of  United  Rail- 
roads of  Havana  via  Giiines;  on  branch  from  Matanzas,  of 
the  old  Matanzas  Railway  Company  (now^  property  of  the 
United.  Also  terminus  of  branches  to  Alacranes  and 
Cabezas.  A  railroad  center  of  some  importance;  has  two 
foundries  and  machine  shops,  where  repairing  of  heavy 
sugar-mill  machinery  is  done. 

Population,  3,941. 

No  water  system.  Depends  on  about  six  private  wells, 
most  of  which  go  dry  during  a  protracted  drought.  Princi- 
pal supply  is  obtained  from  a  well  (Pozo  de  la  Sefiora)  on 
the  southwestern  edge  of  town.  Water  is  peddled  about  in 
carts. 

No  sewer  system.  The  streets  are  lighted  by  oil  lamps. 
There  are  many  private  acetylene  gas  plants  in  stores  and 
residences. 

Barracks:  The  ayuntamiento  building  will  hold  200  men 
and  has  stables  for  100  horses.  The  barracks  of  the  rural 
guard  will  hold  100  men  and  has  stables  for  25  horses.  The 
Catholic  Church  will  hold  100  men.  All  these  building^are 
in  good  repair,  but  have  no  sanitary  arrangements.  The 
ayuntamiento  and  the  barracks  each  have  a  well,  though 
it  is  doubtful  if  they  would  supply  enough  water  for  a  full 
complement  of  troops.  The  casino  and  church  would  have 
to  draw  on  the  public  well. 

Stables  at  ayuntamiento  and  barracks  are  the  only  ones  of 
consequence. 

No  corrals.  There  are  a  number  of  yards  and  vacant  lots 
surrounded  by  stone  walls  that  might  be  used.  There  is  open 
ground  in  almost  every  direction,  but  the  scarcity  of  water 
renders  any,  except  one  location  to  the  southwest,  unsuitable. 


302  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

No  hospitals.  Either  the  Spanish  casino  or  the  church 
would  provide  suitable  accommodations. 

There  are  2  excellent  freight  houses,  each  about  24  by  100 
feet,  near  the  railroad  station.  They  have  tracks  on  both 
sides  and  are  in  every  way  suitable  for  storehouses. 

Railroad  station  is  near  where  calle  Asuncion  crosses  the 
railroad.  The  post  and  telegraph  offices  are  on  calle  Vir- 
tudes,  one-half  block  south  of  the  plaza.  There  is  no  tele- 
phone exchange. 

The  scarcity  of  water  makes  a  camp  in  this  vicinity  almost 
impossible.  Probably  a  battalion  could  camp  just  to  the  east 
of  the  Alacranes  branch  railroad,  on  the  south  edge  of  the 
town;  young  cane  and  grass  plentiful;  wood  scarce;  would 
have  to  be  hauled  several  miles. 

There  are  5  small  stone  blockhouses  about  the  perimeter 
of  the  town.  They  are  about  12  by  12  feet,  loopholed,  and 
probably  were  occupied  by  a  squad.    All  are  partly  in  ruins. 

The  railroad  lines  from  Giiines,  Matanzas,  and  Cabezas 
unite  before  entering  the  town  and  run  along  its  northeast 
edge  in  a  northwest-southeast  direction.  Most  of  the  sidings 
are  here,  and  they  will  hold  about  150  cars.  The  Alacranes 
branch  runs  along  the  western  edge  and  has  a  siding  that 
will  hold  25  cars.  There  is  a  ramp  of  concrete  and  earth  in 
the  yards.  Facilities  for  loading  and  unloading  at  the 
freight  station  are  excellent. 

Roads  lead  to  Alacranes,  ingenio  Conchita,  Sabanilla, 
Bermeja,  ingenio  Valiente,  and  Bolondron.  Best  line  of 
approach  for  an  attack  would  be  from  the  west. 

Iglesia. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northeast  of 
Union  de  Reyes  and  adjoining  the  barrio  of  Union.  It  con- 
tains the  ingenios  San  Gonzalo  (Majagua)  and  Santo  Do- 
mingo. 

Sahanilla. — Barrio  and  village.  Central  Luisa  (Condesa) 
is  situated  in  the  barrio.  The  village  is  14  miles  south  of 
Matanzas,  on  the  railroad  from  Matanzas  to  Union  de  Reyes, 
and  is  5  miles  north  of  the  latter  place.  It  is  an  unimportant 
country  village  and  dependent  on  the  agricultural  resources 
of  the  surrounding  country.  One  small  brickyard  and  the 
manufacture  of  acetylene  gas  machines  for  local  use  seem  to 
be  the  only  industries. 


PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS.  303 

Population   about  950. 

Water  supply :  Village  supplied  from  wells  of  which  there 
are  several.  The  railway  maintains  a  pumping  station  and 
supplies  its  engines  from  a  2,000-gallon  tank.  Water  not 
very  good,  though  quantity  is  ample.  This  station  and  tank 
are  near  calle  Marti,  on  the  eastern  edge  of  village. 

The  plaza  is  lighted  by  acetylene  gas.  Streets  sparsely 
lighted  by  oil  lamps. 

There  are  perhaps  6  buildings  on  calles  Marti  and  Maceo, 
within  three  blocks  of  the  railway  station,  that  might  be  used 
in  an  emergency  to  quarter  troops.  These  buildings,  now 
used  for  stores  and  residences,  are  about  as  sanitary  as  Cuban 
buildings  in  a  village  of  this  size  usually  are.  They  are  in 
a  fair  state  of  repair.  Water  is  obtained  from  private  wells 
and  is  not  good,  although  plentiful. 

There  are  no  important  stables. 

There  are  no  corrals.  Ample  open  ground  for  transpor- 
tation corrals  or  picket  lines,  to  west  of  village.  Water  could 
be  obtained  from  the  railway  well  and  tank. 

No  hospital.  The  church,  on  the  plaza,  would  be  best 
place  for  hospital ;  is  clean,  sanitary,  and  in  good  repair. 

The  freight  station,  a  stone  building  25  by  100  feet,  with 
sidetracks  on  both  sides,  would  make  a  good  storehouse. 
Stock  could  be  unloaded  through  the  building. 

RailwaA^  station  is  near  where  calle  Marti  crosses  track. 
Telegraph  office  at  station.  No  telephone  central.  Post- 
office  at  No.  25  calle  Marti,  about  two  blocks  west  of  the 
station. 

Camp  site :  Immediately  west  of  the  town  is  an  open  pas- 
ture; wood  scarce;  water  would  have  to  be  obtained  from 
railway  well  and  tank ;  grazing  good.  This  field  is  flat,  but 
is  as  good  as  any  ground  in  the  vicinity. 

No  defenses. 

Railroad  sidings  at  station.  There  are  four  sidetracks; 
capacity  100  cars.  Supplies  could  be  easily  handled  at 
freight  house. 

Roads  lead  south  to  Union  and  Alacranes,  north  to  Cidra, 
east  to  ingenio  Santo  Domingo,  and  west  to  Carmen. 

Perfectly  flat  country.  Hills  1  mile  to  south  would  afford 
best  opportunity  for  approach  for  attack. 


304 


PROVINCE    OF   MATANZAS. 


JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  CARDENAS. 
Township :  Population. 

Cardenas 28,  576 

Jovellanos 17,  024 

Marti  (Hato  Nuevo) 15,104 

TOWNSHIP  OP  CARDENAS   (CAPITAL,  CARDENAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Cardenas 

CArdenas 

Urban .... 

Miles. 

24, 201 

Cantel 

Rural 

...do 

8.5 
6 
U 

621 

Lagunillas 

Lagunillas                          

1,522 

Varadero 

Varadero-Camacho-GuAsimas  . 

...do 

2,153 

GuAsimas. 
Cervantes. 
Siguapa. 

Cardenas. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  the  center  of 
the  municipal  and  of  the  judicial  district  of  the  same  name 
and  is  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Cardenas,  which  indents  the 
northern  coast  of  Cuba  just  east  of  the  Peninsula  of  Hicacos. 

Within  the  province  it  is  in  importance  second  only  to 
Matanzas,  the  capital,  from  which  it  is  distant  about  31 
miles.  It  is  79  miles  from  Havana.  These  distances  are  by 
the  high  road ;  by  rail  they  are  64  and  114  miles,  respectively. 
With  both  of  these  cities  it  is  connected  by  water,  as  well  as 
by  rail. 

The  city  runs  26  blocks  southwest  from  the  bay  and  27 
blocks  from  southeast  to  northwest ;  this  is  its  extreme  length 
and  breadth.  It  is  not  built  up  entirely  within  this  area, 
nor  are  all  the  streets  cut  through  to  form  a  rectangle.  The 
town  site  rises  slightly  from  the  bay.  The  portion  lying 
north  of  the  Plaza  de  Colon,  which  has  been  filled  in  since 
about  1850,  is  low,  the  flanks  toward  the  bay  being  swampy 
and  subject  to  overflow  during  heavy  and  prolonged  rains. 
The  seashore  is  given  up  almost  entirely  to  warehouses  and 
a  few  bathing  establishments. 

Of  the  buildings  in  town,  1,932  are  constructed  of  stone 
and  cement  or  mamposteria,  and  1,765  of  wood.  Only  a 
few  of  them  have  second  floors. 

The  principal  industries  are  tanning,  manufacture  of 
sugar  products,  hemp,  and  artificial  ice,  sugar  refining,  and 
foundry  work.     There  are  5  tanneries,  2  distilleries,  2  hemp 


CARDENAS  TOWNSHIP 


^^/V 


06 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  305 

mills,  2  ice  plants,  2  sugar  refineries  (1  not  in  operation),  and 
3  foundries. 

In  addition,  there  are  17  small  tobacco  factories,  3  soda- 
water  works,  2  construction  companies,  2  companies  build- 
ing small  wooden  vessels,  10  bakeries,  and  8  drug  stores. 
There  is  a  city  dispensary,  where  medicines  are  given  free 
to  the  poor. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  public  buildings : 

City  hall,  Plaza. 

Public  market.  Twelfth  street,  between  Third  and  Fifth  ave- 
nues. 

Asylum  for  old  people,  Thirteenth  street  and  Ninth  avenue. 

Llaca  school  (public).  Independencia  and  Sixteenth  streets. 

City  jail.  Thirteenth  street,  between  Eleventh  and  Thirteenth 
avenues. 

Civil  hospital.  Twelfth  and  Thirteenth  streets.  Seventeenth  and 
Nineteenth  avenues. 

Fire  department,  Twelfth  street  and  Sixth  avenue. 

Cuartel,  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth  streets.  Fourth  and  Sixth 
avenues. 

"  Otero  "  Theater,  Tenth  street  and  Second  avenue. 

Slaughterhouse,  1  mile  south  of  city  (Fifth  avenue). 

The  census  of  1907  gives  a  population  to  the  city  proper 
of  24,280. 

Water  supply:  Obtained  from  what  is  supposed  to  be  an 
underground  river  at  a  point  just  outside  the  city  limits. 
The  water  is  of  good  quantity  and  quality,  but  is  decidedly 
hard.  It  is  pumped  up  from  a  depth  of  23  feet  below  the 
surface  of  the  ground  from  natural  caves.  There  is  an  up- 
to-date  pump,  and  two  old  ones  which  are  to  be  held  in 
reserve.  The  water  is  forced  into  a  cement  tank  about  45 
feet  high,  having  a  capacity  of  100,000  gallons.  The  supply 
has  been  in  use  for  over  thirty  years  and  shows  no  evidence 
of  decrease.    The  waterworks  are  owned  by  a  corporation. 

Sewerage :  The  Maura  system  is  used  in  about  one-quarter 
of  the  private  residences.  For  the  city  in  general,  at  certain 
low  places  on  corners'  holes  are  bored  into  the  cavities  in  the 
rock  through  which  the  water  filters  away.  This  system 
carries  away  the  surface  water  at  all  times. 

Barracks:  The  buildings  most  suitable  for  quartering 
troops  are  in  the  order  named :  The  cuartel,  in  southern  part 

492—09 20 


306  PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 

of  city  and  fronting  on  a  public  square ;  built  of  cement ;  has 
modern  closets,  shower  baths,  and  electric  lights;  has  offices 
and  large  parade  in  the  center  (interior  court) ;  suitable  for 
a  battalion  of  infantry.  The  quintas,  or  summeir  residences,  5 
in  number,  situated  at  the  southern  end  of  the  Avenida  de  la 
Independencia,  will  each  accommodate  65  men;  city  water 
and  electric  light.  The  city  hall  would  accommodate  300 
men ;  is  built  of  stone ;  has  city  water  and  electric  light.  The 
city  jail  has  two  stories;  is  built  of  stone;  has  city  water  and 
electric  light  and  good  closets;  would  accommodate  65  men. 

Other  available  buildings  are :  The  fire  department  house, 
the  Spanish  Casino,  and  the  Cardenas  Club,  all  two-story 
buildings  built  of  stone,  equipped  with  electric  lights,  city 
water,  and  modern  closets,  and  having  capacity  of  100,  200, 
and  150  men,  respectively.  The  Protestant  school,  which  is 
built  of  wood,  has  same  sanitary  advantages  as  preceding 
buildings,  and  would  accommodate  about  150  men.  The 
sugar  warehouses  are  constructed  of  wood,  as  a  rule,  though 
some  are  of  stone.  The  average  warehouce  is  suitable  for  400 
men,  and  in  all  of  them  together  there  is  sufficient  space  to 
quarter  2  regiments. 

Stables:  The  principal  ones  in  the  city  are  situated  as 
follows : 

Fifth    avenue,    between    Twelfth    and    Thirteenth    streets,    16 

animals. 
Thirteenth    street,    between    Second   and    Fourth   avenues,   43 

animals. 
Sixth    avenue,    between    Fifteenth    and    Sixteenth    streets,    28 

animals. 
Twelfth  avenue,  between  Thirteenth  and  Fourteenth  streets,  12 

animals. 
Thirteenth  street  and  Fifth  avenue,  5  animals. 
Twelfth  street,  between  Nineteenth  and  Twenty-first  avenues, 

16  animals. 
Ninth  street,  between  Seventh  and  Ninth  avenues,  18  animals. 
Thirteenth  avenue,  between  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  streets, 

13  animals. 

Transportation  corrals:  One  was  constructed  during  the 
second  intervention,  one  block  southwest  of  the  cuartel,  and 
could  be  made  to  accommodate,  if  necessary,  250  animals. 
Water  is  piped  to  it. 

Hospitals:  The  civil  hospital  (Santa  Isabel)  covers  about 
three-fourths  of  an  acre  of  ground  and  has  184  beds.    The 


PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS.  307 

building  used  as  a  military  hospital  during  the  second  inter- 
vention is  a  two-story  house  on  East  Twelfth  street,  near  the 
city  hall,  and  is  well  adapted  for  its  purpose.  Larger  and 
better  buildings,  which  could  be  used  as  hospitals  in  case  of 
military  necessity,  are  the  "  Quintas,"  already  mentioned; 
each  would  accommodate  about  50  beds. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses:  Five  ware- 
houses near  the  railroad  station.  These  buildings  are  espe- 
cially adapted  for  this  purpose,  on  account  of  their  capacity 
and  location.  They  are  rectangular  buildings,  one  and  one- 
half  stories  high,  and  cover  an  average  superficial  area  of 
500  square  feet.  Railroad  switches  run  to  each  of  them  from 
the  general  station,  from  which  they  are  only  from  one  to 
four  blocks  distant.  They  have  no  unloading  platforms; 
flat  cars  are  used.  They  are  near  the  railroad  station  and 
the  shipping  wharves. 

The  railroad  station  (terminus  of  the  C.  and  J.  branch  of 
the  U.  H.  R.  R.)  has  its  entrance  at  Fifth  street  and  Eighth 
avenue.  The  main  shed  would  bivouac  a  battalion  of  in- 
fantry, and  the  three  buildings  attached  to  the  station  would 
quarter  a  regiment. 

Location  of  important  offices :  The  post-office  is  in  a  rented 
building  on  the  comer  of  Ninth  street  and  First  avenue, 
facing  the  Plaza  de  Colon.  The  telegraph  office  is  on  Inde- 
pendencia  avenue,  between  Seventh  and  Eighth  streets.  The 
telephone  office  is  on  Eighth  street,  near  First  avenue.  All 
are  in  close  proximity  to  each  other. 

Ice  factories :  The  old  plant  of  Vila  y  Hermano  is  on  the 
bay,  at  the  foot  of  Fourteenth  avenue.  The  Cardenas  Ice 
Company  is  near  the  city  waterworks. 

Camp  site :  At  the  head  of  the  Avenida  de  la  Independen- 
cia  (popularly  known  by  its  former  name  of  Calle  Real), 
at  Nineteenth  street,  is  a  good  camp  site,  sufficiently  large 
for  two  regiments,  or  2,000  men.  The  soil  is  a  red  clay,  with 
some  sand  and  rock,  and  is  partly  covered  with  grass.  This 
location  is  about  1,000  yards  from  the  city  waterworks,  and 
a  water  main  passes  along  the  avenue  on  the  east  side.  On 
the  west  side  is  an  excellent  macadam  road  to  the  slaughter- 
house. The  drainage  is  good.  A  railroad  runs  along  the 
west  side  of  the  site  within  400  yards.  Wood  is  easily  ob- 
tained and  there  is  good  grazing  within  a  mile. 


308  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

Defenses:  In  Spanish  times  there  was  a  line  of  defense 
about  5  miles  in  length,  extending  around  three  sides  of  the 
town  from  the  swamps  on  either  flank.  It  was  a  continuous 
stone  wall,  about  4|  feet  high  and  2  feet  thick.  In  front  of 
this  wall  was  a  ditch  about  30  feet  wide  and  20  feet  deep,  and 
in  front  of  this  ditch  a  wire  entanglement.  Parts  of  this 
wall  still  remain,  but  the  ditch  has  been  filled  in.  Along 
the  line  of  defenses  were  5  permanent  blockhouses,  and  3 
others  converted  from  buildings  existing  on  the  line.  Of 
these  blockhouses,  3  of  the  permanent  ones  still  remain  and 
are  yet  in  good  condition;  they  are  square,  about  30  feet 
high  and  2  feet  thick.  They  are  situated  at  the  three  en- 
trances to  the  town  marked  by  the  ends  of  Thirteenth  and 
Fourteenth  streets  and  the  Avenida  de  la  Independencia,  re- 
spectively. There  is  no  commanding  ground  near  the  city 
within  effective  rifle  range,  but  3  miles  to  the  south  there  is 
a  range  of  small  hills  that  commands  a  view  of  the  entire 
terrain  as  far  as  Cardenas,  and  which  could  be  used  by  artil- 
lery against  the  town  itself. 

Railroad  facilities :  The  railroad  station  is  quite  large.  In 
addition,  the  yards  are  about  the  largest  in  the  island,  so 
that  there  are  ample  facilities  for  entraining  and  detraining. 
The  switches  running  to  the  warehouses  along  the  bay  and 
the  spur  running  out  to  the  quarries  would  facilitate  the  un- 
loading and  loading  of  supplies  in  those  parts  of  the  city 
where  this  work  would  probably  be  required. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town:  There  are  four  principal 
roads;  two  from  the  western  edge  to  Camarioca,  Siguapa, 
and  Varadero;  one  from  the  eastern  edge  to  ingenio  Pro- 
greso;  and  one  from  the  southern  edge  to  Lagunillas  and 
Cimarrones. 

To  attack  the  town  the  best  line  of  approach  would  be 
from  the  south,  on  account  of  the  swamps  and  the  bay  on  the 
other  sides.  Also,  the  ground  to  the  south  has  a  slight  com- 
mand over  the  city,  but  principally  at  very  long  range. 

Cantel. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  8|  miles 
northwest  of  Cardenas  on  a  hilL about  60  feet  high;  popula- 
tion, about  40.  Consists  of  a  group  of  10  wooden  houses. 
Water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  is  of  good  quality.  The 
village  occupies  an  excellent  defensive  position,  provided 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  309 

the  adjoining  hilltops  can  be  held.  From  the  hill  a  good 
view  can  be  obtained  of  the  country  to  the  north. 

Lagiinillas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  south  of 
Cardenas,  and  contains  the  village  of  the  same  name,  ingenio 
Progreso,  and  117  very  small  rural  fincas.  The  village  of 
Lagunillas  is  6  miles  from  Cardenas  and  consists  of  79  houses 
and  a  store. 

Varadero  -  Camacho  -  Gudsimas.  —  Barrio.  An  extensive 
area  lying  northwest  and  north  of  Cardenas.  About  one- 
half  of  its  area  is  on  the  Hicacos  Peninsula,  the  soil  of  which 
is  sand  and  of  little  value  for  cultivation.  The  coast  is  all 
sand  beach.  Near  the  extreme  end  of  the  peninsula,  at  a 
place  called  Salinas,  is  a  salt  works  and  a  wharf  about  250 
feet  long  by  6  feet  wide  with  7  feet  of  water.  The  salt  works 
are  connected  with  Cardenas  by  telephone.  Near  the  land 
end  of  the  peninsula  is  the  summer  resort  Varadero.  The 
portion  of  the  barrio  not  on  the  peninsula  is  a  low,  rich  sugar 
district  which  contains  the  ingenios  Dos  Rosas  and  Preciosa, 
the  village  of  Guasimas,  and  the  sitios  Siguapa  and  Cer- 
vantes. 

Varadero. — Village.  Situated  11  miles  from  Cardenas  on 
the  narrow  neck  of  the  peninsula  of  Hicacos,  and  is  a  summer 
resort  for  people  in  Cardenas  and  Havana.  Few  mosquitoes. 
Water  obtained  from  cisterns  and  wells,  but  that  from  the 
latter  is  apt  to  be  salty.  Soil  of  the  peninsula  is  sandy. 
There  are  about  40  large  frame  residences.  These  could 
quarter  1,500  men.  Has  a  wharf  in  excellent  condition,  and 
track  and  hand  car  to  handle  freight. 

Gudsimas. — Village.  About  7\  miles  northwest  of  Car- 
denas, and  contains  10  to  15  houses. 

Cervantes. — A  colonia  of  central  Preciosa  and  situated  about 
7^  miles,  by  road,  northwest  of  Cardenas.  Was  once  a  large 
plantation  and  did  its  own  grinding,  but  was  burned  during 
an  insurrection.  The  dwelling  house  is  on  the  top  of  a  gen- 
tle rise,  85  feet  above  the  sea  level.  It  is  built  of  wood  and 
has  a  tile  roof;  capacity,  50  men.  From  this  house  the  ter- 
rain falls  in  all  directions  like  a  glacis.  An  excellent  artil- 
lery position,  commanding  all  country  within  range  to  north, 
east,  and  west.  The  cane  would  prevent  cavalry  operations. 
Water  is  brought  in  a  3-inch  pipe  from  a  well  600  yards  away 
and  carried  into  a  tank  which  supplies  the  house. 


310 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 


Siguapa. — Sitio.  Shipping  point  of  country  about  Dos 
Rosas  and  Preciosa.  Situated  on  low,  swampy  land.  It  is 
the  end  of  the  narrow-gauge  road  from  Preciosa.  The  road 
runs  out  on  two  wharves.  There  are  2  warehouses;  both 
are  built  of  stone  and  have  tile  roofs.  The  old  one  will  ac- 
commodate 100  men;  new  one,  200  men.  Water  obtained 
from  cistern  and  well.  One-half  mile  away  is  an  excellent 
quarry  of  building  stone. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  JOVELLANOS  (BEMBA)  (CAPrPAL,  .TOVELLANOS 
(BEMBA)). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 


Jovellanos  (Bemba) 

Rosita. 
Carlos  RojasorCimarrones. 

Coliseo 

Isabel 

San  Joaquin 

San  Jos6 

Tosca 


Asunci6n . 


Carlos  Rojas. 

Coliseo 

Isabel 

Realengo 

San  Joacjuin . 
San  Jose . 


Tosca . . . 
Toscano . 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Rural  and 
urban. 

...do 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


4.5 
11.2 
6.7 
4.5 
7.5 
6.5 

8.7 
5.2 


Popula- 
tion. 


4,685 

2,544 
1,806 
615 
598 
1,010 
4,561 


Jovellanos. — Town.  The  town  is  situated  15  miles  south 
of  Cardenas,  on  the  Cardenas  and  Jiicaro  Railroad  and 
United  Railroads  of  Havana.  Part  of  the  town  is  in  the 
barrio  of  Asuncion  and  part  in  the  barrio  of  San  Jose.  The 
industries  are  largely  in  the  hands  of  Spaniards. .  There  are 
2  large  carpenter  shops  where  plantation  carts  are  made 
and  an  excellent  machine  shop  and  foundry  where  sugar 
machinery  is  repaired  and  where  in  emergency  railroad  re- 
pairing can  be  done.    There  is  also  a  boiler  factory. 

Population,  9,246. 

Water  is  obtained  froiii  a  large  well  100  feet  deep,  situated 
in  the  center  of  town;  Avater  raised  by  steam  pump  to  large 
iron  tank  from  which  distributed;  quality  good,  quantity 
sufficient. 

No  sewer  system.  There  is  a  gas  plant  on  the  southeast 
edge  of  town,  but  gas  is  so  poor*  that  acetylene  gas  is  gen- 
erally used. 

In  the  town  are  851  houses,  150  of  which  are  constructed 
of  stone.  The  following  buildings  would  shelter  troops: 
City  hall,  stone,  one  floor,  city  water,  acetylene  gas,  poor 


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PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  311 

closets;  would  shelter  100  men;  on  Maximo  Gomez  street. 
Spanish  Club,  stone,  second  floor,  acetylene  gas,  city  water, 
modern  closets. 

There  is  a  stable  for  16  horses  one  block  south  of  depot 
on  calle  San  Jose.  At  the  rural  guard  quarters  on  Maximo 
Gomez  street  is  stable  room  for  6  horses.  On  the  west  side 
of  town  is  a  field  inclosed  by  a  hedge ;  would  make  a  corral 
for  about  50  animals. 

There  are  t^^o  buildings  suitable  for  storehouses,  viz, 
freight  shed  east  of  depot,  stone,  250  by  30  feet,  with  rail- 
road siding  alongside;  wooden  building  on  west  side  of 
depot,  150  by  30  feet,  with  siding  alongside.  There  is  about 
600  yards  of  railroad  siding. 

There  is  a  stone  building  which  was  used  as  a  hospital ;  has 
city  water  and  modern  plumbing. 

Railroad  station  is  in  northeast  part  of  town;  wood,  250 
by  30  feet,  covered.  Post-office,  McKinley  street,  1^  blocks 
west  of  depot.  Telegraph  office,  Maximo  Gomez  street.  Tele- 
phone in  railroad  station  and  in  telegraph  office. 

On  west  side  of  railroad  track,  300  yards  northwest  of 
depot,  there  is  a  level  piece  of  land  suitable  for  camp  of  about 
800  men;  city  water  can  be  tapped;  wood  scarce.  West  of 
town  near  cemetery  is  suitable  ground  for  1,000  men ;  water 
would  have  to  be  brought  1,000  yards  from  city  well. 

Roads  lead  out  of  town  west  to  Nueva  Luisa,  north  to 
Carlos  Rojas,  south  to  Isabel,  and  east  to  Recreo. 

Town  is  situated  in  level  country  and  was  formerly  pro- 
tected by  an  infantry  trench.  The  west  and  south  sides  of 
town  are  somewhat  protected  by  an  arroyo.  On  the  west 
side  is  the  cemetery ;  it  is  about  300  yards  square  and  situated 
on  a  slight  rise  of  ground. 

Asuncion. — Barrio.  The  barrio  of  this  name  includes  (a) 
urban  portion — part  of  the  town  of  Jovellanos  east  of  the 
railroad  track;  (b)  rural  portion — centrals  Soledad  and 
Victoria,  34  small  fincas,  and  the  sitio  Rosita.  Total  area 
of  the  barrio  is  about  14  square  miles. 

Rosita. — Sitio.  A  small  cluster  of  shacks  situated  4  miles 
south  of  Jovellanos.  It  is  the  end  of  the  branch  line  of  the 
U.  H.  R.  R.  from  Isabel  to  Rosita. 

Carlos  Rojas  (Cimarrones) . — Barrio  and  town.  The  bar- 
rio includes,   (a)   urban  portion — town  of  same  name;   (b) 


312  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

rural  portion — central  Olimpo  and  39  small  fincas.  Total 
area  of  barrio  about  6  square  miles. 

The  town  is  4^  miles  north  of  Jovellanos  on  Cardenas 
and  Jiicaro  branch  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  Principal  industry, 
sugar.     Population,  1,635. 

Water  supply  from  wells.  These  are  very  numerous — 
about  35.  The  water  is  good,  coming  from  subterranean 
streams,  and  the  supply  is  abundant.  There  is  no  sewer 
system.  The  general  method  of  lighting  is  by  oil  lamps, 
but  the  stores  have  their  individual  private  acetylene  plants. 

There  are  no  barracks,  but  in  case  of  emergency  the  fol- 
lowing buildings  would  be  available:  Freight  house,  capac- 
ity 2^  companies;  railroad  station,  capacity  1  company; 
church,  capacity  1^  companies.  There  are  also  2  school 
buildings  and  3  private  houses  that  would  be  serviceable  if 
necessary,  total  capacity  being  about  2  companies.  One  of 
the  school  buildings  is  of  wood;  the  other  one  is  part  wood 
and  part  mamposteria.  The  other  buildings  mentioned  are  of 
mamposteria,  and  include  about  all  of  such  buildings  in  the 
town.  All  the  buildings  described,  although  having  no 
modern  improvements,  would  be  sanitary,  or  could  easily  be 
made  so. 

There  is,  adjacent  to  the  railroad  station,  an  inclosure 
with  an  area  of  about  1  acre  and  surrounded  by  a  stonewall 
from  10  to  12  feet  high,  and  2  feet  thick ;  could  be  used  for  a 
transportation  corral.  To  this  inclosure  there  are  2  gates, 
1  on  either  side  of  the  station,  and  sufficiently  wide  for  the 
passage  of  army  wagons.  There  would  also  be  available  for 
the  construction  of  a  corral  the  level  ground  in  front  of  the 
station;  has  an  area  of  about  2  acres,  and  a  good  well  cen- 
trally situated.  Besides  this  well,  there  are  others  in  private 
yards  near  by. 

The  railroad  station  and  freight  house  referred  to  above 
would  serve  as  storehouses.  Near  by  there  are  four  sidings 
and  a  platform.  The  railroad  station  and  telegraph  office 
(railroad)  are  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  town,  and 
the  post-office  is  near  the  church. 

.  The  only  camp  site  is  the  ground  mentioned  as  suitable  for 
a  corral.  Here,  in  the  dry  season,  there  is  wood,  water,  and 
sufficient  space  for  a  battalion.  The  disadvantages  are  low 
ground  and  no  grass  near  at  hand. 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  313 

A  blockhouse  at  the  southwest  corner  of  the  town,  on  the 
road  to  Olimpo,  has  one  floor  (proper)  and  a  superior  gal- 
lery, affording  in  all  two  tiers  of  loopholes  and  accommoda- 
tion for  30  men. 

The  railroad  referred  to  is  a  single-track  road,  and  the  sid- 
ings are  only  as  long  as  the  station,  with  the  exception  of  one, 
about  125  yards  longer,  which  is,  in  reality,  a  spur  run- 
ning to  Olimpo.  It  runs  parallel  to  and  alongside  the  main 
track  for  the  distance  mentioned.  For  loading  purposes 
there  is  a  permanent  ramp,  about  30  feet  wide,  just  north  of 
the  station. 

There  are  four  principal  roads  leading  from  the  town, 
viz:  One  north  to  Lagunillas;  one  east  to  Maximo  Gomez 
(Recreo) ;  one  south  to  Jovellanos;  and  one  west  to  Coliseo, 
through  Olimpo. 

The  most  difficult  portion  of  the  town  to  defend  would  be 
the  northern  edge. 

Coliseo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  contains  centrals 
Carolina  and  Santa  Amalia.  The  village  is  a  shipping  point 
on  United  Railroads  of  Havana,  about  11.2  miles  northwest 
of  Jovellanos ;  to  the  south  and  west  are  wooded  hills  about 
150  feet  high.  In  1896  an  important  engagement  took  place 
at  this  point  between  the  Spanish  forces  commanded  by  Gen- 
eral Campos  and  Cuban  forces  commanded  by  General  Go- 
mez. After  the  battle  the  village  was  burned  by  the  Spanish 
forces,  and  has  never  since  reached  its  former  importance. 
Sugar  is  the  only  industry.     Population,  about  600. 

Water  is  obtained  from  a  large  well  situated  in  the  south- 
east portion  of  the  village.  Water  raised  by  hand  and 
sold  from  carts.  The  railroad  company  obtains  Avater  from 
a  deep  well  east  of  the  station ;  water  raised  by  steam  pump. 
No  sewer  system.     Streets  lighted  by  oil  lamps. 

There  are  about  20  buildings,  3  of  which  are  stone  and 
suitable  for  quarters  for  troops.  One  is  situated  south  of  the 
center  of  the  village  and  is  occupied  by  the  rural  guard. 
The  othei"  two  are  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  village  and  now 
used  as  stores.  These  3  buildings  are  in  bad  sanitary  condi- 
tion ;  no  water,  lights,  or  modern  closets ;  would  accommodate 
in  all  about  125  men. 

No  stables.  No  corral,  though  there  are  yards  that  could 
be  used.     No  building  suitable  for  hospital.     There  are  4 


314  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

small  wooden  houses  suitable  for  storehouses.  Telephone 
and  telegraph  offices  in  railroad  station.  Telephone  connec- 
tion with  ingenio  Santa  Amalia,  ingenio  Carolina,  railroad 
station  at  La  Tosca  and  Sumidero,  village  of  Limonar,  and 
colonia  Descanso. 

The  ground  is  low  and  badly  drained.  No  good  grazing; 
limited  amount  of  wood ;  no  camp  recommended.  There  is 
one  small,  stone  Spanish  blockhouse,  northwest  of  railroad 
sidings,  suitable  for  10  men. 

No  facilities  at  railroad  for  unloading.  Standard-gauge 
branch  leaves  village,  running  northeast  to  ingenio  Santa 
Amalia.  Standard-gauge  road  from  Coliseo  runs  northwest 
to  La  Julia  (Triunfo). 

The  village  is  surounded  by  cane  fields  on  north  and  east. 
High  hills  are  on  the  west  and  south.  On  the  west,  where 
the  railroad  passes,  there  is  an  opening  into  the  valley  of 
Sumidero. 

Isabel. — Barrio  and  village.  Ingenio  Elizalde  is  situated 
within  the  barrio.  The  village  is  a  small  railroad  station 
about  7  miles  by  road  south  of  Jovellanos.  It  consists  of  a 
cluster  of  small,  poorly  built,  wooden  houses.  The  railroad 
station  is  built  of  stone,  50  by  20  feet,  and  one  story  high. 
There  is  no  water  tank  and  no  siding.  Population,  about 
50.  The  village  is  divided  by  the  boundary  line  between 
the  municipalities  of  Jovellanos  and  Pedro  Betancourt,  only 
4  houses  and  the  schoolhouse  being  in  the  municipality  of 
Pedro  Betancourt. 

Realengo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  38  very 
small  fincas.  There  is  a  schoolhouse  at  the  finca  San  Carlos. 
Total  area  of  barrio,  about  1  square  mile. 

San  Joaquin. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district  hav- 
ing 49  fincas.  The  settlement  bearing  the  name  is  7^  miles 
by  direct  road  due  north  of  Jovellanos  and  contains  6  build- 
ings, one  of  which  is  a  school  and  one  a  store.  The  total 
area  of  the  barrio  is  about  18  square  miles. 

San  Jose. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict containing  part  of  the  town, of  Jovellanos  and  the  sitio 
of  San  Jose.  The  sitio  is  a  railroad  station,  6^  miles  north- 
west of  Jovellanos  on  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana  and 
is  4  miles  from  Carlos  Rojas,  with  which  place  it  is  connected 
by  road.     It  is  an  important  cattle  shipping  point.     The 


Z07JA 


OHONV  y 


PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS. 


315 


railroad  station  is  a  wooden  building  and  there  is  a  cattle 
corral  and  permanent  loading  ramp.  Water  obtained  from 
a  well  which  contains  good  water.  Five  hundred  yards  of 
railroad  siding. 

Tosca. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  a  railroad 
station  on  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana  about  8.7  miles 
northwest  of  Jovellanos.  It  consists  of  a  railroad  station 
(2  stone  buildings)  and  about  13  frame  houses.  Water 
supply  obtained  from  wells;  quality,  excellent.  Telephone 
and  telegraph  connection  with  Jovellanos  and  Coliseo.  Sin- 
gle-track standard-gauge  railroad  spur  to  finca  San  Fer- 
nando and  San  Juan;  has  telephone  line.  Railroad  siding 
of  300  yards. 

Toscano. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  15  very 
small  fincas,  one  of  which  is  a  sugar  colonia  of  the  same 
name,  and  central  San  Vicente.  Total  area  of  barrio  about 
10  square  miles. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  MARTi    (HATO  XUEVO)    (CAPITAL,  MARTi    (HATO 

NUEVO)). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Mart!  or  Hato  Nuevo Marti 

Altamisal. 

Guamutas Guamutas. 

Lacret  or  Itabo Lacret 

MAximo  Gdmez  or  Recreo.   MAximo  G<5mez. 

Motembo Motembo 

Rancho  del  Medio Uancbo  del  Medio. 

La  Carolina.  i 

San  Nicolds. 

Rio  de  la  Palma. 
La  Teja. 


Rural  or    ^j',*^^ 
urban.  ^™™, 

capital. 


Teja  (La) 


Miles. 

uraland 

urban. 

ural ' 

8.7 

do 

7.5 

do 

4.5 

do 

10 

do 

15 

do 

16     ' 

do 

6 

do 

12 

Popula- 
tion. 


2,907 


1,683 
1,141 
3,710 
2,868 
1,079 


363 
367 


Marti  {Hato  Neuvd). — Barrio  and  town.  Ingenio  Gui- 
puzcoa  is  situated  within  the  barrio.  The  town  is  on  the  rail- 
road between  Itabo  (Lacret)  and  Recreo  (Maximo  Gomez). 
Population,  about  800.  Water  obtained  from  numerous 
wells;  quality  good.  There  are  about  50  good  houses  in  the 
town.  One  side  track  at  the  railroad  station.  Telegraphic 
communication.  There  is  a  small  railroad  repair  shop  in  the 
town. 

Altamisal. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southeast  of 
Marti.  It  is  just  north  of  the  barrio  Altamisal,  in  the 
municipality  of  Colon,  and  contains  two  sugar  mills,  viz, 


316  PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 

ingenio  Angelita  and  central  Algorta.  The  village  of  Alta- 
misal,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  outlying  houses,  is  in  the 
barrio  of  Altamisal,  municipality  of  Colon. 

Guamutas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  settlement  called  Gua- 
mutas  is  7|  miles  south  of  Marti  and  was  formerly  a  vil- 
lage of  about  40  houses,  but  it  was  burned  in  1897,  and  there 
remain  at  present  only  one  house,  a  ruined  church,  and  a 
cemetery. 

Lacret. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  also  called 
Itabo.  It  is  on  the  Rio  de  la  Palma,  and  on  the  United  Rail- 
roads of  Havana,  4|  miles  east  of  Marti.  Population,  350. 
It  consists  of  45  frame  houses  and  a  number  of  shacks,  and 
has  a  post-office,  hotel,  and  some  stores.  The  railroad  store- 
house and  schoolhouse  would  shelter  about  300  men.  The 
railroad  has  a  small  siding.  A  wooden  bridge  spans  the 
Palma  River.     Town  was  burned  by  Spaniards  in  1896. 

Maximo  Gomez. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  contains 
ingenio  Santa  Catalina.  The  town  is  also  called  Recreo  and 
is  on  a  branch  of  the  Cardenas  and  Jiicaro  division  of  the 
United  Railroads  of  Havana,  10  miles  southwest  of  Marti. 
It  is  also  the  point  from  which  a  branch  of  the  same  railroad 
runs  to  Lacret  (Itabo).  The  town  is  frequently  flooded  dur- 
ing the  inundations  of  the  El  Roque  district.  As  a  conse- 
quence sanitary  conditions  are  bad  and  there  is  much  fever. 
Principal  industries  are  the  raising  of  sugar  cane  and  cattle. 
Population,  1,708.  Water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  is  not 
considered  good.  There  are  in  town  about  328  houses,  of 
which  7  are  constructed  of  stone.  At  the  railroad  depot  is  a 
small  corral,  which  holds  about  50  animals.  Telephone  and 
telegraph  at  railroad  station.  The  station  is  stone  and  along- 
side there  is  a  stone  warehouse;  dimensions  36  by  150  feet. 
Two  standard-gauge  sidings  of  about  400  yards  each  and  a  Y, 
There  are  also  two  large  iron  water  tanks,  to  which  water  is 
raised  by  steam  pump.  The  best  direction  to  approach  the 
town  for  attack  is  from  the  south  or  southwest. 

Motemho. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  contains  central 
Santa  Gertrudis,  about  15  farms,  and  the  sitio  of  the  same 
name.  The  sitio  is  15  miles  southeast  of  Marti  and  con- 
sists of  about  4  houses  and  2  oil  wells.  One  of  these  wells 
is  being  operated. 


yyv7  o 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 


317 


Rancho  del  Medio. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio 
of  the  same  name  the  barrio  contains  the  sitios  of  La  Caro- 
lina and  San  Nicolas.  The  sitio  of  Rancho  del  Medio  is  16 
miles  by  road  southwest  of  Marti  and  consists  of  3  or  4  houses. 

La  Carolina. — Sitio.  A  small  settlement  of  5  houses  on 
the  Carolina  road. 

San  Nicolas. — Sitio.  A  small  settlement  of  5  houses. 
Population,  50. 

Rio  de  la  Palma. — Barrio.  There  is  no  settlement  bear- 
ing the  name  in  the  barrio,  and  the  records  of  the  barrio  are 
kept  at  Lacret  (Itabo).  The  barrio  contains  a  number  of 
houses  widely  scattered  over  a  large  territory. 

La  Teja. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  point  called  La  Teja  is 
12  miles  by  road  northeast  of  Marti  and  consists  of  a  finca 
and  a  few  scattered  houses. 

.TIDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  COLON. 
Township :                                                                                              Population. 
Col6n 52,  006 

Jagiiey  Grande 10,256 

Pedro  Betancourt  (Corral  Falso) 13,044 

TOWNSHIP  OF  COl6n  (CAPITAL,  C0L6N). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


CoMn 

Agramonte  or  Cuevitas 

Agiiica 

Altamisal 

Altamisal     Viejo     or 
Chuchu  Espana. 

Amarillas 

Arabos  or  Macagua 

Banagiilses 

Calimete 

Caobillas 

Bar6. 
C6spedes  or  Cumanayagua. 

Las  Ciegas 

Dos  Hermanas  or  Sardinas 

Guareiras 

Jac&n 

Laguna  Grande 

FijuAn. 

Retamal. 

Macagua 

Manguito 

Marquesita 

Palmillas 

Perico 

Quintana 

Roque : 

San  Jos6  de  los  Ramos 

San  Pedro  de  Mayab6n 


Este  de  la  Villa. 


Oeste  de  la  Villa. 

Agramonte 

Agiiica 

Altamisal 


Urban  and 
rural. 

...do 

Rural 

...do.. 

...do 


Miles. 


Amarillas... 
Arabos,  Los. 
Banagiilses.. 

Calimete 

Caobillas. . . . 


Ciegas,  Las 

Dos  Hermanas.. 

Guareiras 

Jac&n 

Laguna  Grande. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Macagua 

Manguito 

Monte  Alto 

Palmillas 

Perico 

Quintana , 

Roque 

San  Jos4  de  los  Ramos.. 
San  Pedro  de  Mayabtfn. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


19.3 
7 
9.5 


18.7 
13.1 
6 

13.5 
13.7 

16.2 

12 

11.2 
5 

9.3 
3.5 


15 
10 
12.5 
11.2 
9 

14.5 
12 
11 
2L8 


3,786 


3,338 
4,157 
1,150 
2,067 


3,265 
1,883 
3,267 
3,683 
1,099 

1,188 
1,161 

741 
1,962 
1,788 

974 


907 
3,151 

823 

801 
4,102 

888 
1,476 
2,953 
1,396 


318  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

Colon. — Barrio  and  town.  The  city  of  Colon  is  on  the  old 
Matanzas  Railroad  and  the  old  Cardenas  and  Jucaro  line, 
these  being  now  part  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana. 
The  town  is  divided  into  two  wards  or  barrios,  viz,  Este  and 
Oeste.  It  is  an  important  town,  second  only  to  Cardenas,  in 
Matanzas  Province.  The  industries  of  the  town  consist 
mainly  of  raising  sugar  cane  and  the  following  other  indus- 
tries: One  soda-water  works,  1  distillery,  2  wagon  factories, 
4  foundries  working  in  iron,  and  18  tobacco  factories.  The 
population  of  the  town  proper  is  7,124.  There  are  in  the 
town  948  houses.  Water  is  obtained  from  various  wells, 
there  being  no  regular  city  supply.  This  water  is  not  good. 
If  wells  are  to  be  used,  those  in  the  northern  or  higher 
portion  of  the  town  should  be  used.  There  is  no  regular 
sewer  system.  The  city  has  constructed  several  drains  under- 
ground to  carry  water  from  the  low  portions  of  .the  town. 
They  empty  into  a  lagoon  to  the  south  of  the  town.  There  is 
no  system  of  lighting,  oil  or  acetylene  gas  being  used.  The 
State  owns  no  buildings  in  Colon.  The  town  owns  city  hall, 
city  hospital,  jail,  and  schoolhouse  (formerly  Spanish  bar- 
racks). The  city  hall  is  well  adapted  to  quarter  300  men. 
It  is  in  the  center  of  town,  fronting  Colon  Plaza;  is  two 
stories  high ;  stone ;  well  water ;  modern  closets ;  good  condi- 
tion. The  jail  is  in  good  condition;  stone;  well  water;  suit- 
able for  100  men.  The  school  is  an  old  Spanish  infantry 
cuartel;  stone;  well  water;  good  condition;  will  quarter  300 
men.  The  rural  guard  cuartel  has  stables  for  25  horses; 
situated  two  blocks  north  of  depot.  The  railroad  station  has 
an  excellent  corral  for  200  animals ;  well  near  by.  There  is  a 
large  stone  hospital ;  100  beds ;  condition  fair ;  well ;  modern 
closets ;  situated  200  yards  south  of  city  hall. 

Storehouses :  One  freight  shed  at  railroad  station,  150  feet 
long,  30  feet  wide;  has  loading  platform.  No  other  build- 
ings especially  suitable. 

Offices :  Railroad  and  government  telegraph  lines — office  of 
former  at  railroad  station  and  latter  at  post-office,  which  is 
one  square  east  of  Columbus  monument,  calle  Diego. 

Telephone  in  railroad  station;  connects  with  ingenio  Tin- 
guaro,  central  Calimete,  Perico,  Manguito,  Amarillas. 

There  is  an  ice  machine  100  feet  west  of  depot,  not  in  op- 
eration (1908).     Ice  bought  at  Matanzas. 


PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS.  319 

Desirable  camp  sites  may  be  found  on  high  ground  north 
of  town,  1,000  yards  north  of  old  Spanish  tower.  Here  there 
is  spring  water,  wood,  and  grass.  No  camps  should  be  made 
in  any  other  direction  from  town,  as  land  is  liable  to  over- 
flow and  the  wells  are  liable  to  be  polluted.  North  of  town 
ground  is  available  for  1.000  men.  There  are  two  large, 
good  springs,  with  sufficient  water  for  that  number  of  men. 

An  old  Spanish  tower  constructed  of  stone  occupies  a  posi- 
tion on  road  running  north  of  town.  It  has  three  tiers  of 
fire,  is  20,  feet  high,  and  12  feet  in  diameter. 

Railroads :  There  are  two  railroad  stations.  One  in  south- 
western portion  of  town  is  the  one  now  used  by  all  roads. 
One  to  east  of  town,  property  of  old  Matanzas  road,  is  now 
abandoned  as  a  regular  station.  At  the  former  station  there 
are  two  water  tanks,  water  pumped  by  steam  from  wells ;  one 
cattle  ramp;  two  sidings,  each  600  yards  long,  alongside  of 
freight  shed  above  mentioned ;  one  siding  at  depot,  500  yards 
long;  corral  above  mentioned;  siding  running  north  of  ware- 
house, 200  yards  long.  The  old  station  is  a  small  one,  built 
of  stone.  Near  it  are  three  sidings,  200  yards  in  all ;  wooden 
warehouse,  100  by  20  feet;  and  a  stone  ramp. 

Four  roads  lead  out  of  town.  One  north  to  Banagiiises; 
one  south  to  Guareiras;  one  east  to  Macagua;  one  west  to 
Perico. 

The  town  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  a  wooded  hill  about 
40  feet  liigh,  which  commands  the  town.  On  this  hill  there 
is  good  water  from  springs,  1,000  yards  from  the  city  limits. 
This  portion  of  the  surrounding  country  is  healthful.  A 
force  attacking  Colon  should  approach  from  the  north,  and 
after  taking  the  hill  the  defense  of  the  city  would  no  longer 
be  practicable.  South  of  the  city  the  land  is  low  and 
swampy.  A  force  advancing  from  this  direction  would 
have  to  cross  the  lagoon,  into  which  all  the  surface  water  of 
the  city  runs,  and  an  arroyo.  From  the  east  an  advancing 
force  would  have  to  cross  this  arroyo  1,000  yards  from  town, 
and  in  the  rainy  season  it  is  an  obstacle  of  importance.  On 
the  west  flank  of  the  town  there  is  a  walled  cemetery,  200 
yards  square,  which  could  be  used  by  a  defending  force. 

Agramonte. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  about  18 
miles  southwest  of  Colon,  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.,  and  was  for- 
merly know  as  Cuevitas.    It  is  the  center  of  a  large  sugar- 


320  PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 

growing  territory,  low  and  flat ;  to  the  west  the  terrain  falls 
gradually  toward  Isabel,  where  the  country  is  entirely  over- 
flowed during  the  rainy  season.  Here  two  large  lagoons  are 
formed,  which  remain  throughout  the  dry  season,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  railroad.  The  one  to  the  north  has  a  soft 
mud  bottom,  the  one  to  the  south  a  hard  stone  bottom.  With 
the  exception  of  a  small  distillery,  the  only  industry  is  the 
raising  of  sugar  cane.  In  Agramonte  barrio  are  situated  the 
central  Union,  central  Santa  Rita,  and  ingenio  San  Ignacio 
(Asturia),  near  the  town.  The  population  is  1,852.  There 
are  413  houses  of  all  kinds.  There  is  no  town  water  supply. 
Various  private  wells  furnish  good  water.  There  are  no 
sewers,  and  no  lights  but  oil  lamps.  The  streets,  about  14  in 
number,  are  rocky,  and  while  not  good  are  passable  in  the 
rainy  season.  The  State  owns  a  wooden  school  building, 
situated  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  town ;  suitable  for  50 
men.  This  building  was  built  by  the  American  military  gov- 
ernment in  1901,  and  is  in  good  condition;  well  water;  oil 
lamps;  no  modern  closets.  The  Spanish  Club,  a  two-story 
stone  building  (first  floor  being  a  tienda)  is  suitable  for  30 
men;  situated  100  yards  west  of  the  railroad  station;  oil 
lamps ;  well  water ;  no  modern  closets. 

The  rural  guard  quarters  has  stable  room  for  12  horses. 
Just  south  of  these  quarters  are  two  large  fields,  fenced  by 
cactus,  that  could  be  used  as  corrals ;  no  shelter  for  animals ; 
water  from  near-by  wells. 

No  suitable  building  for  a  hospital. 

The  railroad  has  a  stone  building,  300  by  36  feet;  situated 
on  siding;  suitable  for  storehouse. 

In  railroad  station  is  a  telegraph  office  (railroad  line). 
Post-office,  100  yards  southwest  of  depot.  Telephone  at 
depot  to  centra]  Union  and  ingenio  San  Ignacio.  There 
are  two  other  telephones  in  private  houses ;  one  connects  with 
Santa  Rita  and  one  with  barrio  Isabel.  There  is  also  a 
telephone  to  colonia  Maravilla. 

Good  camp  site  along  both  sides  of  road  running  out  of 
town  to  south.  In  rainy  season  would  have  to  be  drained. 
Wood  and  grass  scarce. 

The  Spaniards  built  for  the  defense  of  Agramonte  12 
blockhouses;  two  tiers  of  fire;  12  by  12  feet,  14  feet  high 
and  2  feet  thick.     They  command  all  the  roads  entering  town 


PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS.  321 

and  by  cross  fire  protect  the  flanks.  All  are  now  destroyed 
but  two,  one  where  Jovellanos  road  enters  the  town  from  the 
north  and  one  on  the  west  side  of  town. 

Railroad  station  has  warehouse  previously  described,  and 
stone  depot  150  by  30  feet.  There  is  a  stone  ramp  for  un- 
loading animals,  and  a  large  iron  water  tank  (water  pumped 
by  steam  from  well).  There  are  800  yards  of  standard  sid- 
ing and  a  small  sugar  crane,  suitable  for  unloading  freight. 
Loading  platform  at  depot. 

A  standard-gauge  siding  runs  south  from  town  to  ingenio 
Ignacio,  3  miles,  and  a  narrow-gauge  siding  runs  southwest 
and  joins  the  narrow-gauge  railroad  from  Union. 

An  approach  could  be  made  from-  any  direction.  A 
small  cemetery,  with  a  wall  150  by  150  feet,  6  feet  high  and  2 
feet  thick,  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  town,  600  yards 
distant.  This  is  the  only  obstacle  of  importance  near  town. 
About  the  town  run  three  streets  where  shacks  are  built. 
These  shacks  are  connected  by  cactus  hedges,  very  high  and 
strong,  and  to  penetrate  them  machetes  would  be  required. 

Five  roads  run  out  of  town.  One  dirt  road  north  to 
Jovellanos;  one  dirt  road  east  to  central  Santa  Rita;  one 
dirt  road  west  to  central  Union ;  one  dirt  road  southeast  to 
Maravilla.  There  is  also  a  macadam  road  connecting  ceme- 
tery with  town. 

The  Spanish  garrison  of  this  place  was  200  men.  These 
occupied  blockhouses  and  various  houses  prepared  for  de- 
fense and  when  they  left  town  the  volunteers  took  their 
place.  The  surrounding  country  is  open  and  suitable  for 
infantry  and  cavalry.  During  the  Cuban  war  colunins  of 
Spanish  troops  prevented  Cuban  forces  from  entering  the 
country  near  this  town. 

Agiiica. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  east  of  Colon, 
and,  besides  the  village  of  the  same  name,  contains  7  fincas. 

The  village  is  a  railroad  station  on  the  United  Railroads 
of  Havana,  6  miles  from  Colon,  and  consists  of  3  houses,  a 
post-oflBce,  and  a  stone  railroad  station,  alongside  of  which 
is  a  small  warehouse.  There  are  also  two  sidings  and  a 
short  spur,  amounting  in  all  to  about  500  yards  of  track. 
Near  depot  is  a  small  corral,  with  ramp  for  loading  animals. 

492—09 21 


322  PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS. 

The  railroad  station  is  connected  with  Macagua  and  central 
Aguedita  by  telephone. 

One  and  one-half  miles  north  of  this  village  is  a  point 
known  as  Agiiica  Vieja,  which  consists  of  a  house  and  the 
ruins  of  an  old  sugar  mill. 

Altamisal. — Barrio  and  village.  Centrals  Espana  and 
Tinguara  are  situated  in  this  barrio.  The  village  is  about 
9^  miles  northwest  of  Colon,  on  the  Cardenas  and  Jucaro 
branch  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana.  The  principal 
industry  is  the  raising  of  sugar  cane.  Population  about 
300.  No  buildings  suitable  for  military  purposes.  At  the 
railroad  station  is  a  stone  building,  50  by  20  feet,  with  load- 
ing ramp  and  about  600  yards  of  siding.  Telegraph  office 
at  station.  No  suitable  camp  sites,  as  ground  is  low.  A  road 
runs  in  a  southerly  direction  to  Perico  and  one  south  to 
Retamal. 

There  is  another  point  in  this  barrio  that  was  formerly 
known  as  Altamisal  Vie  jo,  but  is  now  known  as  Chuchu  Es- 
pana. It  is  at  the  point  where  a  branch  of  the  railroad  leaves 
the  Cardenas  and  Jucaro  line  for  the  Espana  sugar  mill.  It 
is  of  no  importance. 

Amarillas. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small  town  on  the  U.  H. 
R.  R.,  about  18  miles  by  rail  south  of  Colon  and  1|  miles 
north  of  the  Hanabana  River,  Has  1,986  inhabitants  and 
about  100  houses.  It  is  a  healthful  town.  Water  is  obtained 
from  wells  and  is  filtered  by  inhabitants.  Has  a  railroad 
depot,  water  tank,  telegraph  office,  and  post-office.  Church 
would  hold  about  50  men  and  railroad  station  about  the  same 
number. 

Los  Arabos. — Barrio  and  town.  In  the  barrio  are  the 
sugar  mills  Occitania  and  Aguedita.  The  town,  so  called, 
corresponds  to  the  railroad  station  of  Macagua,  which  was 
named  after  Macagua  Vieja  before  the  present  town  grew  up. 
It  is  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.,  about  14  miles  east  of  Colon.  , 

The  town  and  railroad  station  are  called  Macagua,  but  the 
post-office  is  called  Arabos.  The  principal  industry  is  the 
raising  of  sugar  cane.  Consists  of  about  150  houses,  and  of 
these  only  3  are  of  stone,  the  rest  being  small,  one-story, 
wooden  buildings,  not  suitable  for  barracks.  Population, 
about  800.  Water  is  taken  from  wells  and  is  bad.  Railroad 
has  two  tanks;  water  raised  by  steam  pump;  not  good  for 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  323 

drinking  purposes.  Xo  sewer  system ;  lighted  by  oil  lamps. 
Stable  room  for  about  25  horses.  Corral  for  100  animals 
near  depot,  with  siding  and  ramp  for  loading.  No  buildings 
suitable  for  hospital  or  storehouses  except  depot  and  one 
stone  warehouse.  Post-office  across  street  from  depot.  Gov- 
ernment telegraph  and  telephone  in  post-office.  Telephone 
connection  at  railroad  station  with  Agiiica  and  sugar  mills 
Dulce  Nombre,  Aguedita,  and  Occitania.  Good  camp  sites 
on  all  sides  of  town,  with  wood  and  grazing,  but  water  is  bad. 
There  is  an  old  stone  blockhouse  at  each  corner  of  the  town. 
Blockhouses  are  about  14  feet  square,  12  feet  high,  and  2  feet 
thick.  Small  stone  building  and  a  warehouse  across  the  track 
from  station.  Three  railroad  sidings,  in  all  about  900  yards. 
Branch  of  the  railroad  leaves  main  line  west  of  depot  and 
runs  northwest  to  San  Jose  de  los  Ramos.  Village  flooded 
with  water  during  rainy  season. 

Banagiiises. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  contains  the 
central  Alava.  The  town  is  about  6  miles  northeast  of 
Colon,  on  branch  railroad  running  from  Altamisal  to  San 
Jose  de  los  Ramos.  Principal  industry,  raising  of  sugar 
cane.  Population,  1,130.  Water  obtained  from  wells.  It 
is  of  fair  quality.     No  sewer  system  and  no  street  lights. 

Very  few  buildings  suitable  for  military  purposes.  There 
is  a  stable  for  12  horses,  and  a  stone  building  used  as  rural 
guard  quarters;  could  be  used  as  a  hospital.  The  depot  is 
the  only  place  suitable  for  a  storehouse. 

Post-office  two  blocks  west  of  depot.  No  government  tele- 
graph office  and  no  telephone  central.  Railroad  telegraph 
office  in  depot.  Rural  guard  has  telephone  connection  with 
San  Jose  de  los  Ramos  and  sugar  mills  Alava  and  Santa 
Gertrudis.    No  good  camp  sites. 

Five  stone  blockhouses;  three  around  the  town  and  one 
on  each  corner  of  front  of  rural  guard  quarters;  12  feet 
square  and  20  feet  high,  with  walls  2  feet  thick. 

Branch  spur,  standard  gauge,  runs  to  small  colonia,  1^ 
miles  west.  Branch,  standard  guage,  runs  northeast  to  sugar 
mill  Santa  Gertrudis;  3^  miles  long.  One  runs  southwest 
to  sugar  mill  Alava ;  1^  miles  long.  There  is  about  250  yards 
of  siding, 

A  road  runs  south  to  Colon,  one  southeast  to  San  Jose  de 
los  Ramos,  and  one  east  to  Altamisal. 


324  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

Galimete. — Barrio  and  town.  Central  Por  Fuerza  is  situ- 
ated in  the  barrio.  The  town  is  about  13  miles  south  of 
Colon,  and  is  on  the  railroad.  Population,  1,180.  Water 
obtained  from  wells.  Streets  lighted  by  oil  lamps.  There 
are  about  400  small  houses,  none  of  which  are  particularly 
suitable  for  military  purposes.  There  is  one  stone  dwelling 
house  which  might  be  used  as  barracks  or  hospital.  Tele- 
graph office  at  railroad  station.  Post-office  on  Independence 
street,  south  of  depot.  Camp  site  about  200  yards  northwest 
of  depot.  Plenty  of  wood,  water,  and  grazing.  About 
2,000  yards  of  railroad  siding.  A  road  runs  east  to  Cuma- 
nayagua  and  one  north  to  Manguito. 

Gaohillas. — Barrio  and  finca.  A  rural  district  southwest 
of  Colon,  containing  the  central  Santa  Rita.  The  point 
bearing  the  name  is  a  finca  and  the  residence  of  the  alcalde  of 
the  barrio.  There  are  21  other  small  fincas  in  the  district, 
and  the  railroad  station  of  Baro,  where  there  is  one  store. 

Cespedes  {Cumayiayagua) . — Barrio  and  town.  The  town 
is  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  U.  H.  E.  R.  running  from 
Guareiras  to  Venero,  and  is  16.2  miles  southeast  of  Colon  by 
road.  Population,  about  800.  Water  obtained  from  wells, 
and  is  not  very  good.  There  are  about  20  small  unimportant 
buildings.  The  town  is  flooded  with  water  for  from  one  to 
two  months  during  the  rainy  season,  and  there  is  a  great  deal 
of  malaria.  At  the  railroad  station  is  a  stone  building,  50  by 
30  feet.  Across  from  it  is  a  wooden  shed,  75  by  30  feet,  with 
siding  alongside.  There  is  altogether  300  yards  of  siding. 
Near  the  depot  is  a  water  tank.  Telegraph  office  at  station, 
and  telephone  to  ingenio  Por  Fuerza.  Good  camp  sites  north 
and  east  of  town  in  dry  season,  but  water  is  bad  and  wood 
scarce. 

Las  Giegas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict northeast  of  Colon  and  the  sitio  is  a  small  settlement  12 
miles  northeast  of  Colon,  on  the  outskirts  of  San  Jose  de  los 
Ramos,  of  which  place  it  is  practically  a  part. 

Dos  Hermanas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  south  of  Colon,  containing  15  fincas,  besides  the  sitio. 

The  sitio  is  a  colonia  (formerly  an  ingenio),  11.2  miles 
from  Colon.  It  has  6  houses  and  a  store,  but  no  post-office. 
The  sitio  is  also  known  as  Sardinas. 


PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS.  325 

Guareiras. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  also  known  as 
Colombia  and  as  Sabanilla  de  Guareiras.  It  is  at  the  junc- 
tion of  five  railroads,  5  miles  by  rail  south  of  Colon,  and  is  an 
important  shipping  point  for  sugar.  Population,  about  900. 
There  is  no  sewer  system  and  no  lights  other  than  oil  lamps. 
Water  is  obtained  from  various  wells  and  is  good.  Streets 
are  not  paved,  and  during  the  rainy  season  are  very  bad. 

Situated  in  an  open  space  between  the  railroad  station  and 
the  town  is  the  old  cuartel  of  the  Spanish  guardia  civil ;  built 
of  stone,  with  a  stone  tower  on  one  corner  30  feet  high,  10 
feet  in  diameter,  and  wall  2|  feet  thick.  This  tower  is  ar- 
ranged for  three  tiers  of  infantry  fire  and  commands  the 
junction  of  the  railroad  lines  and  town.  The  cuartel  is  suit- 
able for  30  men,  and  is  now  used  as  a  school.  Situated  along- 
side the  railroad  station  is  a  large  two-story  wooden  house, 
which  would  hold  30  men. 

The  only  stable  of  any  size  is  in  the  rural  guard  quarters; 
suitable  for  12  animals.  There  are  no  corrals  except  one 
small  inclosure  at  the  station,  property  of  the  railroad; 
suitable  for  12  animals.  There  are  a  number  of  small  pri- 
vate stables  which  in  all  would  hold  20  horses. 

The  railroad  has  a  telegraph  station  at  depot  and  at  the 
same  place  is  a  telephone  to  central  Mercedes  and  colonia 
Labernito.  Post-office  is  on  the  street  fronting  railroad 
station. 

At  the  railroad  there  is  a  shed  100  by  10  yards;  portion 
of  the  shed  is  used  for  station;  1,000  yards  of  siding;  crane 
for  hoisting  sugar  cane ;  two  stone  ramps  for  loading  cattle ; 
and  four  large  iron  water  tanks. 

All  ground  about  the  town  is  used  to  plant  sugar  cane, 
but  the  land  to  west  is  somewhat  higher  than  on  any  other 
side.  The  country  is  not  well  drained  and  no  camp  site  is 
recommended. 

There  are  5  small  stone  blockhouses  surrounding  the  vil- 
lage. All  are  in  bad  repair.  Dimensions  as  follows:  10 
by  10  feet,  12  feet  high,  and  walls  2  feet  thick. 

Four  roads  leave  the  town.  One  south  to  Manguito;  one 
west  to  Jagiiey  Grande;  one  north  to  Colon;  one  east  to 
Cumanayagua. 


326  PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 

There  is  no  commanding  ground.  It  is  all  flat  and  badly 
drained.  Roads  difficult  to  pass  over  with  wagons  during 
the  rains.  As  the  southern  approach  is  commanded  by  the 
tower  described  above,  an  advance  is  recommended  from  any 
other  side.  Half  a  mile  to  the  south  runs  a  stream  called 
Rio  Palmillas;  dry  in  dry  season,  but  during  rains  fords 
must  be  located.  The  bed  averages  15  feet  in  width;  banks 
low;  bottom  muddy.  Should  an  approach  be  made  from 
the  south  during  the  rainy  season  this  river,  or  rather  arroyo, 
will  prove  an  obstacle  that  should  be  considered. 

The  village  is  an  important  railroad  center,  but  in  time 
of  insurrection  only  a  small  force  was  necessary  for  its 
defense,  as  the  surrounding  country  affords  few  hiding  places 
for  insurgent  forces. 

Jacdn. — Barrio  and  village.  Situated  9.5  miles  southeast 
of  Colon.  Population,  300.  Good  water  obtained  from 
wells.  Contains  about  30  small  houses  of  no  military  im- 
portance.   No  telegraphic  or  telephonic  communication. 

Laguna  Grande. — Barrio  and  finca.  A  rural  district  con- 
taining village  of  Pijuan,  sitio  of  Retamal,  and  half  a  dozen 
scattered  farms  of  2  or  3  houses  each.  The  point  so  called 
consists  of  a  finca  with  3  houses  on  it.  The  principal  place 
in  the  barrio  is  Pijuan. 

Pijuan. — Village.  A  negro  village  of  about  20  houses  at 
kilometer  40,  Cardenas  division  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  and  3 
miles  from  Altamisal.  There  are  two  switches  and  a  cane 
siding  at  this  point,  and  a  branch  of  the  railroad  to  the  Tin- 
guaro  sugar  mill.  Part  of  the  village  is  in  the  municipality 
of  Marti,  the  boundary  line  passing  through  it. 

Retamal. — Sitio.  About  3:1  miles  northwest  of  Colon,  at 
the  junction  of  3  railroads.  One  runs  north  to  Altamisal 
and  one  south  to  Guareiras,  and  the  third  is  the  main  Colon- 
Jovellanos  line.  The  depot  is  a  stone  building,  50  by  20 
feet,  with  unloading  and  loading  platform.  There  are  4 
small  wooden  buildings,  a  pumping  station,  and  water  tank 
near  the  depot.  Telegraph  office  at  depot.  There  are  about 
900  yards  of  sidings  near  depot,  one  branch  150  yards  long 
going  to  a  cane  crane  south  of  depot. 

Macagua. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict about  4  miles  from  Arabos,  and  contains  the  ingenio 
Dulce  Nombre.    The   village  is  about  2^  miles  northeast 


PROVINCE   OP    MATANZAS.  327 

of  the  station  of  Macagua  and  is  15  miles  by  road  north- 
east of  Colon.  It  consists  of  about  30  small  thatched  and 
wooden  buildings,  none  of  which  are  suitable  for  any  military 
purposes.  Xo  sewer  system  or  lights.  Water  obtained  from 
wells  and  is  bad.  Village  is  flooded  with  water  in  rainy  sea- 
son, the  water  getting  deep  enough  to  enter  all  the  houses. 
The  overflow  of  water  lasts  for  about  a  month  and  some- 
times longer. 

Manguito. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  contains  the  cen- 
trals Esperanza,  Aran  jo  (Nena),  and  Mercedes.  The  town 
is  on  the  railroad  about  4  miles  south  of  Guareiras  and  about 
9|  miles  by  road  southwest  of  Colon.  Principal  industry  is 
the  raising  of  sugar  cane.  Population,  1,181.  Water  ob- 
tained from  wells.  There  are  about  400  wooden  and  7  stone 
buildings.  The  only  one  suitable  for  military  purposes  is  a 
large  wooden  building  on  the  main  street,  which  would  hold 
a  company  or  make  a  30-bed  hospital.  The  railroad  depot  is 
a  wooden  building,  50  by  20  feet,  with  platforms.  Across  the 
track  is  i  building,  50  by  30  feet.  There  is  about  1,500  yards 
of  railroad  siding.  Post-office  on  main  street;  telegraph  is 
at  railroad  depot.  Two  roads  leave  town;  one  north  to 
Guareiras,  and  one  south  to  Calimete. 

Monte  Alto. — Barrio.  A  rural  district,  which  contains 
Marquesita  and  74  small  fincas.     No  post-office. 

Marquesita. — Village.  A  scattered  settlement  12|  miles 
east  of  Colon,  and  consists  of  the  ruined  sugar  mill  San 
Luciano  and  33  small  farms.  Total  population,  150.  There 
is  a  two-story  house  at  the  mill,  which  is  used  as  a  school. 
The  other  houses  are  huts. 

Palmillas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  12 
miles  southeast  of  Colon,  3  miles  south  of  Jacan,  and  10| 
miles  southwest  of  Macagua.  Population,  about  250.  Water 
is  obtained  from  wells  and  is  not  very  good.  About  20  small 
houses  of  no  military  value.  Small  stone  church,  50  by  20 
feet.     No  telegraphic  or  telephonic  communication. 

Perico. — Barrio  and  town.  Situated  on  the  railroad  about 
9  miles  northwest  of  Colon.  The  town  is  divided  into  two 
wards  or  barrios,  viz,  Norte  and  Sur.  Principal  industry 
is  raising  sugar  cane.  Population,  1,322.  Good  water  ob- 
tained from  wells.  No  buildings  suitable  for  military  pur- 
poses except  Spanish  Club;  situated  about  300  yards  from 


328  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

depot,  and  would  hold  about  one  company  or  make  a  30-bed 
hospital.  There  is  a  stone  building,  30  by  60  feet,  at  depot 
with  unloading  platform,  and  two  smaller  buildings  with 
sidings  but  no  platforms.  Post-office  is  one  block  north  of 
depot,  on  Gonzales  street;  telegraph  office  in  same  building. 
No  camp  sites  available.  There  is  about  1,200  yards  of  rail- 
road siding  around  depot.  Three  roads  lead  out  of  town — 
one  west  to  Quintana,  one  east  of  Colon,  and  one  northeast 
to  Altamisal. 

Quintana. — Barrio  and  village.  Situated  on  high  ground 
on  the  Cardenas  and  Jiicaro  Railroad  (United  Railroads  of 
Havana)  14.5  miles  northwest  of  Colon.  The  surrounding 
country  is  planted  in  sugar  cane  and  is  low  to  the  west  and 
high  to  the  east.  Population,  about  40.  Good  water  ob- 
tained from  wooden  tank,  400  yards  northeast  of  railroad 
station.  Water  raised  from  well  to  tank  by  windmill. 
Railroad  station  is  stone  building,  40  by  22  feet,  and  would 
hold  75  men.  Stone  warehouse,  60  by  20  feet,  across  from 
station  would  hold  75  men.  Railroad  siding  runs  alongside 
warehouse.  Good  pasture  land  near  by,  suitable  for  camp 
site.  Telegraph  station  at  railroad  station.  Roads  leave 
town,  southeast  to  El  Roque  and  north  to  Cardenas. 

Roque. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  contains  the  in- 
genio  Reglita.  The  town  is  situated  near  the  railroad  and 
is  about  2|  miles  southeast  of  Quintana  and  11  miles  north- 
west of  Colon.  Principal  industry,  raising  of  sugar  cane. 
Population,  1,000.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and  said  to 
be  good.  There  are  about  100  buildings  in  town,  but  in  the 
rainy  season  all  are  subject  to  flood.  The  greater  part  of 
the  town  is  covered  with  several  inches  of  water  during  the 
rainy  season.  In  the  center  of  town  the  high  water  usually 
lasts  only  a  few  days  at  a  time,  but  on  the  outskirts  it  re- 
mains for  one  or  two  months.  There  is  a  stone  church  in  the 
center  of  the  town.  No  telegraphic  or  telephonic  communi- 
cation. Two  roads  run  out  of  town ;  one  northeast  to  Quin- 
tana, and  one  southeast  to  the  sugar  mill  Reglita.  During  the 
rainy  season  they  can  not  be  used  and  boats  are  used  to  leave 
town. 

San  Jose  de  los  Ramos. — Barrio  and  town.  This  town  is 
in  the  eastern  portion  of  Matanzas  Province,  on  the  Jucaro 


^Oi<ri.LAA^OS 


JAGUEY    GRANDE 
TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 


329 


line  of  the  U.  H.  R.  R.,  and  is  11  miles  by  road  northeast  of 
Colon.  It  is  situated  on  a  rocky  elevation,  about  30  feet 
high,  and  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  an  arroyo, 
which  during  the  rains  is  unfordable.  Principal  industry, 
raising  sugar  cane.  Population,  1,389.  There  are  two  build- 
ings which  are  the  property  of  the  town.  One  is  the  office 
of  the  alcalde,  a  small  frame  building,  suitable  for  10  men; 
the  other  is  the  rural  guard  quarters,  frame  building,  wuth 
.stable  for  8  horses  and  small  yard  with  stone  wall.  This 
latter  building  would  hold  20  men.  Water  obtained  from 
wells.  Oil  lamps  used  for  lighting  purposes.  Telegraph 
office  at  railroad  station.  Telephone  in  railroad  station  to 
sugar  mills  Santa  Gertrudis  and  Alava.  Post-office  on  main 
street,  100  yards  east  of  railroad  station.  No  good  camp 
sites.  Three  standard-gauge  railroad  sidings;  280  yards  in 
all.  One  water  tank;  one  ramp  for  cattle;  no  platforms. 
Five  roads  go  out  of  town :  One  west  to  Banagiiises,  one  north 
to  Itabo,  two  northeast  to  Corralillo,  and  one  south  to 
Macagua.  Best  line  of  approach  for  attack:  During  the 
rainy  season  the  town  should  be  approached  from  east  or 
southeast,  as  the  Arroyo  Naranjo  is  not  fordable  and  to  cross 
it  the  bridge  must  be  used. 

San  Pedro  de  3/ ay  ah  on. ^— Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  dis- 
trict which  contains  the  village  of  San  Pedro  de  Mayabon 
and  48  rural  fincas,  the  principal  ones  being  Santa  Lucia, 
Cuatro  Esquinas,  La  Campana,  and  La  Giiira. 

The  village  of  San  Pedro  de  Mayabon  is  on  the  United 
Railroads  of  Havana,  22  miles  east  of  Colon,  and  has 
a  population  of  700.  There  are  57  houses,  including  20 
stores.     About  70  per  cent  of  the  houses  are  mere  huts. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  JAGUEY  GRANDE  (CAPITAL,  JAGUEY  GRANDE). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popular 
tion. 

Jagiiey  Grande 

Pueblo  (Jagiiey  Grande) 

Urban 

Miles. 

1,826 

Crimea. . . '. 

Rural 

...do 

4.8 

4.5 

7 

5.7 

7.2 

3.8 

1,443 

Gallardo 

1,822 

Jabaco 

...do.. 

1,142 

L6pez 

...do 

1,645 
1,061 

Muiga 

Murpa-Sin6 

...do 

Rovira                

...do 

1,317 

330  PROVINCE   OP   MATANZAS. 

Jagiley  Grande. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  is  called 
Pueblo.  The  town  of  Jagiiey  Grande  is  the  most  easterly 
town  of  importance  on  the  Navajas-Murga  branch  of  the 
United  Railroads  of  Havana.  It  is  a  shipping  point  for 
sugar  cane  and  for  sugar  from  ingenio  Australia.  The  only 
industries  are  the  raising  of  sugar  cane  and  some  bananas. 

The  population  of  the  town  is  1,826.  It  has  246  houses, 
43  of  which  are  of  stone. 

Water  is  obtained  from  various  wells,  and  while  there  is 
no  regular  city  supply,  it  may  be  classed  as  good  and 
plentiful. 

There  are  no  sewers,  and  no  lights  other  than  oil  lamps. 

Buildings  suitable  for  barracks:  The  municipal  govern- 
ment owns  the  following  buildings:  City  hall,  slaughter- 
house, and  one  large  wooden  building,  in  bad  repair,  now 
rented  to  private  parties.  The  State  owns  one  wooden 
school  building.  Of  these  the  most  suitable  for  troops  is 
the  city  hall ;  built  of  stone ;  well  water ;  no  modern  closets ; 
oil  lamps  for  light;  walled  yard  attached;  suitable  for  50 
men.  The  school  building  has  excellent  location  in  center 
of  town  in  public  square;  excellent  state  of  repair;  oil  for 
light ;  no  modern  closets ;  suitable  for  50  men. 

There  is  one  stable  on  calle  Maceo  for  20  animals,  with 
corral  attached  suitable  for  30  animals.  Another  corral 
for  60  animals,  situated  on  calle  San  Francisco. 

There  are  no  buildings  suitable  for  hospitals. 

One  stone  building,  property  of  railroad  company,  100 
yards  northwest  of  depot;  100  by  25  feet,  with  standard- 
gauge  siding,  but  no  unloading  platform ;  would  be  suitable 
for  storehouse.  A  stone  unloading  platform,  15  feet  long 
and  4  feet  deep,  is  situated  25  yards  northwest  of  this  store- 
house. 

Telephone  in  railroad  station  connecting  with  ingenio 
Australia.  Railroad  telegraph  station  in  depot.  No  gov- 
ernment line.     Post-office  on  calle  San  Francisco. 

Excellent  site  for  camp  of  500  men  southwest  of  depot  at 
end  of  San  Francisco  street ;  good  grass  and  limited  supply 
of  wood. 

The  United  Railroads  of  Havana  have  in  town  the  fol- 
lowing: 3,000  yards  of  standard-gauge  sidings;  large  water 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  331 

tank,  filled  from  well  by  steam  pump;  two  sugar-loading 
cranes. 

There  are  five  roads  out  of  town :  Telford  highway  runs 
north  to  Jovellanos ;  a  dirt  road  east  to  Murga ;  old  Camino 
Real,  east  to  Santiago  de  Cuba  (dirt  road  in  bad  repair)  ;  a 
dirt  road  west  to  Torriente;  a  dirt  road  southwest  to  Lopez 
(barrio). 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack :  Town  is  situated  on  ele- 
vated piece  of  rocky  ground.  To  the  north  is  low  and 
swampy  land,  difficult  to  cross  except  by  road.  Approach  in 
this  direction  is  not  recommended.  To  east  and  west  is  much 
cane,  but  there  is  no  other  obstacle  to  approach,  except 
that  on  west  side  of  town  there  is  a  small  walled  cemetery, 
150  by  150  feet.  Terrain  to  the  south  rocky,  and  an  ap- 
proach could  be  made  through  growing  cane  and  heavy 
underbrush. 

Considering  the  nearness  of  this  town  to  the  great  swamp 
of  Zapata,  it  has  excellent  health  conditions.  There  is  some 
malaria,  but  the  town  is  well  drained  and  on  rocky  soil. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  Spanish  troops  formed  the  regular 
garrison  during  the  war.  The  town  was  also  a  center  of 
operations  for  small  columns  operating  about  the  district. 

Asiento. — Barrio.  This  rural  district  contains  the  rail- 
road station  of  Crimea  and  75  fincas. 

Crimea. — A  railroad  station,  at  which  point  there  are  two 
tiendas. 

Gallardo. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  128  small 
fincas,  greatly  scattered. 

Jahaco. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  the  ingenio 
San  Ygnacio  (Asturia)  and  111  small  fincas.  There  are  4 
stores  in  the  entire  barrio,  one  of  them  being  at  the  ingenio. 

Lopez. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  containing  the  ingenio 
Australia  and  63  fincas.  There  are  3  schools  and  a  store  in 
the  entire  barrio. 

Murga-Sinu. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  of  Murga  is  a 
small  station  at  the  end  of  the  branch  railroad  running  from 
Navajas  to  Murga.  It  is  about  7\  miles  southeast  of  Jagiiey 
Grande.  Population,  about  23.  Water  obtained  from  two 
wells.     No  buildings  suitable  for  military  purposes.    There 


332 


PBOVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 


is  a  camp  site  for  400  men,  on  high  ground,  50  yards  south 
of  the  depot.  Good  grazing  and  plenty  of  wood;  water 
can  be  obtained  from  well  at  depot.  Telegraph  office  and 
post-office  at  railroad  station ;  300  yards  of  siding.  There  is 
a  standard-gauge  branch  road  running  northeast  one-half 
mile  to  colonia  Victoria,  and  one  running  north  1  mile  to 
colonia  Babujales. 

Rovira. — Barrio.     A  rural  district  consisting  of  55  small 
fincas.     Has  3  schools  and  2  tiendas. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  PEDRO  BETANCOURT  (CORRAL  FALSO)   (CAPITAL, 
PEDRO  BETANCOURT  (CORRAL  FALSO)). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Pedro  Betancourt  or  Cor 

ral  Falso. 
(^laudio  or  Torriente 

Navajas 

Atrevido 

Concepci(5n. 
Andrea. 

Tramojos  or  Pedroso 


Cabecera. 


Claudio . . 

Ciego 

Linehe. . . 
Navajas. . 
Platanal . 


Punta  Brava. 
Tramojos 


Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


.do. 
.do. 


Miles. 


7 

2.1 

6.2 

2.5 

5.5 


3.8 
7.5 


3,349 

1,747 

506 

801 

2,267 

1,624 


1,089 
1,661 


Pedro  Betancourt  {Corral  Falso). — Town.  Central  Santa 
Catalina  is  situated  in  the  barrio  which  is  known  as  Cabecera. 
The  town  is  on  the  railroad  running  from  Matanzas  to  Colon. 
The  principal  industry  is  the  raising  of  sugar  cane.  There 
is,  however,  a  small  boiler  factory  in  the  town.  Population, 
3,349.  There  are  672  houses,  of  which  150  are  of  stone  or 
cement.  Water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  is  good  and 
plentiful. 

The  town  owns  the  slaughterhouse  and  city  hall.  The 
State  owns  an  old  Spanish  cuartel.  The  city  hall  would 
make  good  quarters  for  100  men.  It  is  a  two-story  stone 
building  and  has  well  water  and  acetylene  gas.  The  cuar- 
tel, now  used  as  a  school,  would  hold  100  men.  It  is  built 
of  stone,  has  stone  floors,  a  large  yard,  well  water,  and  dry 
earth  closets;  situated  in  the  south  end  of  town.  There  are 
no  stables  and  no  large  buildings  suitable  for  storehouses, 
and  there  are  no  good  camp  sites,  the  land  being  low  and  flat. 


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PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS.  333 

Telephone  and  telegraph  offices  and  post-office  are  in  a  build- 
ing one  square  east  of  railroad  station.  There  are  two  small 
stone  blockhouses  suitable  for  about  10  men  each.  The  rail- 
road station  is  at  the  south  end  of  town  and  consists  of  a 
small  stone  house,  two  small  storehouses  in  bad  condition, 
and  200  yards  of  siding.  Four  roads  lead  out  of  town :  One 
(macadam)  west  to  Navajas,  one  (dirt)  east  to  Isabel,  one 
(dirt)  south  to  Torriente,  and  one  (part  macadam)  north  to 
Medina.     The  town  is  open  to  attack  from  all  sides. 

Glaudio. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict south  of  Pedro  Betancourt  and  besides  the  village  of 
the  same  name  contains  about  138  fincas  and  7  schoolhouses. 
The  village,  which  is  also  known  as  Torriente,  is  southeast 
of  Pedro  Betancourt  on  the  railroad  and  about  8  miles  east 
of  Jagiiey  Grande.  Population  about  600.  Water  obtained 
from  numerous  wells.  There  are  about  20  small  one-story 
buildings,  a  large  two-story  building,  a  post-office,  and  2 
schools.  Stable  at  rural  guard  quarters  for  12  horses.  No 
good  camp  sites.  At  the  railroad  station  is  a  small  stone 
house,  about  1,000  yards  of  siding,  and  a  good  ramp.  A 
narrow-gauge  railroad,  no  longer  used,  runs  southeast  to 
San  Joaquin. 

Ciego. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northeast  of  Pedro 
Betancourt  and  containing  about  28  small  fincas.  No  point 
bearing  the  name  of  the  barrio. 

Linche. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southeast  of  Pedro 
Betancourt  and  containing  about  27  small  fincas.  No  point 
bearing  the  name  of  the  barrio. 

Navajas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  an  important 
railroad  center,  being  at  the  junction  of  the  line  running 
from  Matanzas  to  Colon  and  the  line  running  south  from 
Cardenas  through  Jovellanos.  It  is  also  the  starting  point  of 
a  branch  line  running  to  Murga.  Situated  about  3  miles  west 
of  Pedro  Betancourt  and  on  the  south  side  of  the  new  ma- 
cadam road  to  Corral  Falso.  This  road  forms  the  principal 
street  of  the  village,  the  only  other  street  being  south  of 
and  parallel  to  it.  During  Spanish  times  it  was  the  station 
of  40  guardia  civil,  and  was  the  center  of  military  operations 
in  the  surrounding  country.  The  principal  industry  is  the 
raising  of  sugar  cane,  and  within  3  miles  are  two  large  sugar 


334  PKOVINCE   OP   MATANZAS. 

mills,  Santa  Filomena  (Enriqueta)  and  Carmen.  There  is 
also  a  shop  where  about  40  cane  carts  are  made  yearly.  Pop- 
ulation, about  300.  Water  is  obtained  from  various  wells. 
It  is  not  plentiful  and  not  good.  The  railroad  company  has 
a  large  well  near  the  station  from  which  water  is  pumped 
into  two  large  iron  tanks.  Oil  lamps  light  the  streets.  There 
are  no  buildings  suitable  for  quarters  for  troops  except  in 
case  of  emergency.  There  are  no  corrals,  but  near  the  rail- 
road station  are  several  large  yards  that  would  hold  about  50 
animals.  No  suitable  camp  sites.  The  railroad  station  is 
west  of  the  village,  and  in  it  are  the  telegraph  and  telephone. 
At  the  Tienda  Grande  is  the  post-office  and  a  telephone.  At 
the  railroad  station  is  a  small  stone  building,  an  old  stone 
storehouse  (75  by  20  feet),  two  large  iron  water  tanks,  a 
turntable,  and  a  cement  ramp.  Three  roads  run  out  of  the 
village;  one  south  to  central  Carmen,  one  (macadam)  east  to 
Corral  Falso,  and  one  north  to  central  Dolores.  Town  is 
open  to  attack  from  all  directions.  During  the  rainy  season 
the  surrounding  country  is  practically  under  water. 

Platanal. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  northeast  of  Pedro 
Betancourt,  containing  central  Nueva  Luisa,  ingenio  Dolores, 
and  about  22  fincas.  The  principal  places  in  the  district  are 
on  the  Atrevido  branch  of  the  Matanzas  division  of  the  U.  H. 
R.  R.  They  are  Atrevido,  Concepcion,  and  Andrea.  All  are 
small,  unimportant  sitios. 

Punta  Brava. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  northwest  of 
Pedro  Betancourt,  containing  about  86  small  fincas.  No  set- 
tlement bearing  the  name  of  the  barrio. 

Tramojos. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  south  of  Pedro  Betancourt  and  contains  32  small 
rural  fincas  and  the  sugar  mill  Socorro.  The  village  of  this 
name  corresponds  to  the  railroad  station  Pedroso.  It  is  sit- 
uated about  5  miles  south  of  Navajas,  on  the  railroad  from 
Navajas  to  Murga,  and  7^  miles  by  road  southwest  of  Pedro 
Betancourt.  An  unimportant  place,  consisting  of  a  railroad 
station,  a  store,  and  7  houses.  At  the  station  is  1,000  yards  of 
standard-gauge  siding. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  MATANZAS. 

Township :                                                                                            Population. 
Matanzas  _.  _    64,385 


MA  ^A  A/ /I 


PEOVINCE   OF   MATANZAS.  335 

TOWNSHIP  OF  MATANZAS  (CAPITAL,  MATANZAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Matanzas. 


Encrucijada 

Bacunayagua 

Camarioca 

Boca  de  Camarioca 
San  Francisco  de  Paula 
Canasl 

Andarivel 

Caobas 

Ceiba  Mocha 

Corral  Nuevo 

Benavldes. 

La  Cumbre 

Guamacaro 

Guan&bana 

Castillo  del  MorUlo. 
Limonar 

Cidra 

Sumidero 


Barrio. 


Distance 
Rural  or        from 
urban.       capital. 


Bachicba Urban. 

Bail^n do. . . 

Barracones do. . . 

Bellamar do. . . 

C&rcel do. . . 

Col6n  or  Vigla  y  Palacio do. . . 

Ojo  de  Agua do... 

Refugio  or  San  Juan do. . . 

San  Luis ' . .  .do . . . 

San  Severino ...do.. . 

Simpson  or  Monserrate .do. . . 

Versalles .do . . . 

Yumurl do.. . 

Rural . , 
..do... 
..do... 


Arroyo  la  Vieja. 
Bacunayagua . . . 
Camarioca 


Campana 

Canasl  Norte., 

Canasi  Sur 

Canimar 

Caobas 

Ceiba  Mocha.. 
Corral  Nuevo. 


Cumbre 

Guamacaro. 
Guanfibana. 


Limonar 

Paso  Seco 

San  Francisco. 
Santa  Anal".. 
Santa  Ana2o.. 
Santa  Ana  3°. . 
Santa  Ana  4°.. 


Santa  Ana  5°. 
Simiidero 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


ATtUg. 


..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

..do 


3.7 
10 
16 

3.8 
15.2 
13.5 

8.2 
13.2 
10.5 

7.5 

4 
16.2 

7.7 

15.7 
14.7 
11.5 
8.5 
9.7 
9 
10 

9.3 
16 


Popula- 
tion. 


636 
2,907 
2,310 

716 
4,520 
1,386 
4,229 
4,406 
1,738 
2,353 
2,233 
4,553 
4,794 

328 
1,627 
1,311 

943 
2,188 
1,303 

735 
(«) 
2,683 
1,443 

1,308 
(«) 
1,610 

(«) 

530 

600 
1,379 

849 
1,092 

850 


(») 


200 


1  The  total  population  of  Guamacaro,  Limonar,  Caobas,  and  Sumidero  is  6,681. 

Matanzas. — Town.  Situated  on  Matanzas  Bay,  on  the 
main  line  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana.  It  is  also  con- 
nected with  Havana  by  another  railway  via  Giiines,  and  a 
third  line  runs  to  Union  de  Reyes.  Matanzas  was  first  set- 
tled in  1693.  It  is  54  miles  east  of  Havana  by  the  most 
direct  railroad  route.  It  is  divided  geographically  into  four 
districts:  (1)  Matanzas,  between  the  rivers  Yumuri  on  the 
north,  and  San  Juan  on  the  south;  (2)  Pueblo  Nuevo,  south 
of  the  San  Juan;  (3)  Versalles,  north  of  the  Yumuri;  (4) 
The  Playa,  along  the  south  shore  of  the  bay.  The  Matanzas 
district,  the  oldest  and  where  are  situated  the  principal  pub- 
lic buildings  and  business  houses,  is  low  near  the  sea  and 
along  the  rivers,  but  at  the  center  rises  gradually  to  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  150  feet  at  one  mile  from  the  bay.     The  Plaza, 


336  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

however,  the  business  and  governmental  center  of  the  city,  is 
only  about  20  feet  above  sea  level.  Pueblo  was  once  marshy, 
and  is  still  low  and  subject  to  inundations  of  the  river  at 
times  of  extraordinary  rainfall.  Here,  along  the  San  Juan, 
are  the  great  sugar  warehouses,  and  near  the  bay  shore  the 
railway  yards  and  shops.  Versalles  is  a  residential  district, 
and  contains  the  barracks,  hospitals,  asylums,  etc.  The  land 
slopes  up  quite  rapidly  so  that  all  is  high  above  floods  and 
well  drained.  The  Playa  is  practically  a  single  row  of  resi- 
dences bordering  the  fine  drive  of  that  name  along  the  bay. 
It,  too,  is  very  low,  but  its  proximity  to  the  sea  seems  to 
render  it  healthful  in  spite  of  this  fact.  The  town  is  also 
divided  into  13  wards  or  urban  barrios. 

Matanzas  is  an  important  commercial  city,  second  only  to 
Havana.  Center  and  shipping  point  of  the  largest  sugar 
district  of  the  island.  Has  many  large  warehouses,  all  con- 
nected by  spurs  with  the  railway  yards.  At  present  most  of 
the  sugar,  molasses,  and  aguardiente,  which  form  the  bulk  of 
the  exports,  are  lightered  from  the  warehouses  along  the  San 
Juan  River  to  ships,  which,  owing  to  the  shallowness  of  the 
harbor,  anchor  about  one-half  mile  out  from  the  custom- 
house wharf.  All  the  imports  are  unloaded  at  this  wharf, 
which  is  of  pile  and  board  construction  and  has  only  10  feet 
of  water  alongside.  There  is  a  fine  modern  wharf  near  Fort 
San  Severino.  This  wharf  has  40  feet  of  water  at  its  extrem- 
ity, but  it  is  now  in  bad  repair.  A  concrete  and  steel  wharf 
is  building  a  short  distance  along  the  bay  shore,  which  will 
accommodate  the  latgest  ships  entering  the  harbor.  This 
wharf  is  to  be  used  in  connection  with  warehouses,  electric- 
power  plant,  cement  factory,  distillery,  etc.,  being  built  by  an 
American  syndicate  (1908).  There  are  3  tanneries  in  opera- 
tion, and  large  quantities  of  shoes,  saddles,  and  other  leather 
articles  are  manufactured  from  their  product.  Among  the 
manufactures  of  lesser  importance  are  cigars,  straw  hats, 
lime,  soap,  paint,  rum  and  like  products,  chocolate,  guava 
jelly,  refined  oil,  trunks,  brooms,  etc.  The  railway  company 
maintains  extensive  shops. 

The  streets  are  mostly  30  feet  wide,  with  a  24-foot  wagon- 
way.  Few  are  paved,  but  nearly  all  are  macadamized,  and 
most  are  in  an  excellent  condition.  There  are  three  well- 
kept  plazas,  several  small  parks,  and  two  beautiful  drives. 


PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS.  337 

viz,  the  Paseo  de  Marti,  along  the  north  shore  of  the  bay  in 
Versalles,  and  the  Playa  Bellamar,  along  the  south  shore. 
Other  picturesque  spots  about  the  city  are  the  Bellamar 
Caves,  remarkable,  large,  and  beautiful  limestone  caverns 

2  miles  west  of  the  city;  Ermita  de  Monserrat,  a  church,  on 
the  top  of  the  ridge  inclosing  the  town  to  the  north  and  west 
and  commanding  a  wonderful  view  of  the  city,  bay,  and  the 
Yumuri  Valley  to  the  west;  the  gorge  of  the  Yumuri,  a 
canyon  cut  through  the  ridge  above  mentioned.  Its  almost 
perpendicular  walls,  honeycombed  by  caves  and  festooned 
with  tropical  vines  are  most  beautiful,  as  is  the  view  of  the 
valley  seen  beyond.  Fort  San  Severino,  an  old  battery,  is  a 
square  work  with  four  bastions,  moat,  ancient  ordnance,  etc. 
The  city  is  kept  very  clean  and  is  exceptionally  healthful,  the 
death  rate  of  1906  being  only  17.48.     The  harbor  is  about 

3  miles  long  on  its  northwestern  shore  and  about  5  miles  long 
on  the  southeastern.  It  is  3  miles  wide  at  its  entrance  and 
1;^  miles  wide  at  the  anchorage  ground.  This  extends  from 
one-third  to  two-thirds  of  a  mile  out  from  the  shore,  opposite 
Versalles.  Matanzas  is  a  civic,  religious,  educational,  and 
social  center  of  considerable  pretensions.  Among  the  promi- 
nent buildings  are  the  palace,  audiencia,  civil  hospital,  in- 
stitute or  high  school,  cuartel  Agramonte,  Fort  San  Seve- 
rino, Ermita  de  Monserrate,  Spanish  Casino,  Cuban  Club  or 
Lyceum,  Sauto  theater,  cuartel  de  Bomberos,  Catholic  and 
Protestant  churches,  and  a  number  of  schools,  charitable 
institutions,  etc. 

Population,  36,009. 

Water  supply:  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  by  the 
Matanzas  Water  Company,  a  private  corporation.  The 
water  is  brought  from  the  Bello  Springs,  7  miles  southwest, 
through  an  iron  pipe  15  inches  inside  diameter.  The  cement 
settling  basin,  which  is  85  feet  above  the  level  of  the  plaza, 
has  a  capacity  of  1,200,000  gallons.  On  the  outskirts  of  the 
city  is  a  second  pumping  station,  where  a  portion  of  the 
water  is  raised  to  150  feet  above  sea  level  to  reach  the  resi- 
dence portions  of  Matanzas  and  Versalles  on  the  hills.  There 
are  about  15  miles  of  mains.  About  3,500  of  the  6,500  build- 
ings in  the  city  are  connected  with  the  system.  A  recent 
ordinance  requires  all  to  have  water,  and  within  a  year  this 
492—09 22 


338  PROVINCE    OF    MATANZAS. 

will  be  accomplished  (1908).  The  wells  have  practically  all 
been  condemned  as  unsanitary.  There  are  45  public  fire 
plugs.  The  capacity  of  the  plant  is  about  3,500,000  gallons 
daily,  while  the  present  consumption  is  about  1,800,000  gal- 
lons daily.  The  water  is  excellent.  There  is  a  good  fire 
department,  with  new,  modern  equipment. 

Sewers,  lighting,  etc.:  The  city  is  practically  without 
sewers.  There  is  one  about  five  blocks  long  extending  from 
the  civil  hospital  past  cuartel  Agramonte  to  the  bay  and 
serving  only  those  two  buildings.  There  are  about  five  or 
six  short  ones  at  various  places  in  Matanzas  and  Pueblo 
Xuevo,  but  none  are  connected  with  buildings,  and  serve 
simply  to  carry  off  surface  water.  The  cesspool  system  is 
universally  used,  and  the  porous  character  of  the  rock  on 
which  the  city  is  built  renders  it  less  unsanitary  than  would 
be  supposed. 

In  Pueblo  Nuevo,  at  the  north  end  of  calzada  Burriel,  on 
the  bay,  is  the  electric  light  plant.  There  are  225  arc  lights 
on  the  streets  and  72  in  public  buildings,  clubs,  etc.,  making 
a  total  of  297.  There  are  1,019  sixteen-candle  power  incan- 
descent lights,  mostly  in  stores  and  residences.  The  plant  is 
old  and  loaded  to  its  capacity.  In  Matanzas,  at  Cuba  and 
Compostela  streets,  there  is  a  gas  plant.  Consumption  from 
12,000  to  15,000  cubic  feet  per  day.  Gas  of  fair  quality,  but 
expensive.  A  new  plant  for  the  manufacture  of  both  electric 
light  and  gas  is  situated  in  Pueblo  Nuevo  near  the  Calixto 
Garcia  bridge.  This  plant  is  modern  and  of  a  capacity  to 
supply  all  demands  for  years  to  come. 

Barracks:  Cuartel  Santa  Cristina,  or  cuartel  Agramonte, 
as  it  is  now  called,  is  in  Versalles,  about  four  squares  from  the 
Concordia  bridge  and  at  the  west  end  of  Paseo  de  Marti.  It 
occupies  with  its  surrounding  grounds  about  four  city  blocks. 
It  is  built  about  a  patio  or  yard  and  is  290  by  360  feet,  ex- 
terior dimensions.  The  east  side  has  two  stories,  the  others 
one.  It  is  of  stone  or  concrete  with  tiled  roof  and  is  massive 
and  substantial  in  construction.  It  has  a  private  sewer  run- 
ning to  the  bay  and  is  amply  supplied  with  toilet  and  bath 
facilities.  It  is  wired  for  electric  lights,  but  has  also  a  large 
acetylene  gas  plant.  It  will  accommodate  600  men  comfort- 
ably, with  additional  room  for  quartermaster  and  commissary 


PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 


339 


storerooms,  offices,  etc.     It  is  in  good  repair  and  excellent 
sanitary  condition.    Aqueduct  water  is  used. 

Castillo  de  San  Severino,  an  old  Spanish  fort,  is  on  the 
bay  shore  one-half  mile  east  of  Cuartel  Agramonte  and  near 
the  eastern  end  of  the  Paseo  de  Marti.  It  is  a  square,  four- 
bastioned  work  of  substantial  construction  and  was  probably 
originally  intended  for  a  garrison  of  200  men.  Most  of  its 
buildings  are  of  casemate  construction,  though  there  is  one 
two-story  building,  30  by  116  feet,  on  the  terreplain.  It  has 
been  supplied  with  aqueduct  water,  sewers  and  other  sani- 
tary arrangements,  and  is  used  for  barracks  for  the  rural- 
guard  force  stationed  in  the  town.  It  will  easily  accommo- 
date 100  men,  and  furnish  appropriate  storerooms  and  offices. 
The  following  buildings,  all  having  modern  plumbing  and 
aqueduct  water,  could  be  used  for  barracks  in  an  emergency : 


Name. 

Location. 

Public  or  private. 

Capacity. 

The  Palace 

Plaza  de  la  Llbertad  . . . 
Plaza  de  Col6n 

Public 

300 

Sauto  Theater 

Private 

200 

Audiencia 

do 

Public 

100 

Spanish  Casino 

Plaza  de  la  Libertad  . . . 
do 

100 

The  Liceo 

...  .do   .. 

100 

The  institute  or  high  school 

do 

Public 

150 

Fire  department 

F*laza  de  Col6n 

do 

100 

Miss  Toland's  school 

Plaza  de  la  Llbertad . . . 

Private 

100 

There  are  3  Catholic  and  5  Protestant  churches  that  would 
afford  temporary  barracks  for  the  accommodation  of  1,000 
men.  Some  of  these  have  no  water  supply,  and  none  are 
fitted  with  modern  plumbing.  There  are  many  large  ware- 
houses that  might  also  be  taken  for  very  temporary  use. 
They  are,  however,  low  and  damp  and  have  no  sanitary 
arrangements. 

Stables :  There  are  many  suitable  stables  for  2  or  3  animals 
in  various  parts  of  the  city,  but  only  four  of  sufficient  size 
to  be  of  military  importance,  viz:  (1)  Public  Works  Depart- 
ment stables,  Santa  Isabel  and  Jovellanos  streets;  capacity 
100;  aqueduct  water.  (2)  Livery  stable,  Santa  Isabel  street, 
near  No.  1;  capacity,  50;  Ojo  de  Agua  spring  water.  (3) 
Livery  stable,  Contreras  and  Nicolas  Heredia  streets;  capac- 
ity, 100;  aqueduct  water.  (4)  United  States  quartermaster 
department  corral;  Santa  Cecilia  and  San  Alejandro  streets; 
capacity,  120;  aqueduct  water. 


340 


PBOVINCE    OF    MATANZAS. 


Transportation  corrals:  Each  of  the  first  three  stables 
above  described  is  so  constructed  as  to  contain  an  appro- 
priate number  of  vehicles.  The  quartermaster  corral  is 
not  of  sufficient  size,  but  there  is  ample  open  ground  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  for  picket  lines  and  for  almost  any  num- 
ber of  wagons.  All  are  amply  supplied  with  good  water  for 
all  purposes.  If  inclosures  are  desired  there  are  two  such 
(vacant  city  blocks  surrounded  by  5-foot  stone  walls)  near 
the  quartermaster  corral.  Each  would  accommodate  (with- 
out shelter)  200  animals. 

Hospitals :  There  are  4  hospitals,  all  in  Versalles,  viz : 


Name. 

Location. 

Public  or  private. 

Capacity. 

Civil 

Santa  Rita  and  San  Isidro 

streets. 
San    Alejandro   and    Uni6n 

streets. 
Paseo  de  Marti   and   Santa 

Cecilia  streets. 
Cuartel  Agramonte 

Public 

200 

Private 

40 

Old  Peoples'  Home... 
Post  Hospital 

do 

60 

Public  (United  States) . 

20 

All  are  supplied  with  aqueduct  water,  are  in  excellent  re- 
pair, and  have  every  essential  and  sanitary  arrangement. 
There  are,  of  course,  many  public  buildings  and  large  private 
residences  that  could  easily  be  arranged  for  hospital  purposes. 
One  in  particular,  at  Aramburu  and  Versalles  streets,  Ver- 
salles, was  used  as  a  military  hospital  during  the  first  inter- 
vention, and  is  in  every  way  suitable  for  the  purpose. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses:  The  railway 
company  maintains  3  freight  houses  in  Pueblo  Nuevo.  (1) 
At  Tirry  and  San  Andres  streets  (station  of  old  Matanzas 
Railroad  Company),  40  by  200  feet.  Cars  run  under  shed 
roof  and  unload  directly  into  building  without  use  of  plat- 
form. Track  on  one  side  only.  At  street  side  there  is  a 
3  by  3  foot  platform  full  length  of  building  for  facilitating 
loading  and  unloading  wagons.  (2)  One  hundred  yards 
directly  east  of  No.  1  (80  by  140  feet) .  A  single  track  through 
center  of  building.  Low,  narrow  platforms  on  both  sides 
for  wagons.  (3)  One  hundred  yards  directly  west  of  No.  2 
(40  by  120  feet).  Track  on  one  side.  Narrow,  low  platform 
on  opposite  side  for  wagons.  Just  north  of  this  building 
there  is  a  platform  partly  of  earth,  with  stone  side  walls,  and 
partly  of  plank  (20  by  200  by  4  feet).    In  the  same  section 


PROVINCE   OP   MATANZAS.  341 

of  the  city  there  are  many  large  sugar  warehouses  that  might 
be  used.  They  are  all  connected  with  the  railway  yards  by 
spurs. 

Location  of  important  offices,  etc. : 


Name.  i  District  of  city. 


Railway  station,  passenger Pueblo  Nuevo . .   Est^ban  and  Tirry. 

Railway  station,  freight do San  Andres  and  Tirry. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office,  i  Matanzas Jovellanos  between  Constituci6n  and 

Contreras. 

Telephone  central ] do Contreras  between    Magdalena  and 

Heredia. 

do . .  -■ I  Plaza  de  la  Libertad. 

do I  Plaza  de  Col6n. 

do I         Do. 

do O'Reilly  between  Plaza  de  Col6n  and 

:      Matanzas. 

do Do. 

do I  Contreras  and  Second  of  May. 

do I  Concordia  building  near  Concordia 

bridge. 


Palace 

Audiencia 

Fire  department  headquarters 
American  consulate 


Water  company's  office 

Police  headquarters 

United  States  Marine-Hospital 

Service. 
Custom-house ' do ■  Foot  of  Constituci6n. 


Ice  machine:  There  are  two  ice  plants,  both  belonging  to 
the  Matanzas  Ice  Company.  The  old  plant  called  Los 
Molinos  is  on  the  San  Agustin  River  2^  mile^  west  of  the 
Plaza;  reached  via  Zaragoza  street  and  the  cemetery  road; 
capacity,  about  20  tons;  aqueduct  water;  plate  system; 
water  power.  The  new  plant  is  on  Embarcadero  street  near 
the  new  market;  capacity,  10  tons;  distilled  well  water;  can 
system;  steam  power. 

Camp  sites:  There  are  only  two  practicable  camp  sites 
near  the  city,  viz:  (1)  In  Versalles,  along  the  Paseo  de  Marti 
and  extending  to  the  north  and  east  of  Fort  San  Severino. 
This  is  the  site  of  old  camp  Hamilton,  occupied  during  the 
first  intervention.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  nearly  level  ter- 
races with  about  20  feet  difference  in  level  between  each  two. 
The  soil  is  very  thin  and  rocky  but  the  drainage  is  good. 
The  limestone  rock  is  porous.  The  close  proximity  to  the 
bay  insures  comparative  coolness  and  immunity  from  fever 
mosquitoes.  Water  can  easily  be  piped  to  this  place  from 
the  city  system.  Grazing  can  be  had  on  the  hills  to  the 
north  and  west.  Wood,  except  for  small  commands,  would 
have  to  be  purchased  from  dealers.  This  site  is  suitable 
for  a  brigade  camp.  (2)  West  of  cemetery  and  about  2 
miles  from  the  center  of  the  city.  A  well-drained  open 
field   near   the    San    Agustin    River.    The    aqueduct   runs 


342  PBOVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

through  this  field  and  could  easily  be  tapped  to  supply  any 
sized  camp.  The  grazing  in  the  vicinity  is  excellent.  Wood 
can  be  procured  on  the  hills  one-half  mile  north  in  limited 
quantities.  The  river  will  afford  bathing  facilities.  Suita- 
ble for  a  regiment.  This  site  was  used  at  intervals  during 
the  first  intervention. 

Fortifications:  Separate  report  on  file  in  Second  Section 
General  Staff.    All  fortifications  are  about  the  harbor. 

Railroads :  The  main  line  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Ha- 
vana runs  along  the  southern  edge  of  the  city.  A  spur  leaves 
the  main  line  near  the  southwestern  edge  of  the  town,  runs 
parallel  to  and  near  the  San  Juan  River,  and  connects  near 
the  San  Luis  bridge  with  the  system  of  sidetracks  in  the 
warehouse  district.  The  old  Matanzas  Railroad  comes  into 
the  city  from  the  west,  paralleling  the  tracks  of  the  United 
Railroads,  and  near  the  latter's  passenger  station  runs  north 
along  Mosto  street  to  its  station  on  Tirry  street.  It  also 
connects  with  the  various  sidetracks  near  the  mouth  of  the 
San  Juan  River,  in  Pueblo  Nuevo,  and  probably  about  5 
miles  of  tracks  about  the  sugar  warehouses.  Both  systems 
are  now  operated  by  the  United  Company.  There  is  track- 
age for  at  least  1,000  cars.  Either  the  passenger  or  the 
freight  station  will  offer  excellent  facilities  for  entraining 
or  detraining  troops.  Animals  and  supplies  will  be  best 
handled  at  the  freight  house  described  above  under  store- 
houses, or  at  any  of  the  sugar  warehouses.  The  facilities  are 
excellent  and  ample. 

Macadamized  roads  leading  out  of  town : 

1.  Cidra,  10^  miles  south.  Leave  city  via  Constitucion 
and  Second  of  May  streets,  San  Luis  bridge,  and  San  Luis 
street. 

2.  Yumuri  Valley  and  Corral  Nuevo;  macadamized  por- 
tion extends  11  miles  northwest;  dirt  road  continues  to  Ca- 
nasi,  17  miles  northwest.     Leave  city  via  Constitucion  street. 

3.  Bellamar  caves,  2|  miles  east.  Leave  city  via  Tirry  and 
General  Betancourt  streets  and  the  Playa  Bellamar. 

4.  Cemetery,  2  miles  west.  Leave  city  via  Constitucion, 
San  Gabriel,  and  Zaragoza  streets.  This  road  is  now  being 
extended  to  the  vicinity  of  Giiines  via  Ceiba  Mocha  and  Ma- 
druga  to  connect  with  the  road  to  Havana. 


PEOVINCE   OF    MATANZAS.  343 

There  are  in  addition  dirt  roads  west  to  Ceiba  Mocha  via 
Pueblo  Nuevo  and  the  San  Juan  River;  southwest  to  Ma- 
druga  and  Cabezas;  east  via  the  Bellamar  caves  to  Tumba- 
dero  and  Limonar;  and  northeast  along  the  bay  to  country 
district,  etc. 

Best  line  of  approach  to  attack:  If  the  attacking  party 
should  come  by  water,  a  landing  should  be  made,  if  possible, 
on  the  northern  shore  of  the  bay  at  Punta  Sabanilla,  where 
there  is  a  small  wharf.  The  prompt  seizure  of  the  ridge 
paralleling  the  sea  at  one-half  mile  would  enable  the  attack  to 
proceed  along  this  ridge  and  take  any  attempted  defense  from 
this  side  in  flank.  This  ridge  commands  Fort  Severino,  all 
of  Versalles,  and  practically  the  entire  city.  An  attack  by 
land  could  best  be  conducted  along  the  east  and  west  ridge, 
which  bends  abruptly  north  at  about  1  mile  from  the  harbor. 
This  route  parallels  the  railroad,  San  Agustin  River,  and 
the  aqueduct  for  several  miles.  It  commands  both  the  San 
Juan  and  Yumuri  valleys,  and  its  advantages  are  obvious. 

Arroyo  la  Vieja. — Barrio,  A  section  of  country  made  up 
of  about  14  fincas.  It  has  about  3<5  scattered  houses  and  1 
store.  It  contains  a  point  called  Encrucijada,  consisting  of 
a  store  and  a  house,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  macada- 
mized road  from  Matanzas  to  Cidra  with  the  one  to  Guana- 
bana,  Limonar,  and  the  east. 

Bacunayagua. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Named  after  a  small 
river  of  same  name,  which  empties  into  the  sea,  forming  an 
inlet  and  fair  harbor. 

The  point  bearing  the  name  consists  of  the  ruins  of  the 
buildings  formerly  belonging  to  a  large  finca. 

Camarioca. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  of  the 
same  name  the  barrio  contains  the  sitio  of  Boca  de  Camarioca. 
The  village  is  east  of  Matanzas  and  consists  of  about  12 
houses,  three  of  which  are  stores.  These  three  buildings 
would  quarter  about  65  men  each.  There  are  excellent  camp- 
ing places  about  the  village,  and  good  water  can  be  obtained 
from  wells  and  from  the  near-by  Camarioca  River.  Grazing 
is  good.  There  is  a  ford  at  the  village  where  the  water  is 
about  1  foot  deep  in  dry  season;  current  about  4  miles  an 
hour,  bottom  rocky,  banks  low.  The  western  bank  is  some- 
what steep  and  commands  the  eastern  bank. 


344  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

Boca  de  Gamarioca. — Sitio.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Camarioca  River  and  consists  of  3  or  4  houses. 

Campana. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southeast  of 
Matanzas  and  containing  the  sitio  of  San  Francisco  de  Paula 
and  about  38  fincas.  In  the  district  there  are  about  153 
scattered  houses,  4  stores,  and  a  couple  of  schoolhouses.  The 
barrio  also  contains  Bello  Springs,  the  source  and  pumping 
station  of  the  water  supply  of  the  city  of  Matanzas.  At  this 
point  there  is  a  bridge.  The  schoolhouses  above  referred  to 
are  at  Quincena  and  Grima,  at  which  points  there  are  also 
stores. 

San  Francisco  de  Paula. — Sitio.  On  the  railroad  run- 
ning from  the  sugar  mill  Jesus  Maria  to  Benavides.  Con- 
sists of  small  railroad  station,  a  schoolhouse,  and  about  6 
houses.     Population,  about  30. 

Canasi  Norte. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northwest 
of  Matanzas  and  containing  the  village  of  Canasi,  and  the 
sugar  mills  Puerto  and  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Canasi. — Village.  The  village  is  about  15  miles  northwest 
of  Matanzas,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Canasi  River.  It  is  a 
small  interior  place,  entirely  dependent  on  the  agricultural 
resources  of  the  surrounding  country.  Reported  in  October. 
1908,  that  typhoid  fever  had  made  its  appearance  in  the  vil- 
lage. The  sugar  mills  Puerto  and  San  Juan  Bautista  are 
quite  near.  There  is  a  standard-gauge  railroad  running 
from  central  Puerto  to  Puerto  Canasi.  Nearly  all  supplies 
come  through  this  port. 

There  is  a  fine  macadam  road  from  Matanzas  to  within 
7  miles  of  Canasi. 

Population,  about  500. 

Water  obtained  from  the  Canasi  River  and  hauled  about 
in  carts;  poor  supply.     Streets  sparsely  lighted  by  oil  lamps. 

The  church  is  the  only  building  suitable  for  barracks.  It 
would  shelter  100  men  in  an  emergency.  There  are  2  sugar 
warehouses,  one  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  and  one  half  a  mile 
above,  each  of  which  would  shelter  100  men. 

Central  Puerto,  one-half  mile'  north,  would  shelter  about 
400  men. 

No  stables  of  consequence  and  no  corrals,  but  there  is  a 
suitable  piece  of  open  ground  east  of  village  on  the  river. 


PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS.  345 

The  rural  guard  barracks  could  be  used  as  a  10-bed  hos- 
pital. 

The  two  sugar  warehouses  referred  to  above  would  be  good 
storehouses.  There  is  a  small  wharf  at  each,  at  which  small 
schooners  or  lighters  drawing  not  more  than  5  feet  could  land 
cargo. 

There  is  a  camp  site  just  east  of  the  village  on  the  river, 
and  another  at  central  Puerto. 

No  railroad  or  telegraph  station.  Post-office  on  main 
street  near  center  of  the  village. 

Telephone  line  from  Matanzas  via  Corral  Nuevo. 

Roads  lead  to  Matanzas,  Aguacate  via  La  Botina,  Jibacoa, 
central  Puerto  and  Puerto  Canasi,  and  central  San  Juan 
Bautista. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack,  from  rough  country  to 
northwest. 

Canasi  Sur. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  west  of 
Matanzas  and  south  of  and  adjoining  the  barrio  of  Canasi 
Xorte. 

Canimar.-^^iiVTio.  A  section  of  country  named  after  the 
Canimar  River.  Contains  a  free  municipal  ferry  over  the 
Canimar  River  at  Andarivel,  about  3  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  river. 

The  ferry  is  equipped  with  a  platform,  about  12  by  20  feet, 
supported  by  two  air-tight  cylinders  having  a  carrying  capac- 
ity of  about  3|  tons.  It  is  operated  by  means  of  a  cable 
stretched  between  the  banks.  The  river  here  is  about  60 
yards  wide  and  20  feet  deep  at  high  tide.  The  banks  are 
steep  and  the  ferry  could  be  easily  defended. 

At  this  point  there  is  a  small  store  which  would  hold 
10  men.  It  is  an  important  place  only  by  reason  of  being  on 
the  borders  of  "Las  Piedras  de  Camarioca."  About  100 
yards  downstream  and  on  the  east  bank  close  to  the  river 
is  a  splendid  spring  of  excellent  water,  with  a  flow  sufficient 
to  supply  a  regiment. 

Caobas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
lying  southeast  of  Matanzas  and  is  made  up  of  about  20 
fincas.  There  are  about  300  scattered  houses,  8  stores,  and 
3  schools.  The  sugar  mill  Limones  is  situated  within  its 
boundaries. 


346  PEOVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

The  sitio  is  on  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana  about  2 
miles  southwest  of  Limonar.     It  is  an  unimportant  point. 

Ceiha  Mocha. — Barrio  and  town.  Central  Elena  is  in  the 
barrio.  The  village  is  about  11  miles  west  of  Matanzas  on 
main  line  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana.  Good  little 
country  town,  dependent  upon  agricultural  resources  of  sur- 
rounding country.  This  section  has  but  little  cane.  There 
is  an  American  colony  of  about  15  farmers  just  east  of  the 
toAvn  who  are  developing  excellent  fruit  farms;  oranges  and 
pineapples  are  the  staples.  There  are  also  two  or  three 
Americans  who  are  raising  blooded  stock,  and  going  quite 
extensively  into  dairying.  In  addition  there  are  a  number 
of  apiaries  in  the  vicinity. 

Population,  about  800. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  one  public  well  and  about 
five  private  wells.  The  latter  are  not  reliable,  however,  and 
the  public  well  practically  supplies  the  town.  It  has  a  large 
windmill  and  is  also  fitted  with  a  drum  for  horsepower. 
There  is  a  2,000-gallon  tank  on  the  ground  for  a  reservoir. 
No  mains.     Water  plentiful  and  good. 

No  sewer  system.  Streets  sparsely  lighted  by  oil  lamps. 
There  are  a  number  of  private  acetylene-gas  plants  in  stores 
and  residences. 

The  church  is  the  only  suitable  building  for  quarters  for 
troops,  though  there  are  a  number  of  stores  and  residences 
that  might  be  used  if  shelter  were  imperative.  Church  will 
hold  100  men;  is  clean,  though  without  sanitary  arrange- 
ments.   The  public  well  is  within  50  yards. 

No  stables  of  any  consequence.  The  rural  guard  barracks 
has  stable  for  15  horses. 

No  corrals.  Pasture,  just  to  west  of  Matanzas  hill  road 
and  near  public  well,  is  the  best  ground  for  transportation 
corrals. 

The  church  and  the  rural  guard  barracks  are  the  only  suit- 
able public  buildings  for  use  as  hospitals.  The  latter  is 
clean,  though  without  sanitary  arrangements.  It  is  quite 
near  public  well  from  which  water  supply  would  be  obtained. 

The  railroad  station  is  about  one-half  mile  east  of  the 
center  of  the  town.  It  is  of  usual  construction,  25  by  60  feet, 
with  a  sidetrack  on  one  side.     There  is  a  platform  10  feet 


PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS.  347 

wide,  full  len^h  of  building,  which  is  used  for  freight  and 
passengers. 

Telegraph  office  at  station.  Post-office  on  main  street  near 
church.    There  is  no  telephone  exchange. 

Only  suitable  camp  site  is  to  the  north  of  the  church  near 
public  well.  Grazing  is  scarce  near  by,  but  plentiful  about  2 
miles  northwest,  near  the  San  Agustin  River;  wood  plenti- 
ful. On  a  ridge  of  hills  1  mile  southeast,  150  feet  high  and 
commanding  the  town  and  railroad,  is  a  site  which  would  ac- 
commodate a  battalion.    It  is  well  drained  and  sanitary. 

Xo  defenses. 

Railroad  runs  nearly  east  and  west  about  500  yards  south 
of  the  town.  There  are  three  sidetracks  with  a  capacity  of 
100  cars.    Loading  and  unloading  must  be  done  at  station. 

Roads  lead  to  Matanzas,  Canasi,  Empalme,  and  San  Fran- 
cisco de  Paula  via  American  colony. 

The  best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  rough 
country  to  the  south. 

Corral  Nuevo. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village 
bearing  its  name  the  barrio  contains  the  sitio  of  Benavides. 

The  village  is  about  7|  miles  west  of  Matanzas  on  the 
Matanzas-Canasi  calzada.  Population,  about  150.  It  con- 
sists of  2  stores,  blacksmith  shop,  church,  schoolhouse,  and 
about  15  houses.  Telephone  line  to  Matanzas  and  Canasi. 
An  automobile  stage  line  makes  daily  trips  from  Matanzas. 
Good  camp  site  for  a  battalion  one-half  mile  east  of  the  vil- 
lage on  the  Yumuri  Creek. 

Benavides. — Sitio.  About  9  miles  southwest  of  Matan- 
zas on  the  railroad  and  consists  of  a  small  railroad  station 
and  a  schoolhouse.  From  this  point  a  private  railroad  runs 
to  San  Francisco  de  Paula  and  the  sugar  mill  Jesus  Maria. 

Cumhre. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district 
lying  north  of  Matanzas.  It  is  sparsely  settled  and  is  a 
grazing  country.  The  sitio  known  as  La  Cumbre  is  an  old 
summer  resort  in  the  mountains  near  the  coast.  It  is  now 
practically  in  ruins. 

Guamacaro. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict lying  a  little  south  of  east  of  Matanzas.  The  sitio  con- 
sists of  the  buildings  pertaining  to  the  sugar  mill  Triunfo 
(La  Julia)  and  the  homes  of  the  employees.     Water  is  ob- 


348  PROVINCE   OF   MATANZAS. 

tained  from  a  running  stream  and  from  wells  and  is  good. 
About  300  troops  could  be  sheltered  at  the  mill,  and  near  at 
hand  are  excellent  camping  places  and  plenty  of  good 
grazing. 

Guandbana. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  lying  southeast  of  Matanzas.  The  village  is  at  the 
junction  of  the  main  line  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana 
and  the  branch  to  Union  de  Reyes.  Population,  about  100. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  wells  and  is  plentiful,  but  of 
poor  quality.  Village  consists  of  2  stores,  a  schoolhouse. 
railroad  station,  post-office,  and  about  20  houses. 

Castillo  del  Morillo. — Old  fort.  Situated  at  mouth  of 
Canimar  River,  on  the  left  bank.  It  is  one  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Matanzas  city,  but  is  of  no  importance.  It  is  at 
present  used  by  the  customs  service  as  quarters  for  an  in- 
spector. Water  is  obtained  from  a  well  and  a  cistern.  Quar- 
ters for  40  men. 

Limonar. — Barrio  and  town.  The  village  is  about  15 
miles  southeast  of  Matanzas,  on  the  main  line  of  the  United 
Railroads  of  Havana.  It  is  an  unimportant  place  and  de- 
pendent upon  surrounding  country. 

Country  to  north  produces  nothing  but  charcoal. 

Population,  1,659. 

Water  obtained  from  two  public  and  two  private  wells. 
All  except  one  go  dry  during  an  extended  dry  season. 

Catholic  Church  near  north  end  of  town  and  high  school 
near  post-office  are  the  only  buildings  suitable  for  occupancy 
by  troops.  Each  would  hold  100  men.  Church  is  near  the 
only  reliable  well. 

No  stables  or  corrals,  but  plenty  of  open  ground,  with  good 
grazing,  to  west  and  north. 

There  is  a  railroad  freight  house,  24  by  80  feet,  with  tracks 
on  both  sides. 

Telegraph  office  in  railroad  station  at  south  end  of  town. 
Post-office  on  main  street,  2  blocks  north  of  depot. 

Good  open  country  for  camps  to  southwest  and  north. 
Good  grazing  and  wood ;  water  from  wells. 

Railroad  runs  along  south  edge  of  town  and  has  two  side- 
tracks; capacity,  50  cars.  Standard-gauge  private  railroad 
to  sugar-mill  Limones. 


PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS.  349 

Roads  lead  to  Guanabana,  Matanzas,  Limones,  Bolondron, 
and  Sumidero, 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack,  from  rough  country  to 
northwest. 

Paso  Seco. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  erast  of  Matan- 
zas and  containing  about  32  fincas.  There  are  about  150  scat- 
tered houses.     No  point  bearing  the  name. 

San  Francisco. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  situated  11^ 
miles  south  of  Matanzas. 

Santa  Ana. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  south  of  Ma- 
tanzas and  subdivided  into  5  barrios,  named  Santa  Ana  1°, 
Santa  Ana  2°,  Santa  Ana  3°,  Santa  Ana  4°,  and  Santa  Ana 
5°.  In  Santa  Ana  3°  are  the  village  of  Santa  Ana  and  the 
sugar  mills  Jesus  Maria  and  Porvenir  (Los  Angeles),  and 
in  Santa  Ana  4°  are  the  village  of  Cidra  and  the  sugar  mills 
San  Cayetano  and  Triunvirato. 

Santa  Ana. — Village.  Consists  of  2  stores,  a  schoolhouse, 
2  good  houses,  and  about  10  huts. 

Cidra. — Village.  Situated  10  miles  south  of  Matanzas  on 
the  railroad  running  from  Matanzas  to  Union  de  Reyes. 

It  is  an  unimportant  place,  supported  largely  by  the  two 
sugar  mills,  Tfiunvirato  and  Cayetano,  which  are  north  of 
the  village,  one-half  mile  and  1  mile,  respectively. 

Population,  about  600. 

Water  is  obtained  from  a  public  well  near  the  railroad 
station;  20  feet  deep,  with  10  feet  of  water.  There  are  also 
three  private  wells. 

The  only  two  buildings  suitable  for  barracks  are  a  two- 
story  building,  24  by  60  feet,  and  a  one-stor^^  building,  25  by 
50  feet,  both  near  the  railroad  depot.  They  would  shelter 
one  company. 

No  stables  or  corrals,  but  there  is  open  ground  in  all  di- 
rections. 

No  suitable  buildings  for  hospital. 

There  is  a  freight  warehouse,  30  by  80  feet,  with  tracks 
on  both  sides.    Small  loading  platform  just  south. 

Railroad  station  and  telegraph  office  on  main  street.  Post- 
office  two  blocks  west  of  station. 

Best  camp  site  is  2  miles  south,  on  Canimar  River.  Wood 
and  water  scarce  near  village. 


350  PROVINCE   OF    MATANZAS. 

In  the  village  are  three  sidetracks.  A  private  railroad 
runs  to  the  sugar  mill  Triunvirato. 

Roads  lead  to  Matanzas,  Sabanilla,  San  Francisco  de 
Paula,  and  Guanabana. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  rough,  hilly 
country  to  west  and  north. 

Sumidero. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  on  the  main  line 
of  the  United  Railroads  of  Havana,  southeast  of  Matanzas, 
and  consists  of  a  small  railroad  station  and  about  12  wooden 
houses.  There  is  a  good  well,  from  which  water  is  raised  into 
an  iron  tank  by  means  of  a  windmill. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


351 


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352 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


LOCATION    AND    BOUNDARY. 

This  province  occupies  the  center  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  in 
a  region  known  as  Las  Cinco  Villas  (the  five  towns).  It 
received  this  name  on  account  of  the  five  towns  founded 
within  the  limits  by  Diego  Velasquez. 

On  the  north  it  is  bounded  by  the  Straits  of  Florida,  sepa- 
rating it  from  the  sand  bank  of  Bahama ;  on  the  east  by  the 
province  of  Camaguey,  on  the  south  by  the  sea  of  the  An- 
tilles, and  on  the  west  by  the  province  of  Matanzas. 

AREA  AND   POPULATION. 

The  area  of  the  province  is  9,560  square  miles.  It  is  about 
215  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  taking  its  most  western 
boundary  and  the  extreme  eastern  point  of  the  peninsula  of 
Zapata,  and  80  miles  wide  from  its  extreme  points  north  and 
south. 

The  population  is  457,431,  divided  as  follows:  Native  white, 
63.9  per  cent;  foreign  white,  8.6  per  cent;  colored,  27.5  per 
cent ;  or  white,  72.5  per  cent ;  colored,  27.5  per  cent. 

JUDICIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  DISTRICTS. 

The  province  is  divided  into  six  judicial  districts,  viz, 
Santa  Clara,  Sagua  la  Grande,  Remedies,  Cienfuegos,  Trini- 
dad, and  Sancti  Spiritus.  It  is  also  divided  into  27  munici- 
pal districts  or  townships,  viz,  Caibarien,  Calabazar,  Cama- 
juani,  Cienfuegos,  Cruces,  Esperanza,  Lajas  (Santa  Isabela 
de  Lajas),  Palmira,  Placetas,  Quemado  de  Giiines,  Rancho 
Veloz,  Ranchuelo,  Remedies  (San  Juan  de  los  Remedies), 
Rodas,  Sagua  la  Grande,  Sancti  Spiritus,  Santa  Clara,  Santo 
Domingo,  Trinidad,  Vueltas  (San  Antonio  de  las  Vueltas), 
Yaguajay. 

492—09 23  ^^ 


354  PEOVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

PROVINCIAL    GOVERNMENT. 

There  is  a  governor  and  a  provincial  council  of  eight  mem- 
bers, who  are  duly  elected.  Each  municipal  district  has  a 
mayor  and  a  municipal  council. 

CAPITAL  AND  PRINCIPAL  TOWNS. 

The  capital  of  the  province  is  Santa  Clara.  The  other 
important  towns  of  the  province  are  Cienfuegos,  Sagua  la 
Grande,  Sancti  Spiritus,  San  Juan  de  los  Remedios,  and 
Trinidad.  The  latter  was  the  second  city  founded  by 
Velasquez. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  province  is  in  general  level.  This  applies  to  the  north- 
ern portion,  the  cane-producing  zone  of  Cienfuegos  in  the 
west  and  the  savannas  of  Sancti  Spiritus  in  the  east.  The 
southwestern  part  of  the  province  is  an  immense  swamp,  a 
part  of  the  Cienaga  de  Zapata. 

There  are  various  mountain  groups  which  may  be  divided 
into  two  principal  formations;  one  a  ridge  of  hills  and 
mountains  which  runs  parallel  to  the  north  coast,  and  the 
other  a  compact  mass  of  highlands  extending  as  far  as  the 
south  coast.  The  northern  mountain  range  is  composed  of  the 
Jumaguas  and  Sabana  groups.  These  two  groups  are 
separated  by  the  Sagua  la  Grande  and  Sagua  la  Chica  rivers. 
The  Jumaguas  group  is  small  and  comprises  the  Sierra 
Morena  and  the  Jumaguas  Hills  west  of  the  Sagua  la  Grande. 
Between  the  two  Sagua  rivers  are  some  elevations  which  join 
this  group  with  the  Sabana  or  Remedios  group.  To  the  last- 
named  group  belong  the  Lomas  de  Santa  Fe  near  Camajuani, 
the  Sierras  de  Bamburanao  and  Matahambre  to  the  south 
of  Yaguajay  and  also  the  Jatibonico  Mountains,  the  source 
of  the  Jatibonico  del  Norte  and  Jatibonico  del  Sur  rivers, 
which  form  the  natural  boundary  between  the  provinces  of 
Santa  Clara  and  Camagiiey. 

The  main  portion  of  the  central  range  of  mountains  is 
made  up  of  the  Cubanacan  and  Guamuhaya  groups,  and  the 
sierras  and  hills  of  medium  size  which  are  situated  in  the 
center  and  southern  portions  of  the  province  between  the 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAEA.  355 

cities  of  Santa  Clara,  Cienfuegos.  Trinidad,  and  Sancti 
Spiritus. 

The  Ciibanacan  group  is  formed  by  the  Santa  Clara  Hills, 
such  as  the  Cerro  Calvo  and  others  near  the  city.  Farther 
south  are  Sierra  Alta  and  Sierra  del  Escambray  in  which  the 
principal  rivers  of  this  region  have  their  sources. 

Separated  from  the  above-named  hills  by  the  Arimao 
Valley  are  the  hills  of  Guamuhaya.  This  group  is  again 
crossed  by  the  Agabama  Valley,  forming  the  so-called  hills 
of  Trinidad  and  Sancti  Spiritus. 

The  Trinidad  chain  is  formed  by  the  Sierra  de  Saguanea 
in  the  north  and  Pico  Blanco  and  Cabeza  del  Muerto  or  San 
Juan  in  the  south,  while  in  the  center  are  the  Lomas  de 
Trinidad.  The  summit  of  this  group,  as  well  as  of  the  entire 
Santa  Clara  region,  is  called  Pico  de  Potrerillo,  situated 
north  of  Trinidad  and  having  an  elevation  of  about  2,850 
feet. 

Within  the  valleys  of  the  Agabama  and  Zaza  rivers  is 
found  the  Sancti  Spiritus  system  of  hills,  the  most  noted 
being  the  Sierra  de  Banao,  elevation,  2,550  feet;  Lomas  de 
Ponciano,  del  Obispo,  del  Helechal,  and  many  others. 

RIVERS. 

The  northern  watershed  of  the  province  is  formed  by 
rolling  prairies  extending  as  far  as  the  Sierra  del  Escambray, 
the  source  of  the  most  important  rivers  of  the  south  coast. 

The  Sagua  la  Grande  has  a  93-mile  course  and  is  navigable 
for  about  20  miles.  This  river  passes  through  Santo  Do- 
mingo, Sitiecito,  and  Sagua  la  Grande,  emptying  into  the 
sea  at  La  Isabela  or  Boca  de  Sagua.  The  Sagua  la  Chica 
is  65  miles  long,  has  a  good  roadstead,  and  is  navigable  as  far 
as  El  Santo.  The  Jiquiabo  and  Yabii  are  feeders  of  the 
Sagua  la  Grande,  while  the  Camajuani  River,  which  irrigates 
the  rich  tobacco  plantations  in  the  Camajuani  Valley,  is  a 
tributary  of  the  Sagua  la  Chica.  The  balance  of  the  rivers 
on  the  north  coast  are  short  in  length,  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  hills  of  the  Sabana  range  are  but  a  short  distance  from 
the  coast. 

On  the  boundary  line  between  Santa  Clara  and  Camagiiey 
are  found  the  rivers  Jatibonico  del  Norte  and  Jatibonico  del 


356  PEOVINCE   OF    SANTA   CLARA. 

Sur  which  rise  from  the  springs  called  Los  Regaderos  de 
Palmaritos  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Jatibonico  Moun- 
tains. The  Jatibonico  del  Norte  crosses  the  mountains 
through  a  subterranean  channel  about  2^  to  3^  miles  long 
4i,  and  reappears  on  the  northern  slope  in  the  form  of  a  water- 
fall, continuing  its  course  toward  the  north  coast. 

The  southern  watershed  is  divided  into  three  portions. 
The  first  is  a  very  fertile  plain  and  is  irrigated  by  the 
Damuji,  Salado,  and  Caunao  rivers,  which  have  their  outlets 
near  the  port  of  Cienfuegos.  The  largest  of  these  rivers  is 
the  Damuji  which  is  navigable  as  far  as  Rodas,  a  distance  of 
about  18  miles.  The  next  portion  of  the  watershed  is  very 
much  broken  up  and  is  traversed  by  the  Rio  Arimao  and  Rio 
Agabama  which  come  from  the  Sierra  del  Escambray. 

The  first-named  river  irrigates  the  tobacco  fields  of  Mani- 
caragua  and  has  its  outlet  near  the  port  of  Cienfuegos  after 
being  joined  by  the  Hanabanilla,  famous  for  its  numerous 
cascades. 

The  Agabama  or  Manati  River  divides  the  Trinidad  and 
Sancti  Spiritus  groups  and  has  for  a  tributary  the  Rio  de 
Ay,  also  noted  for  its  beautiful  waterfalls. 

The  prairie  land  lying  between  the  rivers  Zaza  and  the 
Jatibonico  del  Sur  constitutes  the  third  portion  of  the  water- 
shed. The  headwaters  of  the  Zaza  are  near  Placetas.  It  is 
about  93  miles  long  and  enters  the  sea  near  Puerto  de  Tunas. 

The  Jatibonico  del  Sur  forms  part  of  the  boundary  line 
between  Santa  Clara  and  Camagiiey. 

COAST  LINE. 

To  the  north  of  the  entire  coast  line  is  a  continuous  suc- 
cession of  cayos  and  small  islands  forming  an  immense  archi- 
pelago, fortunately  interspersed  with  four  or  five  good  chan- 
nels. The  coast  proper,  with  the  Bay  of  Santa  Clara  and 
the  Cayo  de  Cinco  Leguas  as  its  western  boundary  line,  is 
marked  by  an  extensive  plain  called  Sabanas  Anegadizas. 
Going  eastward  there  is  an  endless  series  of  embarcaderos 
(landing  places)  and  estuaries  until  the  extreme  northeast- 
ern portion  of  the  coast  is  reached.  To  the  north  of  this 
portion  is  the  large  Cayo  Fragoso. 

The  southern  coast  at  its  extreme  southeastern  part  has  a 
large  shoal  in  which  are  situated  several  cayos  and  one  of 


o 


CAMAL 


PROV. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA, 


357 


the  termini  of  the  military  trocha  El  Jiicaro.  Thence  going 
eastward  one  encounters  small  inlets  and  coves  until  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Guaurabo  is  reached.  Between  this  latter 
point  and  the  Bay  of  Jagua  or  Cienfuegos  occurs  this-  same 
succession  of  inlets,  coves,  and  caletas  (small  creeks). 

A  little  to  the  west  of  the  Bay  of  Cienfuegos  commences 
the  celebrated  Cienaga  de  Zapata,  which  forms  about  60 
miles  of  the  coast  line  of  the  province  of  Santa  Clara.  Its 
Spanish  name,  Zapata,  indicates  its  shape,  that  of  a  shoe. 
This  marsh  juts  out  into  the  sea  in  the  form  of  a  peninsula, 
forming  on  its  north  the  Ensenada  (inlet)  de  la  Broa.  This 
marsh  is  indented  by  the  Bay  of  Cochinos,  which  almost 
divides  it  into  two  parts,  the  eastern  part  being  named 
Cienaga  Oriental  de  Zapata  and  the  western  part  Cienaga 
Occidental  de  Zapata. 


AGRICULTURE.    INDUSTRY,    AND    COMMERCE. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  are  sugar  cane,  to- 
bacco, coffee,  cocoa,  corn,  bananas,  honey,  wax,  timber,  alco- 
hol, cattle,  charcoal,  and  bark  and  leaves  for  tanning, 

Cienfuegos  has  a  fine  harbor  and  is  a  place  of  commercial 
activity,  being  the  center  of  the  sugar  trade  for  the  south  of 
the  island.  Sugar  and  tobacco  are  exported  to  the  United 
States. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICTS  AND   MUNICIPAL   DISTRICTS. 

Judicial  district.  Township. 

Cienfuegos Cienfuegos. 

Cruces. 

Palmira. 

Rodas, 

Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas. 
Sagua  la  Grande Quemado  de  Giiines. 

Rancho  Veloz. 

Sagua  la  Grande. 

Santo  Domingo. 

Sancti  Spiritus Sancti  Spiritiis. 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedios Caibari§n. 

CamajuanI, 

Placetas. 

San  Antonio  de  las  Vueltas. 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedios. 

Yaguajay. 


358 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


Judicial  district.  Township. 

Santa  Clara Calabazar. 

Esperanza. 

Ranchuelo. 

Santa  Clara. 
Trinidad Trinidad. 

JUDICIAI^    DISTRICT    OF    CIENFUEG08. 

Township :  Population. 

Cienfuegos 70.  41(5 

Cruces 10,  239 

Palmira 15.  750 

Rodas 22,  088 

Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas 11,407 


TOWNSHIP  OF  CIENFUEGOS   (CAPITAL,  CIENFUEGOS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Cienfuegos 

Aguada  de  Pasajeros 

Arimao 

San  Ant6n. 
Barajagua 

Mandinga. 
Caimanera 

Diamante. 
Calesito 

Laguna  del  Hato. 

Carreno 

Castillo  de  Jagua 

Caunao •. 

Jleotea. 

Cayamas 

Cayo  Carenas 

Charcas 

Antdn  Recio. 

Cumanayagua 

Gavll&n 

Guajlmico. 

Guanaroca 

Guaos 

Calabazas. 

Gu&simal 

Guayabales 

Jagiiey  Chlco 

Junco 

Lagunlllas 

Manacas 

Matiin 

La  Horquita. 

Ojode  Agua 

Punta  Gorda 

Ramirez 

Real  Campifla 

Pueblo  Nuevo. 

Sierra 

Soto 

Venero  San  Juan  or  Esles 
Yaguaramas 


Barrio. 


El  Paradero 

La  Aduana 

Mercado 

Pueblo  Nuevo 

Aguada  de  Pasajeros . 
Arimao 


Barajagua. 
Caimanera. 
Calesito 


Carreflo  or  Convento . 

Castillo  de  Jagua 

Caunao 


Cayamas 

Cavo  Carenas 

Cienaga  de  Zapata. 
Charcas 


Cumanayagua. 
Gavil&n 


Guanaroca. 
Guaos 


Gu&stmal 

Guayabales.. 
Jagiiey  Chlco. 

Junco 

Lagunlllas. . . 

Manacas 

Matiin 


Ojode  Agua.. 
Punta  Gorda.. 

Ramirez 

Real  Campifla . 


Sierra 

Soto 

Venero 

Yaguaramas. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
Rural.. 
..do... 


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.do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


32 
12.6 


29 
8.5 
5i 

24 
4.5 
46 
13 

17.5 
19.8 


16 
22 
37 
17 

7 

4 
17      , 

17      i 
2.5 
6      I 

26      i 

20  I 

6  1 

30  I 

20  I 


Popula- 
tion. 


8,676 
7,744 
6,104 
7,416 
3,486 
1,208 

1,015 

649 


1,810 
1,051 
2,732 

1,090 
181 
476 

867 

4,106 
451 

572 
2.700 

592 
890 
921 
796 
98 
2.536 
807 

915 

436 

1,060 

2,547 

1,094 

390 

1,170 

3,039 


C/A' 


'HI 


PROVINCE   OP   SANTA   CLABA.  359 

Cienfuegos. — Town.  The  city  is  situated  on  the  south 
coast  of  the  island  in  latitude  20°  7'  11"  N.,  and  longitude 
80°  27'  11"  W.,  and  is  196  miles  from  Havana.  It  is  on  the 
east  side  of  the  harbor  of  Jagua  and  about  5  miles  from  the 
entrance.  The  Damuji  River  is  about  6  miles  to  the  west, 
while  the  Arimao  River  is  about  7  miles  to  the  east.  Both 
these  rivers  are  navigable  by  small  launches.  Four  wards  or 
urban  barrios  make  up  the  city. 

Cienfuegos  is  undoubtedly  the  most  important  port  on  the 
southern  cost  of  Cuba.  A  great  deal  of  sugar  and  much  to- 
bacco is  shipped  to  the  United  States. 

Population,  30,100. 

Water  supply :  The  present  water-supply  system  is  owned 
by  Seiior  Francisco  Madrazo,  a  Cuban,  living  in  Cienfuegos. 
The  supply  is  entirely  inadequate  and  believed  (by  army 
surgeons)  to  be  unfit  for  drinking  purposes  except  when 
boiled.  The  source  of  supply  is  several  large  springs  at  a 
place  called  Candaleria,  about  3  miles  northeast  of  town  and 
situated  between  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  tracks  and  the 
Cienfuegos-Caunao  wagon  road.     (Candaleria  is  a  farm.) 

The  springs  forming  the  supply  have  been  opened  by  dig- 
ging a  hole  60  by  60  feet  and  about  30  feet  deep.  At  the 
deepest  part  of  the  hole  the  water  is  about  16  feet  deep,  and 
at  the  northwest  corner  about  3  feet  deep.  The  water  is 
pumped  from  the  hole  by  two  Blake's  donkey  pumps,  run  by 
a  steam  boiler  of  probably  20  horsepower.  The  water  is  then 
forced  through  an  8-inch  main  across  the  fields  to  the  Cien- 
fuegos-Caunao wagon  road  (about  two-thirds  of  a  mile)  and 
along  that  road  to  the  reservoir  at  the  edge  of  the  city.  The 
reservoir  has  an  elevation  of  about  53  feet  above  the  sea.  It 
consists  of  two  tanks,  each  one  being  100  feet  long,  66  feet 
wide,  and  15  feet  deep.  The  tanks  are  separated  by  a  brick 
wall  about  2  feet  thick.  The  eastern  tank  is  so  arranged  that 
water  may  be  turned  into  the  other.  Both  have  the  same  ele- 
vation. Above  and  about  8  feet  from  the  sides  of  the  reser- 
voir there  is  a  concrete  wall  about  1  foot  in  thickness  and  8 
feet  in  height.  The  walls  are  nicely  whitewashed  and  every- 
thing is  neat  and  clean. 

From  the  reservoir  the  water  is  distributed  about  the  city 
in  pipes  of  various  sizes,  the  pipe  leaving  the  reservoir  being 
8  inches  in  diameter.     There  seems  to  be  no  particular  system 


360  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

of  piping.  The  pipes  are  near  the  ground,  constantly  break- 
ing and  flooding  the  streets  and  seem  to  be  old  and  rotten. 

Only  the  best  houses  in  the  city  are  supplied  with  water 
from  the  city  mains.  Probably  all  the  best  houses  have  cis- 
terns from  which  drinking  water  is  obtained.  Most  of  the 
poorer  houses  have  cistern  or  rain-water  tanks  of  some  kind. 
When  their  supply  becomes  exhausted  they  may  get  water 
from  one  of  the  5  public  spigots  in  the  city,  or  purchase  it 
from  the  water-cart  man.  Water  carts  pass  up  and  down  the 
streets  several  times  each  day. 

The  main  from  the  pumping  station  to  the  wagon  road  is 
simply  laid  upon  the  ground.  Along  the  roadway  it  is 
buried  about  3  feet  deep,  but  there  are  several  places  along 
the  road  where  the  pipes  are  in  plain  view.  The  pipes  along 
the  road  follow  the  west  side  of  the  roadway,  about  20  feet 
from  the  driveway. 

Formerly  the  water  supply  came  from  the  Jicotea  River, 
about  7  miles  northeast  of  the  city.  The  pumping  station  at 
that  place  was  destroyed  during  the  1906  insurrection.  The 
water  from  the  Jicotea  River  is  said  to  be  bad  and  is  consid- 
ered worse  than  the  present  supply.  A  description  of  the 
proposed  new  water  supply  is  on  file  in  the  Second  Section, 
General  Staff. 

Sewerage :  The  city  is  without  a  sewer  system.  Only  a  few 
isolated  drains  find  their  way  to  the  bay,  the  bulk  of  the 
sewage  being  confined  to  cesspools,  while  slops  and  cooking 
water  are  thrown  upon  the  streets.  Nearly  every  house  has 
its  privy  in  the  back  yard,  generally  quite  close  to  the 
kitchen.  Large  buildings  have  cesspools,  which  are  some- 
times emptied  and  cleaned.  Rubbish  is  collected  by  carts 
every  night. 

Electric  lighting:  A  plant  at  the  northwest  corner  of 
Dorticos  street  and  Independence  avenue.  The  plaza  (10 
lights)  and  only  one  or  two  street  corners  are  lighted  by 
arc  lights. 

Five  hundred  and  thirty-eight  buildings  in  the  city  are 
lighted  by  electricity.  Daily  capacity  of  the  plant  is  claimed 
to  be  200  kilowatts.  Main  engine  is  of  the  Corliss  type,  hori- 
zontal, with  300  horsepower.  There  is  also  a  secondary  bat- 
tery of  the  same  capacity.  The  three- wire  system  is  in  use. 
Direct  current  of  120  volts. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  361 

Gas  system :  On  the  streets  of  Cienf uegos  there  are  516  gas 
lights.  On  the  principal  streets  there  is  a  light  at  each  end 
of  the  block  and  one  in  the  middle.  The  lights  are  in  glass 
frames  and  about  12  feet  above  the  sidewalks. 

Some  603  houses  in  the  city  are  lighted  by  gas. 

The  gas  tank  and  factory  is  on  the  Paseo  de  Antonio 
Ma  ceo  at  calle  de  Palacios,  southwest  of  the  railroad  station. 

The  gas  mains  vary  in  size  from  10-inch  to  1-inch.  At 
places  the  smaller  pipes  are  exposed  to  view  of  persons  trav- 
eling on  the  streets.  The  gas  tank  is  14  feet  high,  72  feet  in 
diameter,  and  has  a  capacity  of  50,000  to  60.000  cubic  feet  of 
gas  daily.  Another  tank  of  the  same  size  may  be  installed 
in  the  near  future  (1907). 

Two  hundred  and  thirty-three  oil  lamps  are  also  used  by 
the  city  in  lighting  the  streets. 

Barracks  or  buildings  suitable  for  same:  Troops  arriving 
at  Cienfuegos  in  the  night  could  bivouac  as  follows : 

(a)  At  the  custom-house  pier.  At  this  place  is  a  shed  24 
by  225  feet,  which  could  accommodate,  for  bivouac  purposes, 
at  least  150  men.  The  two  piers  would  also  accommodate 
300  men.  The  piers  are  not  covered,  but  during  the  dry  sea- 
son would  be  a  very  good  place  for  men  for  one  night. 
Horses  of  two  troops  of  cavalry  could  be  picketed  on  lines  in 
the  streets  in  the  immediate  vicinity  without  interfering  with 
the  regular  traffic. 

(b)  At  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  station  there  is  suffi- 
cient ground  for  the  bivouacking  of  200  men,  and  there  is  a 
sheet-iron  shed  with  concrete  floor  which  would  accommo- 
date 100  men.  The  ground  would  be  bad  during  the  rainy 
season  or  right  after  a  rain.  About  65  horses  could  be  cor- 
raled  at  the  railroad  company's  stock  yard,  300  yards  south 
of  the  depot. 

(c)  At  the  corner  of  Dorticos  street  and  Independence 
avenue  is  ground  for  the  temporary  camp  of  two  troops  of 
cavalry  or  four  companies  of  infantry.  There  is  a  5-foot 
fence  around  the  grounds.  The  place  could  also  be  used 
during  the  dry  season  for  the  corral  of  a  wagon  train. 

Buildings  for  barracks:  1.  Jesuit  convent,  situated  at  Cid 
and  Nicolas  streets.  The  building  occupies  three  sides  of  a 
city  block;  on  the  fourth  side  is  the  stable  and  yard.  The 
building,  of  stuccoed  brick,  has  a  basement  and  two  upper 


362  PBOVINCE    OF    SANTA   CLARA. 

stories.  The  chapel  occupies  the  western  side,  on  Cid  street. 
There  are  about  50  large  rooms,  30  by  30  feet,  with  high  ceil- 
ings, and  a  dormitory  89  by  15  yards.  The  dormitory  has  60 
small  bedrooms,  8^  by  8i  feet.  The  partitions  of  these  small 
bedrooms  are  of  brick  and  are  about  8  feet  in  height.  The 
building  is  in  good  repair.  Sanitary  condition  of  locality  is 
very  good.  Capacity  is  about  400  men.  Water  supply  ob- 
tained from  a  well  with  windmill  attachment  and  a  large 
cistern.  Two  water-closet  stools  on  second  and  third  stories. 
Bathroom  with  8  showers  and  6  bath  tubs,  and  6  water-closet 
stools  on  lower  floor.  There  are  also  one  good  kitchen  and 
two  dining  rooms. 

The  institution  has  187  boy  pupils,  62  of  whom  board  with 
the  convent. 

2.  The  barracks  of  the  rural  guard  detachment  stationed 
in  Cienfuegos  are  at  the  northeastern  edge  of  the  city  and 
on  the  highest  ground  in  the  city.  There  are  7  buildings  and 
4  stables  described  as  follows : 

(a)  Guardhouse.  A  frame  building  with  tar-paper  roof, 
18  by  15  feet. 

(6)  Harness  room.  A  frame  building  with  tar-paper 
roof,  6  by  8  feet. 

(c)  First  sergeant's  quarters.  A  frame  building  with  tar- 
paper  roofing,  18  by  15  feet. 

(d)  A  frame  building  with  tar-paper  roofing,  115  by  27 
feet.  There  is  a  5-foot  porch  around  entire  building.  Ca- 
pacity, 50  men.  Good  repair,  except  roof,  which  needs  re- 
papering. 

(e)  Officers'  dining  room,  officers'  quarters,  and  kitchen. 
A  wooden  building,  156  by  21  feet,  with  tiled  roof.  There 
are  three  office  rooms  at  the  eastern  end,  each  15  feet  in 
width.  Officers'  quarters  consists  of  one  room,  10  by  12  feet, 
just  off  the  southwest  corner  of  the  building,  with  entrance 
from  the  office.  The  kitchen,  21  by  21  feet,  is  just  in  the 
rear  (south)  of  the  center  of  the  building.  All  rooms  in 
fair  repair  except  the  kitchen. 

(/)  There  are  four  sets  of  wooden  stable  sheds.  Each 
shed  is  102  by  21  feet  and  arranged  for  30  stalls;  wooden 
floors.  At  the  west  ends  of  the  stables  are  rooms,  15  by  21 
feet,  used  as  saddle  rooms.     At  the  east  end  of  each  stable 


PROVINCE   OP   SANTA   CLAEA.  363 

is  a  room,  15  by  21  feet,  for  forage.  Stables  are  in  very  good 
repair. 

(ff)  Latrine.  A  wooden  building,  about  6  by  6  feet,  and 
about  40  yards  in  rear  of  the  fourth  stable. 

(k)  Fort.  This  is  described  under  fortifications.  Build- 
ings a  to  e,  inclusive,  are  about  3  feet  off  the  ground. 

(j)  Water  supply :  From  the  city  reservoir.  Private  pipe 
from  reservoir  to  the  camp.  Sufficient  supply.  Water  should 
be  boiled. 

3.  Public-school  building.  At  Cuartel  and  Santa  Cruz 
streets.  The  eastern  half  of  the  school,  which  is  rectangular 
in  shape,  was  originally  the  barracks  of  the  Spanish  garri- 
son. The  walls  are  brick,  stuccoed,  and  the  roofs  of  tiling. 
The  western  part,  consisting  of  "  L's  "  at  the  northwest  and 
southwest  corners  of  the  old  building,  was  built  about  1902. 
These  are  frame  buildings  with  tile  roofs.  All  buildings, 
both  old  and  new,  are  in  excellent  repair.  The  ceilings,  of 
hard  wood,  are  quite  high,  and  every  room  is  well  ventilated. 

The  sanitary  condition  of  the  buildings  and  locality  is 
excellent.  There  is  a  total  of  33  rooms,  19  in  the  old  build- 
ings and  14  in  the  new  buildings.  Most  of  these  rooms  are 
large  enough  to  comfortably  quarter  15  to  20  men.  Total 
capacity  is  525  men. 

Water  supply:  Two  large  cisterns  and  water  from  the 
Cienfuegos  City  Water  Company.  At  present  the  cisterns 
are  dry  and  the  water  company  is  not  furnishing  sufficierit 
water  for  use  in  flushing  water-closets  (1907). 

Water-closets:  In  the  eastern  section  there  are  two  rooms 
with  water-closets,  one  with  9  stools  and  the  other  with  13 
stools  and  a  large  urinal.  In  the  western  section  there  are 
two  water-closet  rooms,  one  with  10  and  the  other  with  12 
stools. 

Note. — All  buildings  have  wide  porches  on  at  least  one 
side.  Cement  pavements  throughout  the  grounds.  The 
buildings  of  the  school  cover  one  complete  city  block. 

A  private  sewer  system  goes  to  the  bay. 

Excellent  place  for  hospital  or  barracks. 

4.  Provincial  prison.  At  Santa  Elena  and  Cuartel  streets. 
The  building,  of  stone,  is  rectangular  in  shape ;  roofs  of  tiling 
and  floors  of  cement.     There  are  19  rooms,  including  the 


364  PROVINCE    OP    SANTA    CLARA. 

kitchen  and  bath,  from  8  by  12  to  25  by  30  feet.  In  good 
repair.  Sanitary  condition  of  building  and  locality  is  good. 
Capacity,  150  men.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  a  1^-inch 
private  pipe  from  the  reservoir  of  the  city  water  company, 
and  a  cistern  for  rain  water.  Sufficient  supply.  Sewerage — 
private  line  to  the  bay.  There  are  9  water-closet  stools  in 
the  building. 

Stables :  1.  At  173  La  Mar  street,  near  O'Donnell ;  a  frame 
building  with  32  stalls.    City  water  supply. 

2.  At  130  Cuartel  street,  corner  of  Castillo.  Stable  has 
14  stalls. 

3.  At  rural  guard  quarters,  described  above,  are  stalls  for 
120  animals.  City  water  supply.  Stable  is  built  of  cement 
and  brick  and  is  very  well  kept. 

Transportation  corrals:  1.  A  corral  used  by  the  police  and 
sanitary  departments  is  situated  at  the  southern  end  of 
Calzada  de  Dolores.  This  place  was  formerly  used  as  a 
market  and  was  known  as  "  Mercado  No.  2."  It  occupies 
an  area  of  165  by  180  feet.  It  is  estimated  that  80  animals 
could  be  stabled  in  this  corral  by  making  a  few  repairs  to 
the  stalls  and  fitting  up  the  west  side. 

Two  gates  enter  the  corral,  one  from  the  west  side  and  the 
other  from  the  south. 

The  southwest  corner  has  one  large  and  three  small  rooms 
in  which  15  teamsters  could  be  quartered.  There  is  another 
rfmall  room  at  the  southeast  corner ;  could  be  used  as  a  store- 
room. 

In  the  center  of  the  corral  is  a  stone  watering  trough  with 
city  water  connections. 

This  place  is  recommended  as  a  corral. 

2.  Grounds  suitable  for  corrals:  {a)  At  La  Mar  street 
and  Independencia  avenue  is  ground  used  by  circuses  and 
other  show  people.  A  6-foot  fence  (wooden)  incloses  an  entire 
block.  A  good  place  during  the  dry  season.  City  water  con- 
nections could  be  arranged.  (7))  On  the  east  side  of  Inde- 
pendencia avenue  just  south  of  calle  Campomanes  is  an 
open  space  used  as  a  baseball  ground.  It  is  three  blocks 
wide  and  two  blocks  in  length.  A  good  place  in  the  dry 
season  and  probably  good  in  wet  weather.  City  water  could 
be  obtained. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  365 

Hospitals  or  buildings  suitable  for  same:  1.  Sanatorio 
Purisima  Concepcion.  An  institution  organized  by  the 
Spaniards  of  Santa  Clara  Province.  The  hospital  is  being 
erected  on  the  high  ground  at  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  at 
the  eastern  end  of  Zaldo  street.  It  is  expected  that  the  build- 
ings will  be  completed  and  the  hospital  in  operation  in  No- 
vember, 1907. 

The  hospital  will  accommodate  patients  as  follows : 

Ordinary  sick 40 

Patients  requiring  surgical  care 20 

Fever  patients 40 

Tuberculosis  patients 10 

Smallpox  patients 10 

Total 1 120 

In  an  emergency  an  additional  70  patients  could  be  cared 
for.  The  water  supply  for  the  institution  will  be  a  well  at 
a  point  some  200  yards  south  of  the  last  ward.  This  well  is 
35  feet  deep  and  has  13  feet  of  water.  The  supply  is  said  to 
be  unlimited  and  of  excellent  quality.  A  large  tank  is  to  be 
erected  about  100  yards  in  rear  of  the  main  wards  and 
have  a  height  sufficient  to  force  the  water  to  all  parts  of  the 
institution.  The  grounds  will  be  made  into  a  park.  The 
buildings  will  cost  in  the  neighborhood  of  $100,000  and  will 
have  an  elevation  of  48  feet,  with  an  excellent  view  of  the 
bay  and  the  city. 

2.  Civil  hospital.  At  Independencia  avenue  and  Cervantes 
street.  The  hospital  occupies  an  entire  city  block  and  is 
one  story  in  height.  The  eastern  half  is  stuccoed  brick,  with 
tiled  roofs  and  flooring.  The  western  half  is  of  wood  with 
tiled  roof.  The  hospital,  while  in  poor  repair,  seems  to  be 
complete  in  every  respect.  There  is  a  good  operating  room, 
21  ward  rooms  of  various  sizes,  6  iron-barred  rooms  for  in- 
sane patients,  laundry  and  sterilizing  rooms,  dining  room, 
dispensary  and  storerooms.  Capacity,  240  patients.  Sani- 
tary condition  of  building  is  poor,  many  buildings  being  old 
and  in  poor  repair.  Buildings  are  too  close  together.  Lo- 
cality is  believed  to  be  good. 

Water  is  obtained  from  a  large  cistern,  a  well  with  wind- 
mill attachment,  and  water  mains  from  the  city  water  com- 
pany ;  supply  not  sufficient.    Water-closets  can  not  be  properly 


366  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAEA. 

flushed  on  account  of  the  shortage  of  water  from  the  mains. 
There  are  16  water-closet  stools  and  7  small  bathrooms. 
There  is  a  6-inch  sewer  pipe  from  the  hospital  to  the  bay. 

3.  Spanish  hospital.  At  the  northeast  corner  of  Santa 
Cruz  and  O'Donnell  streets.  That  part  of  the  main  building 
fronting  on  O'Donnell  street  is  of  brick ;  all  other  buildings 
are  of  wood.  All  buildings  have  tile  roofs.  In  poor  repair. 
Sanitary  condition  of  locality  is  very  good,  but  the  sanitary 
condition  of  the  buildings  is  believed  to  be  bad.  Capacity, 
126  patients.  The  yellow-fever  ward  will  accommodate  10 
patients.  Water  is  obtained  from  a  1-inch  private  pipe 
direct  from  the  reservoir  of  the  city  water  company;  suffi- 
cient supply ;  should  be  boiled  for  drinking  purposes.  There 
are  6  water-closets  in  the  buildings;  also  a  small  bathroom. 
Gas  is  used  throughout  the  hospital. 

Upon  completion  of  their  new  buildings  the  present  site 
will  be  abandoned  as  a  hospital. 

4.  Landa  hospital.  At  the  southeastern  edge  of  the  city 
at  the  junction  of  Florida  Blanca  and  Cuartel  streets.  The 
building  is  of  stuccoed  brick  and  has  a  tile  roof. 

There  is  a  large  ward  room,  40  by  40  feet;  an  operating 
room,  15  by  18  feet ;  2  rooms,  each  15  by  15  feet,  which  are 
used  in  connection  with  the  operating  room ;  13  ward  rooms, 
each  18  by  18  feet;  3  ward  rooms,  each  10  by  12  feet;  a 
kitchen,  10  by  12  feet;  and  two  or  three  small  storerooms. 
All  in  good  repair.  Sanitary  condition  of  buildings  and 
locality  is  good.  Ground  occupied  by  the  hospital  is  but  a 
few  feet  above  the  sea  level.  Capacity,  80  patients.  Water 
supply  is  obtained  from  a  well  with  a  windmill  and  cistern. 
Sufficient  supply.  Water  from  well  should  be  boiled  for 
drinking  purposes.  Rain  water  in  cistern.  There  are  four 
water-closet  stools. 

5.  Convento  Hermanas  de  los  Pobres.  On  the  corner  of 
Cuartel  and  Cisneros  streets.  The  building  is  of  stone,  with 
tiled  roof  and  floors.  It  is  rectangular  in  shape,  with  a  patio 
in  the  center.  There  is  a  chapel,  40  by  60  feet ;  2  rooms  suit- 
able for  wards,  each  25  by  80  feet;  3  rooms,  15  by  18  feet;  two 
or  three  small  storerooms,  a  kitchen,  and  bath.  The  building 
is  in  excellent  condition.  Sanitary  condition  of  building  and 
locality  is  very  good.     Capacity,  100  patients.     The  water 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  367 

supply  is  from  a  windmill-well  and  a  cistern.     Sufficient 
supply.     Six  water-closet  stools  in  the  building. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses,  suitable  build- 
ings: During  the  cane-grinding  season  most  of  the  store- 
houses of  the  city  are  filled,  or  nearly  so,  with  sugar  which 
is  shipped  to  Cienfuegos  from  outlying  places  for  transporta- 
tion by  water  to  the  United  States.  By  the  middle  of  May 
the  warehouses  are  empty,  and  remain  empty  until  shipment 
of  sugar  begins  with  the  next  season. 

1.  At  the  southwest  corner  of  Dorticos  and  Hourrutiner 
streets  is  a  brick  warehouse  with  tiled  roof,  84  by  200  feet. 
There  is  a  tramway  running  from  the  tracks,  through  the 
warehouse,  out  to  the  wharf.  Xo  platforms  for  unloading. 
The  building,  which  is  in  good  repair,  is  on  a  siding  (Dor- 
ticos street)  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad. 

2.  At  the  northwest  corner  of  Dorticos  and  Hourrutiner 
streets  is  a  brick  storehouse  occupying  an  entire  block,  includ- 
ing a  yard  in  the  center.  The  sides  are  about  100  feet  in 
width.  A  tramway  from  the  Cuban  Central  siding  (on  Dor- 
ticos street)  to  the  storehouse.  Six  unloading  platforms,  6 
by  6  feet,  on  the  Dorticos  street  side  for  unloading  of  cars. 
Building  in  good  repair. 

3.  At  the  southwest  corner  of  Dorticos  and  D'Clouet  streets 
is  a  storehouse,  IGO  by  300  feet.  Brick  building  with  tiled 
roof.  A  tramway  from  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  siding 
on  Dorticos  street  runs  through  the  storehouse  and  out  to  the 
pier.  Three  doors  for  unloading  directly  from  cars.  No 
platforms.     Good  repair. 

4.  At  the  northeast  corner  of  Dorticos  and  D'Clouet  streets 
is  a  brick  storehouse,  100  by  100  feet,  with  tile  roof.  A  tram- 
way runs  from  the  Cuban  Central  siding  on  Dorticos  street 
to  the  storehouse,  also  a  tramway  south  to  a  pier.  Building 
in  good  repair. 

5.  At  the  northwest  corner  of  the  custom-house  is  a  store- 
room, 30  by  90  feet.  Brick  building  with  tile  roof.  Excel- 
lent storeroom,  but  small.  Xo  platforms  for  loading.  Cuban 
Central  Railroad  siding,  on  Dorticos  street,  immediately  in 
front  of  the  storeroom.  There  is  another  room  in  the  cus- 
tom-house which  could  be  used.     This  is  a  room,  60  by  120 


368  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

feet,  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  building.     Railroad  sid- 
ing within  30  yards  of  the  storeroom. 

6.  At  the  southwest  corner  of  La  Mar  and  Santa  Isabela 
streets  is  a  shed,  90  by  270  feet,  with  a  tile  roof.  Sides  of 
shed  are  protected  by  iron  bars.  There  is  a  tramway  from 
the  shed  to  the  pier  for  receiving  supplies  from  boats.  Shed 
is  on  a  siding  (La  Mar  street)  of  the  Cuban  Central  Rail- 
road. Is  bonded  warehouse  of  custom-house.  If  empty 
might  be  used  by  troops  temporarily;  in  good  repair. 

7.  At  the  northwest  corner  of  San  Luis  and  La  Mar  streets 
is  a  brick  warehouse,  120  by  270  feet,  with  a  tile  roof.  Tram- 
way from  Cuban  Central  Railroad  siding  (on  La  Mar  street) 
to  storehouse;  also  a  tramway  from  building  south  to  pier. 
Building  in  good  repair.  Three  doors  for  the  unloading  of 
cars. 

8.  At  the  southeast  corner  of  La  Mar  and  Casales  streets 
is  a  brick  storehouse,  00  by  270  feet,  with  tile  roof.  A  tram- 
way runs  from  the  Cuban  Central  siding  (on  La  Mar  street) 
to  warehouse;  also  a  tramway  from  building  to  pier  to  the 
south.  Five  doors  for  the  unloading  of  cars ;  no  platforms ; 
building  in  good  repair. 

9.  At  the  southwest  corner  of  Casales  and  La  Mar  streets 
is  a  brick  storehouse,  150  by  150  feet;  tile  roof.  Tramway 
from  track  on  La  Mar  street  to  building.  No  platforms; 
building  in  good  repair. 

10.  At  the  railroad  station  (west  side)  is  a  brick  store- 
house, 40  by  125  feet;  tile  roof.  Siding  alongside  of  build- 
ing; no  platforms.     Building  is  used  for  storing  sugar. 

11.  At  Arenas  street  and  Rafael  Cabrera  avenue  is  a  store- 
house. Building  is  234  by  261  feet,  with  walls  40  feet  in 
height.  A  standard-gauge  railroad  siding  enters  the  build- 
ing, permitting  the  entrance  of  the  ordinary  box  car. 
Wagons  can  also  drive  inside  the  building.  Building  is  new. 
No  platforms  on  outside  of  building. 

All  the  buildings  mentioned  above  have  good  strong  floors. 
Floors  have  a  thick  coating  of  sugar  dirt,  resulting  from  the 
leakage  of  the  sugar  sacks  in  handling. 

Location  of  important  offices:  1.  Railroad  station.  On 
Paseo  de  Arango  opposite  Calle  de  Arguelles,  three  blocks 
west  of  the  main  plaza.  Railroad  telegraph  office  in  freight 
building  adjoining  the  passenger  station. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  369 

2.  Post-office.  On  west  side  of  the  main  plaza  and  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  Juan  O'Bourke  (San  Fernando)  and 
Bouyon  streets. 

3.  Government  telegraph  office:  101  Juan  O'Bourke  street, 
just  west  of  the  main  plaza  and  in  rear  of  the  post-office 
building. 

4.  Telephone  central.  Gazel  street  No.  30,  between 
Arguelles  and  Santa  Clara  streets. 

5.  Office  Cuban  Submarine  Cable  Company.  No.  13  Calle 
Santa  Ysabel.  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Santa  Clara  and 
Santa  Ysabel  streets,  two  blocks  south  of  the  main  plaza. 

6.  Electric  plant.  On  Independence  avenue  and  Dorticos 
street. 

The  ice  plant  is  on  Dorticos  street,  one  block  west  of  Inde- 
pendence avenue.      Daily  capacity  is  35  tons. 

Camp  sites,  location,  etc.:  On  account  of  the  scarcity  of 
water,  the  only  suitable  camp  sites  in  the  vicinity  of  Cien- 
fuegos  are  near  the  Cienfuegos-Caunao  wagon  road,  north- 
east of  the  city.  The  mains  of  the  water  company  follow 
the  road,  and  there  is  a  small  stream,  the  Arroyo  del  Yngles, 
about  one-half  mile  to  the  west  of  the  road.  Thus  the  water 
company  could  supply  water  for  drinking  and  cooking  and 
the  stream  the  water  for  the  animals  and  for  bathing. 

1.  At  a  point  about  2  miles  out  of  town,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Cienfuegos-Caunao  road,  there  is  a  camp  site  suitable 
for  a  squadron  of  cavalry  or  a  regiment  of  infantry.  A 
fairly  sandy  soil  with  good  drainage.  Water  for  drinking 
and  cooking  from  the  mains  of  the  water  company,  and 
water  for  animals  and  bathing  from  the  creek,  500  yards 
to  the  west  of  the  road.  No  wood  in  vicinity,  but  it  could 
be  furnished  by  natives.  Grazing  ground  (private  lands) 
for  horses  in  immediate  vicinity.  This  camp  site  was  oc- 
cupied by '  the  American  troops,  but  was  abandoned  on 
account  of  "  scratches  "  among  the  horses. 

2.  At  a  point  on  the  Caunao-Cienfuegos  road,  3  miles 
northeast  of  Cienfuegos,  is  a  camp  site  for  a  squadron  of 
cavalry  or  a  regiment  of  infantry.  Ground  well  drained. 
Water  for  drinking  and  cooking  from  mains  of  water  com- 
pany, and  water  for  animals  and  bathing  could  be  obtained 

492—09 24 


370  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

at  the  creek,  one-half  mile  to  the  west.  Wood  scarce,  but 
could  be  supplied  by  natives. 

3.  On  the  ridge  east  of  the  rural  guard  barracks  there  is 
a  suitable  camp  site  for  a  squadron  of  cavalry  or  a  regiment 
of  infantry;  good  natural  drainage.  Water  for  drinking 
and  cooking  could  be  obtained  from  reservoir  of  the  water 
company,  which  is  on  ground  somewhat  higher  up  the  ridge. 
Horses  could  be  watered  at  the  creek,  one-half  mile  to  the 
west.     Wood  scarce,  but  could  be  supplied  by  natives. 

Fortifications:  All  of  the  forts  mentioned  below,  except 
the  fort  called  "  Zaragoza,"  situated  just  northeast  of  the 
barracks  of  the  rural  guard,  are  new  and  were  built  by  the 
Government  during  the  1906  insurrection.  All  are  in  good 
condition. 

Blockhouse  situated  at  Valazquez  and  Concordia  streets. 
Has  2  stories  and  is  hexagonal  in  form,  the  sides  being  12  feet 
in  length  and  about  14  feet  in  height.  The  walls  are  of  con- 
crete and  about  16  inches  in  thickness.  There  are  two  tiers  of 
fire,  the  lower  tier  being  about  4  feet  from  the  ground  and  the 
upper  tier  3  feet  from  the  top  of  the  fort,  which  is  without 
a  covering.  Steep  stairs  in  the  center  of  the  fort  lead  from 
the  lower  to  the  upper  floor.  The  fort  could  accommodate 
about  12  men  for  firing  purposes.  There  is  a  low  wire  en- 
tanglement from  the  swamp,  100  yards  west  of  the  fort,  to 
the  railroad  bridge  over  the  Arroyo  del  Yngles.  Entangle- 
ment passes  immediately  in  front  of  the  fort.  Swampy 
ground  to  the  north  and  west  of  the  fort.  Good  field  of 
fire  for  some  300  yards  to  the  north,  northeast,  and  northwest. 

Blockhouse  near  the  Cuban  Central  tracks,  40  yards  north 
of  Gloria  street.  Fort  is  hexagonal  in  form,  the  sides  being 
8  feet  in  length  and  8  feet  in  height ;  board  covering.  Has  a 
small  wooden  tower  used  as  a  lookout  station.  This  fort 
commands  the  railroad  to  the  north  as  far  as  the  railroad 
bridge  over  the  Arroyo  del  Yngles.  There  are  houses  on 
both  sides  of  the  track  for  at  least  50  yards  to  the  front, 
limiting  the  field  of  fire  to  ground  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  railroad  track.  Walls  are  of  concrete  and  about  1 
foot  in  thickness. 

Blockhouse  known  by  the  natives  as  No.  7  is  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Cienfuegos-Caunao  road  with  the  Camino  de 
Manacas,  being  about  10  yards  north  of  the  laitter  road.     The 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  371 

fort  is  hexagonal  in  shape,  the  sides  being  14  feet  in  length 
and  14  feet  in  height,  and  has  two  stories.  Upper  storj^  is 
not  covered.  This  blockhouse  could  accommodate  about  20 
men  for  firing  purposes.  Walls  are  of  concrete  and  about 
16  inches  in  thickness. 

Blockhouse  on  calle  de  la  Lealtad,  two  blocks  southeast  of 
calle  de  la  Union.  This  fort  was  not  completed.  The  walls 
are  of  concrete,  16  inches  in  thickness  and  6  feet  in  height, 
and  are  arranged  for  a  single  tier  of  fire.  It  is  hexagonal  in 
shape,  the  sides  being  about  8  feet  in  length. 

Fort  called  "•  Zaragoza  "  was  built  during  the  Spanish 
regime  and  is  just  northeast  of  the  barracks  of  the  rural 
guard.  It  is  a  twelve-sided  affair  and  is  about  100  feet  in 
length  and  35  feet  in  width.  The  walls  are  of  concrete  and 
about  18  inches  in  thickness  and  12  feet  in  height.  In  the 
center  of  the  fort  is  a  frame  building  about  12  by  12  feet. 
Over  the  building  is  a  sheet-iron  sentry  tower  about  6  feet 
in  diameter;  it  is  loopholed,  and  5  or  6  men  could  use  it  for 
firing.  The  fort  commands  the  country  to  the  north  and 
east,  having  an  especially  good  field  of  fire  (600  yards)  to 
the  east.  It  occupies  the  highest  ground  in  the  city  of  Cien- 
fuegos.     Capacity  for  firing,  about  60  men. 

Fort  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Dorticos  and  La  Gloria 
streets  is  a  two-story  concrete  structure  with  walls  16  inches 
thick  and  8  feet  high.  Two  tiers  of  fire.  It  could  accommodate 
about  12  men  for  firing.  The  fort  has  a  field  of  fire  to  the, 
east  for  about  300  yards.  Ground  to  the  east  is  higher  than 
the  ground  occupied  by  the  fort. 

The  fort  in  the  center  of  the  United  States  camp  is  a  nine- 
sided  affair,  and  has  two  stories,  loopholed  for  one  tier  of 
fire  each.  It  is  about  50  feet  in  length  and  20  feet  in  width. 
Over  the  southern  end  is  a  tower  about  12  by  12  feet  and  12 
feet  in  height.  The  tower  is  loopholed  for  one  tier  of  fire, 
and  is  covered  by  a  board  roof.  The  part  not  covered  by  the 
tower  is  without  a  roof,  and  is  loopholed  for  one  tier  of  fire, 
but  men  could  fire  over  the  top  of  the  walls.  The  fort,  which 
is  on  high  ground,  commands  the  road  to  Junco  and  the 
country  to  the  east. 

Two-story,  twelve-sided  fort;  loopholed  for  two  tiers  of 
fire,  one  tier  in  each  story.  The  walls,  of  concrete,  are  about 
16  inches  in  thickness  and  14  feet  in  height,  the  sides  being 


372  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

about  6  feet  in  length;  board  roof.  The  fort  is  on  high 
ground,  and,  in  addition  to  commanding  the  road  Playa 
Alegre,  commands  the  country  to  the  east  for  about  600 
yards.     The  fort  could  accommodate  about  15  men  for  firing. 

P'ort  on  calle  d'e  Cuartel,  about  100  yards  south  of  "Quinta 
de  Salud  San  Rafael."  Hexagonal  in  form,  the  sides  being 
12  feet  in  length;  walls,  of  concrete,  are  about  14  feet  in 
height  and  IG  inches  in  thickness;  fort  has  two  tiers  of  fire, 
one  from  the  lower  story  and  one  from  the  upper ;  men  could 
also  fire  over  the  walls  of  the  upper  story,  which  is  not  cov- 
ered. The  fort  commands  the  country  from  the  bay  to  the 
grounds  occupied  by  the  new  Spanish  hospital.  About  15 
men  could  be  accommodated  for  firing. 

In  addition  to  the  forts  above  mentioned  there  are  signs  of 
a  fort  having  been  traced  at  a  point  midway  between  the  two 
forts  last  described.  For  some  reason  nothing  but  the 
foundation  was  completed. 

Railroads:  The  Cuban  Central  Railroad  is  the  only  rail- 
road coming  into  the  city  of  Cienfuegos.  The  station,  pas- 
senger, and  freight  offices  front  on  Paseo  de  Arango,  oppo- 
site Arguelles  street,  three  blocks  west  of  the  main  plaza. 
The  offices,  sidings,  and  shops  occupy  about  six  blocks. 

The  sidings  consist  of  five  tracks  about  300  yards  in  length 
and  two  or  three  short  branches  leading  to  the  coal  yards 
and  repair  shops.  In  addition  to  these  sidings  a  single-track 
branch  line  goes  down  La  Mar  street  to  Santa  Ysabel  street; 
this  line  is  used  for  sending  supplies  to  the  large  warehouses 
along  the  water  front.  A  second  line  goes  down  Dorticos 
street  to  Independence  avenue  and  is  nine  blocks  in  length; 
the  last  four  blocks  of  this  line  is  a  double  track.  The  line 
is  used  for  hauling  supplies  to  warehouses  and  to  the  electric- 
light  plant.  A  third  branch  line  goes  west  down  Rafael 
Cabrera  avenue  to  the  railroad  pier,  some  eight  blocks;  the 
last  four  blocks  of  the  line  is  a  double  track.  At  Arenas 
street  a  short  spur  leaves  the  line  and  enters  a  large  store- 
house. 

Loading  of  stock:  At  the  southern  end  of  the  east  siding 
there  is  a  small  corral  with  a  stock  chute,  from  which  animals 
are  loaded  and  unloaded.  Only  one  door  of  a  car  can  be 
loaded  at  a  time.  From  the  platform  at  the  freight  depot 
four  cars  can  be  loaded  at  once.     The  platform  is  the  same 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  373 

height  as  the  floors  of  the  cars,  and  extends  out  to  within  2 
feet  of  the  car  doors.  This  space  could  be  bridged  and  the 
horses  led  right  into  the  cars. 

Watering  places:  The  nearest  watering  place  for  animals 
is  at  the  Arroyo  del  Yngles  at  the  northeast  corner  (edge) 
of  the  city  and  about  1^  miles  from  the  railroad  station. 
This  watering  place  is  on  the  camino  de  Manacas.  About 
50  horses  can  be  watered  at  a  time.  There  are  no  public 
watering  places  for  animals  in  town. 

Storehouses :  None  suitable  at  depot.  The  one  situated  at 
Arenas  street  and  Rafael  Cabrera  avenue,  heretofore  de- 
scribed, is  the  best  in  town.  A  standard-gauge  track  enters 
the  building.     Wagons  can  also  enter.     The  building  is  new. 

The  passenger  station  is  a  single-story  frame  building, 
about  150  feet  long  and  40  feet  wide.  The  freight  station 
is  a  two-story  concrete  building,  about  75  feet  long  and  30 
feet  wide.  The  upper  story  is  used  for  telegraph  office,  yard 
official's  office,  and  for  living  quarters  for  some  employees. 
The  lower  floor  is  for  freight.  The  building  is  dirty  and 
in  poor  repair  upstairs.  The  platform  is  about  2^  feet  high 
and  is  covered  by  an  iron  shed.  Platform  is  about  26  feet 
wide  and  80  feet  long. 

Facilities  for  loading  and  unloading:  1.  For  animals  as 
above  mentioned. 

2.  For  troops  at  the  station  and  sidings  as  above  men- 
tioned. 

3.  Supplies  may  be  loaded  from  wagons  at  the  freight- 
house  platform,  the  east  siding  near  the  freight  house,  and 
at  the  branch  lines  already  mentioned. 

Bus  lines  run  to  Manacas  and  to  Caunao  and  Los  Guaos. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town:  1.  Road  to  the  northwest 
leaves  the  calzada  de  Dolores  at  the  outskirts  of  the  city. 
This  road  goes  to  Manacas,  Palmira,  Abreus,  and  Rodas. 

2.  Road  leaves  the  northeast  corner  of  the  city,  from  cal- 
zada de  Dolores,  for  Caunao,  Los  Guaos,  Ciego  Alonzo, 
Camarones.  Palmira,  Ojo  de  Agua,  and  Cnmanayagua. 

3.  Road  leaves  the  eastern  side  of  the  city  on  calle  Zaldo 
for  Punta  Gorda,  Junco,  and  Esperanza.  It  is  about  6  miles 
to  Esperanza,  which  is  near  the  Arimao  River.  There  is 
no  bridge  at  the  river  and  the  road  ends  at  this  point. 


374  PROVINCE    OF    SANTA    CLARA. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack:  The  part  of  the  city 
most  difficult  to  defend  lies  between  the  fort  called  "  Zara- 
goza  "  and  the  one  in  the  center  of  the  United  States  camp 
herein  described. 

Aguada  de  Pasajeros. — Barrio  and  town.  Ingenio  Indio 
and  central  Aguada  are  in  the  barrio.  The  town  is  on  the 
Cardenas  and  Jucaro  Railroad,  82  miles  northwest  of  Cien- 
fuegos,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the  western  branch  of  the 
Cuban  Central  Railroad.  It  consists  of  about  300  houses 
and  has  a  large  sawmill.  Population,  1,452.  Water  supply 
obtained  from  wells.  Location  is  healthful.  There  are  2 
wooden  blockhouses  near  the  Cardenas  and  Jucaro  Railroad 
station.  Town  would  hold  about  1.000  men  if  houses  were 
seized. 

Arimao. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  southeast  of 
Cienfuegos,  and  besides  the  village  bearing  its  name  con- 
tains the  village  of  San  Anton. 

The  village  of  Arimao  is  on  the  Arimao  River,  about  2H 
miles  by  road  from  Cienfuegos  and  6  miles  south  of  Soledad. 
It  has  a  population  of  about  350.  Water  supply  is  obtained 
from  the  Arimao  River  and  is  plentiful  at  all  times  of  the 
year.  For  drinking  purposes  the  quality  is  poor,  because 
of  contaminated  watershed..  It  is  distributed  by  carts  and 
sold  from  door  to  door.  Xo  sewer  system  and  no  system 
of  lighting.  There  are  3  buildings  that  could  be  used  for 
storehouses  or  barracks.  One  would  be  suitable  for  a  hos- 
pital. Capacity,  all  told,  about  200  men.  Telephone  central 
and  post-office  on  street  running  to  Gavilan.  Three  ruined 
concrete  blockhouses. 

San  Anton. — Village.  A  place  of  no  importance,  situated 
in  the  barrio  of  Arimao.  Buildings  consist  of  small  thatched 
shacks,  except  one  store,  which  is  built  of  concrete. 

Barajagiia. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  bear- 
ing its  name,  the  barrio  contains  the  sitio  of  Mandinga.  The 
village  is  about  6  miles  east  of  Cumanayagua  and  24  miles 
by  road  east  of  Cienfuegos.  Consists  of  a  few  old  native 
houses,  a  school,  and  a  store.  No  telegraph  or  telephone. 
Water  supply  from  Arroyo  del  Muerto;  plentiful  at  all 
seasons;  very  poor  quality;  carried  in  cans.  The  school- 
house  will  accommodate  one  troop  and  is  in  good  condition. 
Water  would  have  to  be  carried  from  the  river.     Suitable 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  375 

grazing  ground  near  the  Arroyo  del  Muerto,  southeast  of 
village.  Camping  grounds  numerous  and  easily  selected  on 
the  ground.  Plenty  of  wood,  water,  and  grass  for  a  large 
force.  Roads  south  to  Hanabanilla,  southwest  to  Cumanaya- 
gua,  west  to  Mandinga,  and  east  to  Manicaragua. 

Mandinga. — Sitio.  Situated  4  miles  north  of  Cumana- 
yagua  and  21  miles  by  road  northeast  of  Cienfuegos.  Con- 
sists of  a  few  small  native  huts.  Water  supply  plentiful; 
secured  from  Arimao  River  and  wells.  Wood  scarce;  graz- 
ing plentiful. 

Caimanera. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  west  of 
Cienfuegos  and  contains  the  village  of  Diamante  besides  the 
one  bearing  its  name.  The  village  is  situated  6  miles  from 
Cienfuegos,  across  the  bay,  and  8  miles  south  of  Abreus,  on 
top  of  a  hill  which  overlooks  the  bay.  It  consists  of  30 
houses  and  has  a  population  of  about  100.  Most  of  the 
inhabitants  are  field  hands.  The  country  in  the  vicinity  is 
very  rich  for  sugar  cane. 

Diamante. — Village.  A  colonia  of  the  ingenio  Cieneguita. 
2  miles  southwest  of  Caimanera  on  the  Cieneguita  Railroad 
and  7  miles  from  Cienfuegos.  It  consists  of  a  store  and  35 
houses.  It  has  a  siding  to  load  cane  cars.  Population, 
about  100. 

Calesito. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  also  contains 
the  sitio  of  Laguna  del  Hato.  The  village  is  on  Cienfuegos 
Bay.  Consists  of  7  houses  and  a  sugar  warehouse  for  the 
ingenio  Cieneguita.  The  Cieneguita  Railroad  has  its  ter- 
minus at  this  point.  There  is  a  pier  50  yards  long,  from 
which  the  sugar  made  at  the  Cieneguita  mill  is  shipped. 

Laguna  del  Hato. — Sitio.  A  small  place  2^  miles  east  of 
Juragua  and  5  miles  southwest  of  Cienfuegos.  It  derives 
its  name  from  a  small  pond  in  the  vicinity,  and  consists  of  a 
store  and  3  houses. 

Carreno  or  Convento. — Barrio  and  village.  Central  Co- 
vadonga  is  in  the  barrio.  The  village  is  6  miles  southwest  of 
Real  Campiiia  and  29  miles  northwest  of  Cienfuegos.  For- 
merly called  and  now  better  known  as  Convento.  Consists 
of  28  small  thatched  houses,  and  has  a  thousand-gallon  water 
tank  and  a  cane-loading  railroad  spur.     Has  a  post-office. 

Castillo  de  Jagua. — Barrio  and  village.  Central  Jura- 
gua is  in  the  barrio.     The  village  is  situated  on  the  west 


376  PROVINCE    OF    SANTA    CLARA. 

side  of  the  entrance  to  Cienfuegos  Bay.  It  is  a  summer  re- 
sort for  residents  of  Cienfuegos.  Many  of  the  houses  remain 
vacant  for  many  months  of  the  year.  The  water  supply  is 
obtained  from  wells  and  rain  water  is  also  collected  in  cis- 
terns. Quality  of  well  water  is  apparently  good  and  the 
quantity  is  abundant.  A  large  cistern  in  the  southwest  part 
of  the  village  has  a  capacity  of  50,000  gallons.  Buildings 
which  could  be  used  to  shelter  troops  are  an  old  castle  con- 
taining barracks,  capacity  150  men ;  and  the  municipal  build- 
ing, 100  men.  There  is  also  a  summer  hotel  which  would 
hold  75  men. 

Caunao: — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  contains  the 
sitio  of  Jicotea  besides  the  village  bearing  its  name. 

The  village  is  5J  miles  northeast  of  Cienfuegos.  Popula- 
tion, about  500.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  in 
private  yards.  The  water  is  excellent  and  in  sufficient 
quantity  for  1,000  men.  This  water  is  sold  in  Cienfuegos 
for  table  water.  Animals  can  be  watered  at  a  branch  of 
the  Caunao  River,  1,000  yards  northeast  of  village.  No 
sewer  system.  Lighted  by  lamps.  There  is  no  telegraphic 
communication.  Telephone  communication  with  Cienfuegos, 
Soledad,  and  Los  Guaos;  six  telephones  in  the  village.  No 
suitable  barracks,  although  private  houses  could  be  seized 
and  would  accommodate  300  or  400  men.  No  stables.  There 
is  one  old  dilapidated  blockhouse  near  southern  entrance  of 
village.  No  railroads.  Roads  lead  out  of  the  village  north 
to  Santa  Rosa,  east  to  Lagunillas,  west  to  Manacas,  and 
southwest  to  Cienfuegos.  The  best  line  of  approach  for 
attack  is  from  the  south  and  west, 

Jicotea. — Sitio,  A  colonia  of  the  Hormiguero  plantation, 
7^  miles  northeast  of  Cienfuegos,  Population,  about  42, 
Consists  of  G  houses  and  a  small  general  merchandise  store, 
A  branch  of  the  Hormiguero  Plantation  Railroad,  with  a 
single-wire  telephone  line,  runs  to  this  place.  Water  sup- 
plied by  a  well  with  a  windmill  attachment.  Sufficient  for 
the  needs  of  the  people  and  of  good  quality, 

Cayamas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  west  of  Cienfuegos,  The  village  is  a  much  scattered 
settlement  situated  24  miles  northwest  of  Cienfuegos.  It 
consists  of  about  30  small  wooden  buildings.     Has  a  small 


PROVINCE    OF   SANTA   CLARA,  377 

store  and  a  post-office.  Connected  by  rail  and  telephone 
with  La  Rosita. 

Cayo  C arenas. — Barrio  and  village.  Situated  on  an  island 
in  Cienfuegos  harbor,  about  2  miles  north  of  entrance  and 
about  4^  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Cienfuegos.  Used  as  a 
summer  resort  by  residents  of  that  city.  Working  class  of 
permanent  residents  engage  in  fishing  for  a  living.  Interior 
and  northeast  portion  of  island  void  of  houses,  with  excep- 
tion of  an  occasional  hut  along  water  front.  Island  oval  in 
shape,  gradually  tapering  to  a  point  at  northeast  end.  About 
1^  miles  long,  and  675  yards  wide.  Sea  wall  of  stone  and 
cement  on  north  and  west  sides,  natural  limestone,  and  piles 
on  south  and  east.  Permanent  population  about  200.  Dur- 
ing summer  number  would  increase  to  about  450.  Water 
supply  obtained  from  tanks  for  rain  water.  No  sewer 
system.  Majority  of  houses  have  their  own  acetylene  gas 
plant.  There  are  really  no  buildings  suitable  for  barracks, 
although  a  house  at  northeast  end  of  village  and  4  houses 
along  water  front  on  south  and  west  side  could  be  used  in 
emergency.  Water  supply  from  tanks  for  rain  water ;  quan- 
tity dependent  upon  amount  of  rainfall.  No  sanitary  im- 
provements. Would  accommodate  about  150  men.  The 
house  at  northeast  end  of  village  would  be  suitable  for  a 
hospital.  A  store  at  southwest  end  of  village,  and  a  dance 
pavilion  at  south  end  near  water  front,  could  be  used  as  store- 
houses. Ground  in  interior  of  island  not  suitable  for  camp- 
ing. 

Boats  of  the  Trujillo  &  Co.  steamship  line  make  regular 
trips  to  island  daily.  A  small  wharf  at  north  end  and  one 
at  southwest  end  of  island.  Small  boats  not  drawing  more 
than  7  feet  of  water  can  make  landing.  Island  has  no  de- 
fensive positions. 

Cienaga  de  Zapata. — Barrio.  The  barrio  lies  west  of  Cien- 
fuegos, and  a  full  and  complete  description  of  it  is  given 
under  the  general  heading  of  Cienaga  de  Zapata. 

Charcas. — Barrio  and  village.  Within  the  borders  of  the 
barrio  are  the  sitio  of  Anton  Recio  and  the  village  bearing 
its  name.  The  village  is  8  miles  southeast  of  Yaguaramas 
and  13  miles  west  of  Cienfuegos.  It  consists  of  2  stores,  7 
frame  buildings,  and  13  native  huts.  Water  is  obtained  from 
3  wells.     It  is  the  meeting  point  for  laborers  working  in  the 


378  PROVINCE    OP    SANTA    CLARA. 

cane  fields  of  the  vicinity.  In  the  center  of  the  village  is  a 
brick  blockhouse  about  20  feet  high  and  15  feet  square  at  the 
base ;  now  occupied  and  used  as  a  store. 

Anton  Recto. — Sitio.  Situated  7  miles  southwest  of 
Abreus,  and  9|  miles  northwest  of  Cienfuegos.  Apparently 
a  new  village  which  came  into  existence  as  a  result  of  the 
extension  of  the  Cardenas  and  Jiicaro  line.  It  consists  of  a 
frame  railroad  station,  2  stores,  and  3  frame  buildings. 

Cumanayagua. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  17| 
miles  northeast  of  Cienfuegos  and  has  a  population  of  about 
800.  Water  is  obtained  from  wells,  a  creek  one-fourth  mile 
east  of  village,  and  from  the  Arimao  River,  1  mile  west, 
during  the  dry  season.  The  only  buildings  suitable  for  bar- 
racks are  rural  guard  quarters  and  a  tobacco  warehouse  in 
the  center  of  village.     Both  would  shelter  150  men. 

Gavildn. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  southeast  of 
Cienfuegos  and  contains  the  sitio  of  Guajimico.  The  village 
is  situated  19  miles  from  Cienfuegos  on  the  main  highway 
between  Cienfuegos  and  Trinidad.  It  consists  of  2  stores 
(wooden  buildings),  a  small  schoolhouse  (wooden),  and  3 
or  4  shacks  scattered  near  by.  It  is  important  in  that  the 
surrounding  country  is  open,  rolling,  and  excellent  pasture 
land,  making  a  good  camp  site  for  an  army.  Two  rivers, 
the  Gavilan  and  Guanabana,  are  near  by,  and  several  small 
creeks  flow  into  these.  Access  to  the  mountains  lying  north 
and  east  is  had  by  the  foot  trail  leading  due  east  from  this 
point. 

Guajimico. — Sitio.  On  the  Cienfuegos-Trinidad  highway, 
4|  miles  southeast  of  Gavilan  and  21  miles  southeast  of  Cien- 
fuegos. Consists  of  a  store  and  3  or  4  scattered  houses. 
Farming  and  grazing  lands  in  vicinity. 

Guanaroca. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Arimao  River  and  about  8  miles  east  of  Pasa- 
caballos,  on  the  Pasacaballos-Sierra  trail.  Consists  of  about 
20  small  houses.     Population,  about  100.     Water  from  wells. 

Guaos. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  9  miles  by 
road  southeast  of  Cienfuegos.  -  It  has  a  population  of  about 
800.  Water  obtained  from  w^ells  for  drinking  purposes,  and 
from  creek,  100  yards  north,  for  animals.  There  are  about  7 
buildings  which  would  be  suitable  for  quarters  in  an  emer- 
gency.   Telephone  to  Cienfuegos,  Soledad,  and  Caunao.    The 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  379 

barrio  also  contains  the  village  of  Calabazas  and  central 
Soledad. 

Calabazas. — Village.  This  place  is  a  scattered  settlement 
lying  between  the  mouth  of  the  Arimao  River  and  the  mouth 
of  the  Caunao  River,  about  6  miles  from  Cienfuegos.  A 
small  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Cienfuegos  runs  into  it  for  about  1 
mile,  and  is  known  as  the  Bay  of  Calabazas. 

Gudsimal. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  7  miles 
southeast  of  Yaguaramas  and  15  miles  west  of  Cienfuegos. 
It  consists  of  a  store  and  16  houses.  Water  obtained  from 
6  wells. 

Guayahales. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  22 
miles  northwest  of  Cienfuegos  and  is  a  small  unimportant 
settlement  consisting  of  10  houses. 

Jagiiey  Chico. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about 
3^  miles  northwest  of  Aguada  de  Pasajeros  on  the  U.  H. 
R.  R.,  and  37  miles  northwest  of  Cienfuegos.  Consists  of  2 
stores  and  about  12  houses.  There  is  a  long  railroad  siding 
at  this  point.     Water  obtained  from  wells. 

J  unco. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  a  small  cattle  ranch 
5^  miles  southeast  of  Arimao  and  17  miles  by  road  southeast 
of  Cienfuegos.  Two  wooden  houses;  6  inhabitants.  Water 
from  stream  near  by.  Apiary  along  banks  of  stream  at  ford 
near  Junco. 

Lagunillas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  both 
banks  of  the  Caunao  River,  about  7  miles  northeast  of  Cien- 
fuegos. Population,  about  80,  principally  negroes.  Water 
supply  obtained  from  Caunao  River.  River  about  10  feet 
deep  at  bridge  and  about  150  feet  wide;  water  clear.  No 
buildings  suitable  for  troops.  Suitable  ground  along  river 
for  small  camp  sites,  but  fuel  is  scarce.  On  east  side  of  the 
village  are  hills  which  command  it. 

Manacas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  a  small  settlement, 
about  4  miles  northwest  of  Cienfuegos,  consisting  of  2  stores 
and  3  houses.  Water  from  Rio  Salado.  Central  Nuestra 
Senora  de  Regla  is  in  the  barrio. 

Matun. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  west  of  Cien- 
fuegos. The  village  proper  is  about  17  miles  west  of  Cien- 
fuegos and  consists  of  a  store,  a  windmill  with  a  150,000- 
gallon  water  tank,  and  about  25  houses.  The  barrio  also 
contains  the  village  of  La  Horquita. 


380  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

La  Horquita. — Village.  Situated  5^  miles  southwest  of 
Yaguaramas  and  21  miles  northwest  of  Cienfuegos  on  the 
Constancia  Railroad.  It  is  a  colonia  of  the  Constancia  sugar 
plantation.  Population  about  100.  Buildings  are  all  small 
and  not  suited  for  barracks.  There  is  a  store.  A  battalion 
could  camp  here  in  dry  weather,  or,  by  seizing  the  buildings, 
could  go  into  cantonment  in  wet  weather.  Water  supply  ob- 
tained from  a  well  and  pumped  by  steam  into  a  3,000-gallon 
tank.  There  is  also  a  10,000  gallon  railroad  tank  one-half 
mile  from  Yaguaramas  River.  No  grass,  but  plenty  of  cane 
tops, 

Ojo  de  Agua. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  a  much 
scattered  colonia  about  16  miles  northeast  of  Cienfuegos. 
Population  about  800.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from 
springs  and  wells.  Animals  watered  at  creek  on  western 
edge  of  village.     Place  would  shelter  about  two  companies. 

Punta  Gorda. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  a 
peninsula  extending  into  Cienfuegos  Bay,  2^  miles  south  of 
the  city  of  Cienfuegos.  Used  as  a  summer  resort  by  the 
residents  of  Cienfuegos,  although  some  of  the  most  influ- 
ential business  men  make  it  their  permanent  residence. 
Width  of  peninsula  at  north  end,  100  yards,  gradually  nar- 
rowing to  20  yards  in  the  center  and  widening  to  25  yards  at 
south  end.  Sea  wall  of  cement  on  east  side;  piles  on  west 
side.  Population  in  winter  months  about  100;  during  the 
summer  the  number  reaches  about  400.  About  50  houses. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  open  wells  and  rain-water 
tanks.  No  sewer  system.  A  few  of  the  larger  houses  have 
acetylene  gas.  There  are  at  least  10  houses  that  could  be 
used  for  barracks;  situated  at  various  places  in  the  village. 
They  would  accommodate  200  men.  Only  3  houses,  situated 
at  south  end  of  village,  have  stables;  capacity,  12  animals. 
Telephone  line  to  Cienfuegos.  There  is  one  blockhouse; 
cement  walls,  12  inches  thick,  circular  in  shape,  15  loopholes; 
situated  at  north  end  of  village;  in  poor  repair.  Road  to 
Cienfuegos  leaves  north  end  of  village.  Village  can  be  ap- 
proached by  land  from  the  north  only. 

Rainirez. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  the 
Cuban  Central  Railroad,  about  6  miles  north  of  Cienfuegos. 
Tt  is  scattered  over  a  considerable  extent  of  territorv,  not 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  381 

more  than  3  or  4  houses  being  in  any  one  group.  Popula- 
tion about  250.  There  is  a  steam  rock-crushing  plant  at  the 
railroad.  Farming  and  grazing  lands  in  the  vicinity. 
Water  obtained  from  wells  and,  during  rainy  season,  from 
small  streams. 

Real  Campina. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village 
bearing  its  name  the  barrio  contains  the  village  of  Pueblo 
Nuevo  and  central  Perseverancia.  The  village  is  on  the 
U.  H.  K.  R.,  about  0  miles  southeast  of  Aguada  de  Pasajeros 
and  26  miles  northwest  of  Cienf uegos.  Population  about 
600.  Consists  of  15  stores  and  150  houses.  There  are  2 
wooden  blockhouses  protecting  railroad.  At  the  railroad 
station  are  a  watering  trough  and  a  ramp  for  unloading 
stock.  Several  wells  in  the  village  give  good  water.  The 
village  would  hold  about  600  men  if  quarters  were  seized. 

Pueblo  Nuevo. — Village.  About  1  mile  northwest  of  Real 
Campiiia  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  and  27  miles  northwest  of  Cien- 
fuegos.  A  small  village  of  about  30  houses.  Has  2  stores, 
post-office,  and  telegraph  station.  Water  obtained  from 
wells. 

Sierra. — Barrio  and  /illage.  The  settlement  bearing  the 
name  is  a  small  village  about  500  feet  above  sea  level,  situated 
about  26  miles  southeast  of  Cienfuegos,  at  the  foot  of  Pico 
Blanco  Hill.  It  has  4  stores,  14  wooden  houses  with  tile 
roofs,  and  about  75  people.  Water  is  obtained  from  Rio 
Gavilan.  Several  roads  meet  here :  One  to  the  northeast  to 
Cumanayagua ;  another  due  east  to  San  Bias  and  thence  over 
the  mountains  to  Buenos  Aires  and  Xaranjo;  another  south- 
west to  Gavilan,  where  it  meets  the  main  highway  to  Trini- 
dad ;  and  another  to  Negritas  de  Gavilan,  meeting  the  high- 
Way  to  Cienfuegos. 

Soto. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  6  miles  east  of  Cien- 
fuegos, on  the  main  road  from  Cienfuegos  to  Cumanayagua, 
and  very  close  to  Lagunillas.  which  was  also  formerly  known 
as  Soto.  It  consists  of  5  wooden  houses,  and  has  a  popula- 
tion of  20.     Water  is  obtained  from  wells. 

Venero. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  known  as 
Venero  San  Juan  or  Esles  and  is  near  the  terminus  of  the 
Matanzas  division  U.  H.  R.  R.,  about  30  miles  northwest  of 
Cienfuegos.  It  consists  of  4  stores  and  10  houses.  Water  is 
obtained  from  wells. 


382 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


Yaguaramas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  20  miles 
northwest  of  Cienfuegos,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Yagua- 
ramas River,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  U.  H.  R..  R.  with  the 
Constancia  Railroad  (the  latter  narrow  gauge).  Houses  are 
set  on  certain  lines,  but  there  are  no  regular  streets.  Popu- 
lation about  1,000,  one-third  of  whom  are  negroes. 

Water  supply  from  wells,  and  could  also  be  obtained  from 
the  Yaguaramas  River.  There  are  two  windmills,  with  5,000 
gallons  tank  capacity.  Water  should  be  boiled.  Quantity 
ample  at  all  times  for  a  battalion  of  infantry  or  a  squadron 
of  cavalry  and  ordinarily  would  be  sufficient  for  larger  forces 
of  infantry.     There  is  no  sewer  system  or  lighting  plant. 

Good  camp  sites  for  troops  north  and  south  of  village.  An 
army  corps  could  camp  in  this  vicinity  but  for  lack  of  w^ater- 
ing  facilities. 

There  is  an  old  Spanish  trench  south  of  the  village  cover- 
ing the  railroad  and  the  road  to  Horquita  and  one  to  the 
northeast  of  village  covering  the  railroad  and  road  to  Alava. 
These  trenches  are  2^  feet  wide,  3  feet  deep,  and  have  a  para- 
pet of  1  foot.  They  are  overgrown  with  grass  and  weeds  and 
are  invisible  from  a  distance  of  100  feet,  but  are  still  in 
serviceable  condition  and  would  afford  shelter  for  500  to 
1,000  men. 

Telegraph,  single  wire,  along  U.  H.  R.  R.,  connects  with  all 
parts  of  the  island.  Telephone,  single  wire,  along  line  of 
Constancia  Railroad. 

No  buildings  suitable  for  quarters  for  troops.  Buildings 
are  all  very  small  and  mostly  of  wood,  with  tile  or  thatched 
roofs.  From  1895  to  1898  the  Spaniards  had  a  garrison  of 
500  men  sheltered  in  temporary  barracks,  which  have  since 
been  destroyed.  Best  line  of  approach  for  attack,  from 
southeast  and  southwest. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  CRUCES  (CAPITAL,  CRUCES). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

I'opula- 
tion. 

Cruces 

Estrada  Palma 

Miles. 

4,347 
2,879 

Mai  Tiempo 

Mai  Tiempo 

Rural 

...do 

3 

2.6 
.75 

Marta  Abreu 

1,242 
1,771 

Monte  Cristi 

...do 

CRUCES  TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE    OF   SANTA   CLARA.  383 

Cruces. — Town.  Situated  about  20  miles  northeast  of 
Cienfuegos  and  10  miles  southwest  of  Ranchuelo.  It  covers 
the  entire  barrio  of  Estrada  Palma,  making  it  an  urban 
barrio.  Streets  are  level  and  unpaved.  Principal  industries 
are  sugar  and  cattle. 

Population,  5,111. 

No  water  system ;  water  obtained  from  wells  at  each  house ; 
quality  good. 

No  modern  sewer  system.  No  electric  lights.  A  few  gas 
lamps  in  plaza. 

No  barracks.  In  emergency  25  men  could  be  accommo- 
dated in  police  station,  corner  calles  Las  Casas  and  General 
Esquerra.  Two  schoolhouses  near  plaza  would  hold  one 
troop  each.  One  building  [now  hotel],  stone,  near  railroad, 
would  hold  one  troop.  One  large  warehouse  at  the  railroad 
depot  would  accommodate  200  men. 

No  corrals.  Suitable  ground  between  calles  Esquerra. 
General  Sanchez,  and  Real  de  Cuba,  and  Cuban  Central  and 
Caracas  Railroads.  Also  suitable  ground  between  Cuban 
Central  Railroad  and  calle  Gomez.  Could  obtain  water 
from  railroad  tank  at  station. 

No  hospitals.  One  screened  room  at  police  station  for 
fever  suspects.  One  large  house,  corner  calles  Gomez  and 
Jose  Robau,  could  be  used;  capacity,  30  beds.  Building 
(printing  office)  on  calle  Gomez;  capacity,  25  beds.  One 
schoolhouse,  corner  of  calles  Agramonte  and  Mai  Tiempo, 
would  hold  about  20  beds.  All  buildings  stone  and  brick, 
with  tile  roofs  and  in  good  repair. 

Storehouses:  Freight  house  at  railroad  depot  about  20  by 
40  feet;  small  platform.  Several  sidings  of  Cuban  Central 
Railroad  at  depot.  Several  large  houses  and  schoolhouse 
(formerly  Spanish  barracks)  on  calles  Ambrosas  and  Cruces, 
near  crossing  of  Caracas  Railroad. 

Railroad  depot  on  calle  Gomez  between  calle  Las  Casas 
and  calle  General  Sanchez.  Post-office  on  calle  Gomez  be- 
tween calle  Pepe  Aleman  and  calle  Calixto  Garcia.  Tele- 
phone and  telegraph  offices  on  calle  Gomez,  between  Sanchez 
and  Las  Casas;  also  line  owned  by  Cuban  Central  Railroad 
at  railroad  office. 


384 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


Large  camp  sites  near  town  on  north,  east,  and  west  sides ; 
plenty  of  grass,  but  no  wood  or  water. 

No  defenses  about  town. 

Cuban  Central  Railroad  enters  town.  About  three  cars 
could  be  unloaded  at  one  time  at  station  platform. 

Roads:  Northeast  to  Santa  Clara,  Ranchuelo,  and  Nuevas; 
east  to  Bernia  and  Guajo ;  south  to  Mai  Tiempo,  Potrerillo, 
and  Ciego  Montero;  southwest  and  west  to  Palmira  and 
Cienfuegos. 

North  and  west  sides  of  town  are  the  best  sides  to  attack. 

Mai  Tiempo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  at  a  cross- 
roads, 3  miles  southeast  of  Cruces.  It  consists  of  a  store,  a 
schoolhouse,  several  small  huts,  and  the  remains  of  an  old 
Spanish  blockhouse.  Water  obtained  from  wells.  No  ac- 
commodations for  troops.  A  road  leads  south  to  Guaos  and 
one  northwest  to  Cruces. 

Marta  Ahreu. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country  hav- 
ing no  settlement  or  point  bearing  the  name.  Contains  cen- 
trals Dos  Hermanas,  San  Francisco,  and  Santa  Catalina. 

Monte  Cristi. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  which  surrounds 
the  urban  barrio  of  Estrada  Palma  and  town  of  Cruces. 
Contains  central  Andreita. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  PALMIRA   (CAPITAL,  PALMIRA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Paimira 

Arango 

Arlza. 

Camarones 

Ciego  .^loDso . . . 
Escai2a. ,.,,.... 
Loma^Grandes 
Paradero 


Barrio. 


Primero. 
Segundo . 
Arango.. 


Camarones 

Ciego  .A.lonso 

Escarza 

Lomas  Grandes. 
Paradero 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
...do... 
Rural . 


Urban. 
Rural.. 
...do... 
...do... 
..do... 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


7J 
U 

6 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,997 
2,140 
2,052 

1,127 
1,305 
2,375 
1,903 
2,851 


Palmira. — Town.  The  town  is  about  10  miles  north  of 
Cienfuegos,  and  is  divided,  into  3  urban  wards,  or  barrios. 
Supported  by  the  trade  of  surrounding  people  engaged  in 
cultivation  of  sugar.  It  is  'the  shipping  point  for  large 
quantities  of  cane.     Population,  4,137. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLAEA.  385 

Water  is  of  excellent  quality.  Supply  comes  from  wells 
situated  all  over  the  town. 

No  sewer  system;  no  method  of  lighting.  Sanitary  con- 
dition poor. 

Barracks  or  suitable  buildings:  Ayuntamiento ;  capacity 
about  100  men ;  good  repair ;  sanitation  fair ;  situated  on 
Plaza;  water  from  good  well  in  patio.  Cuban  Club  build- 
ing; capacity  about  100;  good  repair;  sanitation  fair;  on 
Plaza ;  good  well  in  patio.  Spanish  Club  building ;  capacity, 
about  100;  good  repair;  sanitation  fair;  situated  on  Plaza; 
good  well  in  patio.  Large  house ;  capacity,  75 ;  good  repair ; 
on  corner  San  Antonio  and  San  Francisco  streets ;  poor  well ; 
water  must  be  hauled.  Numerous  private  houses  could  be 
used  in  an  emergency. 

No  buildings  especially  desirable  for  use  as  hospitals  are 
available. 

No  stables.  There  are  no  transportation  corrals.  Open 
area  near  railroad  station  available  for  stock,  and  water 
could  be  obtained  at  railroad  water  tank. 

Telegraph  office,  post-office,  city  headquarters,  jail,  etc., 
are  in  Ayuntamiento  building,  on  the  plaza.  Telephone 
central  is  on  a  side  street  near  the  plaza. 

There  is  a  tract  of  land  on  east  side  of  town  suitable  for 
camp  site  for  one  battalion.  However,  adjoining  country 
could  be  utilized  for  this  purpose  for  an  unlimited  number  of 
troops.  Water  would  have  to  be  obtained  in  Palmira  and 
at  several  large  farm  houses  about  one-quarter  of  a  mile  dis- 
tant. Drainage  is  good;  soil,  gravel;  no  fuel  available  in 
immediate  vicinity;  plenty  of  grazing;  location  overlooks 
town  and,  from  military  standpoint,  controls  same. 

No  defenses. 

Town  is  on  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  The  station  is 
centrally  situated.  Sidetracks  are  along  main  line.  No 
facilities  for  entraining  or  detraining  except  on  depot  plat- 
form. A  spur  runs  out  to  Portugalete  sugar  plantation,  2 
miles  away.  This  spur  is  both  standard  and  narrow  gauge. 
Private  system  at  plantation  is  narrow  gauge. 

Poor  dirt  roads  lead  from  Palmira  to  Cienfuegos,  Cruces, 
Ciego  Alonso,  and  Limones. 

492—09 25 


386  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  would  be  over  the  hills  on 
east  side  of  town.  These  hills  control  the  town.  Ground  is 
comparatively  level  in  other  directions. 

Arango. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  bearing  its 
name,  the  barrio  contains  the  village  of  Ariza,  the  ingenio 
Carolina,  and  centrals  Dos  Hermanos  and  Manuelita.  The 
sitio  is  about  5  miles  from  Palmira  and  consists  of  a  store 
and  2  houses.  Water  supply  obtained  from  wells  and  cis- 
terns. Good  camp  site  about  one-fourth  mile  northeast  of 
store.  Nearest  railroad  is  Cuban  Central  at  Palmira,  Road 
to  Palmira  is  poor ;  impassable  in  rainy  season. 

Ariza. — Village.  About  6^  miles  north  of  west  of  Pal- 
mira; 500  to  600  inhabitants.  Contains  6  or  7  stores  and 
about  50  houses,  mostly  huts.  A  branch  of  the  Manuelita 
sugar  estate  railroad  passes  through  village.  Water  is 
obtained  from  wells. 

Camarones. — Barrio  and  town.  Town  is  T^  miles  east  of 
Palmira.  Population,  1,127.  Houses  all  small;  107  have 
tile  roofs  and  11  thatched  roofs.  Thirteen  small  general 
merchandise  stores,  1  drug  store,  and  2  restaurants. 

Buildings  suitable  for  barracks:  School'  building  along 
side  of  church  at  east  edge  of  town;  capacity,  65  men. 
Presidencia ;  capacity,  20  men. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  and  creek  at  west 
edge  of  town.  The  Caunao  River  flows  south  about  one- 
third  of  a  mile  to  the  east  of  the  town.  A  small  creek  flows 
south  along  the  west  edge  of  the  town.  Apparently  the 
inhabitants  carry  their  own  water.  Plenty  of  water  in 
streams  for  men  and  horses  of  a  command  of  200  men.  Fair 
places  for  watering  horses  at  southeast  edge  of  town.  All 
water  for  drinking  purposes  should  be  boiled. 

Branch  of  the  Hormiguero  Plantation  Railroad  (narrow 
gauge)  passes  through  the  town  en  route  to  Manaquitas. 

A  single-wire  telephone  line  follows  the  railroad  to  this 
place.  There  is  a  phone  at  the  Presidencia  used  by  the  rural 
guard. 

Giego  Alonso. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Central  Hormiguero  is 
within  the  barrio.  The  sitio  is  about  1^  miles  east  of  Pal- 
mira.    Population,   about    10.     There   are   3   houses   and   a 


PROVINCE    OF   SANTA  CLARA.  387 

small  general  merchandise  store.  AVater  supply  obtained 
from  wells;  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  people;  should  be 
boiled.  No  telephone.  A  line  formerly  passed  through  this 
place  en  route  to  Camarones  from  Palmira,  but  it  has  been 
abandoned. 

Trails  lead  out  of  the  sifio  as  follows:  One  north  to  Hor- 
miguero;  one  east  to  Camarones;  one  south  to  Caunao  and 
Cienfuegos;  and  one  west  to  Palmira. 

Escarza. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Sitio  is  about  1^  miles  north- 
west of  Palmira,  and  is  a  point  consisting  of  a  store  and  a 
house;  both  property  of  the  Portugalete  sugar  plantation, 
which  is  situated  in  the  barrio.  Population  about  20. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  small  stream  and  cisterns.  No 
good  camp  sites  in  immediate  vicinity,  as  the  ground  is  very 
low  and  swampy.  Nearest  railroad  is  the  narrow  gauge  of 
the  Portugalete  plantation  and  nearest  standard  gauge  rail- 
road is  the  Cuban  Central  at  Palmira. 

There  is  a  poor  road  to  Portugalete  sugar  mill,  which  is 
impassable  in  rainy  season,  and  one  to  Palmira,  passable 
by  horses. 

Lomas  Grandes. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  point  bearing 
the  name  consists  of  a  small  store  with  residence  attached, 
about  4  miles  southwest  of  Potrerillo,  on  a  hill  overlooking 
valley  to  Cumanayagua,  and  12^  miles  by  road  east  of  Pal- 
mira. Water  obtained  from  spring  south  of  store.  Sur- 
rounded by  pasture  land ;  very  rough  country. 

Paradero. — Barrio  and  village.  Small  place  of  about  30 
houses  on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  a  trifle  over  half  way 
between  Palmira  and  Cruces  (6  miles  from  Palmira).  It  is 
the  railroad  station  for  Camarones  proper.  It  is  also  called 
Camarone  and  Paradero  de  Camarones. 

Kilometer  post  No.  84  is  one-quarter  of  a  mile  northeast  of 
Paradero  or  Camarone.  There  is  a  siding  110  yards  long 
and  stock  chutes.  Telegraph  line  of  three  wires  to  Cienfue- 
gos, Santa  Clara,  etc.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells 
and  is  apparently  plentiful.  Water  good,  but  should  be 
boiled.  Quarters  occupied  by  rural  guard  will  shelter  30 
men. 


388  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLAEA. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  RODAS  (CAPITAL,  RODAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Rodas. 

Abreus 

Cartagena 

ClegoMontero... 

Arriete. 

Bancs. 

Congojas 

Jabacoa 

Limones 

El  Roble. 
Medidas 

Hoyo  Venero, 

Majagua. 

Santiago 

Soledad 

Turquino 


Barrio. 


Rodas 

Abreus 

Cartagena 

Ciego  Montero . 


Congojas. 
Jabacoa . . 
Limones . 


Medidas. 


Santiago . 
Soledad . 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
Rural.. 
...do... 
...do... 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Turquino ! . .  .do . 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


4.5 
10.5 
10.5 


3.5 
3.5 
5 

7.5 


Popula- 
tion. 


3,306 
4,418 
2,623 
1,464 


2,256 

503 

2,103 

1,856 


953 

2,300 

301 


Rodas. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  15  miles  northw^est 
of  Cienfuegos,  on  the  Damuji  River  (head  of  navigation), 
and  38  miles  west  of  Santa  Clara.  Furnishes  supplies  to 
near-by  sugar  estates.     Population,  3,306. 

Water  supply  pumped  from  Jabacoa  River  into  reservoir 
and  distributed  by  pipes;  pumping  station  and  reservoir  on 
west  side  of  town ;  quality  of  water  good.  Electricity  used 
for  lighting ;  plant  situated  in  northwest  part  of  town. 

There  are  buildings  suitable  for  barracks  near  boat  land- 
ing, and  the  ayuntamiento  and  church  could  be  used;  sani- 
tary condition  fair;  capacity,  500  men.  Water  supply  good 
and  is  distributed  by  pipe.  Corral  could  be  established  on 
east  side  of  town  near  river.  Ayuntamiento  is  most  suitable 
building  for  hospital.  Railroad  buildings  at  Cuban  Central 
station  would  be  suitable  for  storehouses.  Telegraph  office 
at  railroad  station  of  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  Post-office 
is  in  southeast  section  of  town.  Ice  machine  on  west  side  of 
town  on  bank  of  Jabacoa  River.  A  regiment  could  be 
camped  around  town ;  plenty  of  water  and  healthful  locality. 
No  defenses.  Two  railroads:  (1)  Cuban  Central  Railroad, 
through  northern  portion  of  town,  standard  gauge;  w^ater 
tank,  and  siding  150  yards  long.  (2)  Rodas  Railroad,  nar- 
row gauge,  with  sidings.  Roads  leave  town  northeast  to  San 
Lino  and  Jabacoa ;  east  to  ingenios  Parque  Alto  and  Aviso ; 
southeast  to  Cienfuegos;  southwest  to  Abreus.  Best  line  of 
approach  for  attack  is  from  the  north. 


PROVINCE  OP  SANTA  CLARA.  389 

Ahreus. — Barrio  and  town.  Barrio  contains  centrals  Con- 
stancia  and  Cieneguita.  Town  is  one-half  mile  west  of 
the  Damuji  River,  4^  miles  south  of  Rodas,  and  about  7 
miles  north  of  Cienfuegos  Bay.  The  town  has  no  industries, 
but  is  the  commercial  center  of  outlying  sugar  plantations 
and  country  districts.  The  population  is  2,095.  Water  sup- 
ply is  obtained  from  a  small  tributary  of  the  Damuji  River, 
situated  north  of  the  town.  The  pumping  station  is  in  the 
northwest  part  of  town.  The  water  is  pumped  into  two 
tanks,  each  with  a  capacity  of  5,000  gallons,  and  is  piped  to 
the  various  houses.  It  is  of  good  quality.  No  sewer  system 
and  no  public  lighting  plant.  All  the  buildings  are  small 
and  none  would  accommodate  a  large  force.  By  seizing  a 
number  of  buildings  a  regiment  could  be  temporarily  shel- 
tered. There  are  398  houses  in  the  town,  40  of  which  are 
stores  of  various  kinds.  There  are  38  houses  built  of  stone, 
and  the  remainder  are  of  wood  or  thatched  palm.  There  are 
no  stables,  no  transportation  corrals,  no  hospitals,  and  no 
buildings  suitable  for  quartermaster  and  commissary  store- 
houses for  a  large  command.  No  railroad  station.  Post, 
telegraph,  and  telephone  offices  in  the  same  building  in  the 
west  part  of  the  town.  No  defenses.  Good  camp  site  on 
slope  south  of  the  town,  suitable  for  a  regiment.  Water  used 
would  be  obtained  from  town  waterworks.  Water  for  ani- 
mals to  be  obtained  from  arroyo,  one-half  mile  distant,  on 
the  north  edge  of  the  town.  Wood  obtained  from  a  woods 
southeast  of  town.  Abreus  is  not  on  a  railroad  line.  There 
is  a  30-inch  gauge  track  from  the  town  to  the  Damuji 
River.  A  flat  car  drawn  by  a  mule  carries  freight  to  and 
from  the  river.  The  Damuji  River  is  crossed  at  this  point 
by  a  trail  ferry,  which  can  carry  one  escort  wagon  or  12 
animals.  Roads  lead  out  of  town  to  Rodas,  Yaguaramas, 
Constancia,  and  Cienfuegos.  The  best  line  of  approach  for 
attack  is  from  the  north  or  west. 

Cartagena. — Barrio  and  town.  A  town  of  1,100  inhabit- 
ants, situated  10}  miles  by  road  northeast  of  Rodas  and  on 
the  narrow-gauge  Rodas  R.  R.  The  houses  are  principally 
small  one-story  frame  buildings.  One  building,  at  the  south 
end  of  town,  is  suitable  for  a  barracks.  It  would  hold  about 
75  men.  Water  supply  obtained  from  a  well;  water  not 
believed  to  be  good.     Many  of  the  inhabitants  get  their 


390  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLABA. 

water  from  the  Damuji  River,  which  runs  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  north  of  the  town,  but  there  are  wells  near  most  of 
the  houses.  Telegraphic  communication  along  the  railroad. 
Live  stock  of  all  kinds  very  plentiful  in  the  vicinity,  the 
surrounding  country  being  excellent  grazing  ground.  Cen- 
tral Lequeitio  is  in  this  barrio. 

Ciego  Montero. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  includes 
the  villages  of  Arriete  and  Baiios,  besides  the  village  bearing 
its  name.  The  village  is  about  8  miles  west  of  Cruces,  13 
miles  north  of  Cienfuegos,  and  10|  miles  east  of  Rodas.  Pop- 
ulation about  150.  Water  supply  obtained  from  Rio  Magara, 
on  north  side  of  village,  and  wells;  good  and  abundant. 
Village  consists  of  20  thatched  and  19  tile  roof  houses.  No 
large  buildings.  Wire  fences  and  hedges  outside  of  village. 
Plenty  of  water  and  good  camp  sites. 

Arriete. — Village.  The  village  is  a  railroad  station  on  the 
Cuban  Central  Railroad,  one-half  mile  west  of  Ciego  Mon- 
tero and  10  miles  southeast  of  Rodas.  Has  a  post-office, 
telegraph  station,  store,  and  a  few  thatched  roof  houses. 
Caracas  Railroad  crosses  the  Cuban  Central  at  this  point. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  wells,  and  stream  one-half  mile 
north  of  village. 

Bafios. — Village.  The  village  is  in  the  vicinity  of  sulphur 
baths,  and  is  situated  on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  1| 
miles  northwest  of  Ciego  Montero  and  9  miles  east  of  Rodas. 
A  good  deal  of  sugar  cane  is  raised  in  vicinity.  Place  con- 
sists of  about  6  frame  houses  and  a  large  tile-roof  bath  house 
in  a  dilapidated  condition.  Would  quarter  one  troop.  Water 
supply  obtained  from  wells  and  from  the  river.  No  facilities 
for  loading  or  unloading  at  railroad  station. 

Congojas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  the 
Cuban  Central  Railroad  about  3^  miles  east  of  Rodas.  It  is 
a  small  country  village  with  no  particular  industries.  Popu- 
lation about  500.  Water  supply  obtained  from  wells  and  a 
small  stream  running  past  the  village ;  quality  not  good.  No 
buildings  suitable  for  troops.  Railroad  station  is  small  and 
is  just  north  of  village.  Telegraph  office  in  station.  Post- 
office  and  telephone  in  center  of  village.  A  siding  from  the 
railroad  runs  into  Parque  Alto,  a  sugar  estate  one-half  mile 
distant.    Best  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  north. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  391 

Jdbacao. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio,  which  is  7>\  miles 
northwest  of  Rodas,  has  3  very  small  one-story  frame  build- 
ings and  about  8  palm  huts.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from 
wells  and  is  limited.  No  good  camp  site  in  immediate  vi- 
cinity. 

Limones. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  5  miles 
southeast  of  Rodas.  It  contains  about  40  houses,  15  of  which 
are  of  wood  and  the  balance  native  huts ;  2  stores.  Popula- 
tion about  400.  AVater  supply  obtained  from  10  wells; 
quality  good  and  quantity  plentiful. 

El  Rohle. — Village.  Situated  4  miles  southeast  of  Rodas. 
Consists  of  20  palm  houses  scattered  along  road  running 
from  central  Dos  Hermanas  to  Rio  Limones.  Damuji  and 
Limones  rivers  flow  near  by. 

Medidas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  includes  sitios 
Hoyo  Venero,  Majagua,  and  central  San  Lino.  The  sitio  is 
about  7|  miles  northwest  of  Rodas  and  contains  about  6 
houses.    Water  obtained  from  a  well. 

Hoyo  Venero. — Sitio.  Situated  5  miles  north  of  Rodas. 
Consists  of  a  general  store  and  3  or  4  houses.  Water  from  a 
well. 

Majagua. — Sitio.  Situated  6  miles  north  of  Rodas.  Con- 
sists of  but  a  few  huts. 

Santiago. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  15  miles  by 
road  northeast  of  Rodas.  It  contains  about  15  houses,  a 
church,  and  2  small  stores,  all  situated  on  one  street.  Houses 
are  of  wood  with  thatched  roofs.  Church  is  of  stone  with 
tile  roof.  Has  telephone  connection  with  Soledad:  Water 
supply  obtained  from  surface  wells  and  is  of  good  quality. 
Surrounding  country  slightly  rolling.  Trails  fair  for  ox 
carts  and  light  wagons. 

Soledad. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  situated  in 
the  extreme  northeastern  part  of  the  municipality;  has  ex- 
tensive fertile  lands.  Contains  a  large  number  of  colonias 
and  the  central  Estrella,  which  was  destroyed  during  the 
1895-1898  war.  The  railroad  of  San  Lino  goes  to  the  center 
of  the  barrio.  The  village  of  Soledad  is  18  miles  northeast 
of  Rodas.  It  was  destroyed  during  the  1895-1898  war,  and  is 
only  a  small  place,  but  is  rapidly .  increasing,  owing  to  the 
construction  of  a  bridge  over  the  Damuji  River,  which  facili- 
tates transportation  of  produce.     The  houses  are  some  40  in 


392 


PROVINCE  OP  SANTA  CLARA. 


number  and  scattered  along  on  an  east-and-west  road  for 
more  than  a' mile.  The  population  is  several  hundred.  A 
spur  of  the  San  Agustin-Lequeitio  Railroad  comes  into  the 
village,  and  there  is  telephonic  communication  with  the 
colonias  of  the  centrals  Lequeitio  and  San  Agustin. 

Turquino. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated  9 
miles  by  road  northeast  of  Rodas,  on  the  main  line  of  a 
narrow-gauge  road  known  as  the  Rodas  R.  R.  Population 
about  150.  There  are  no  buildings  suitable  for  quarters. 
Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  and  a  small  stream  east 
of  the  village.  Cattle,  horses,  and  oxen  are  plentifiil  in  the 
vicinity,  the  surrounding  country  being  excellent  for  grazing. 
There  is  a  very  good  camp  site  on  high  ground  just  north- 
east of  the  village. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  SANTA  ISABELA  DE  LAS  LAJAS  (CAPITAL,  LAJAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or. 
urban. 

Distance 
•  from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Centro 

Urban 

Miles. 

4,509 
1,177 

Nuevas 

Rural 

...do 

3 

5.5 

5 

7 
4.5 

Salado 

1,325 
1,516 

Salto 

Salto 

...do 

Santa  Rosa 

Santa  Rosa 

...do 

938 

Terry 

Terry 

...do 

1,942 

Lajas. — Town.  A  town  of  4,509  inhabitants.  Situated  in 
Centro  barrio,  22  miles  northeast  of  Cienfuegos  and  21 
miles  west  of  Santa  Clara.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from 
the  Lajas  and  Lima  rivers,  cisterns  and  wells.  Rain  water 
good.  Well  water  dangerous,  as  it  is  polluted  by  drainage. 
The  rivers  mentioned  flow  close  to  the  town.  There  are  no 
large  buildings  in  town.  About  200  have  thatched  roofs, 
and  300  have  tile  roofs.  There  are  about  300  houses  of  solid 
construction.  The  church  is  on  the  plaza  in  the  north  end 
of  town.  Accommodations  for  troops  are  fair.  There  are 
no  barracks.  Schoolhouses,  buildings  used  as  stores,  and 
ayuntamiento  would  accommodate  about  500  men.  There  is 
telegraphic  communication  west  to  Havana  and  south  to 
Cienfuegos.  Streets  are  paved.  Health  conditions  are 
doubtful,  but  no  epidemics  occur.  The  principal  industries 
are  cultivation  of  sugar  cane  and  cattle  raising.  There  is 
no  hospital.     No  defenses  about  the  town.    Many  of  the 


5TA.  ISABELA  DE   LAS    LAJAS  TOWNSHIP 

s^/^r^ 

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\Cen.CaracaJ              C\ 

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'k<\ 

PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  393 

houses  are  hedged  or  fenced.  There  are  no  large  corrals 
available. 

Nuevas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  3  miles 
northeast  of  Lajas,  on  high  ground.  There  are  about  40 
houses  scattered  over  an  area  of  about  600  acres,  and  the' 
population  is  about  200.  Water  is  obtained  from  wells,  and 
a  small  stream  flows  through  the  village.  Central  Caracas 
is  situated  in  the  barrio. 

Salado. — Barrio.  This  barrio  consists  of  the  estate  of  the 
Santisima  Trinidad  sugar  plantation. 

Salto. — Barrio  and  village.  An  unimportant  village  situ- 
ated about  5  miles  west  of  Lajas,  in  rolling  country  and  on 
the  banks  of  the  Kio  Lajas.  The  population  is  150  and  the 
village  contains  about  75  houses,  none  of  which  are  especially 
suitable  for  barracks,  hospital,  or  storehouses.  Water  is 
obtained  from  wells  and  is  of  good  quality  but  of  limited 
quantity.  The  Rio  Lajas,  however,  is  about  200  yards  north 
of  the  village  and  always  contains  plenty  of  water.  Small 
rural  guard  stable  of  8  stalls  at  the  north  end  of  village. 
No  corrals,  but  there  is  suitable  ground  all  around  the  vil- 
lage. Good  watering  place  for  animals  at  Rio  Lajas.  Camp 
could  be  established  on  the  banks  of  Rio  Lajas.  There  is 
plenty  of  wood,  water  and  grass.  Telephone  office  in  center 
of  village.  A  narrow-gauge  railroad  running  from  Leque- 
itio  to  San  Agustin  passes  through  village.  No  siding  or 
facilities  for  loading  or  unloading.  Roads  run  northeast  to 
Cartagena,  southeast  to  Lajas,  southwest  to  San  Agustiri 
sugar  mill,  and  northwest  to  Santa  Rosa.  Best  line  of  ap- 
proach for  attack  is  from  the  north. 

Santa  Rosa. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  i^  7  miles 
southwest  of  Lajas,  in  open  rolling  country  and  stretched  out 
about  half  a  mile  along  the  road.  The  principal  industry  is 
raising  sugar  cane.  The  population  is  about  100,  and  the 
place  contains  about  30  houses.  There  is  a  store  and  a  school- 
house.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  open  wells  and  is 
poor.  Near  by  is  the  Rio  Laguna  de  Mora.  There  is  a  good 
camp  site  at  Laguna  de  Mora,  with  plenty  of  wood,  grass,  and 
water.  Good  watering  place  for  animals  at  Laguna  de  Mora. 
A  road  runs  west  to  Ciego  Montero  and  one  east  to  Salto. 

Terry  {Ceiba  Hueca). — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is 
in  flat  open  country,  5  miles  due  west  of  central  Caracas  and 


394 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


4|  miles  southwest  of  Lajas,  Population,  about  25.  One 
large  well  in  the  village.  There  are  10  small  houses,  only  2 ' 
of  which  are  frame.  The  Central  Caracas  Railroad  passes 
through  and  branches  at  this  point.  Half  a  mile  to  the  east 
the  San  Agustin-Lequeitio  Railroad  crosses  the  Caracas  Rail- 
road. Roads  run  out  of  village  northeast  to  Lajas,  south  to 
Camarones,  and  west  to  Ciego  Montero.  Barrio  contains 
central  San  Agustin. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  SAGUA  LA  GRANDE. 

Township :  Population. 

Quemado  de  Giiines ; 11,309 

Rancho  Veloz 14,  616 

Sagua  la  Grande 26,937 

Santo  Domingo 20,  776 

TOWNSHIP    OF    QUEMADO    DE    GUINES    (CAPITAL,    QT'EMADO    DE 

GtJINES). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Quemado  de  Giiines 

Caguaguas 

Carahatas 

Giiines 

Paso  Cavado 

San  Valentin  (Empero). . . 
Zambumbia 


Poblado. 


Urban and 
rural, 
do. 


Miles. 


Caguaguas 

Carahatas do. 

Giiines j  Rural . 

Paso  Cavado ..do... 

San  Valentin [...do... 

Zambumbia : . .  .do. . . 


4,453 

1,039 
1,311 
1,132 
1,C67 
600 
1,107 


.  Quemado  de  Giiines. — Town.  Situated  in  Poblado  barrio 
and  34  miles  northwest  of  Santa  Clara.  Population,  1,867. 
Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  and  is  apparently  of 
good  quality.  Buildings  are  constructed  mostly  of  wood, 
and  the  following  are  the  most  suitable  for  quartering 
troops ;  Catholic  Church,  Plaza  and  Padoma  street,  160  men  ; 
house  about  50  feet  from  church,  80  men.  There  are  also 
several  small  houses  used  as  schools,  which  would  accommo- 
date 15  to  25  men.  Post-office  and  telegraph  office  in  same 
building  on  North  Sans  street.  Ingenio  San  Isidro  is  within 
the  barrio. 

Caguaguas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated 
about  9  miles  west  and  north  of  Sagua  la  Grande  on  the 
Caguaguas  narrow-gauge  railroad  and  5  miles  northeast  of 
Quemado   de    Giiines.     Population,    about    45.     Water    ob- 


QUEMADO    DE  GUINES 
TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  395 

tained  from  wells  and  cisterns.  There  is  telegrapiiic  com- 
munication with  Quemado  de  Giiines  and  Sagua  la  Grande, 
and  telephonic  communication  with  Sagua  la  Grande.  There 
are  good  camp  sites  in  the  vicinity.  Roads  lead  south  and 
east  to  Sagua  la  Grande  and  Chinchilla;  south  to  Quemado 
de  Giiines ;  north  and  west  to  Giiines  and  ingenio  Esperanza. 
Ca'i'ihatas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  contains  the 
ingenjo  San  Francisco  de  Asis.  The  village  is  situated  on 
the  coast  about  3  miles  north  of  this  sugar  mill  and  about 

6  mixes  northwest  of  Caguaguas.  Population,  about  300. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  wells;  quality  fair  and  quan- 
tity sufficient  for  drinking  purposes.  Most  of  the  buildings 
are  of  frame  construction;  the  balance  are  thatched  huts. 

There  are  3  good  wharves,  running  out  some  200  feet  to 

7  feet  of  water  at  low  tide. 

Two  of  the  wharves  have  both  standard  and  narrow-gauge 
tracks  and  the  other  has  narrow-gauge  tracks.  The  stand- 
ard-gauge track  runs  to  ingenio  San  Francisco  and  the 
narrow-gauge  track  (30  inches)  runs  to  ingenio  Esperanza. 

There  are  3  large  warehouses,  each  about  60  by  180  feet; 
tile  roofs ;  in  good  condition.  These  buildings  would  shelter 
about  1,000  men.  Exportation  of  sugar  is  the  principal  in- 
dustry. Telephone  connection  with  Quemado  de  Giiines. 
Surrounding  country  low  and  unsuitable  for  camps. 

Giiines. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  4  miles  north 
of  Quemado  de  Giiines  and  consists  of  a  store  and  3  frame 
houses.  Water  of  fair  quality  obtained  from  a  well.  In 
the  barrio  is  situated  the  ingenio  Esperanza  (de  Francia). 

Paso  Cavado. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  contains  ingenio 
Resolucion.  The  sitio  is  4^  miles  northwest  of  Quemado  de 
Giiines  and  consists  of  3  frame  houses,  with  tile  roofs,  and 
a  store.     Water  obtained  from  wells  and  stream. 

San  Valentin. — Barrio  and  village.  The  ingenio  El  Salva- 
dor is  in  the  barrio.  The  village  is  also  known  as  Empero, 
and  is  a  colonia  situated  4  miles  southeast  of  Quemado  de 
Giiines  on  a  branch  of  the  ingenio  El  Salvador  narrow-gauge 
railroad.  The  place  consists  of  a  store  and  about  10  huts  in 
the  vicinity.  Water  obtained  from  a  small  stream.  A  wind- 
mill pumps  water  to  a  railroad  tank. 

Zambumhia. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  4  miles  north- 
west of  Quemado  de  Giiines  and  consists  of  a  frame  school- 


396 


PROVINCE  OP  SANTA  CLAEA. 


house  and  a  store.     Water  obtained  from  a  well.     The  barrio 
contains  the  ingenio  Jesus  Alfonso. 

TOWNSHIP   OF    RANCHO   VELOZ    ( CAPITAL,    RANCHO   VELOZ.) 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Rancho  Veloz. .' 

Santa  F& 

Urban . 

Miles. 

1  317 

Aguas  Claras             

Rural 

.  -do  .    . 

5i 
16J 
15 

2 
12 

23 
15J 

n 

14 
IJ 

H 

lOf 

500 

Cejade  Pablo 

Ceja  de  Pablo 

441 

Corralillo 

Corralillo 

...do 

2  117 

Banos  de  Salina. 
Crimea 

...do 

736 

La  Jagua 

rrnn.nil]!vs 

do.  . 

897 

La  Trocha. 
Palma  Sola 

...do 

354 

Peril 

Peril 

...do 

939 

Pozas. 

Pozas 

...do 

1  195 

Sabana  Grande 

Sabana  Grande 

...do 

941 

Santa  Clara 

...do 

2,145 
839 

San  Vicente 

San  Vicente 

.do 

Chavez. 
Sierra  Morena 

Sierra  Morena 

...do 

2,196 

Rancho  Veloz.- — Town.  The  town  is  situated  about  8  miles 
west  and  north  of  Carahatas,  and  nestles  at  the  foot  of  sur- 
rounding hills.  It  is  in  itself  an  urban  barrio  which  is 
known  as  Santa  Fe.  Houses  are  built  mostly  of  wood,  a  few 
being  constructed  of  brick  covered  with  cement.  Has  a 
church,  town  hall,  one  foundry  for  repair  of  narrow-gauge 
railroad  material,  one  tannery,  and  a  small  establishment 
for  the  manufacture  of  yokes  and  cart  wheels.  Population, 
1,317.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns.  No  build- 
ings suitable  for  barracks.  No  stables.  No  building  suitable 
for  hospital  and  none  suitable  for  quartermaster  or  com- 
missary storehouse.  There  are  some  good  camp  sites  near  the 
town,  especially  to  the  northeast.  Ground  is  good  and  high ; 
drainage  excellent;  grazing  and  wood  plentiful.  Water 
would  have  to  be  secured  from  town  and  from  farm  wells. 
There  is  a  small  creek  about  1^  miles  northeast  of  town. 

Defenses:  Two  old  Spanish  blockhouses;  one  on  hill  to 
west  and  south  of  the  town,  the  other  at  the  eastern  edge  of 
the  town.  These  blockhouses  are  about  15  by  15  by  18  feet 
and  give  a  good  view  of  the  surrounding  country  in  all  di- 
rections. They  are  constructed  of  stone  covered  with  cement, 
but  are  not  in  good  repair. 

Has  telegraph  and  post-office ;  telegraph  to  Sierra  Morena, 
Quemado  de  Giiines,  and  Sagua  la  Grande.    Carahatas  nar- 


RANCHO    VELOZ    TOWNSHIP 


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PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  397 

row -gauge  railroad  (private)  enters  the  town,  running  to 
Caridad,  about  2  miles  distant.  Has  weighing  scales  and 
shed.  No  facilities  for  unloading  supplies.  Roads  lead  out 
of  town  as  follows:  North  to  Carahatas;  north  and  west  to 
Sierra  Morena;  south  to  ingenio  Rodriquez,  and  east  to 
Sabanilla.  Best  line  of  approach  for  attack,  from  the  south 
and  east. 

Aguas  Claras. — Barrio.  The  center  of  the  barrio  is  about 
5^  miles  southeast  of  Rancho  Veloz.  The  barrio  contains 
something  like  150  small  frame  and  thatched  houses  scat- 
tered throughout  it.  It  also  has  a  schoolhouse  and  a  brick- 
yard.   The  raising  of  sugar  cane  is  the  principal  industry. 

Ceja  de  Pablo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  point  bearing  the 
name  is  a  cattle  ranch  about  9^  miles  southwest  of  Corralillo 
and  16  miles  from  Rancho  Veloz.  It  consists  of  one  frame, 
thatched-roof  house,  6  palm  huts,  and  a  schoolhouse;  all 
somewhat  scattered.  Water  obtained  from  wells;  quality 
good  and  quantity  sufficient. 

Corralillo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  Bafios  de  Salina  are 
within  this  barrio.  The  village  of  Corralillo  is  about  7| 
miles  northwest  of  Sierra  Morena  and  15  miles  by  road  north- 
west of  Rancho  Veloz.  People  work  in  surrounding  ingenios 
and  cane  fields.  Population,  about  740;  mixed.  All  water 
obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns.  No  buildings  suitable  for 
military  purposes;  houses  mostly  frame  structures.  Tele- 
graph and  post-office  on  main  street.  Fairly  good  camp  sites 
surrounding  the  village.  Country  undulating;  good  pastur- 
age; water  can  be  obtained  from  the  village,  also  from  cattle 
wells  and  a  small  creek.  Three  old  dilapidated  blockhouses 
are  situated  at  the  edges  of  the  village.  Roads  lead  out  of 
village  south  and  east  to  ingenio  Lutgarda  and  Sierra  Mo- 
rena, and  south  to  ingenio  San  Pedro. 

Baiios  de  Salina. — Sitio.  Situated  about  6^  miles  north- 
east of  Corralillo  and  consists  of  a  frame  thatched-roof  house 
and  some  10  or  12  small  huts.  There  are  also  2  small  huts 
used  as  bath  houses.  One  of  these  baths  has  a  temperature 
of  45*^,  the  water  being  very  salty.  The  other  is  very  warm, 
and  the  water  is  of  a  dark-brown  color.  They  are  about  20 
yards  apart.  The  natives  claim  they  are  the  best  in  Cuba  for 
the  cure  of  blood  diseases,  rheumatism,  etc.,  and  that  hun- 
dreds of  people  annually  visit  them.     There  is  also  a  mag- 


398  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

nesia  well  situated  a  short  distance  from  the  baths.  They 
are  surrounded  by  a  sandy  marsh  with  a  heavy  growth  of 
scrub  trees  and  brush.  To  approach  the  place  it  is  necessary 
to  dismount  at  a  distance  of  about  250  yards  and  proceed  on 
foot  over  an  old  discarded  railroad  track.  The  place  does 
not  present  a  sanitary  appearance  as  the  huts,  baths,  etc.,  are 
in  a  more  or  less  filthy  condition. 

Crimea. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  of  same 
name,  the  barrio  contains  the  ingenio  Esperanza  (de  Keyes). 
Crimea  is  about  2  miles  northeast  of  Rancho  Veloz.  It  con- 
sists of  a  schoolhouse  and  two  or  three  other  small  buildings 
of  brick  or  stone.     Water  obtained  from  well, 

Guanillas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  about  6  miles  south 
and  east  of  Sierra  Morena.  Principal  points  in  barrio  are 
the  central  San  Pedro,  where  the  alcalde  lives,  and  the  sitios 
La  Jagua  and  La  Trocha.  There  are  about  200  shacks  scat- 
tered throughout  the  barrio.  Water  obtained  from  Rio 
Canas  and  from  wells ;  quality  good ;  quantity  sufficient. 
Principal  industries  are  raising  of  cattle  and  cane. 

La  Jagua. — Sitio.  Situated  9  miles  southwest  of  Rancho 
Veloz  on  the  Sierra  Morena-Central  Louisa  road.  It  con- 
sists of  several  houses  scattered  along  the  road. 

La  Trocha. — Village.'  About  4:^  miles  by  road  and  trail 
southwest  of  Sierra  Morena  and  7  miles  north  of  west  of 
Rancho  Veloz.  Consists  of  about  25  houses,  2  of  which  are 
brick  with  tile  roofs,  and  the  rest  small  frame  and  thatched 
houses.  Has  also  three  square  blockhouses,  two  of  which 
are  in  fair  condition  and  Avould  accommodate  about  15  men. 

The  other  blockhouse  is  two-thirds  demolished.  There 
is  also  a  small  schoolhouse  with  accommodations  for  about 
25  pupils,  and  scattered  all  over  the  surrounding  country  are 
some  150  shacks.  During  the  war  of  1895-1898  there  were 
some  40  Spanish  troops  at  this  place,  and  generally  some- 
thing like  1,500  or  2,000  Sjjanish  troops  in  the  near-by  barrios. 
La  Trocha  being  used  as  a  resting  place.  It  is  considered 
very  healthful  and  the  water  supply  is  very  good.  There  are 
several  large  tanks  for  storage  of  rain  water. 

Palma  Sola. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  23  miles 
northwest  of  Rancho  Veloz.  It  consists  of  a  few  stone  ruins ; 
was  formerly  a  small  village. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  399 

Peru. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  15^  miles 
by  road  and  trail  southwest  of  Rancho  Veloz.  The  place 
consists  of  about  25  small  frame  and  thatched  houses  and 
a  store,  while  scattered  over  the  barrio  proper  are  about 
200  shacks  or  small  houses.  The  raising  of  cane,  corn,  and 
cattle  are  the  principal  industries.  AVater  is  obtained  from 
wells  and  from  a  small  stream.  Peru  was  formerly  called 
Periera. 

Pozas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  settlement  bearing  the 
name  is  about  1|  miles  north  and  west  of  Rancho  Veloz.  It 
consists  of  a  frame  shed  and  4  or  5  surrounding  huts.  Rais- 
ing of  sugar  cane  is  the  principal  industry.  There  are  from 
70  to  75  huts  scattered  over  the  barrio  proper.  Well  and 
rain  water  used.    Ingenio  Caridad  is  within  the  barrio. 

Sabana  Grande. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  about 
14  miles  southwest  of  Rancho  Veloz.  Consists  of  about  10 
houses  and  huts.  Water  obtained  from  wells.  Barrio  con- 
tains central  Luisa  y  Antonia. 

Santa  Clara. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  1^  miles 
southeast  of  Rancho  Veloz.  Consists  of  a  tile-roof  brick 
house,  2  small  frame  houses  with  tile  roofs,  2  cattle  sheds, 
a  half-ruined  blockhouse,  ruins  of  an  old  ingenio,  and  a  few 
scattered  huts  built  of  palm.  The  blockhouse  is  built  of 
cement  and  has  one  tier  of  fire  of  8  loopholes.  Cane  raising 
is  the  principal  industry.  Water  is  obtained  from  wells  and 
the  qualit}'  is  good.    The  barrio  contains  central  Ramona. 

San  Vicente. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  contains  the  sitio 
Chavez,  besides  the  sitio  bearing  its  name;  plenty  of  cattle 
in  the  barrio.  The  sitio  is  situated  about  2^  miles  east  of 
Sierra  Morena  and  8  miles  northwest  of  Rancho  Veloz.  It 
consists  of  the  ruins  of  an  old  sugar  mill  and  a  good  stone 
house.     Population,  about  20.     Water  obtained  from  wells. 

Chavez. — Sitio.  Consists  of  about  4  houses  situated  on 
the  seashore  8  miles  northwest  of  Rancho  Veloz  and  3  miles 
north  of  San  Vicente.  It  is  connected  with  both  points  by 
wagon  roads. 

Sierra  Morena. — Barrio  and  town.  A  small  town  about 
10  miles  to  the  north  and  west  of  Rancho  Veloz  and  about 
2^  miles  from  the  coast.  Population,  about  950,  mixed.  In- 
habitants work  in  near-by  ingenios  and  in  the  cane  fields. 


400 


PKOVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLAKA. 


Water  supply  obtained  from  wells,  springs,  and  cisterns. 
Has  a  post-office  and  telegraph  office,  a  church,  and  a  few 
small  schoolhouses.  There  are  a  few  dilapidated  block- 
houses at  the  edge  of  town.  Ingenio  Santa  Lutgarda  (Al- 
fonso) lies  within  the  boundaries  of  the  barrio. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  SAGUA  LA  GRANDE  (CAPITAL,  SAGUA 

LA  GRANDE). 

Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Sagua  la  Grande 

EstedelaVUla 

Urban 

Miles. 

6,945 

5,448 

2,405 

562 

Oeste  de  la  Villa 

...do.. 

Baire 

...do 

Alacran 

Alacian 

Chinchilla 

Rural..... 
..do 

■    f 

m 
(«) 

lOf 

84 

13i 
5 
9 

Chinchilla 

766 

Cifuentes 

Cifuentes 

Urban 

Rural 

...do 

1  492 

Este  de  Cifuentes 

422 

General  Nodarse 

General  Nodarse 

1,149 

Isabela '. 

Isabela. 

Urban 

Rural 

...do 

1,968 
2  737 

Malpaez 

La  Trocha. 

Oeste  de  Cifuentes 

604 

Sitiecito. . .  3 

Sitiecito 

do. 

1  736 

Sitio  Grande 

.do...     . 

704 

a  90  yards. 

Sagua  la  Grande. — Town.  Situated  in  latitude  north  22° 
49'  50'%  and  longitude  west  from  Cadiz  73°  45'  36"  (80° 
29'  59"  west  of  Greenwich).  It  is  12  miles  from  the  Port 
of  Isabela,  also  called  La  Boca  and  Concha,  with  which  it 
is  in  communication  by  means  of  the  Cuban  Central  Rail- 
road, making  two  trips  daily,  and  by  the  Eio  Sagua  la 
Grande,  navigable  for  vessels  of  light  draft  to  the  sea.  The 
Cuban  Central  Railroad  also  puts  it  into  daily  communica- 
tion with  Santa  Clara,  Cienfuegos,  and  Havana,  the  latter 
city  being  259  miles  distant. 

Sagua  la  Grande  was  founded  in  1812.  The  houses  as  a 
rule  are  one-story  brick,  plastered  over  with  cement.  The 
streets  are  macadam,  fairly  well  made,  and  from  25  to  30 
or  40  feet  wide,  excluding  the  usual  narrow  3^  and  4  foot 
sidewalks.  Both  electricity  and  gas  are  used  for  the  pur- 
pose of  lighting  the  streets,  dwellings,  etc.  The  town  has  a 
church,  townhall,  board  of  health,  board  of  education,  bank, 
three  public  parks,  one  theater,  Spanish  Casino,  Cuban  Club, 
and  one  large  modern  two-story  frame  schoolhouse.  A  large 
stone  Jesuit  college  for  boys  is  situated  about  200  yards 
north  of  the  bridge  crossing  Rio  Sagua  la  Grande.     The 


SAGUA  LA  GRANDE  TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA.  401 

town  also  boasts  of  a  conservatory  of  music  and  two  public 
hospitals.  It  is  subdivided  into  three  urban  barrios,  viz, 
Este,  Oeste,  and  Baire. 

The  principal  industries  are  exportation  of  sugar  and  some 
tobacco.  The  general  offices,  machine  shops,  and  carpenter 
and  repair  shops  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  are  also 
situated  here  and  furnish  employment  for  some  700  em- 
ployees. The  alcohol  distillery,  a  few  hundred  yards  west 
of  the  railroad  station,  has  the  reputation  of  exporting  a 
very  fine  grade  of  alcohol.  There  are  also  two  iron  foun- 
dries, two  sawmills,  a  tannery,  large  brickj'^ard,  several  small 
cigar  factories,  electric-light  and  gas  plant,  three  or  four 
printing  shops,  ice  plant,  and  four  daily  newspapers. 

The  population  of  Sagua  is  12,393. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  the  Rio  Blanco,  which 
is  fed  by  springs  and  small  tributaries  in  surrounding  hills. 
The  reservoir  is  1^  miles  west  of  Viana  and  6|  miles  south- 
east of  the  plaza  at  Sagua  la  Grande,  At  this  point  two 
dams,  160  feet  apart,  are  built  across  the  river;  both  3  feet 
wide  on  top  and  120  feet  long  and  15  feet  high  at  center  of 
stream.  Similar  containing  walls  connecting  these  dam's  are 
in  the  first  stages  of  construction.  When  completed  this  will 
form  a  basin  120  feet  wide,  160  feet  long,  and  15  feet  deep. 
There  is  sufficient  water  to  keep  this  reservoir  constantly 
filled.  In  the  lower  left-hand  corner  (facing  downstream) 
of  the  reservoir  are  two  cisterns,  one  18  feet  long,  15  feet 
wide,  and  15  feet  deep.  This  is  divided  into  two  compart- 
ments by  a  concrete  partition,  the  whole  resting  on  a  bed  of 
charcoal,  gravel,  sand,  and  iron.  From  these  cisterns  the 
filtered  water  enters  a  separate  receiving  cistern,  8  feet  long, 
6  feet  wide,  and  15  feet  deep.  From  this  cistern  the  filtered 
water  is  supposed  to  be  conducted  to  Sagua  la  Grande  through 
a  10-inch  iron  pipe,  5^  miles  long,  buried  4  feet  underground. 
This  pipe  becomes  8-inch,  6-inch,  4-inch,  and  2-inch  pipe  as 
it  reaches  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  caretaker  states 
that  at  the  present  time  (1907)  and  for  at  last  five  years  the 
10-inch  pipe  mentioned  has  passed  through  the  receiving 
cistern,  taking  no  water  therefrom,  and  along  the  bed  of  the 
reservoir  and  through  the  upper  dam,  and  has  supplied  un- 

492—09 26 


402  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

filtered  water  to  the  city  directly  from  the  river  above  the 
reservoir. 

It  is  estimated  by  the  owner  of  the  water  system  that  60 
gallons  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours  are  consumed  by  each 
inhabitant.  This  is  probably  an  overestimate.  It  is  believed 
that  the  maximum  amount  available  would  be  limited  only 
by  the  amount  that  a  10-inch  pipe,  with  200  feet  fall  in  5| 
miles,  could  carry. 

The  sewers  are  constructed  of  soft  brick  and  a  poor  quality 
of  cement.  The  largest  does  not  measure  over  40  inches,  and 
is  on  Marti,  Maceo,  Marta  Abreu,  and  Clara  Barton  streets. 
The  catch  basins  are  generally  situated  at  each  corner  of  the 
streets  and  measure  about  25  inches. 

The  electric-light  plant  is  on  Marta  Abreu  street,  a  short 
distance  from  the  railroad  passenger  station;  the  gas  works 
are  on  the  same  street,  about  400  feet  south  of  the  electric- 
light  plant.  The  electric  lights  are  used  for  lighting  the 
three  public  parks,  the  bridge,  and  the  city  hall,  gas  being 
used  for  lighting  the  streets.  Most  of  the  dwellings,  shops, 
etc.,  have  either  electric-light  wires  installed  or  gas  fixtures. 

Barracks:  The  buildings  in  which  troops  could  be  quar- 
tered are  a  Spanish  casino,  a  public  schoolhouse,  a  Catholic 
Church,  Cuban  Club,  Spanish  Club,  paint  shop,  railroad-car 
shed,  and  roundhouse.  The  descriptions  of  these  buildings 
and  their  locations  are  as  follows: 

Spanish  Casino,  on  river  front  between  Marti  and  Maceo 
streets.  One-story  brick  building,  covered  with  cement ;  about 
120  by  60  feet  by  about  25  feet  in  height ;  the  eastern  part  of 
the  building  has  an  upper  story  containing  three  small  rooms. 
The  roof  is  part  tile  and  part  tin.  In  excellent  condition 
of  repair.  Sanitary  condition  of  building  and  surround- 
ings good.  Capacity,  about  150  men.  Water  supplied  from 
city  faucets;  quantity  sufficient  and  quality  good.  Modern 
water-closets  installed. 

Public  schoolhouse,  on  Carmen  Ribalta  and  Cespedes  streets. 
Two-story  frame  building;  tile  roof;  surrounded  by  10-foot 
porch ;  eight  schoolrooms  about  18  by  22  feet ;  ceilings  about 
16  feet  high.  Good  condition  of' repair.  Sanitary  condition 
of  building  and  surrounding  locality  good.  Capacity,  about 
175  men.    Water  supplied  by  city  faucets;  quantity  sufficient 


PBOVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  403 

and  quality  good.  Modern  water-closets  installed.  Entire 
building  surrounded  by  large  yard  and  iron  fence. 

Catholic  Church,  on  Cespedes  and  Padre  Varela  streets. 
Constructed  of  brick,  cemented  over  with  plaster,  with  usual 
tower  and  several  small  rooms  in  rear.  About  130  by  45  feet 
and  about  50  feet  in  height.  Good  condition  of  repair. 
Sanitary  condition  of  building  and  locality  good.  Capacity, 
about  135  men.  Water  supplied  from  city  faucets;  quantity 
sufficient  and  quality  good.    Modern  closets  installed. 

Cuban  Club,  on  Marti  and  Carmen  Ribalta  streets.  A  brick 
building,  covered  with  plaster;  about  100  by  45  feet  and 
about  25  feet  in  height.  Has  court  and  small  tower.  Excel- 
lent condition  of  repair.  Sanitary  condition  of  building  and 
locality  good.  Water  supplied  from  city  faucets;  quantity 
sufficient  and  quality  good.  Modern  water-closets  installed. 
Lighted  by  electricity. 

Spanish  Club,  on  Cespedes  street,  near  Padre  Varela.  One- 
story  brick  building,  about  50  by  45  feet;  tile  roof.  Small 
interior  court.  Good  condition  of  repair.  Sanitary  condi- 
tion of  building  apparently  good.  Sanitary  condition  of 
locality  good.  Capacity',  from  75  to  80  men.  Water  sup- 
plied from  city  faucets ;  quantity  sufficient  and  quality  good. 
Modern  water-closets  installed.    Lighted  by  electricity. 

Paint  shop,  in  the  yards  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad. 
Brick  building,  about  180  by  45  feet  and  27  feet  high;  gal- 
vanized-iron  roof ;  ventilation  fair.  At  present  in  good  con- 
dition. Sanitary  condition  of  building  and  locality  fair, 
the  ground  being  low  and  during  rainy  season  swampy. 
Capacity,  about  140  men.  ^  This  building  has  small  office  in 
rear,  about  15  by  18  feet.  Water  supplied  from  city  faucets; 
quantity  sufficient  and  quality  good.  Lighted  by  electricity. 
Rears  are  about  20  yards  from  building. 

Coach  shed  in  the  yards  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad. 
A  building  about  160  by  60  feet  by  about  35  feet  high.  Gal- 
vanized-iron  roof ;  sides  half  covered  with  the  same  material. 
Good  condition  at  present.  Sanitary  condition  of  building 
and  locality  good.  No  modern  closets.  Capacity  about 
135  men. 

Roundhouse  in  yards  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  A 
circular  building,  frame;  about  30  feet  in  height ;  galvanized- 


404  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAKA. 

iron  roof;  contains  70,000  square  feet  of  floor  space.  Good 
condition.  Sanitary  condition  of  building  and  locality  fair. 
Water  supplied  from  city  faucets;  quantity  sufficient  and 
quality  good.    Modern  urinals;  water-closets  near  by. 

Stables :  None  of  any  importance.  Frame  shed  on  Maximo 
Gomez  and  Enrique  streets;  about  80  by  45  feet  and  about 
18  feet  high.  Accommodations  for  about  35  horses.  Sev- 
eral small  stables  in  different  parts  of  town;  capacity  from 
10  to  15  animals. 

Corrals:  Only  suitable  open  ground  is  just  across  the 
river,  north  and  east  of  town.  The  ground  is  high  and  would 
make  a  good  corral.  Accommodations  could  easily  be  ar- 
ranged for  at  least  from  200  to  300  animals ;  drainage  is  good 
and  water  could,  without  much  difficulty,  be  obtained  from 
the  river. 

Hospitals:  There  are  two  hospitals  in  the  town  and  the 
Cuban  Club  could  be  readily  converted  into  one.  Their  lo- 
cations and  descriptions  are  as  follows: 

Spanish  hospital :  On  Backer  street,  about  500  yards  south 
of  the  railroad  station.  Brick  building,  about  100  by  70  feet 
by  about  30  feet  in  height.  Modern  and  in  excellent  condi- 
tion. Sanitary  condition  of  building  and  locality  good. 
Capacity  about  50  to  60  cots.  Water  supplied  from  city 
faucets,  also  from  large  iron  tank;  quantity  sufficient  and 
quality  good.  Modern  closets  installed.  Lighted  by  elec- 
tricity and  gas.  There  are  also  several  smaller  buildings  con- 
nected with  hospital  proper,  such  as  storehouse,  dead  house, 
isolated  or  contagious  ward,  laundry,  etc.  Two  apparently 
up-to-date  operating  rooms,  in  first-class  condition.  This 
hospital  is  surrounded  by  a  large  yard  and  iron  fence. 

Cuban  hospital:  On  General  Lee  and  Maximo  Gomez 
streets.  Constructed  of  brick;  tile  roof;  about  100  by  100 
feet  and  about  30  feet  in  height.  Good  condition  of  repair. 
Sanitary  condition  of  building  and  locality  good.  Capacity 
about  120  cots.  Water  supplied  from  city  faucets,  also  from 
large  iron  tank;  quantity  sufficient  and  quality  good.  Mod- 
ern water-closets  installed.  There  are  several  outer  buildings, 
such  as  isolation  ward,  dead  house,  laundry,  storehouse, 
kitchen,  etc.  These  buildings  are  all  surrounded  by  yard  and 
fence. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA.  405 

Cuban  Club :  On  Marti  and  Carmen  Eibalta  streets.  This 
building  would  make  an  excellent  hospital ;  its  location  and 
condition,  etc.,  are  first-class. 

Storehouses :  There  are  5  buildings  worthy  of  mention,  the 
locations  and  descriptions  of  which  are  as  follows : 

Railroad  shed,  next  to  the  passenger  station  of  the  Cuban 
Central  Eailroad.  A  building  about  200  by  60  feet  and 
about  80  feet  in  height.  Galvanized-iron  roof ;  sides  covered 
halfway  up  with  same  material.  Good  unloading  platform 
entire  length;  siding  in  good  condition. 

Freight  shed,  near  passenger  station.  Constructed  partly 
of  brick;  about  30  by  250  feet  and  about  20  feet  in  height. 
Galvanized-iron  roof.  Good  facilities  for  loading  and  un- 
loading almost  the  entire  length  of  the  building.  Also  has 
18-foot  tramway  at  eastern  end. 

Car  shed,  in  the  yards  of  the  railroad.  A  building  about 
40  by  150  feet  by  about  35  feet  high.  Galvanized-iron  roof. 
Has  good  switching  facilities. 

Warehouse,  about  100  feet  southwest  of  the  passenger  sta- 
tion. A  frame  building  about  200  by  250  feet  by  about  40 
feet  in  height.  Has  loading  platform  about  30  by  40  feet, 
with  good  switching  facilities.     Condition  of  building  fair. 

Frame  building,  about  400  yards  north  and  west  of  the 
passenger  station  and  alongside  the  railroad  tracks;  about 
40  by  125  feet  and  about  25  feet  high.  No  loading  or  unload- 
ing platform.     Condition  of  building  good. 

Offices:  General  offices  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  at 
the  foot  of  Marti  street;  post-office,  at  No.  26  Marti;  tele- 
graph office,  at  No.  26  Marti ;  telephone  central,  at  the  corner 
of  Colon  and  Maceo  streets;  express  office  (Pan-American), 
in  railroad  building  foot  of  Marti  street. 

Ice  plant:  Situated  at  the  corner  of  Colon  and  Brito. 
Frame  building,  about  40  by  100  feet  and  about  30  feet  high. 
Capacity,  claimed,  800  tons  daily.  Water  obtained  from  the 
river,  wells,  and  city  hydrants. 

Camp  sites :  No  good  camp  sites  near  by.  Across  the  river, 
about  200  yards  northeast  of  the  bridge,  is  a  plot  of  ground 
that  would  make  a  fair  camp  site  during  the  dry  season. 
Ground  is  somewhat  high  and  would  accommodate  about 


406  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

1,500  men.  Water  readily  obtained  from  city  hydrants  and 
plugs.     Wood  and  good  grazing  near  by. 

Defenses:  Two  blockhouses  and  a  trench.  The  block- 
houses are  situated,  one  a  few  yards  northeast  of  the  northern 
approach  to  the  bridge  and  the  other  near  the  southeastern 
end  of  the  town,  alongside  the  railroad  tracks.  They  are 
made  with  an  outer  and  an  inner  wall,  filled  in  with  earth; 
about  15  by  15  feet  by  about  18  feet  in  height,  including  small 
lookout ;  galvanized-iron  roofs.  Give  good  field  of  fire,  espe- 
cially the  one  near  the  railroad  tracks.  The  trench,  built 
by  the  Spanish  during  1897-98,  is  well  washed  out,  but  could 
easily  be  put  in  good  condition.  It  commences  at  a  point 
near  Carmen  Ribalta  street  and  the  river  and  runs  southeast 
as  far  as  the  railroad  tracks,  thence  west  and  north  as  far  as 
the  alcohol  distilleryi  The  trench  affords  earth  protection  of 
from  3  to  5  feet  (some  of  the  places  being  washed  out).  The 
ditch  is  from  4  to  5  feet  deep.  With  the  exception  of  a  small 
part  on  the  western  side  of  town  the  trench  affords  a  good 
field  of  fire. 

Railroads :  See  storehouses  above  for  siding  and  switching 
facilities. 

Roads:  Backer  street  leads  to  Chinchilla,  Caguaguas,  Que- 
mado  de  Giiines,  Hancho  Veloz,  Sierra  Morena,  etc.  Bull- 
cart  road  and  pony  trail,  running  parallel  to  Resulta  Rail- 
road tracks,  leads  to  Resulta,  Viana,  etc. ;  bull-cart  road  and 
pony  trail,  running  parallel  to  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  leads 
to  Sitiecito  and  the  south. 

The  western  part  of  town  is  the  best  place  to  attack. 

Alacrdn. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  central  Corazon  de  Jesus 
is  within  the  barrio.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  store,  a  school- 
house,  and  3  or  4  huts.    Water  obtained  from  well. 

Chinchilla. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  lies  north- 
west of  Sagua  la  Grande.  The  village  is  situated  5  miles 
from  Sagua.  It  consists  of  4  houses,  a  store,  and  a  block- 
house. Water  is  obtained  from  wells.  The  blockhouse  is 
an  old  one,  built  of  brick,  and  two  stories  in  height.  Its  di- 
mensions are  about  12  by  12  by  15  feet.  It  is  in  very  poor 
condition  and  uninhabitable.  Could  accommodate  about  15 
or  20  men.  It  is  on  low  ground  and  does  not  afford  a  very 
good  field  of  fire. 


PROVINCE    OF   SANTA   CLARA.  407 

Cifuentes. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  about  12^ 
miles  southeast  of  Sagua  la  Grande,  on  the  main  line  of  the 
Cuban  Central  Eailroad. 

The  houses  are,  as  a  rule,  one-story  frame  with  tile  roofs. 
Has  good  church,  city  hall,  two  schoolhouses,  stock  pens  and 
good  ramp  for  loading  and  unloading  cattle,  post-office,  tele- 
graph and  telephone  station.  Population,  1,492.  Water  ob- 
tained from  Eio  Magdalena  and  from  wells;  supply  appar- 
ently plentiful  and  of  good  quality.  There  is  a  large  block- 
house about  1,200  yards  from  town,  on  road  leading  to -Santa 
Clara  and  Sitio  Nuevo.  It  is  of  cement,  circular  in  shape, 
and  has  two  tiers  of  fire  with  lookout,  12  loopholes  per  tier; 
condition  good.  Roads  lead  out  of  town  to  Viana,  Santa 
Clara,  Sagua  la  Grande.  Northeastern  part  of  town  hardest 
to  defend. 

Este  de  Cifuentes. — Barrio.  Rural  district  lying  south 
of  Cifuentes. 

General  Nodarse. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  is  a  rural 
district  lying  east  of  Sagua  la  Grande.  The  village  is  just 
across  the  Sagua  River  from  Sagua  la  Grande,  and  is  looked 
upon  as  part  of  that  town.  Its  description  and  population 
is  included  in  that  of  Sagua.  It  was  formerly  known  as 
San  Juan, 

Isahela. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Sagua  la  Grande  and  is  the  port  of  Sagua 
la  Grande.  It  is  built  on  a  swamp,  the  solid  ground  being 
made.  The  houses  are  mostly  frame  and  built  on  piles. 
Population,  1,968.  Rain  water  is  used  almost  entirely.  Sup- 
ply is  held  in  large  tanks  and  is  delivered  in  barrels  by 
small  boys.  During  the  dry  season  water  is  naturally  scarce, 
the  supply  being  guarded  by  the  city  officials  to  prevent 
waste.  There  is  no  sewer  system.  .Town  is  lighted  by  oil 
lamps.  The  harbor  is  not  an  inclosed  one,  but  a  roadstead 
protected  by  islands.  The  roadstead  is  about  12  miles  west- 
northwest  by  east-southeast,  and  6  miles  north  and  south. 
The  greatest  depth  of  water  is  28  feet.  The  principal  in- 
dustries of  the  town  are  the  shipping  of  sugar  and  tobacco. 
Vessels  of  6  feet  4  inches  draft  go  up  the  river  to  Sagua  la 
Grande;  distance,  21  miles. 


408  PBOVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA. 

Barracks :  Three  warehouses  owned  by  Garcia  &  Co.  The 
largest,  a  frame  building  with  tin  roof,  is  200  by  40  feet  and 
about  25  feet  high.  The  other  two  are  about  150  by  40  feet 
and  about  20  feet  high;  frame  buildings  with  tin  roofs. 
Three  warehouses  owned  by  Alfert  &  Co.  The  largest  one 
is  800  feet  long  by  about  50  feet  wide  and  about  25  feet  high ; 
galvanized-iron  roof.  Good  condition  at  present.  The  others 
are  smaller  and  compare  in  size  with  the  ones  owned  by 
Garcia  &  Co.  These  warehouses  all  run  out  into  the  bay 
and  are  in  very  good  condition.  The  depth  of  water  at 
Garcia  &  Co.'s  warehouse  is  about  7  feet  and  the  depth  at 
Alfert  &  Co.'s  12  feet. 

No  stables  or  corrals. 

Hospitals:  From  1895  -to  1898  the  Spaniards  used  the 
different  wharves  and  the  storehouses  described  above  for 
barracks  and  hospitals.  Location  is  considered  very  health- 
ful, and  it  is  always  cool. 

Storehouses:  Buildings  described  above,  under  barracks, 
could  be  used  as  quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses. 
Good  unloading  platforms  at  Alfert  &  Co.'s  warehouse  and 
railroad  wharf. 

Town  has  a  telegraph  and  post-office. 

Camp  sites :  The  open  space  south  of  the  church,  with  ave- 
nues 6,  7,  and  8,  could  be  used  for  camp  for  a  regiment. 

Defenses:  There  is  a  blockhouse,  masonry  construction, 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  just 
south  of  the  town.  It  is  20  by  20  feet  and  10  feet  high  and 
apparently  in  good  condition.  It  has  a  single  tier  of  fire,  and 
controls  the  entrance  to  the  town  along  the  railroad,  which  is 
the  only  means  of  gaining  entrance  by  land.  Except  for  the 
railroad,  the  blockhouse  is  surrounded  by  mud  flats  covered 
with  brush. 

Roads  out  of  town :  One  to  Sagua  la  Grande  via  the  rail- 
road. 

Note. — The  fact  that  the  port  of  Isabela  is  capable  of 
handling  the  larger  boats ;  the  lighters,  wharves,  storehouses, 
railroad  sidings,  tugboats;  its  connection  with  Sagua  la 
Grande  by  water;  its  short  distance  from  the  general  head- 
quarters and  shops  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  at  Sagua 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLAKA.  409 

la  Grande  with  abundance  of  rolling  stock,  and  the  fact  that 
troops  could  be  marched  directly  to  Sagiia  la  Grande  on  the 
railroad,  or  to  Sitiecito,  4^  miles  farther  south,  where  the 
railroad  branches  (one  branch  going  southeast  to  Placetas 
and  the  other  southwest  to  Santo  Domingo) ,  should  make  this 
a  rather  important  place  for  distribution  of  troops  and  sup- 
plies in  Santa  Clara  Province. 

Malpaez. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  about  8 
miles  southwest  of  Sagua  la  Grande,  and  consists  of  3  houses, 
a  two-story  schoolhouse,  and  a  tienda.  Water  obtained  from 
springs  and  wells. 

La  Trocha. — Sitio.     Situated  about  1  mile  southwest  of. 
Chinchilla.     Consists  of  a  small  store  at  fork  of  roads  lead- 
ing to  Quemado  de  Giiines  and  Capitolio,  respectively. 

Oeste  de  Cifuentes. — Barrio.  Rural  district  lying  west  of 
Cifuentes. 

Sitiecito. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  contains  the  sugar 
mills  Santa  Teresa  and  Resulta,  The  village  is  about  4| 
miles  by  road  and  3|  miles  by  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  south 
of  Sagua  la  Grande,  and  consists  of  about  25  houses;  part 
frame  houses  and  part  huts.  Has  a  railroad  station,  tele- 
graph, telephone,  and  post-ofSce.  Population,  about  150. 
Water  supply  obtained  partly  from  wells  and  partly  from 
river;  supply  sufficient  and  quality  good.  One  blockhouse, 
more  or  less  in  ruins,  in  the  southeast  part  of  village.  Cuban 
Central  Railroad  branches  here  to  Santo  Domingo  and  to 
Placetas. 

Sitio  Grande. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about 
8|  miles  south  of  Sagua  la  Grande  and  about  14  miles  from 
Calabazar,  on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  Population, 
about  200.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and  small  stream, 
but  latter  sometimes  goes  dry.  In  the  village  are  about  15 
frame  houses  and  2  stone  houses  with  tile  roofs.  One  of  the 
stone  houses  would  hold  20  men  and  10  horses,  and  the  school 
40  men.  Telegraph  office  at  railroad  station.  Siding  at 
station,  and  loading  and  unloading  facilities  good.  There  is 
an  old  dilapidated  blockhouse  near  the  village.  Roads  lead 
to  Sagua,  Palmarejo,  Unidad,  Cifuentes,  and  Amaro.  Best 
line  of  approach  for  attack  would  be  from  the  north. 


410  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAEA. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  SANTO  DOMINGO  (CAPITAL,  SANTO  DOMINGO). 


Town,  village,  orsitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Santo  Domingo 

Este 

Urban 

mus. 

1,842 
1,248 

Oeste 

...do 

Alvarez .• 

Alvarez 

Rural 

...do 

23 
10 
3 

10.5 
22 

4.3 

7.8 

15 

8 

15 
2.1 
3 

8.5 
6.2 
6.5 
7.8 

846 

Amaro 

Amaro 

732 

Arenas 

...do 

1,630 
496 

Baracaldo 

...do 

Cascajal 

Cascajal 

Urban  and 

rural. 

Rural 

Urban  and 

rural. 

Rural 

...do 

2,343 

Cerrito 

895 

Jicotea 

1,755 

Jiquiabo 

456 

Manacas 

1,783 

Mordazo 

Mordazo 

.do 

1,009 

Puerto  Escondido 

...do 

1,057 
568 

Rio 

...do 

Rodrigo 

Rodrigo. 

.do 

1,627 

San  Bartolome 

...do 

774 

San  Marcos 

do. 

319 

Yabuclto 

Yabuclto... 

do.... 

1,396 

Santo  Domingo. — Town.  Situated  21  miles  northeast  of 
Santa  Clara  on  the  Cuban  Central  Eailroad,  1  mile  from 
its  junction  with  the  U.  H.  R.  R.  It  is  a  small  town  having 
no  important  industries,  and  is  supported  by  surrounding 
farmers.  There  is  one  chief  business  street,  named  Inde- 
pendencia,  which  runs  east  and  west.  The  buildings  are 
one  story  high  and  the  majority  of  private  dwellings  are 
frame  with  tile  roofs.  Negro  section  is  on  north  side  of 
town  and  covers  about  one-half  of  town's  limit;  is  fenced 
with  barbed  wire  and  cactus  hedges.  Huts  are  small  and 
thatched  and  hidden  among  banana  patches  and  cactus 
hedges. 

Population,  3,090. 

Water  supply:  Drinking  water  obtained  from  surface 
wells  and  cisterns  of  rain  water.  Wells  have  been  known  to 
run  dry,  but  it  is  unusual.  Last  severe  drought  took  place  in 
1902,  and  drinking  water  was  taken  from  Rio  Sagua  la 
Grande,  one-half  mile  east  of  the  town.  At  this  point  the 
Cuban  Central  Railroad  crosses  the  river  over  a  single-track 
wooden  bridge  (trestle).  Food  and  watering  place  for  stock 
close  to  the  bridge,  upstream.  Drinking  water  plentiful  at  all 
times.  Rio  Sagua  is  a  small  stream,  but  there  is  always 
sufficient  water  for  stock.  Well  water  in  town  should  be 
boiled.  Well  water  on  plantations  in  vicinity  of  the  town 
is  safe  when  at  sufficient  distance  from  latrines.     Wells  and 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  411 

cisterns  not  properly  protected.  Wells  are  numerous — one 
well  for  each  house  in  most  cases. 

Surface  drainage  is  depended  upon  for  disposal  of  waste 
waters.    No  public  street  lamps  kre  used. 

Barracks:  1.  Old  Spanish  barracks;  one-story  frame 
building  with  tile  roof;  on  calle  Independencia,  600  yards 
west  of  edge  of  town,  800  yards  to  the  north  of  Santo  Do- 
mingo junction;  stands  alone  on  slightly  high  ground;  con- 
dition good;  surrounded  by  large  grounds.  Building  about 
30  3'^ears  old,  but  still  serviceable,  and  will  accommodate 
200  men;  in  cases  of  emergency  would  accommodate  400 
men.  Good  kitchen;  water  supply  from  well  10  yards  in 
rear  of  barracks;  water  clear  and  of  .good  quality,  but 
slightly  hard ;  pronounced  safe  for  drinking,  without  boiling, 
by  medical  officer;  never  known  to  run  dr}.  Camp  latrines 
must  be  dug  in  rear  of  barracks. 

2.  Schoolhouse;  one-story  frame  building  with  tile  roof 
on  calle  Independencia  (south  side)  between  calle  Cespedes 
and  calle  Maltiempo.  Condition  very  good;  capacity,  40 
men;  in  case  of  emergency  would  accommodate  80  men. 
Small  kitchen  in  rear;  water  supply  from  well  in  rear  of 
building;  water  should  be  boiled.  Cuban  latrines  in  rear; 
not  in  good  condition. 

3.  Catholic  Church;  stone  structure  with  tile  roof.  Priest 
in  charge  has  small  quarters  in  rear.  Occupies  rectangular 
plot  of  ground  facing  small  plaza  in  calle  Independencia 
and  calle  Jiquiabo,  near  business  center  of  town.  Condition 
very  good.  Size  of  building  50  by  150  feet.  Room  for  300 
men  in  case  of  emergency.  Water  supply  from  surface  well 
in  small  yard  near  priest's  quarters ;  water  should  be  boiled. 

4.  Town  hall;  stone,  two-story,  tile-roof  structure.  At 
corner  of  calle  Jiquiabo  and  calle  Maceo,  in  center  af  town. 
Will  accommodate  200  men;  room  for  400  men  in  case  of 
emergency.  Large  kitchen  in  small  courtyard  in  rear. 
Stalls  for  8  horses  built  against  north  wall  of  building. 
Water  obtained  from  well  in  small  courtyard;  should  be 
boiled.    Latrines  in  poor  condition. 

5.  Railroad  station  at  Santo  Domingo  Junction.  Stone 
building,  situated  1  mile  west  of  Santo  Domingo  station, 
which  is  800  yards  west  of  edge  of  town ;  surrounded  by  open 
country.    Station  master  has  small  quarters  at  west  end ;  rail- 


412  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA.  , 

road  restaurant  at  east  end  will  seat  35  persons.  Main  build- 
ing open.  Temporary  accommodations  for  100  men.  Freight 
building  20  yards  north  of  station.  Water  supply  from 
surface  well,  with  trough  for  stock ;  50  yards  west  of  station 
master's  quarters.  Quality  very  good;  safe  for  drinking 
without  boiling ;  quantity  abundant. 

6.  Eailroad  station  at  Santo  Domingo  is  a  wooden  build- 
ing. Freight  shed  south  side  of  track.  Capacity,  60  men. 
Station  master's  quarters  east  end  of  building.  Small  brick 
ticket  oiRce  opposite  side  of  track.  Location,  1,700  yards 
northeast  of  Santo  Domingo  Junction  and  on  east  edge  of 
town  at  foot  of  calle  Maltiempo.  Water  supply:  Cistern 
water  can  be  had  at  small  hotel  opposite  station ;  well  water 
must  be  drawn  from  farmhouse  300  yards  down  track ;  Avater 
should  be  boiled.  Railroad  track  crosses  Sagua  la  Grande 
River  1,600  yards  to  the  northeast.  Good  ford  on  south  side 
of  trestle  bridge  and  water  for  stock. 

There  are  no  public  stables.  Stalls  for  8  horses  are  built 
against  the  north  wall  of  the  town  hall,  situated  at  corner  of 
calle  Jiquiabo  and  calle  Maceo  in  center  of  town. 

There  are  no  corrals  suitable  for  transportation.  There  is 
a  good  location  at  east  end  of  calle  Independencia  near 
intersection  of  Cuban  Central  Railroad;  300  yards  north  of 
Santo  Domingo  railroad  station.  Open  country;  good  ford 
and  watering  places  800  yards  to  the  north,  on  east  side  of 
railroad  trestle  bridge.  There  is  a  small  corral,  with  loading 
chute,  on  siding  near  freight  shed  at  Santo  Domingo  Junc- 
tion. Water  for  stock  must  be  carried  from  surface  well  at 
railroad  station. 

There  is  no  hospital.  For  building  suitable  for  same,  see 
those  described  under  barracks. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouse :  Santo  Domin- 
go Junction — Freight  house  on  siding  near  station  and  next 
to  the  corral;  cars  unload  directly  into  building;  size  of 
building,  80  by  40  feet.  Santo  Domingo  station — Freight 
house  and  loading  platform  opposite  ticket  office;  siding 
runs  alongside  both  buildings  and  platform ;  size  of  building, 
60  by  30  feet;  size  of  loading  platform,  90  by  30  feet. 

Location  of  important  offices,  etc. :  Railroad  station,  at 
junction  of  U.  H.  R.  R.  and  Cuban  Central  Railroad.  Santo 
Domingo  Railroad  station,  at  foot  of  calle  Maltiempo.     Post- 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA.  413 

oiRce,  calle  Eustaguito  Delgado,  south  of  calle  Independencia, 
near  corner.  Telegraph  station,  calle  Independencia  between 
calle  Cespedes  and  calle  Maltiempo.  Townhall,  corner  of 
calle  Jiquiabo  and  calle  Maceo.  Telephone  central,  corner 
calle  Independencia  and  calle  Libertad. 

Camp  sites:  Open  field  next  to  old  Spanish  barracks  on 
Camino  Central  de  la  Isla.  Ground  slopes  slightly  to  north ; 
ample  ground  for  regiment ;  no  wood ;  water  must  be  drawn 
from  surface  wells. 

Open  field  east  end  of  Calle  Independencia  across  Cuban 
Central  Railroad.  Good  natural  drainage  toward  Sagua 
River;  ford  and  drinking  place  for  animals  on  south  side 
of  railroad  trestle  bridge ;  no  firewood  in  surrounding  coun- 
try; capacity,  a  brigade. 

Six  small  wooden  blockhouses  surround  town.  Construc- 
tion: One-inch  planking  14  inches  apart,  inner  space  filled 
with  earth ;  one  story  high ;  15  feet  square. 

There  are  three  railroad  sidings  at  Santo  Domingo  Junc- 
tion: One  on  each  side  of  stone  station  house,  capacity  of 
each  20  cars;  one  siding  alongside  freight  house,  capacity 
40  cars.  No  loading  platform;  cars  unload  directly  into 
freight  house.     Small  corral  near  freight  house  has  a  chute. 

There  are  two  sidings  at  Santo  Domingo  station,  foot  of 
calle  Maltiempo:  One  on  each  side  of  main  track;  capacity 
of  north  siding,  20  cars;  capacity  of  south  siding,  30  cars. 
Freight  and  loading  platform  on  south  siding. 

Roads  lead  out  of  town  as  follows:  Camino  Real  Puerto 
Escondido  leads  southeast  to  Jicotea,  Esperanza,  and  Santa 
Clara;  Camino  Bermejal  leads  generally  north  toward  Ber- 
mejal;  Camino  Central  de  la  Isla  leads  generally  northeast 
toward  Sagua  la  Grande. 

Best  lines  of  attack  are  from  railroad  junction  (south  of 
town)   and  from  southeast. 

Alvarez. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  3  miles 
north  of  Cascajal  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R.,  and  23  miles  north- 
west of  Santo  Domingo.  The  railroad  station  at  Cascajal 
is  also  called  Alvarez.  Wood  is  obtained  here  for  sugar 
mills  in  vicinity  and  people  of  the  village  are  engaged  in  cut- 
ting it.  Level  country  surrounding;  fields  in  the  vicinity 
fenced  with  barbed  wire  and  but  little  cultivated.  One  main 
street.     Total  number  of  houses  about  30,  principally  frame 


414  PKOVINCE    OF    SANTA    CLARA. 

structures  with  thatched  roofs.  Stone  church  in  center  of 
village;  capacity,  100  men.  Water  supply  obtained  from 
wells.  Population,  250.  A  new  railroad  is  in  course  of  con- 
struction which  begins  at  a  point  between  Cascajal  and  Mor- 
dazo,  runs  to  Crucero,  and  from  there  to  this  point. 

Amaro. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  10  miles  by 
road  northeast  of  Santo  Domingo,  and  consists  of  about  15 
frame  houses  and  1  hotel.  About  50  men  could  be  sheltered. 
Population,  200.  There  are  five  mineral  springs,  which  are 
about  200  feet  above  surrounding  country;  water  considered 
excellent  and  the  quantity  is  unlimited.  Good  camp  site  for 
at  least  5,000  men.  A  regiment  of  Michigan  Volunteers 
camped  at  this  place  in  1898.  In  order  to  accommodate  the 
above  number  of  men  it  would  be  necessary  to  build  a  spur 
about  2f  miles  long  from  the  railroad  station  Rodrigo.  Wood 
can  be  obtained  near  by.  There  is  one  old  brick  and  cement 
blockhouse ;  rectangular  in  shape ;  one  tier  of  fire,  6  service- 
able loopholes  per  tier;  condition  bad. 

Arerias. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  north  of  Santo 
Domingo.  There  is  no  point  bearing  the  name,  but  it  con- 
tains the  fincas  and  colonias  of  Garcia,  San  Jacinto,  Potre- 
rillo,  Esperanza,  Bermejal,  and  Monasterio. 

Baracaldo. — Barrio.  Rural  district  northwest  of  Santo 
Domingo. 

Cascajal  {Alvarez). — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  22 
miles  northwest  of  Santo  Domingo.  Population,  1,140. 
Water  supply,  surface  wells.  Barracks,  stone  Spanish  fort 
north  of  railroad  opposite  railroad  station.  Clear  field  of 
fire  on  northeast  and  west  fronts  for  from  40  to  60  yards. 
Tile  roofed,  limestone  building;  walls  2  feet  thick.  Plan  is 
rectangular;  80  by  125  feet.  Low,  square,  flanking  tower  on 
northeast  corner;  loopholed  for  small  arms.  Two  wooden 
gates.  South  gate  faces  railroad;  north  gate  opens  directly 
on  courtyard  of  fort.  There  is  a  kitchen  for  garrison  and 
covered  stalls  for  30  horses.  On  the  south  and  west  sides  of 
court  are  quarters  and  storerooms  of  garrison.  No  trans- 
portation corrals.  Suitable  ground  for  same  west  of  fort 
and  alongside  railroad.  Nearest  watering  places  are  water 
tank,  well  at  railroad  station,  and  well  at  north  end  of  fort. 
Town  is  small  and  has  no  important  offices.  Camp  site: 
Open  sandy  ground  west  of  town  and  south  of  railroad ;  good 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA.  415 

well  and  water  tank  near  station;  no  wood;  good  grazing. 
Railroad  siding  opposite  station;  capacity,  60  cars.  Small 
freight  house  close  to  station ;  no  platform.  Roads  in  vicin- 
ity are  mere  trails,  which  are  not  fixed  except  in  general  di- 
rection. Best  lines  of  approach  for  attack  are  from  west  and 
from  north. 

Cerrito. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  northeast  of 
Santo  Domingo.  There  are  neither  towns  nor  villages  in 
the  barrio.  It  contains  the  following  fincas  and  colonias: 
Solatario,  Espinosa,  Aguadita,  Cubano,  and  Aguilar. 

Jicotea. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  4  miles  north  of 
Esperanza  and  7.8  miles  southeast  of  Santo  Domingo.  Pop- 
ulation about  800.  Principal  industries  are  the  cultivation 
of  cane  and  tobacco.  Water  supply  obtained  from  wells. 
No  streams  near.  Small  rural  guard  quarters  in  fair  condi- 
tion. No  transportation  corral;  no  open  space  suitable  for 
same,  and  no  stables.  Freight  house  opposite  the  railroad 
station  could  be  used  for  hospital;  capacity  about  50  beds. 
Could  also  be  used  as  quartermaster  or  commissary  store- 
house, as  small  side  track  runs  along  building.  Telegraph 
and  telephone  office  in  railroad  depot ;  post-office  is  second 
building  south  of  railroad  station.  One  tobacco  warehouse 
south  of  post-office  could  be  used  as  barracks  for  about  2 
troops ;  small  building  in  rear  could  be  used  as  stable ;  good 
well  in  rear  of  building.  Two  small  blockhouses  (one  story) 
on  north  and  south  sides  of  town.  A  road  leads  north  to 
Yabucito,  one  east  to  San  Diego  del  Valle,  and  one  south  to 
Esperanza  and  San  Vicente.  Best  line  of  approach  for  at- 
tack is  from  the  south. 

Jiquiaho. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  9 
miles  south  of  Guayabo  and  15  miles  northwest  of  Santo 
Domingo,  and  consists  of  a  schoolhouse  and  about  30  frame, 
thatched-roof  houses.  Population  about  150.  Water  ob- 
tained from  wells. 

Manacas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  sitio  Baracaldo  and 
centrals  San  Jose  and  Gratitud  are  in  the  barrio.  The  vil- 
lage of  Manacas  is  a  small  railroad  station  on  the  U.  H.  R.  R., 
about  8  miles  north  of  Santo  Domingo.  Population  about 
oOO.  Water  obtained  from  wells;  supply  and  quality  very 
good.  Has  large  charcoal  yard,  hotel,  two  schoolhouses, 
post-office,  telephone,  telegraph  office,  three  blacksmith  shops, 


416  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA. 

and  a  number  of  houses.  There  are  two  blockhouses,  one 
wood  and  one  cement,  situated,  respectively,  on  west  and  east 
side  of  railroad  station ;  have  good  command  east  and  west 
of  station.  Wooden  blockhouse  is  rectangular  in  shape,  has 
two  tiers  of  fire  with  8  loopholes  per  tier,  and  its  condition 
is  good.  Cement  blockhouse  over  water  tank ;  rectangular  in 
shape ;  two  tiers  of  fire,  8  loopholes  per  tier ;  condition  good. 
At  the  railroad  station  is  a  stock  chute  and  side  track.  Sur- 
rounding country  flat. 

Baracaldo. — Sitio.  Situated  10^  miles  northwest  of  Santo 
Domingo  and  5  miles  north  of  Manacas.  Consists  of  5  or  (*> 
thatched  houses.     Water  obtained  from  wells. 

Mordazo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  15 
miles  northwest  of  Santo  Domingo  and  consists  of  about  30 
frame,  tile-roofed  houses.  Population,  about  350.  Has 
telegraph  office,  post-office,  telephone  station,  and  railroad 
siding  and  crane.  Water  obtained  from  wells.  One  two- 
story  blockhouse  at  the  railroad  station.  During  the  rainy 
season  there  are  two  lagunas,  one  about  a  mile  northeast  and 
the  other  about  a  third  of  a  mile  south  of  the  village. 

Puerto  Escondido. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  south  and 
southeast  of  Santo  Domingo.  A  great  deal  of  the  land  is 
savanna.    No  towns  or  villages  in  the  barrio. 

Rio. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  east  of  Santo  Domingo. 
Contains  neither  towns  nor  villages,  but  has  the  following 
fincas  and  colonias:  Tres  Carolinas,  Cardenas,  Recreo,  and 
La  Criolla;  also  the  central  Maria  Antonia. 

Rodrigo. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  12  miles  south- 
west of  Sagua  la  Grande  on  Cuban  Central  Railroad, 
and  8^  miles  by  road  north  of  Santo  Domingo.  Consists 
of  about  40  houses,  a  schoolhouse,  blacksmith  shop,  and  car- 
penter shop.  Houses  are  small  frame  affairs  with  tile  roofs. 
Population,  about  400.  Water  obtained  from  springs  and 
wells.  The  springs  are  three- fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  the 
village  on  road  leading  to  Amaro.  Water  is  also  hauled 
from  the  mineral  springs  at  Amaro,  situated  about  3  miles 
south  of  the  village.  There  at-e  3  blockhouses  at  this  vil- 
lage. One  circular,  cement  blockhouse  in  the  west  part  of 
village ;  two  tiers  of  fire,  each  tier  having  about  12  loopholes ; 
serviceable;  condition  fair.  One  rectangular,  cement  block- 
house near  rural  guard  quarters ;  one  tier  of  fire,  having  about 


SANCTI    SPIRITUS  TOWNSHIP 


gU/i^^^ 


J/baro 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  qLARA. 


417 


12  loopholes;  serviceable;  condition  fair.  One  rectangular 
cement  blockhouse  at  east  exit  of  village;  two  tiers  of  fire, 
each  tier  having  about  12  loopholes ;  condition  good.  Roads 
lead  to  Santo  Domingo,  Quemado  de  Giiines,  Mango  Largo, 
and  Amaro. 

San  Bartolome. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country  3 
miles  northwest  of  Jicotea. 

San  Marcos. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  at  the 
station  of  San  Marcos  on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  about 
6|  miles  northeast  of  Santo  Domingo.  Population,  about  100. 
Consists  of  a  frame  railroad  station,  three  small  frame  stores, 
and  five  or  six  huts.  There  is  a  sidetrack,  a  small  loading 
platform,  and  a  water  tank.  Water  supply  obtained  from 
wells. 

Yabucito. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  section  of 
country  4^  miles  northwest  of  San  Diego.  Name  also  applies 
to  a  crossroads  7.8  miles  by  road  southeast  of  Santo  Domingo. 
At  this  point  are  a  two-story  frame,  tile-roofed  store,  sev- 
eral ruined  blockhouses,  and  a  few  thatched  huts.  Water 
obtained  from  wells.  Roads  lead  to  Jicotea,  San  Diego  del 
Valle,  Santo  Domingo,  Yabu,  Rodrigo,  and  Cifuentes. 


JUDICIAL   DISTRICT   OF    SANCTI    SPIRITUS. 
Township :                                                                                                  Population. 
Sancti  Spiritus 86,  572 

TOWNSHIP   OF   SANCTI    SPIRITUS    (CAPITAL,    SANCTI    SPIRITUS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Sancti  Spiritus. 

Banao 

Cabaiguan 

Gudsimal 

Mapos. 

Guayos 

Yayabo 

Las  Pozas. 

Macaguabo 

Jfbaro 

Manacas 

Corral  illo 

Paredes 

Pedro  Barba... 

Santa  Lucia 

Taguasco 

Tunas  deZaza. 
Macano. 


Pueblo  Nuevo . 


Banao 

Bellamota. 
Cabaigudn . 
GuAsimal . . 


Guayos . . 
Hospital . 


Jlbaro 

Manacas 

Mapos 

Paredes 

Paula 

Pedro  Barba... 

San  Andres 

Santa  Lucia 

Taguasco 

Tunas  deZaza. 


Urban and 
rural. 

Rural 

..do 

..do 

..do 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


MiUx. 


10.5 
23.7 
12 
13.5 

a? 

6.2 


27.5 

18 

15 

a5 

4 
20 
10.1 
13 
15 
25 


5,542 

571 
1,489 
2,912 
1,663 

4,269 
4,481 


648 
1,044 

152 

585 
3,955 
1,273 
3,462 
1,841 
1,833 

852 


492—09- 


-27 


418  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

Sancti  Spiritus. — Town.  The  town  covers  almost  1  square 
mile  of  ground,  is  built  almost  entirely  of  brick  (mam- 
posteria),  with  tile  roofing,  and  nearly  all  houses  are  very 
old.  It  is  the  seat  of  government  of  the  municipality  of 
the  same  name,  and  is  about  50  miles  southeast  of  Santa 
Clara,  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  province  of  Santa  Clara. 
Soap,  candles,  cigars,  liquors,  tile,  and  brick  are  manufac- 
tured. There  are  several  tanneries,  a  bottling  plant,  six 
large  general  stores,  and  over  a  hundred  small  ones;  two 
large  hotels  and  three  small  ones.  In  the  municipality  stock 
raising  is  the  principal  industry,  with  sugar,  tobacco,  fruits, 
and  coffee  following  in  the  order  named.  Much  hard  wood 
is  also  exported  from  the  district.  Part  of  the  town  lies  in 
the  barrio  of  Pueblo  Nuevo  and  part  in  the  barrio  of  San 
Andres. 

Population,  17,440. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  the  Yayabo  River,  which 
rises  in  the  Trinidad  Mountains  and  flows  through  south  erid 
of  town.  Pumping  station,  500  yards  west  of  'central  plaza ; 
reservoir,  100  yards  north-northeast  of  pump  and  60  feet 
above  town.  Yayabo  Eiver  flows  into  the  Zaza  River,  6  miles 
southeast.  Tuinucu  River  flows  5  miles  north  of  town.  The 
quantity  is  plentiful  at  all  times  for  drinking,  watering 
stock,  and  bathing.  Capacity  of  pump,  about  450,000  gal- 
lons in  twenty-four  hours.  Capacity  of  reservoir,  150,000 
gallons.  Main  about  7  inches  in  diameter,  and  length  about 
5  miles.  Yayabo  River  is  low  in  dry  season.  Tuinucu  River 
is  a  large  stream.  Zaza  River  is  second  in  size  in  island. 
Supply  of  town  obtained  entirely  from  water  system.  The 
quality  of  water  is  excellent;  both  natives  and  foreign- 
ers use  it  without  sterilization.  Nothing  on  river  above  town 
to  pollute  it ;  considered  safe  to  drink.|Water  from  river  above 
the  town. 

Surface  drainage  for  sewage.  Electricity  is  used  for  light- 
ing ;  power  from  Yayabo  River  near  Sierra ;  plant  about  No. 
1  San  Silvestre  street.  Gas  is  also  used,  plant  being  situated 
south  of  city. 

Barracks:  Ayuntamiento,  mayor's  office,  office  of  chief  of 
police  and  jail.  No.  30  Independencia  street ;  three-story  brick ; 
capacity,  200  men.  Third  story  and  roof  overlook  town;  is 
in  good  repair.     Running  water  in  closets,  but  they  are  in 


PROVINCE    OF   SANTA   CLARA.  419 

poor  condition.  Presbyterian  school  building,  property  of 
the  government,  on  central  plaza ;  capacity,  250  men ;  two- 
story  brick;  condition  is  fair,  and  part  is  in  good  condition. 
City  water  in  building,  but  it  has  but  one  small  water-closet. 

Market  building,  corner  of  Independencia  and  Coco  streets; 
good  repair;  Avould  accommodate  200  men;  running  water: 
no  closets. 

Jail,  northeast  of  town,  at  east  end  of  San  Cristobal  street : 
high  and  healthy;  in  good  repair;  would  accommodate  150 
men ;  city  water ;  modern  closets ;  water  could  be  cut  off  easily 
as  reservoir  is  on  the  other  side  of  town  and  water  comes 
through  the  city;  pipes  barely  under  the  surface. 

Theater,  Puente  street,  near  bridge  over  Yayabo  River; 
good  condition;  capacity,  75  men;  south  wall  commands 
bridge  and  ford  approaches. 

Barracks  of  rural  guard  and  old  church  Jesus  Nazareno. 
on  plaza  of  that  name ;  is  in  poor  repair,  but  fit  for  use ;  city 
water ;  poor  closets ;  would  accommodate  200  men. 

Del  Valle  Railroad  station,  south  of  town ;  large  building 
of  brick  and  wood,  200  yards  from  bridge  across  Yayabo 
River;  would  accommodate  150  men,  but  its  best  use  would 
be  as  a  storehouse.  Churches  La  Iglesia  and  La  Caridad 
would  accommodate  60  to  75  men  each  in  an  emergency. 
Clubs  El  Progreso,  La  Colonia,  and  Sancti  Spirituano  could 
be  used  as  barracks  or  hospitals  in  time  of  war;  city  water, 
and  in  excellent  repair;  capacity,  about  100  men  each.  There 
are  also  10  or  more  large  private  houses  which  would  accom- 
modate 40  to  60  men  each. 

There  are  no  stables  which  would  accommodate  more  than 
6  horses. 

Corrals  near  Del  Valle  Railroad  station ;  loading  chute  12 
feet  wide ;  capacity  of  corrals,  800  cattle.  Corrals  near  Cuba 
Company  station;  capacity,  about  500;  two  6-foot  loading 
chutes ;  no  water  near  in  dry  season. 

Hospitals:  During  the  revolution  of  1895-1898  about 
20,000  Spanish  troops  were  in  and  about  Sancti  Spiritus, 
that  city  being  headquarters  and  base  of  supplies  for  them. 
Later,  under  Weyler,  the  city  and  country  about  3  miles 
around  was  converted  into  a  great  concentration  camp,  all 
noncombatants  from  region  within  20  to  25  miles  about  be- 
ing brought  here.    Though  there  was  much  sickness  and  also 


420  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

suffering  from  lack  of  food,  no  information  can  be  had  of 
hospitals  used  for  these  reconcentrados,  and  all  hospitals 
hereafter  mentioned  were  used  for  Spanish  troops. 

Near  the  jail  on  a  low  hill  northeast  of  town  there  were 
three  buildings  used  as  hospitals.  One  of  these  is  now  stand- 
ing and  is  still  used  as  a  hospital.  One  of  the  other  two 
buildings  stood  in  front  of  and  one  in  rear  of  the  present 
building,  but  have  since  been  destroyed.  The  site  is  excellent 
for  the  purpose,  being  an  elevation  overlooking  the  town,  at 
its  edge  and  apart  from  other  buildings.  It  is  cool,  breezy 
and  healthful.  The  present  building  contains  100  beds  and 
has  a  capacity  for  200  more.  It  is  a  brick  building  in  fair 
repair,  and  is  fairly  well  equipped. 

In  the  large  church  and  convent  (on  the  Central  plaza, 
between  Maximo  Gomez  and  Independencia  streets),  part 
of  which  is  now  used  for  Presbyterian  •  Church  and  school, 
was  another  hospital.  To  this  were  sent  yellow  fever  and 
smallpox  cases,  etc.  A  more  unsuitable  site  for  infectious 
diseases  could  hardly  be  found.  Part  of  this  building  has 
been  destroyed.  The  remainder  is  in  fair  repair,  is  of  brick, 
square  and  with  large  patio;  would  accommodate  about  200 
beds ;  city  water  and  two  modern  closets ;  now  used  as  a 
school;  could  be  used  as  barracks  or  hospital  but  its  central 
location  unsuits  it  for  latter  purpose. 

On  Luz  street,  between  San  Cristobal  and  Santa  Ines 
streets,  was  a  hospital  of  40  or  50  beds.  It  is  now  a  carpenter 
shop  and  lumber  yard.  This  has  city  water,  but  is  in  no  way 
suited  for  use  as  hospital.  In  Cespedes  street,  near  Coco, 
where  there  is  also  a  carpenter  shop,  was  another  small  hos- 
pital, but  badly  located  and  unsuited  for  such  use. 

In  Amargura  street,  corner  of  Paula,  where  now  is  Kobles' 
livery  barn,  was  a  hospital,  also  badly  located  and  unsuit- 
able. 

All  of  these  hospitals  used  the  same  water  supply  as  the 
town  of  Sancti  Spiritus.  All  were  in  bad  condition.  With 
the  exception  of  hospital  first  mentioned,  all  houses  chosen 
for  such  use  seem  to  have  been  chosen  merely  as  the  most 
convenient  at  the  moment,  regardless  of  their  suitability. 
As  before  indicated,  they  were  necessary  because  a  large 
force  was  present,  and  the  place  was  the  center  of  operations. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  421 

No  hospitals  were  established  outside  of  the  zone  of  con- 
centration. 

No  storehouses  near  a  railroad  station,  except  the  Del  Valle 
station  (not  connected  by  railroad  with  the  Cuba  Company 
station).  The  large  stores  of  either  Lorens  or  Sigues,  on 
Independencia  street  near  Coco,  might  be  used,  but  they 
have  no  tram  or  railway  communication  with  either  road. 
Each  of  these  places  is  about  60  by  80  feet  and  30  feet  high. 
The  Del  Valle  station  is  built  of  brick  and  wood ;  150  by  40 
feet;  railroad  siding  and  unloading  platform  about  100  feet 
long. 

Location  of  principal  offices :  Ayuntamiento,  mayor's  office, 
and  police  station,  No.  30  Independencia  street;  telegraph 
and  post-office  at  5  and  7  Maximo  Gomez  street;  telephone 
central  at  No.  10  Principe  street.  Telephone,  private,  to 
Tunas  de  Zaza  and  other  points  on  the  Tunas.-Sancti  Spiritus 
Railroad,  at  Del  Valle  station,  No.  2  San  Silvestre,  and  in 
two-story  house  at  corner  of  Amargura  and  Puente  streets; 
telephone,  private,  to  Jibaro,  at  house  of  Mr.  Reyes,  corner 
of  Puente  and  Amargura  streets.  Court  rooms  (court  of 
first  instance),  opposite  the  ayuntamiento  on  Independencia, 
Principe,  and  San  Rafael  streets. 

Ice  machine,  capacity  5  tons,  at  pumping  station. 

Camp  sites:  10  acres,  east  of  city,  along  Yayabo  River; 
good  water;  grazing;  high  and  well  drained,  but  no  wood 
near;  difficult  to  get  into  city  from  this  site  on  account  of 
deep  arroyo ;  is  undesirable  because  it  is  situated  on  the  river 
below  the  town  and  the  ground  is  cut  by  sniall  dry  runs,  the 
flat  places  being  between. 

Three-quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  city,  in  bend  of  Yayabo 
River;  river  is  between  this  site  and  town;  good  water  and 
grazing,  and  wood  one-half  mile  away. 

Site  for  400  men  on  hills  west  of  town ;  water  from  Yayabo 
River;  grazing;  one-half  mile  to  wood;  location  high  and 
healthy  and  commands  the  town. 

Site  for  100  men  in  park  (private)  near  pumping  station; 
good  water  and  grazing. 

Forty  men  could  camp  in  Central  plaza. 

There  is  a  very  good  ground  sufficient  for  2  regiments 
east  of  town  and  back  of  the  hospital  and  jail.     It  is  hard 


422  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

sabana  land,  high  and  sanitary,  and  rains  make  little  differ- 
ence as  it  drains  to  two  sides.  Water  would  have  to  be 
brought  from  the  city  or  300  yards  of  main  laid  from  the  city 
system.  Three  hundred  yards  farther  west  is  a  small  stream 
with  good  water  for  stock.  It  would  be  necessary  to  cart 
wood  from  1  to  2  miles.  Back  of  hills  to  west  of  town 
is  much  good  camp  ground  AA'ith  about  the  same  conditions 
as  to  water  and  wood  as  mentioned  for  the  sabana  land  to  the 
east.  The  ground  is  more  rolling  and  not  so  good  in  that 
respect,  but  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  just  back  of  the 
best  military  position ;  is  well  drained,  and  near  the  river 
above  the  town,  and  for  that  reason  would  be  best  for  forces 
operating  against  the  town. 

Defences:  Fort  San  Pedro  consists  of  2  buildings,  about 
()0  by  40  feet  each,  and  connected  by  7-inch  walls  inclosing 
court  of  about  same  area.  Brick  buildings;  walls  average 
14  inches  in  thickness ;  loopholed  throughout  at  3-foot  inter- 
vals. Probably  constructed  for  dwelling,  but  has  been  used 
by  both  Spanish  and  Cubans  as  fort;  is  private  property. 
Water  supplied  by  city  system,  but  force  only  sufficient  to 
carry  water  to  hydrant  some  60  yards  away;  reservoir  on 
hill  250  yards  to  south ;  fort  situated  v>^est  of  city  on  hill  80 
feet  above  town,  near  road  extending  from  San  Cristobal 
street,  and  600  yards  from  center  of  town ;  commanded  by  hill 
500  yards  farther  west;  hill  250  yards  to  north  about  same 
height. 

Brick  blockhouse  one-half  mile  south  of  town  on  Trinidad 
road ;  another  to  the  south  on  river  bank  at  foot  of  San  Agus- 
tin  street;  another  on  old  Principe  road,  about  one-fourth 
mile  from  center  of  town;  another  east,  near  jail,  on  road 
leading  from  San  Cristobal  street  past  jail;  one  east  of  town, 
one-half  mile  from  center,  on  crossroad  joining  Principe 
road  some  miles  out;  another  north,  one-half  mile,  on  hill 
commanding  Cuba  Eailroad  station  and  Guayos  and  Tuinucu 
roads.  All  these  blockhouses  are  built  of  brick;  15  feet 
square ;  walls  12  inches  thick ;  two  tiers  of  fire ;  7  or  8  loop- 
holes to  each  face,  with  place  for  lookout  on  top.  Closed  by 
sheet-iron  door  on  town  side.  Those  on  Trinidad  road,  cross- 
road east,  and  near  jail,  are  unfinished,  being  without  roof, 
floor  for  second  tier,  and  iron  door.  Those  on  Agustin  and 
Principe  streets  have  no  iron  door. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA,  423 

The  terminus  of  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  branch  from 
Zaza  del  Medio  is  at  the  north  end  of  Independencia  street; 
300  yards  of  siding,  a  Y  for  turning,  stock  corrals,  and  load- 
ing chutes  near  by ;  platform  30  by  60  feet,  and  frame  station 
30  by  60  feet. 

The  terminus  of  the  Tunas-Sancti  Spiritus  Railroad  is 
south  of  town,  200  yards  from  the  stone  bridge  across  the 
Yayabo  River  (the  station  is  usually  called  Paradero  Valle 
from  the  name  of  the  owner,  Francisco  del  Valle).  The  sta- 
tion is  of  brick  and  wood,  and  is  150  by  40  feet;  5  sidings, 
about  150  yards  each ;  turntables  and  repair  shops ;  two  tanks 
of  about  3,000  gallons  capacity  each.  This  road  is  in  very 
poor  condition.  The  rolling  stock  is  barely  good  enough  to 
use.  The  bridges  are  old  and  weak  and,  in  general,  travel  on 
the  road  is  slow  and  unsafe.  The  Del  Valle  road  is  not  con- 
nected with  the  branch  of  the  Cuba  Company. 

Roads  out  of  town :.  Road  from  north  end  of  Independen- 
cia street  to  Guayos  and  Cabaiguan;  a  road  turns  to  left 
half  a  mile  out  and  leads  to  mill  of  Tuinucu  Sugar  Company ; 
both  roads  good.  Just  before  reaching  the  fork  mentioned 
is  an  iron  bridge,  lattice  girder,  one  60-foot  span,  over  arroyo, 
now  dry;  15  feet  from  bridge  to  dry  bed  of  creek;  banks 
steep.     If  bridge  is  down,  pass  in  rear  of  cemetery. 

Road  northeast  to  Arroyo  Grande;  rough,  but  used  by  ox 
carts.  Road  northeast  to  Zaza  del  Medio  and  Taguasco; 
rough,  and  ford  at  Zaza  River  very  difficult ;  used  by  ox  carts. 
Road  east  through  Sabanilla  de  Lara  to  Ciego  de  Avila  and 
Camagiiey;  practicable  for  ox  cart  transportation.  Road 
southeast  to  Las  Bocas  and  Jibaro ;  practicable  for  ox  carts ; 
almost  impassable  in  wet  season.  Road  south;  4  miles  out 
turns  to  left  for  Guasimal;  straight  on  to  Banao;  both 
roads  very  rough  but  practicable  for  ox  carts.  Road  west 
to  Sierra;  very  difficult  for  anything  but  horses  and  pack 
animals. 

Another  road  runs  to  farm  Franco,  about  4  miles  from  the 
city;  branch  to  left  1  mile  out  connects  with  Sierra  road;  a 
good  road,  but  has  one  difficult  grade  at  ford  of  Yayabo 
River;  passable  by  doubling  up.  Road  northwest  through 
Macaguabo  and  Santa  Lucia  to  Placetas  and  Santa  Clara 
(old  Havana  road)  ;  it  is  very  rough  and  in  places  practicable 
only  for  horse  and  pack. 


424  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

Note. — Roads  to  Jibaro,  Guasimal,  Banao,  and  Sierra  leave 
Sancti  Spiritus  over  a  solid  masonry  (stone)  five-arch 
bridge,  20  feet  wide,  across  the  Yayabo  River ;  has  stood  for 
centuries.  Approaches  can  best  be  defended  from  behind 
brick  walls  of  houses  along  north  bank  and  the  theater. 

The  best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  hills  to 
the  west;  artillery  should  approach  from  northwest,  coming 
in  on  Guayos  road  and  swinging  around  to  the  west.  The 
hills  to  the  west  afford  cover  and  two  of  them  command 
Loma  de  la  Cruz,  on  which  stands  Fort  San  Pedro,  at  dis- 
tances of  300  and  600  yards.  On  the  south  the  Yayabo  River, 
on  the  east  the  Arroyo  Santa  Ana  and  low  and  broken 
ground,  and  on  the  north  open  country  lying  beyond  hills 
close  to  the  town  present  difficulties. 

Banao. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  10.5  miles 
southwest  of  Sancti  Spiritus.  Population,  about  75.  Con- 
sists of  a  brick  store  (could  be  used  to  defend  road)  and  12 
thatched  houses,  all  lying  on  right  bank  of  Banao  River. 
Cattle  raising  is  the  principal  industry.  Water  obtained 
from  Banao  River ;  excellent  quality,  as  it  comes  direct  from 
the  hills;  abundant  at  all  times;  taken  direct  from  river  in 
buckets  as  required.  No  post-office  or  telephone.  Camp  site 
of  about  20  acres  across  river  from  village;  grazing;  wood 
along  river  above  village  and  water  from  river.  Barrio 
contains  ingenio  Pojabo. 

Bellamota. — Barrio.  This  is  a  large  grazing  and  wooded 
district  about  9  miles  southwest  of  Mayajigua  and  42  miles 
northeast  of  Sancti  Spiritus.  Contains  a  number  of  scat- 
tered thatched  houses.  It  is  20  miles  from  the  nearest  rail- 
road. Nearly  all  traffic  passes  through  Mayajigua  to  the 
coast  at  Estero  Real.  Post-office  for  this  district  is  Maya- 
jigua. The  capital  of  the  barrio  is  Jusepi,  which  consists  of 
one  farm  house,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  alcalde. 

Cahaigudn. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  the 
Cuba  Company  Railroad  12  miles  northwest  of  Sancti  Spir- 
itus and  consists  of  5  stores  and  about  65  small  wooden 
houses.    Population  about  600.    Water  obtained  from  wells. 

Guasimal. — Barrio  and  village.'  The  village  is  13^  miles 
south  of  Sancti  Spiritus  on  high  ground  south  of  Arroyo 
Guasimal.  It  has  3  stores,  7  brick  and  8  frame  buildings, 
and  over  100  thatched  structures.     Population,  about  750, 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  425 

mostly  families  of  men  working  at  ingenio  Natividad  or  in 
cane  fields.  Has  no  industry,  but  inhabitants  subsist  largely 
from  gardens  about  their  houses.  Cattle  raising  chief  in- 
dustry in  surrounding  country.  Village  has  three  schools. 
Water  supply  is  obtained  from  cisterns  and  arroyo;  should 
be  boiled ;  is  scarce  in  dry  season.  No  street  lamps.  School- 
house  would  shelter  50  men  and  railroad  station  30.  No 
other  buildings  suitable  for  military  purposes.  Has  a  post- 
office  and  railroad  station.  Camp  ground  on  outskirts  of 
village  for  100  men ;  200  yards  to  wood ;  300  yards  to  water ; 
high  ground  and  well  drained;  good  grazing;  commands 
main  street  of  village  from  brick  ruin  (loopholed).  There 
is  a  200-yard  siding  on  railroad ;  frame  station  60  by  30  feet, 
and  stock  corral  Avith  loading  chute.  At  the  station  is  an 
unloading  platform  100  feet  long  and  10  feet  wide.  Xo  tele- 
graph. Telephone  to  Sancti  Spiritus  and  Tunas.  Roads 
lead  northeast  to  Las  Bocas;  southeast  to  Xipero  on  Zaza 
River  (ford)  :  south  to  Arroyo  Mayibana,  Xatividad.  and 
Zaza ;  west  to  Monteria ;  northwest  to  San  Jose.  Best  line 
of  approach  for  attack  from  northeast  or  east.  Bridges: 
Bridge  C^0  feet  wide;  three  20-foot  spans,  composed  of 
rails  resting  along  two  sleepers,  no  cross-ties;  all  supported 
by  stone  piers;  fifteen  feet  above  stream  (the  Guasimal). 
The  barrio  also  contains  the  sitio  of  Mapos  and  ingenio 
Xatividad. 

Mapos. — Sitio.  About  20  miles  south  of  Sancti  Spiritus 
and  consists  of  half  a  dozen  thatched  houses,  a  sawmill,  and 
the  nongrinding  sugar  mill  Mapos.  The  place  was  formerly 
called  Chorrera  Brava. 

Guayos. — Barrio  and  village.  Central  Tuinucu  is  in  the 
barrio.  The  village  is  on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  8f 
miles  slightly  northwest  of  Sancti  Spiritus,  and  consists  of 
13  wooden  houses  and  some  stores.  Water  obtained  from 
stream  and  wells.  Railroad  station  with  side  track  for 
about  5  cars. 

Hospital. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  northwest  of 
Sancti  Spiritus.  In  the  barrio  are  the  sitios  of  Yayabo, 
Las  Pozas,  and  Macaguabo,  at  which  places  there  are  stores. 

Jiharo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  27^  miles 
southeast  of  Sancti  Spiritus,  on  right  bank  of  river  Jatibonico 
del  Sur.     Population,  about  300.     Houses  are  built  of  frame 


426  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

and  guano  and  have  thatched  roofs.  Stock  raising  prin- 
cipal industry  in  vicinity;  many  people  employed  shipping 
timber  from  Embarcadero  Juan  Hernandez,  12  miles  south, 
through  which  most  supplies  for  village  are  brought.  Three 
cart  factories  in  village.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and 
river;  all  good  quality;  plentiful  at  all  times;  distributed 
in  cans  or  buckets.  Quarters  of  rural  guard  hold  10  men ; 
private  property.  Schoolhouse  would  accommodate  20  men 
if  seats  were  removed,  and  clubhouse  would  accommodate  50 
men  temporarily.  Corral  in  center  of  village;  water  near; 
grazing.  No  warehouse,  but  any  of  frame  houses  on  main 
street  could  be  used.  Telephone  (private)  to  Sancti  Spiritus 
from  house  of  Mr.  Rafael  Reyes.  Camp  site  for  about  800 
men  near  village.  Road  to  Sancti  Spiritus  good  for  wagons 
in  dry  season,  though  there  are  several  steep  grades.  In 
rainy  season  passable  only  by  horses;  mud  very  deep.  Road 
to  Juan  Hernandez  Estuary  is  good  in  dry  season  for  carts ; 
impassable  in  rainy  season.  During  rainy  season  other  roads 
are  difficult  for  any  kind  of  transportation  except  for  a  few 
miles  out  of  village.  Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from 
southwest  or  south. 

Manacas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  5  miles  south- 
west of  Jobosi  and  18  miles  northeast  of  Sancti  Spiritus  and 
consists  of  a  store  and  a  thatched  house.  There  is  an  earth 
redoubt  for  two  companies  situated  at  fork  of  roads.  It 
commands  roads  north  to  Jobosi,  south  to  Sancti  Spiritus, 
and  a  road  running  east  and  connecting  with  Jatibonico  del 
Sur  Valley.  Water  supply  for  the  redoubt  is  obtained  from 
well;  in  bad  condition.  Stream  near  at  hand  with  good 
water.  There  is  a  camp  site  for  a  brigade  east  of  sitio; 
water  and  wood  plentiful. 

Mapos. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southeast  of 
Sancti  Spiritus  and  containing  the  sitio  of  Corralillo. 

Corralillo. — Sitio.  Situated  about  12  miles  southeast  of 
Sancti  Spiritus  and  consists  of  a  few  houses  scattered  along 
the  Guasimal-La  Palma  road.     The  river  Zaza  is  near  by. 

Paredes. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  8|^  miles  south 
of  Sancti  Spiritus  on  the  Tunas'and  Sancti  Spiritus  Railroad, 
the  station  of  which  road  at  this  place  is  named  Casariego. 
Consists  of  4  brick,  12  frame,  and  about  60  thatched  houses. 
Population,  about  200;  a  majority  are  negroes  of  the  poorest 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAEA.  427 

class.  N'o  industries  of  importance.  Wood  cutting  and 
cattle  herding  principal  occupations.  Many  negroes  live 
almost  wholly  on  their  garden  produce.  Two  schools  in  the 
village.  Nearly  all  water  used  is  taken  from  large  well, 
which  is  10  feet  in  diameter,  70  feet  deep,  and  has  30  feet  of 
water.  There  are  also  two  smaller  wells.  Quality  of  water 
excellent.  Railroad  station,  brick,  70  by  18  feet.  Building 
to  north  of  station,  brick,  40  by  18  feet;  used  as  storehouse. 
Schoolhouse,  frame.  Club,  frame;  would  serve  equally  well 
as  barracks  or  hospital.  Station  and  building  to  north  more 
suitable  for  storehouses ;  platform  150  by  10  feet.  One  hun- 
dred yards  of  siding  at  station.  There  is  a  post-office  and  a 
telephone  to  Tunas  and  Sancti  Spiritus  in  railroad  station. 
No  telegraph.  Good  camp  site  for  100  men  north  of  rail- 
road station.  Water  from  well;  supply  not  sufficient  for 
greater  number;  wood  and  grazing  plentiful.  Good  place 
for  corral  near  at  hand.  One  blockhouse,  of  iron  rails,  600 
yards  south  of  railroad  station.  Roads  leading  out  of  vil- 
lage: West  to  Blanquial  or  Blancocal;  east  to  Sancti  Spir- 
itus, Nipero,  and  Las  Bocas;  south  to  a  farm  and  Guasimal; 
horse  trail  north  to  Jarao.  Attack  from  west  if  hill  is  held : 
otherwise  from  north.  Wood  used  as  fuel  by  Tunas-Sancti 
Spiritus  Railroad  is  collected  at  Paredes. 

Paula. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  south  of  Sancti 
Spiritus. 

Pedro  Barha. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  point  bearing  the 
name  is  14^  miles  northwest  of  Manacas  and  20  miles  north 
of  Sancti  Spiritus,  and  consists  of  a  store,  a  schoolhouse,  and 
8  thatched  houses. 

San  Andres. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southeast  of 
Sancti  Spiritus.     Part  of  the  town  lies  in  this  barrio. 

Santa  Lucia. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district  about 
13  miles  northwest  of  Sancti  Spiritus.  The  point  named 
Santa  Lucia  is  at  the  junction  of  road  from  Cabaiguan  with 
old  Havana  road  (Sancti  Spiritus-Santa  Clara).  The 
houses  are  scattered  here  and  there  and  are  made  of  palm. 
Probably  200  persons  reside  within  a  radius  of  a  mile.  Prin- 
cipal industries  are  raising  stock,  tobacco,  and  coffee.  Water 
is  piped  to  most  farms  from  streams  in  hills  to  northwest. 
There  are  few  wells;  quality  of  water,  very  good.  One  com- 
pany could  be  camped  at  point  called  Santa  Lucia. 


428  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

Taguasco. — Barrio,  railroad  station,  and  village.  The  vil- 
lage is  about  15  miles  northeast  of  Sancti  Spiritus.  Popu- 
lation of  village,  about  50;  of  railroad  station  and  village 
about  it,  150.  Water  supply  obtained  from  small  streams; 
there  are  but  few  wells.  Only  a  few  houses  could  be  used  as 
quarters  or  storehouses.  At  the  railroad  station  is  a  siding 
of  800  yards,  one  of  350  yards,  and  a  small  combination 
freight  and  passenger  station. 

Tunaa  de  Zaza. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  usu- 
ally called  Tunas  and  sometimes  Zaza.  It  is  on  the  south 
coast  of  the  island,  on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  2  miles  west  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Zaza,  about  20  miles  east  of  Casilda 
(the  port  of  the  city  of  Trinidad),  about  45  miles  southeast 
of  Cienfuegos  and  25  miles  southwest  of  Sancti  Spiritus. 
The  town  consists  mostly  of  frame  houses  and  small  frame 
stores.  This  is  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Tunas  and  Sancti 
Spiritus  Railroad;  single  track;  rolling  stock,  roadbed,  and 
wharf  in  poor  condition.  Track  often  2  feet  under  water  in 
wet  weather.  The  immediate  location  of  Tunas  is  on  a  point 
of  sand  barely  large  enough  for  the  houses,  and  the  elevation 
is  about  3  feet  above  high  tide.  It  is  often  inundated  by 
heavy  rains  and  unusually  high  tides,  and  is  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  water  or  marsh.  There  is  said  to  be  little  illness, 
but  mosquitoes  are  numerous  in  the  wet  season.  The  main- 
land is  about  6  miles  distant.  Population,  500.  There  are 
no  industries,  and  the  people  are  mostly  occupied  in  fishing, 
work  connected  with  the  railroad,  and  loading  and  unload- 
ing vessels.  Contains  five  general  stores.  The  village  has 
an  outlying  settlement,  1  mile  east,  called  Macano.  It  con- 
sists of  one  row  of  fishermen's  houses  facing  the  sea,  and  a 
tannery  where  about  30  men  are  employed.  The  population 
of  Macano  is  about  250.  The  only  road  out  of  it  is  a  small 
footbridge  connecting  it  with  Tunas.  There  is  also  a  sitio 
called  Zaza,  which  is  situated  about  0  miles  northeast  of 
Tunas. 

Water  supply :  Rain  water  is  caught  in  cisterns ;  capacity 
of  all  about  20,000  gallons.  During  dry  season  water  is 
brought  by  railroad  in  tank  cats  from  the  Yayabo  River. 
At  the  point  where  the  water  is  obtained  (5  miles  north  of 
Tunas)  there  is  a  windmill  pumping  from  a  well  and  the 
near-by  streams.     The  water  is  of  good  quality  and  is  stored 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAEA.  429 

in  an  elevated  tank  alongside  railroad  track  and  is  taken  to 
Tunas  in  tank  cars  as  needed.  The  supply  is  ample  for  local 
needs.  There  are  three  of  these  tank  cars  and  they  corre- 
spond to  the  smaller  size  oil-tank  cars  seen  in  the  States. 
Tanks  contain  about  5,000  gallons  and  water  is  sold  to  indi- 
viduals. 

Sewerage  and  lighting:  No  sewer  system  and  no  system 
of  lighting  has  been  installed. 

Barracks:  There  is  one  excellent  building  suitable  for 
almost  any  military  purpose.  It  is  the  railroad  station  office, 
freight  depot,  and  storehouse,  and  is  about  100  yards  long 
and  50  feet  wide,  with  an  unobstructed  floor  space.  The 
building  is  of  brick,  with  high  walls,  solidly  built  floors,  and 
has  a  12-foot  covered  platform  extending  along  the  entire 
east  side;  this  platform  is  on  a  level  with  the  inside  floor 
and  with  floors  of  cars  alongside.  It  has  a  ramp  at  southern 
end,  so  that  animals  can  be  easily  loaded  and  unloaded. 
There  is  a  corral  extending  along  west  side  of  building  which 
has  an  iron  watering  trough  large  enough  to  water  10  or  15 
horses  at  one  time.  Three  hundred  men  could  be  put  into 
the  railroad  station,  60  in  the  custom-house,  and  60  in  the 
storehouse  (frame)  on  the  wharf.  The  "Hotel  Fenix"  is 
situated  opposite  the  point  where  the  railroad  pier  leaves 
the  land.  It  is  an  old,  dirty  frame  building  in  a  very  poor 
state  of  repair,  and  is  now  used  for  tiendas.  It  appears  to 
have  originally  been  intended  as  a  hotel,  and  could  be  put 
into  shape  for  housing  men  or  for  offices  and  storerooms. 
Outside  dimensions  about  40  by  100  feet ;  one  story. 

There  are  no  stables  and  no  draft  animals  available. 

There  is  a  corral  alongside  station  that  would  hold  100  or 
150  animals.  There  is  plenty  of  room  during  dry  season  for 
about  500  animals  on  the  east  side  of  the  railroad,  1  mile 
north  of  village,  but  there  is  no  water  except  what  can  be 
hauled  from  the  mainland.  There  is  good  grazing  between 
railroad  and  Zaza  River.  This  stream  is  salty  and  so  is  all 
other  water  in  vicinity. 

Hospital :  There  are  2  or  3  two-story  houses  at  street  cross- 
ing, near  cable  station.  One  of  them  has  a  good  circulation 
of  air  about  it,  and  has  screened  upper  balconies  all  around, 
making  it  a  suitable  place  for  a  small  hospital. 


430  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

Storehouses:  There  are  various  small  stores  that  could  be 
used  for  commissary  and  quartermaster  offices  and  store- 
houses. The  most  convenient  location  (other  than  large 
buildings  already  mentioned)  would  be  opposite  tracks  on 
east  side,  but  the  ground  is  boggy  at  all  seasons.  There  is  a 
turntable  between  the  two  outside  tracks.  The  pier  has  two 
tracks,  but  about  200  feet  of  east  track  has  been  destroyed 
by  storms.  This  could  be  easily  rebuilt.  The  tide  is  from 
1^  to  2  feet,  and  the  rail  is  about  2  feet  above  high  water. 
The  floor  of  the  pier  is  the  same  height  as  the  floors  of  the 
cars,  but  is  partly  smashed  and  nearly  all  of  it  is  washed 
away.  The  small  house  on  pier  is  about  30  by  40  feet.  The 
water  on  west  side  of  pier  is  deep  enough  at  all  times  for 
vessels  drawing  17  feet  of  water.  The  sleepers  of  the  rail- 
road track  on  the  pier  are  covered  with  boards  so  that  animals 
can  be  driven  along,  and  there  is  a  ramp  on  the  west  side 
leading  up  to  platform  at  outer  end  of  pier. 

Offices:  The  telegraph  office  and  post-office  are  situated  at 
the  middle  point  of  street  running  north  and  south  through 
center  of  village.  The  cable  office  is  on  the  beach,  opposite 
center  of  village. 

In  wet  or  dry  season  a  battalion  could  bivouac  on  the  long 
platform  at  station,  and  the  horses  of  a  squadron  could  be 
kept  in  corral  opposite.  In  dry  season  only,  a  camp  for  a 
regiment  could  be  made  on  the  large  expanse  of  sand  bars 
1  mile  north  of  the  village. 

At  Zaza,  6  miles  north  of  Tunas,  there  is  a  suitable  camp 
site  for  a  regiment  of  cavalry  or  infantry  between  track  and 
bend  of  river  and  opposite  the  old  depot  and  switch.  At  this 
place  a  spur  runs  one-third  of  a  mile  south  from  depot  to  2 
large  abandoned  warehouses  on  river  bank.  One  of  these 
buildings  would  shelter  the  horses  of  a  squadron  and  the 
other  afford  shelter  for  men  of  the  command.  Both  of  these 
are  brick  buildings  with  good  tile  roofs,  and  are  situated  on 
river  bank  where  small  boats  with  supplies  could  unload 
directly  into  the  buildings  if  a  long  gang  plank  were  used. 

There  is  another  camp  site  in  a  pasture  of  good  grass  on 
opposite  side  of  railroad.  Both  places  could  get  water  for 
animals  from  Arroyo  Salado,  1  mile  west  of  station. 

Another  suitable  camp  site  for  a  regiment  is  situated  1 
mile  west  of  Zaza  on  north  side  of  railroad  track.     Could  be 


CAIBARIEN     TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


431 


used  in  dry  season  only.  It  would  get  its  water  for  drinking 
purposes,  as  would  the  others,  from  railroad  tank  1  mile  west 
of  Zaza. 

All  three  places  have  plenty  of  wood  for  fuel,  and  plenty 
of  grazing  for  animals  for  a  limited  period. 

These  locations  are  given  in  connection  with  report  on 
Tunas  because  of  the  lack  of  water,  fuel,  and  grass  at  the  lat- 
ter place,  and  because  if  any  considerable  force  were  to  land 
there  the  troops  would  be  almost  compelled,  on  account  of 
very  limited  space,  to  move  out  of  village  as  fast  as  landed. 
These  three  locations  can  be  reached  at  all  seasons  by  small 
boats  from  Tunas  to  the  warehouses  mentioned  above;  also 
by  train  and  by  marching  up  railroad.  If  the  latter  course 
is  taken  by  mounted  troops,  boards  are  necessary  to  cover 
short  bridges. 

There  are  no  defenses. 

Roads:  There  are  no  roads  leading  out  of  village  except 
the  railroad  and  a  pony  trail  along  it,  leading  north  to  Zaza, 
6  miles ;  impassable  May  to  November.  Village  approachable 
by  land  along  railroad  only. 

Best  line  of  approach :  This  place  can  be  approached  in 
force  only  from  the  sea  and  from  the  north  along  railroad, 
across  open  and  bare  ground.  An  attack  from  the  north 
would  be  hard  to  resist,  and  there  could  be  but  little  defense 
against  strong  landing  parties. 


JUDICIAL   DISTRICT   OF   SAN    JUAN    DE   LOS   REMEDIOS. 
Townships :                                                                                                Population. 
Caibarien 10,053 

Camajiianf 14,583 

Placetas - 16,682 

San  Antonio  de  las  Vueltas 16,  861 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedios 21,573 

Yaguajay 13,707 

TOWNSHIP  OF  CAIBARlfiN    (CAPITAL,   CAIBARlfiN). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Caibarien.. 

Ouaj&bana 

Rojas 

Tesico 


Primero 

Segundo 

Tercero 

Guajdbana  or  Sexto. 
Reforma  or  Cuarto. . 

Rojas  or  S6ptimo 

Tesipo  or  Quinto 


Urban. 
...do... 
...do... 
Rural. 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 


Miles. 


4 
2 
6 
3.8 


2,735 
2,205 
3,393 
435 
562 
512 
211 


432       '  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

Caiharien. — Town.  Situated  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Santa  Clara  Province,  31  miles  by  road  from  Santa  Clara, 
slightly  north  of  east.  It  is  divided  into  Primero,  Segundo, 
and  Tercero  barrios.  Sugar  warehouses  are  on  the  harbor 
front,  and  on  the  street  in  rear  are  offices  and  wholesale 
houses.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  plaza  are  the  principal  retail 
stores,  cafes,  clubs,  and  a  large  church.  The  remainder  of 
the  buildings  are  dwelling  houses,  mainly  small  one-story 
structures.  Principal  industries  are  sponge  fishing,  manu- 
facture of  cigars,  exportation  of  sugar,  tobacco,  wax,  honey, 
and  native  lumber,  and  the  importation  of  merchandise. 

Population,  8,333. 

Water  supply:  Location  of  plant,  550  yards  southeast  of 
plaza.  Water  is  pumped  from  spring  into  tank,  and  then 
flows  hj  gravity  into  the  supply  pipe.  Pumping  station  at 
spring;  two  pumps,  combined  capacity  in  24  hours  139,- 
200  gallons;  owners  claim  from  experiments  mad*e  that 
spring  can  supply  such  an  amount.  Length  of  supply  pipe, 
2,740  yards ;  diameter  of  supply  pipe,  2  inches.  Amount  of 
water  furnished  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours,  20,000  gal- 
lons. The  tank  is  used  as  a  reservoir,  and  is  at  the  spring; 
capacity,  5,107  gallons. 

No  sewer  system.  Electric  light  plant,  capacity  of  1,000 
lights;  on  west  edge  of  town.  Acetylene  gas  and  oil  are 
mostly  used. 

Buildings  available  for  barracks :  Seven  large  sugar  store- 
houses built  of  brick,  with  tile  roofs,  floors  4  feet  above  the 
ground,  well  ventilated  and  situated  on  the  water  front  of 
the  town.  Six  of  them  have  capacity  for  400  men  each,  and 
one  has  capacity  for  200  men.  The  buildings  are  in  excellent 
condition  and  water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns  in 
vicinity,  several  of  them  having  large  tanks  of  rain  water. 
All  of  them  with  the  exception  of  the  one  having  capacity 
for  200  men  are  wholly  or  partially  filled  with  sugar  during  • 
the  months  of  December,  January,  February,  March,  and 
April.    The  remainder  of  the  year  they  are  practically  empty. 

The  above  buildings  could  be  used  for  commissary  and 
quartermaster  storehouses,  and  in  case  of  necessity  for  sta- 
bles. There  is  a  large  open  space  south  of  the  warehouses, 
and  north  of  them  a  wide  street,  where  animals  could  be 
picketed. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  433 

There  are  two  small  stables  in  the  south  part  of  town,  each 
with  space  for  10  horses. 

Ice  machine  on  west  edge  of  town;  capacity  6,000  pounds 
in  twenty-four  hours. 

Transportation  corral  south  of  town  on  Caibarien-Reme- 
dios  road.     Open  ground.     Well  at  farmhouse  near  corral. 

The  private  hospital  of  Doctor  Cabrera,  a  two-story  frame 
building  in  southwest  part  of  town,  has  space  for  50  beds; 
water  obtained  from  well;  lighted  by  acetylene.  Building 
used  as  a  Spanish  club,  stone,  100  by  75  feet,  facing  plaza, 
two-story,  electric  lighting,  city  water ;  would  have  room  for 
75  beds. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses:  Any  of  the 
buildings  described  as  barracks  could  be  used ;  railroad  tracks 
either  at  the  sides  or  through  center  of  buildings.  Unload- 
ing can  be  done  directly  from  cars  to  the  floors  of  buildings. 

Railroad  station  is  on  northwest  edge  of  town.  Telegraph 
office  on  calle  Independencia.  Telephone  office  on  calle  Esco- 
bar, in  the  building  occupied  by  National  Bank  of  Cuba. 
Post-office  on  calle  Jeminez, 

Camp  sites:  East  and  west  of  the  Caibarien-Remedios 
road,  at  the  south  end  of  town,  is  a  large  tract  of  high,  un- 
cultivated land.  Area  sufficient  for  two  battalions.  Health- 
fulness  of  site  is  excellent.  Water  can  be  obtained  from 
pumping  station  and  .wells  of  the  houses  in  vicinity.  Ani- 
mals can  also  be  watered  from  the  river  at. the  Reforma  plan- 
tation, 2  miles  south  of  the  town.  Fuel  is  abundant  and  ob- 
tained from  woods  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town.  Grass  is 
abundant. 

The  town  is  surrounded  on  its  land  side  by  a  circle  of  8 
blockhouses,  the  descriptions  of  which  are  as  follows : 

No.  1.  East  of  town,  200  yards  south  of  seashore;  old 
brick  blockhouse,  18  feet  square,  20  feet  high,  corrugated 
iron  roof ;  two  tiers  of  fire  for  riflemen  and  has  lookout ;  wall 
2  feet  thick.     Has  good  command  of  country. 

No.  2.  East  of  town,  500  yards  southwest  of  No.  1 ;  same  as 
No.  1,  except  that  it  is  25  feet  high,  has  a  tile  roof,  and  has 
three  tiers  of  fire. 

No.  3.  East  of  town,  500  yards  southwest  of  No.  2;  new 
wooden  blockhouse,  12  feet  square  and  protective  walls  6 

492—09 28 


434  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAEA. 

feet  high.  Lookout  15  feet  above  ground.  Has  one  tier 
of  fire  for  riflemen.  Ditch  4  feet  wide  and  4  feet  deep  about 
building.  Walls,  gravel  between  planks,  18  inches  thick 
(T  inches  being  wood)  ;  corrugated  iron  roof. 

No.  4.  South  of  town,  200  yards  southwest  of  No.  3;  old 
blockhouse,  12  feet  square,  12  feet  high ;  protective  walls  on 
three  sides;  two  tiers  of  fire  for  riflemen.  Protective  walls 
one  thickness  of  railroad  rails  for  6  feet  above  ground;  re- 
mainder 6  inches  of  plank. 

No.  5.  South  of  town,  300  yards  northwest  of  No.  4 ;  wall 
150  feet  by  90  feet,  built  about  barracks  of  rural  guard; 
wall  18  inches  thick,  6  feet  high;  for  one-half  the  distance 
made  of  rubble;  other  half  made  of  gravel,  between  planks; 
one  tier  of  fire  for  riflemen.  Ditch  6  feet  wide  and  6  feet 
deep  in  front  of  one-half  of  the  wall. 

No.  6.  South  of  town,  200  yards  southwest  of  No.  4;  same 
as  No.  2. 

No.  7.  AVest  of  town,  500  yards  northwest  of  No.  6 ;  unfin- 
ished new  wooden  blockhouse;  was  to  be  the  same  as  No.  3. 
Walls  on  three  sides  completed;  no  roof. 

No.  8.  West  of  town,  600  yards  northwest  of  No.  7,  old 
brick  blockhouse.  Originally  was  same  as  No.  1.  Now  only 
the  walls  remain  to  the  height  of  7  feet ;  one  tier  of  fire. 

All  but  Nos.  4  and  8  are  in  good  condition. 

Eailroads:  Approximate  length  of  sidings  is  5,635  yards. 
Eailroad  station,  brick,  150  feet  by  120  feet,  has  unloading 
platform.  One  small  wooden  roundhouse  120  feet  by  60  feet. 
On  the  south  edge  of  the  town  is  a  roundhouse,  corrugated 
iron,  120  feet  by  3G  feet,  and  a  machine  shop  120  feet  by  54 
feet,  wood;  both  used  for  narrow-gauge  railroad. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town :  One  west  to  Remedios ;  one 
south  to  Rojas  via  Guajabana. 

Best  point  of  attack  should  place  happen  to  be  defended: 
East  side  of  town,  the  easiest  point  being  southeast  corner. 

Guajdhana. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  bearing  this 
name  consists  of  one  house  and  is  4  miles  south  of  Caibarien. 

Reforma.—B^irYio.  This  barrio  consists  of  the  central  Re- 
forma  and  lands  of  the  same. 

^  Rojas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  6  miles  by 
road  southwest  of  Caibarien,  on  Cuban  Central  Railroad 
(narrow  gauge).     Has  8  houses,  4  of  which  are  constructed 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


435 


of  wood.  One  wooden  storehouse.  Water  obtained  from 
wells  near  by;  good  and  abundant.  Telephone  to  Yaguajay 
and  Reforma. 

Tesico. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  a  finca 
which  contains  about  1,300  acres  of  land,  lies  2  miles  north 
of  Remedies,  and  extends  north  to  the  coast.  There  is  a  small 
frame  schoolhouse.  Property  is  divided  into  about  30  small 
holdings  and  there  is  that  number  of  huts  scattered  through 
the  finca.  There  was  formerly  a  landing  place  on  the  coast 
5  miles  northwest  of  Caibarien. 


TOWNSHIP   OF    CAMAJUANi    (CAPITAL,    CAMAJUANI). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Camajuanl... 

Guadalupe... 

Cabana 

Santa  Clarita 
Falcon. 

Santa  F6 

Salamanca. .. 


Barrio. 


Egido. 


6uadalui)e. . . 

Sabana 

Santa  Clarita. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

..do 

...do 


Santa  F6 do. 

Salamanca ...do. 


mies. 


10 
4 
5.5 

4.5 

4   -. 


Popular 
tion. 


6,020 

2,079 
1,403 
2,457 

1,462 
1,162 


Camajuani. — Town.  Situated  at  the  junction  of  the  two 
branches  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  leading  to  Sagua 
la  Grande  and  Caibarien.  It  is  in  Egido  barrio,  A  well 
built  town  with  wide,  partially  improved  streets.  Principal 
industry  is  tobacco  selecting;  is  also  retail  center  for  very 
large  outlying  rural  district.     Population,  5,316. 

Water  supply:  Drinking  water  is  obtained  from  open 
wells  and  rain  water  caught  in  tanks.  For  bathing  and 
stock,  water  is  from  the  Camajuani  River  about  one-fourth 
mile  southwest  of  town.  Drinking  water  is  scarce  during  the 
dry  season.  Always  plenty  of  water  in  Camajuani  River; 
a  large  stream.  Rain  water  may  be  used  without  boiling. 
Well  water  unfit  for  drinking  purposes  on  account  of  the 
proximity  of  privy  vaults.  Source  of  river  water  polluted 
and  during  grinding  season  it  becomes  unfit  for  use  because 
sugar  refuse  is  dumped  into  the  river,  at  times  becoming  so 
bad  as  to  kill  the  fish  in  the  stream.  During  dry  season, 
water  obtained  from  springs,  about  7  miles  south  of  town; 
is  sold  from  door  to  door. 


436  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLARA. 

Barracks:  There  are  2  buildings  in  Camajuani  that  could 
be  used  as  barracks  in  case  of  necessity.  They  are  the 
tobacco  houses  of  Solomon  Brothers  and  Bernheim  Brothers. 
Together  they  take  up  a  whole  block  on  the  south  end  of 
calle  Industria.  They  both  have  wells  and  large  cisterns 
for  rain  water.  Eight  hundred  men  could  easily  have  room 
for  their  cots,  and  with  a  little  crowding  900  men  could  be 
accommodated.  These  are  the  only  two  buildings  where 
large  bodies  of  men  could  be  housed. 

There  is  an  old  Spanish  barracks  at  the  west  end  of  town, 
but  it  is  in  a  very  filthy  and  dilapidated  condition,  and  it 
would  take  considerable  time  and  expense  to  put  it  in  shape 
for  use.  In  the  rear  of  these  barracks  there  is  a  large  yard 
surrounded  by  a  high,  thick  stone  wall.  The  wall  is  about 
12  feet  high  and  from  1  to  1|  feet  thick. 

There  are  no  large  stables.  No  transportation  corrals. 
Suitable  open  ground  three-fourths  of  a  mile  west  of  town 
near  river. 

Three  buildings  are  suitable  for  hospitals :  First,  on  corner 
calle  Leoncio  and  calle  Agricultura;  second,  on  corner  San 
Jose  and  calle  Industria ;  third,  on  corner  of  calle  Industria 
and  calle  Fomento. 

Railroad  station  and  freight  warehouse  would  be  suitable 
for  quartermaster  or  commissary  storehouses.  Large  un- 
loading platform  and  railroad  tracks  on  both  sides  of 
buildings. 

Location  of  important  offices:  Ayuntamiento,  corner  of 
calle  Independencia  and  calle  Maceo.  Telegraph  office,  be- 
tween calle  Fomento  and  calle  Leoncio  on  calle  Industria. 
Railroad  station,  on  calle  Comercio  between  calle  Agra- 
monte  and  calle  Cespedes. 

Good  camp  site  for  a  regiment  three-fourths  of  a  inile 
west  of  town  near  river.  Site  slightly  sloping,  w^ell  drained, 
and  about  20  feet  above  river.  Wood  scarce.  Water  in 
river  suitable  for  use  if  boiled  and  if  sugar  mills  be  prohib- 
ited from  emptying  waste  products  into  the  river. 

Defenses :  There  are  5  blockhouses  in  the  immediate  vicin- 
ity of  Camajuani;  one  on  each  of  the  five  roads  leading  from 
the  town,  and  all  of  them  just  at  the  outskirts  of  the  town. 
They  are  all  small  wooden  affairs  about  10  by  10  by  10  feet. 
Up  to  a  height  of  about  4  feet  from  the  ground  they  are 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  437 

double  boarded  inside  and  out,  leaving  a  space  of  about  10 
inches  which  is  filled  with  stone,  old  bones,  sod,  etc.  About 
6  miles  to  the  southwest,  situated  on  Loma  Cristi,  is  the 
blockhouse  known  as  Fuerte  Cristi.  It  is  built  of  mortar,  is 
very  substantial  and  has  a  commanding  view  of  the  country 
for  miles  around. 

Railroads:  Cuban  Central  Eailroad  junction  of  Cama- 
juani-Caibarien  and  Sagua-Placetas  lines.  Fairly  large  rail- 
road yard  with  good  facilities  for  entraining;  large  unload- 
ing platform  and  storehouse.  One  small  chute  for  unloading 
cattle  and  horses. 

Roads  and  trails;  There  are  five  roads  and  trails  out  of 
Camajuani.  The  Camajuani-Las  Vueltas  road  to  the  north; 
the  Camajuani-Taguayabon  road  to  the  east;  the  Camajuanf- 
Sabana  road  to  the  south ;  the  Camajuani-Santa  Fe  road  to 
the  west,  and  the  Camajuani-Bosque  road  to  the  northwest. 

These  so-called  roads  are  mere  trails  and  are  absolutely  un- 
improved. In  the  best  weather  it  would  be  almost  impossi- 
ble to  take  an  army  wagon  over  them;  in  fact,  the  two- 
wheeled  Cuban  carts  have  difficulty  on  them.  In  the  rainy 
season  it  is  impossible  to  go  over  them  except  on  foot  or 
horseback,  and  then  it  is  necessary  to  go  in  single  file,  keep- 
ing to  the  traveled  path,  as  on  each  side  is  mud  several  feet 
deep. 

There  are  no  bridges  or  improvements  of  any  kind.  The 
rivers  and  streams  are  all  easily  forded,  but  the  smaller 
streams,  especially  the  arroyos,  are  liable  to  sudden  rise. 

In  the  dry  season  pack  animals  and  two-wheeled  carts 
would  be  suitable.  In  case  of  necessity  animals  in  transit 
could  be  watered  at  Camajuani.  There  is  a  large  ramp  in 
the  railroad  yards  available  for  unloading  animals.  They 
could  then  be  watered  at  the  Camajuani  River,  just  beyond 
the  northwest  outskirts  of  the  town. 

The  best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  north- 
northeast  through  the  cane  fields  of  the  old  Matilde  planta- 
tion. 

Guadalupe. — Barrio  and  village.  Ingenio  Julia  and  cen- 
tral Altamira  are  situated  in  the  barrio.  The  village  is  7^ 
miles  southwest  of  Remedios  and  10  miles  by  road  southeast 
of  Camajuani.  It  consists  of  a  small  frame  store  and  7 
thatched  huts.    Water  is  obtained  from  wells.    A  road  leads 


438  PROVINCE    OF    SANTA   CLARA. 

from  this  point  to  Taguayabon  and  is  suitable  for  native 
carts. 

Sdbana. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  about  4 
miles  south  of  Camajuani.  It  is  a  small  place  of  about  6 
houses.  A  little  west  of  this  place  is  a  blockhouse,  20  feet 
high;  can  be  seen  from  hill  just  south  of  Camajuani.  It  is 
of  cement,  loopholed,  15  feet  square ;  poor  condition. 

Santa  Clarita. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  contains,  be- 
sides the  village  bearing  its  name,  the  sitio  Falcon.  The  vil- 
lage consists  of  10  scattered  houses  and  2  stores,  situated 
about  6  miles  southeast  of  Camajuani.  Water  obtained  from 
wells.  A  road  runs  north  to  Camajuani,  one  south  to  Baez 
and  Guaracabulla,  and  one  southwest  to  Falcon. 

Falcon. — Sitio.  A  small  station  on  the  Cuba  Company's 
line,  about  14  miles  southeast  of  Santa  Clara,  and  9  miles  by 
road  slightly  east  of  south  of  Camajuani.  It  consists  of  two 
or  three  houses,  a  water  tank,  and  a  large  general  store  and 
warehouse.  Population,  25.  Water  obtained  from  well  and 
Rio  Chico. 

A  warehouse,  46  by  80  feet,  would  accommodate  two  troops 
or  companies.  There  is  a  large  tract  of  fine,  open,  and  level 
ground  between  the  railroad  track  and  Rio  Chico,  suitable  for 
corral  or  picket  lines;  stream  50  yards  distant.  There  is  a 
fine  camp  site  for  a  regiment  between  the  railroad  track  and 
Rio  Chico.  Good  camp  site  for  any  number  of  men  on  the 
north  bank  of  stream. 

The  Cuba  Company  Railroad  has  a  siding  one-fourth  of 
a  mile  long.  One  road  leaves  sitio  north  to  Camajuani,  one 
northwest  to  Santa  Clara,  and  one  northeast  to  Santa  Clarita. 
The  ground  to  the  southeast  of  the  place  is  broken  by  long, 
low  hills  and  affords  best  line  of  approach. 

Santa  Fe. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  about  4^  miles 
west  of  Camajuani,  Consists  of  about  12  houses.  Locality 
is  a  narrow  valley  of  the  Santa  Fe  Range,  about  2  miles  long. 

Salamanca. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  a  small  place 
of  4  houses,  about  3^  miles  southeast  of  Camajuani,  It  is 
also  a  railroad  station  of  the  Cuba  Central  Railroad,  and  is 
a  shipping  point  for  the  Fe  '  sugar  plantation,  which  is 
situated  in  the  barrio.  Population,  about  20.  Water  is  ob- 
tained from  one  25-foot  well;  water  good.  It  has  a  stone 
station  and  is  a  telegraph  station,  with  phone  to  Camajuani 


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PROVINCE  OP  SANTA  CLARA. 


439 


and  Fe  plantation.  One  road  through  place  northwest  and 
southeast  from  Taguayabon  to  Placetas.  Best  approach 
from  the  southeast. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  PLACETAS  (CAPITAL,  PLACETAS). 


Town,  village,  orsitio. 

-Bsirio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Placetas 

Placetas 

Urban and 
rural. 

Rural 

.  .do.... 

Mies. 

7,443 

2,135 
1,677 
1,241 
1,754 

Guaracabulla 

Guaracabulla 

3i 
10 

Hernando  . . 

Hernando 

Nazareno 

Nazareno 

do._._ 

San  Andres 

Sitio  Potrero 

Sitio  Potrero do-__ 

1,055 

Tibisial 

Tibisial 

...do 

1,377 

Placetas. — Barrio  and  town.  Barrio  contains  ingenio 
Zaza.  Town  situated  on  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  40  miles 
east  of  Santa  Clara.  Population,  6,184.  Lighted  by  acety- 
lene gas. 

Drinking  water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns;  sup- 
ply plentiful  but  should  be  boiled.  Stock  is  watered  mostly 
from  wells.  There  are  small  streams,  however,  one-half  and 
1  mile  from  town,  and  water  for  stock  can  be  obtained  in 
sufficient  quantity  for  a  large  number  of  animals. 

Barracks  occupied  b}^  troops  February,  1907,  sufficient  for 
two  troops  of  cavalry  or  two  companies  of  infantry.  In  case 
of  emergency,  barracks  for  three  additional  companies  could 
be  obtained  200  yards  south  of  depot.  Stables  for  one  troop 
of  cavalry  built  by  United  States  forces.  No  corrals ;  plenty 
of  open  ground  in  vicinity  of  depot.  No  hospitals;  a  few 
private  houses  could  be  rented  for  purpose.  No  large  build- 
ings for  quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  in  center  of  town  opposite 
the  plaza.  Railroad  station  northeast  limits  of  town.  Sid- 
ings at  station;  capacity,  20  cars.  Good  facilities  for  de- 
training and  entraining;  raised  platform  5  yards  long  for 
loading  animals. 

Eight  temporary  blockhouses  situated  in  the  middle  of 
streets  all  around  the  town.  Blockhouses  10  by  16  feet, 
built  of  wood,  filled  in  with  dirt  and  gravel. 

No  good  camp  sites;  all  ground  in  vicinity  open,  but  low 
and  very  muddy  in  the  rainy  season.     No  good  roads  in 


440  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

vicinity;  mostly  trails,  which  lead  to  all  towns  and  villages 
in  vicinity.  Country  open  on  all  sides  and  town  hard  to  de- 
fend.    Best  line  of  approach  would  be  from  northeast. 

Guaracahulla. — Barrio  and  village.  A  village  of  about  50 
houses  on  the  Santa  Clara -Rebarcadero-Zuazo-Placetas  road, 
28  miles  from  Santa  Clara  and  15  miles  southeast  of  Cama- 
juani.     Population  about  200. 

Water  supply :  Drinking  water  obtained  from  cisterns  and 
wells.  People  who  have  no  w^ells  carry  water  in  buckets  from 
the  Guaracahulla  River.  Water  for  washing  and  stock  ob- 
tained from  Avells  and  river.  Well  water  gets  low  in  dry  sea- 
son. River  also  gets  low,  but  it  is  said  never  to  run  dry. 
The  well  water  and  river  water  should  be  boiled  before 
drinking.  Surrounding  the  wells  are  the  usual  uncleanly 
conditions.  There  is  a  warehouse  that  would  serve  for  bar- 
racks, built  of  wood,  one-story,  50  by  70  feet,  tin  roof; 
capacity  30  men.  There  is  no  railroad  station.  Placetas,  6 
miles  distant,  is  the  nearest  station.  Telegraph  and  post 
office  in  center  of  village.  Telegraphic  connection  with  Ha- 
vana, Placetas,  Baez,  and  all  other  points. 

The  old  stone  church  has  been  loopholed  for  defense,  but  it 
is  in  bad  condition  and  has  evidently  not  been  used  for  a 
long  time.     Has  old  rifle  pits  in  front  of  it. 

There  is  a  good  camp  site  for  a  squadron  on  the  road  to 
Santa  Clarita,  near  the  crossing  of  the  GuaracabuUa  River. 
Roads  out  of  village  north  to  Camajuani,  northwest  to  Santa 
Clara  via  Rebarcardero,  northeast  to  Placetas,  and  south  to 
Baez.  For  attack,  an  approach  from  the  west  is  about  as 
good  as  any. 

Hernando. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district.  The  sitio 
is  4J  miles  southwest  of  Placetas  on  the  road  to  Sancti  Spir- 
itus.  It  consists  of  a  small  store  in  a  wooden  building  with 
thatched  roof.     Water  obtained  from  a  well. 

Nazareno. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  having  the 
name  is  situated  10  miles  southwest  of  Placetas  on  road  to 
Sancti  Spiritus.  It  consists  of  2  small  stores,  a  schoolhouse, 
and  4  frame  houses.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and  con- 
sidered good ;  supply  limited. 

San  Andres. — Barrio  and  village.  Centrals  Fidencia  and 
San  Jos^  y  Carida  are  within  the  barrio.  The  village  is  on 
the  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  about  3^  miles  north  of  Placetas. 


VUELTAS    TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


441 


Population  about  200.  Water  supply  obtained  from  wells 
and  small  stream ;  quality  good  and  quantity  abundant.  No 
buildings  suitable  for  barracks.  Plenty  of  good  ground  in 
vicinity  suitable  for  camps.  At  the  railroad  station  there  is 
a  siding  100  yards  long  and  a  small  platform, 

Sitio  Potrero. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  bearing  the  name 
is  a  farm  having  a  house  thereon  and  is  situated  about  3^ 
miles  by  road  southwest  of  Placetas. 

Tihisial. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  place  bearing  the  name  is 
a  finca  on  the  Placetas-Corojo-Tibisial  road,  10  miles  south- 
east of  Placetas.  It  has  a  house  and  a  store.  Water  is  ob- 
tained from  a  well  and  is  scarce.  No  water  for  animals  near 
at  hand.  Nearest  watering  place  is  the  Zaza  River,  1|  miles 
distant. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  VUELTAS  (CAPITAL,  VUELTAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Vueltas. 


Aguada  de  Moya Aguada  de  Moya. 

Bosque ." Bosque 

Charco  Hondo Charco  Hondo 

Piedras Piedras 

Quinta Qulnta 

Sagua  laChica Sagua  laChica... 

Taguayabon Taguayab<5n 

Vega  Alta Vega  Alta 

Vega  de  Palma !  Vega  de  Palma... 


Vueltas. 


Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Urban 

Rural 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Miles. 


3f 

5 

5 

3i 

3i 
19 

4 
15 

n 


2,673 

2,727 
1,077 
685 
901 
1,082 
1,145 
1,890 
!2,560 
2,121 


Vueltas. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  the  capital  of  a 
large  country  district.  Small  town,  with  unimproved  streets. 
Principal  industries  are  tobacco  raising  and  retailing  to 
country  district.  Population,  1,129.  Water  supply  obtained 
from  wells  and  rain  water.  Large  tobacco  warehouse  suit- 
able for  barracks  for  2  companies;  good  condition;  ven- 
tilation good;  well  water.  No  large  stables  or  corrals. 
Cuban  Club  could  be  used  as  hospital;  room  for  about  40 
beds ;  plenty  of  air,  light,  etc. ;  well  and  rain  water.  Town 
is  about  3  miles  from  nearest  railroad  station,  which  is  Vega 
de  Palma.     Has  post-office  and  telegraph  office. 

Aguada  de  Moya. — Barrio  and  scattered  settlement.  Set- 
tlement is  about  3  miles  north  of  Vueltas;  consists  of  a  few 
scattered  thatched  houses  on  small  tobacco  farms.  A  small 
arroyo  furnishes  water.     The  place  is  rather  swampy  and 


442  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

unfavorable  for  camp  sites.  Roads  in  vicinity  are  very  poor ; 
suitable  for  no  kind  of  wheeled  transportation. 

Bosque. — Barrio  and  scattered  settlement.  The  settlement 
is  scattered  along  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  and  is  in  a 
sugar-cane  and  tobacco  district.  It  contains  about  20  houses. 
Two  are  frame  with  tile  roof,  one  mamposteria  with  tile  roof, 
and  the  balance  are  native  huts.  The  water  supply  is  ob- 
tained from  wells. 

Charco  Hondo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  bearing  this 
name  is  about  5  miles  northeast  of  Vueltas  and  halfway  be- 
tween Vueltas  and  Remedios.  It  consists  of  4  thatched 
houses,  a  large  barn  or  stable,  and  a  corral.  Is  at  the  Rio 
Charco  crossing  of  the  Remedios  and  Vueltas  road.  Water 
obtained  from  river  and  is  of  good  quality.  There  is  a  good 
camp  site  for  a  battalion  near  at  hand;  water,  wood,  and 
forage  in  quantity.  The  ford  of  the  river  is  good.  Roads 
unsuitable  for  wheeled  transportation. 

Piedras. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  a  group  of  6  or 
7  thatched  huts  and  a  small  store  situated  3|  miles  northwest 
of  Vueltas. 

Quinta. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  Cuban 
Central  Railroad,  3f  miles  west  of  Vueltas,  and  is  3  miles 
north  of  Camajuani.  The  locality  is  considered  very 
healthy.     Population,  about  250. 

Water  supply:  Drinking  and  washing  water  obtained 
from  5  wells  around  the  village.  It  is  said  to  be  sufficient 
for  the  use  of  the  village,  but  any  large  number  of  troops 
would  probably  have  to  use  the  Camajuani  River,  1|  miles 
distant.  The  quality  of  the  well  water  is  good,  although  as 
a  precaution  it  should  be  boiled. 

Oil  and  acetylene  used  for  lighting. 

Buildings  suitable  for  barracks:  The  rural  guard  bar- 
racks is  a  wooden  house;  capacity,  15  men.  Schoolhouse; 
wood;  tile  roof,  20  by  30  feet ;  capacity,  10  men.  Two-story 
tobacco  warehouse;  wood,  tile  roof,  120  by  40  feet;  upper 
story  not  floored;  capacity,  100  men.  Tobacco  warehouse; 
wood,  thatched  roof,  60  by  39  feet ;  capacity,  50  men.  Brick 
and  plaster  church,  50  by  30  feet;  capacity,  30  men.  Four 
frame  warehouses ;  tin  and  tile  roofs ;  30  by  70  feet ;  capacity, 
50  men  each.     Church  could  be  used  as  hospital. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  .  443 

Brick  and  plaster  dwelling  and  storehouse,  80  by  39  feet, 
could  be  utilized  for  quartermaster  and  commissary  store- 
house. 

Important  offices:  Post-office,  railroad  station,  and  tele- 
graph office.  Telegraph  line  follows  the  railroad;  poles 
carry  two  wires.  Railroad  station  is  of  brick,  50  by  30  feet, 
two  stories;  has  stone  platform  100  feet  long,  6  feet  wide, 
H  feet  above  tracks.  Freight  platform,  opposite,  is  of  wood, 
•20  by  10  feet,  and  4  feet  above  tracks.  No  ramps.  Two 
sidetracks  200  yards  long;  central  point  opposite  station. 

Xo  camp  site  for  command  of  any  size  close  at  hand.  If 
large  command  were  to  occupy  the  village  for  any  length 
of  time,  it  would  soon  exhaust  the  water  supply,  and  water 
would  have  to  be  hauled  from  the  Camajuani  River,  distant 
1^  miles. 

Defenses:  Old  Spanish  blockhouse,  two  tiers  of  fire,  in- 
terior diameter  10  feet;  in  bad  condition. 

Roads  out  of  village:  One  north  to  Calabazar  and  one 
south  to  Camajuani. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  northwest. 

Sagva  la  Chica. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Sagua  la  Chica  River,  1  mile  from  and 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  from  El  Santo.  It  is  19 
miles  by  road  northeast  of  Vueltas.  The  principal  industry 
is  the  manufacture  of  roofing  tiles.    Population,  about  400. 

In  the  village  are  some  small  stores,  a  schoolhouse,  and 
about  15  small  thatched  houses.  To  the  north,  on  the  banks 
of  the  river,  are  four  tile  factories.  By  removing  the  dry- 
ing frames  from  the  drying  sheds  of  the  tile  factories  about 
500  men  could  be  sheltered. 

Water  from  the  Sagua  la  Chica  River  and  rain  water  are 
used ;  should  be  boiled.  Just  north  of  the  village  is  a  tract 
of  land  which  might  be  used  as  a  camp  site  for  a  brigade; 
wood  and  water  abundant,  and  grazing  good.  Vessels  of 
3|  feet  draft  can  load  at  two  of  the  tile  factories ;  no 
wharves.  Roads  leave  village  as  follows:  Main  road  from 
Vueltas  to  Playa  Juan  Francisco,  road  east  to  Playa  Cara- 
pacha,  and  trail  southeast  to  Remedios  through  Sitio  Nuevo. 
Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  east. 

Taguayahon. — Barrio  and  village.  Taguayabon  station  is 
on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  between  Camajuani  and  Cai- 


444  PEOVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

barien,  and  is  4  miles  southeast  of  Vueltas.  One  frame  and 
mortar  station;  1  fair-sized  warehouse;  2  small  stores;  4 
frame  houses,  tile  roofs;  4  or  5  native  huts;  railroad  water 
tank;  telegraph  station  and  post-office.  Population,  about 
200.  Water  supply  obtained  from  wells.  Taguayabon  is 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  Taguayabon  station.  It  is  in 
the  tobacco  and  cane  region.  Consists  of  3  frame  buildings. 
3  native  huts,  and  several  tobacco-drying  houses.  Water 
supply  obtained  from  wells.  The  Camajuani-Taguayabon- 
Remedios  road  is  passable  by  army  wagons  in  dry  weather. 
All  others,  trails ;  passable  by  native  carts  in  dry  weather. 

Vega  Alta. — Barrio  and  village.  Central  Carmita  is  in 
the  barrio.  The  village  is  6  miles  southeast  of  Encrucijada 
on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  and  is  15  miles  by  road 
northwest  of  Vueltas.     Population,  about  300. 

Drinking  water  obtained  from  large  well  in  northeast 
part  of  village.  Supply  ample  for  ordinary  purposes  at  all 
times,  but  water  should  be  boiled.  Water  for  bathing  and 
stock  from  Rio  Sagua  la  Chica,  a  large  stream  near  by. 
Ample  in  quantity.  Could  be  used  for  drinking  after  it 
has  been  boiled.  No  seAver  system.  Lighted  by  a  few  street 
lamps. 

Buildings :  There  is  a  stone  chapel  capable  of  accommodat- 
ing two  companies.  Four  buildings  on  the  east  side  of  vil- 
lage are  capable  of  accommodating  three  companies.  The 
railroad  station,  frame,  will  hold  one  company.  Stone  store- 
house (railroad)  will  hold  one  company.  These  buildings 
are  in  good  repair.  Water  supply  is  meager,  but  there  is 
plenty  in  the  river,  a  few  hundred  yards  away. 

No  stables  and  no  corrals,  but  there  is  open  ground  all 
around  and  water  can  be  obtained  from  the  river. 

The  stone  chapel  would  be  suitable  for  a  hospital ;  would 
accommodate  in  the  neighborhood  of  120  men. 

Railroad  station  and  storehouse  would  be  suitable  for 
quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses.  There  is  an 
unloading  platform  at  station.  The  storehouse  is  very  close 
to  station. 

Railroad  station  and  post-office  are  in  the  center  of  the  vil- 
lage; telegraph  and  telephone  offices  are  at  railroad  station. 


SAN  JUAN  DELOS  REMEDI05 
TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 


445 


Good  camp  site  west  of  village,  near  river;  large  enough 
for  regiment  or  more.  Good  grazing;  wood  could  be  pro- 
cured in  neighborhood. 

There  are  two  stone  blockhouses;  one  in  center  of  village 
and  the  other  west  of  village. 

No  railroad  siding;  entrain  or  detrain  at  station,  where 
there  is  a  platform. 

Roads  lead  out  of  village  northwest  to  Santo,  southeast  to 
Camajuani,  and  southwest  to  Santa  Clara. 

Best  lines  of  approach  for  attack  are  from  the  north  and 
south. 

Vega  de  Palma. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on 
Cuban  Central  Railroad  between  Camajuani  and  Caibarien, 
and  is  the  railroad  station  for  Vueltas,  which  lies  1 J  miles  to 
the  north.  Is  in  a  tobacco  and  sugar  region.  Population, 
150.  Water  supply  obtained  from  wells.  Consists  of  a 
frame  station  with  tile  roof,  a  water  tank,  a  store,  a  large 
masonry  house  w4th  tile  roof,  a  large  frame  barn  with  cor- 
rugated-iron roof,  4  small  frame  houses  with  tile  roofs,  and 
several  native  huts.  In  the  vicinity  are  several  tobacco  dry- 
ing houses.  Has  a  post-office,  and  a  telephone  to  Vueltas. 
The  road  to  Vueltas  is  fair.  At  the  west  edge  of  village  is 
a  wooden  railroad  bridge  which  is  25  feet  long  and  15  feet 
high. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  SAN  JUAN  DE  LOS  REMEDIOS    (CAPITAL,  REMEDIOS). 


Town,  village,  or  sltio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


San  Juan  de  los  Remedios. 


Bartolomd.. 
Buenavista., 

Cangrejo 

Carolina 

Toranso. 
Remate 

Zulueta 


Primero,  Ciudad. 
Segundo,  Ciudad. 
Tercero,  Ciudad.. 
Cuarto,  Ciudad.. 

Bartolom^ 

Buenavista 

Cangrejo 

Carolina 


Remate . 
Tetuto. 
Zulueta. 


Urban. 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
Rural.. 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Miles. 


10 

25.5 
1.5 

17 
5.5 
8 


1,570 
2,708 
1,460 
1,250 
497 
5,651 
1,252 
1,400 

1,997 

469 

3,319 


Remedios. — Town.    This  town,  one  of  the  oldest  in  Santa 
Clara  Province,  is  situated  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  prov- 


446  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

ince,  5J  miles  west  and  south  of  the  port  of  Caibarien,  and 
connected  with  it  by  railroad  and  one  good  macadamized 
wagon  road.  It  is  divided  into  four  wards  or  urban  barrios. 
In  the  vicinity  of  the  plaza,  which  is  the  center  of  the  town, 
are  two  churches  and  buildings  occupied  by  the  Cuban 
Club,  Colonia  Espaiiola,  a  Recreo  de  Artisanos  and  Centro 
de  Recreo  (mulatto),  one  municipal  building  (occupied  by 
police  headquarters,  district  and  correctional  courts),  a  hotel, 
cafes,  and  principal  retail  stores.  The  remainder  of  the 
buildings  are  mostly  residences;  small  one-story  structures. 
The  principal  industries  are  the  manufacture  of  cigars,  and 
sale  of  farming  implements  and  household  supplies  to  the 
surrounding  country.  Population,  6,988.  Water  supply  is 
obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns.  No  sewer  system.  Acety- 
lene gas  and  oil  used  for  lighting. 

Barracks:  No.  1.  West  of  town  on  road  to  cemetery. 
Wooden  building,  long  and  narrow,  corrugated  iron  roof; 
used  by  Spanish  troops;  municipal  property;  capacity,  50 
men;  poor  condition.  No.  2.  West  of  town,  near  cemetery. 
Large  one-story  brick  building,  tile  roof;  built  about  a 
court ;  used  as  Spanish  army  hospital ;  government  property ; 
capacity,  200  men;  poor  condition.  No.  3.  West  of  town, 
near  cemetery.  Large  one-story  brick  building,  tile  roof; 
built  about  a  court;  used  as  Spanish  barracks;  government 
property ;  capacity,  300  men ;  poor  condition.  No.  4.  North 
of  plaza — Pedro  Diaz  and  Guera  streets.  Small  one-story 
brick  house;  small  court;  used  as  Spanish  barracks;  govern- 
ment property ;  capacity,  50  men ;  poor  condition.  No.  5.  West 
of  town,  on  road  to  cemetery.  Large  one-story  brick  build- 
ing, tile  roof;  large  court;  used  as  jail;  municipal  property; 
capacity,  200  men;  good  condition.  No.  6.  West  of  plaza, 
Santa  Clara  street.  Two-story  brick  building  with  tile  roof ; 
small  court;  used  as  assembly  rooms  of  band  and  firemen; 
municipal  property;  capacity,  100  men;  in  poor  condition. 
No.  7.  South  of  town,  Antonio  Maceo  street.  Large  one- 
story  brick  building  with  tile  roof;  large  court;  100  men; 
good  condition.  All  buildings,  except  Nos.  1  and  2,  have  wells. 
Water  is  abundant,  but  should  be  boiled  before  drinking. 

There  is  a  large  stable  on  the  east  edge  of  town  on 
Remedios-Caibarien  road.  Shelter  and  water  for  100  animals. 
A  plot  of  ground,  about  8,000  square  yards,  near  stables  men- 


PROVINCE    OF   SANTA   CLABA.  447 

tioned  would  make  a  good  transportation  corral.  The  Pro- 
vincial Hospital,  on  Antonio  Maceo  street,  is  a  large,  one- 
story  brick  building  with  tile  roof  and  large  court;  well 
water  used ;  room  for  125  beds.  For  quartermaster  and  com- 
missary storehouses  the  following  could  be  used :  The  build- 
ing described  as  Xo.  1  under  barracks,  and  the  freight  house 
near  railroad  station ;  wooden  building,  65  by  30  feet.  Rail- 
road station  on  north  edge  of  town.  Post-office  on  General 
Carillo  street.  Telegraph  office  at  No.  2  Leon  Albernes 
street  (near  municipal  building).  Telephone  central  in 
municipal  building  near  plaza.  No  ice  machine.  A  quarter 
of  a  mile  southwest  of  town  is  area  of  land  sufficient  for  the 
camp  of  a  regiment.  Water  supply  can  be  obtained  from 
two  wells  on  land ;  fuel  and  grass  abundant. 

Blockhouses :  No.  1.  East  of  town,  on  Caibarien  road.  New 
wooden  building  with  corrugated  iron  roof  and  lookout ; 
18  feet  square,  12  feet  high,  with  18-inch  wall  of  wood  and 
gravel,  and  one  tier  of  fire.  No.  2.  South  of  town.  Unfin- 
ished; same  plan  as  No.  1;  walls  completed  to  height  of  5 
feet.  No.  3.  In  street.  Built  on  corner  of  building,  Pedro 
Diaz  and  Guevara  streets;  is  new  and  about  circular;  12 
feet  in  diameter;  8  feet  high,  with  2-foot  stone  wall  and  one 
tier  of  fire.  No.  4.  Built  on  southeast  corner  of  jail;  same 
as  No.  3.  No.  5.  South  of  town ;  same  as  No.  2.  Condition 
of  all  very  good. 

Cuban  Central  Railroad:  Station  on  north  edge  of  town. 
Brick  building,  70  feet  long  by  20  feet  wide.  One  frame 
freight  building,  65  by  30  feet.  Unloading  platform.  Rail- 
road siding,  600  yards  long,  in  front  of  railroad  station. 
Roads  out  of  town:  East,  one  to  Caibarien  and  one  to  Rojas. 
West,  one  which  leads  to  Camajuani  and  branches  to  Charco 
Hondo.  North,  one  to  Baracoa  and  one  to  Guayabo.  South, 
one  to  Bartolome,  one  to  Guadalupe,  and  one  to  Viiias. 
Should  place  happen  to  be  defended,  the  north  side  of  town 
should  be  attacked. 

Bartolome. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  3|  miles 
south  of  Remedios  and  consists  of  a  frame  store,  two  frame 
houses,  and  a  thatched  house.  Water  is  obtained  from  river 
near  by  and  is  good  and  abundant. 

Buena  Vista. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  contains  cen- 
tral Adela  and  ingenio  San  Agustin,     The  village  is  sit- 


448  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

uated  about  10  miles  southeast  of  San  Juan  de  los  Remedios. 
Population  about  400.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells 
and  two  springs,  from  which  the  Adela  sugar  plantation  also 
secures  water ;  the  quantity  is  abundant  and  the  quality  very 
good. 

Buildings  suitable  for  barracks:  One-story  frame  build- 
ing with  tile  roof ;  occupied  by  the  Cuban  Club ;  capacity,  50 
men.  One-story  frame  building  with  tile  roof;  owner,  Gon- 
zalez ;  capacity,  50  men.  One-story  brick  building,  tile  roof, 
north  of  village,  occupied  by  rural  guard;  owned  by  Adela 
plantation;  capacity,  50  men.  Water  to  be  obtained  from 
wells  or  spring  mentioned  above. 

Camp  sites:  North  of  rural  guard  barracks  and  across  the 
road-;  good  site;  capacity,  two  companies.  West  of  rural 
guard  barracks  and  across  the  road ;  site  good ;  capacity,  one 
regiment.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and  spring  near  bar- 
racks ;  fuel  abundant ;  grazing  excellent. 

Defenses :  Blockhouse  south  of  village ;  brick  and  stone ;  no 
roof;  20  feet  square,  20  feet  high,  18-inch  wall;  has  two  tiers 
of  fire;  condition  good.  Stone  blockhouse  west  of  village; 
10  feet  square,  10  feet  high,  18-inch  wall ;  no  roof ;  has  one 
tier  of  fire;  condition  bad.  North  and  south  walls  of  rural 
guard  barracks,  north  of  village;  rounded  and  loopholed  for 
one  tier  of  fire ;  2  feet  thick ;  condition  good. 

Cangrejo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  a  small 
place  containing  3  stores  and  20  thatched  houses,  and  is  25^ 
miles  southwest  of  Remedios,  by  road. 

Carolina. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  IJ  miles  west  of 
Remedios  on  Cuban  Central  Railroad  and  consists  of  4 
thatched  houses.  Water  obtained  from  one  well.  There  is 
another  Carolina  about  1^  miles  north  of  the  Carolina  de- 
scribed above.  It  consists  of  a  few  houses  scattered  along 
the  road  running  northwest  from  Remedios  to  Charco 
Hondo.  The  village  of  Toranso  and  central  Rosalia  are  also 
in  Carolina  barrio. 

Toranso. — Village.  Situated  3  miles  west  of  Remedios  on 
the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  and  consists  of  25  or  30  houses. 

Remote. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  8  miles  south 
of  Buena  Vista  and  17  miles  southeast  of  Remedios.  It  con- 
sists of  12  houses  and  a  store.     Population,  150. 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLAEA. 


449 


TeUidn. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southeast  of 
Remedies. 

Zulueta. — Barrio  and  town.  Ingenio  San  Pablo  is  within 
the  barrio.  Town  is  about  8  miles  southwest  of  San  Juan  de 
los  Remedios.     Population,  1,955. 

.  The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells,  there  being  one 
at  nearl}^  every  house;  the  quantity  is  abundant  and  the 
quality  good,  but  it  should  be  boiled  before  using.  Large 
windmill  at  railroad  station  pumps  water  into  a  tank. 
About  1^  miles  southwest  of  town  small  stream  is  crossed  by 
trail.     Plenty  of  water  for  animals. 

Buildings  for  barracks:  Frame  building  with  tile  roof;  in 
south  part  of  towiT;  government  building,  and  used  as  bar- 
racks for  rural  guard;  capacity,  50  men.  Frame  building 
with  tile  roof;  in  west  part  of  town;  Liceo  (Cuban  Club)  ; 
capacity,  50  men.  Frame  building  with  tile  roof;  in  south 
part  of  town ;  capacity,  about  30  men. 

Camp  site:  Southeast  of  and  across  the  road  from  rural 
guard  barracks;  ground  for  one  battalion.  Locality  ap- 
pears healthful;  water  obtained  from  rural  guard  quarters; 
fuel  abundant ;  grazing  excellent. 

The  Cuban  Central,  narrow-gauge  branch,  leaves  the  town 
to  the  northeast  for  Caibarien.  There  are  three  side  tracks 
about  100  yards  long.  Stock  can  be  unloaded  north  of 
station. 

Two  trails  lead  south  from  town;  one  to  San  Manuel  and 
the  other  a  little  to  the  east  of  south  into  the  hilly  country. 
A  horse  trail  leads  northwest. 

North  of  town  is  a  low  ridge  or  hill  about  150  feet  high. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  YAGUAJAY    (CAPITAL,  YAGUAJAY). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Yaguajay... 
Bamburanao 

Ceibabo 

Centeno 

Mayajigua... 
Meneses 


Barrio. 


Yaguajay — 
Bamburanao. 

Ceibabo 

Centeno 

Mayajigua... 
Meneses 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Rural. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 

3.5' 

8 
3 

13.5 
5.5 


Popula- 
tion. 


4,810 
1,769 
1,132 
597 
2,f 
2, 


2,693 
2,706 


492—09- 


-29 


450  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

Yaguajay. — Barrio  and  town.  Centrals  Victoria  and 
Narcisa  are  within  the  barrio.  The  town  is  about  29  miles 
from  Remedies.     Population,  3,110. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells,  from  a  spring 
on  the  south  edge  of  town  and  from  one  about  2  miles  from 
town.  There  is  also  a  creek  running  through  the  town  from 
which  water  is  taken.  All  water  should  be  boiled  before 
using. 

The  following  buildings  would  be  suitable  for  the  shelter 
of  troops :  Municipal  building,  used  as  a  town  hall,  west  side 
of  town  on  plaza ;  100  men.  Municipal  schoolhouse,  west  side 
of  town  on  Panchito  Gomez  street ;  50  men.  Quarters  occu- 
pied by  rural  guard  (private  property),  south  side  of  town 
on  Yara  street ;  50  men  and  18  horses. 

There  is  a  hospital  on  the  west  side  of  town.  It  is  a  frame 
building  and  holds  18  beds. 

On  west  side  of  town  toward  the  hospital  is  a  good  camp 
site  for  a  battalion. 

New  wooden  blockhouses  15  feet  high,  15  feet  square,  walls 
18  inches  of  wood  and  gravel,  and  having  corrugated  iron 
roofs,  are  situated  as  follows:  One  west,  two  south,  one  east, 
and  three  north  of  toAvn.  In  the  southwest  part  of  town  is 
an  old  slave  barracks;  in  very  poor  condition. 

Bamhuranao. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  3|  miles 
southwest  of  Yaguajay  and  about  1^  miles  from  Meneses.  It 
consists  of  a  store  and  7  houses,  and  water  is  obtained  from  a 
small  stream. 

Ceibaho. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  8  miles  northwest 
of  Yaguajay,  on  the  Narcisa  Railroad.  A  branch  of  the 
Santa  Rosa  River  passes  through  the  place  and  the  water 
obtained  therefrom  is  good.  There  are  5  houses ;  one  a  frame 
building  and  the  others  huts.  Barrio  contains  central  Santa 
Catalina  (Betoiio)   (Carbo). 

Centeno. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  3  miles  southeast 
of  Yaguajay  and  consists  of  4  frame  houses  and  5  huts. 

Mayajigua. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  13^  miles 
southeast  of  Yaguajay  and  3  miles  southeast  of  terminus  of 
Narcisa  Railroad.  Population^  500.  The  water  supply  is 
obtained  from  two  rivers  near  by,  the  Aguacate  and  Guata. 
It  is  abundant  and  of  good  quality.  The  village  consists  of 
several  stores  and  a  number  of  houses,  all  of  which  are  frame 


CAL^BAZAR  TOWNSHIP 


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PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


451 


buildings.  Rural  guard  barracks  shelters  50  men.  Two 
companies  could  camp  on  the  plaza  in  front  of  the  church. 
Roads  from  village  to  Jatibonico,  Rosa  Maria,  and  Manacas. 
One  mile  southeast  of  the  village  there  is  a  building  which 
was  used  by  the  Spaniards  as  a  hospital.  It  is  built  over  a 
spring  believed  to  have  medicinal  properties  and  would  hold 
30  beds. 

Meneses. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  5^  miles 
south  of  Yaguajay,  on  a  high  plateau.  Population,  about 
100.  Water  supply  obtained  from  a. large  spring  near  the 
village;  it  is  of  good  quality  and  abundant.  All  buildings 
are  frame  structures.  There  are  4  stores  and  the  rural 
guard  barracks.  Shelter  for  25  men.  Two  companies  could 
camp  in  the  south  part  of  village  near  the  barracks.  Vic- 
toria Railroad  (narrow  gauge)  passes  near  by.  Roads  from 
village  to  Itabo,  Jobosi,  Bamburanao,  and  Manacal. 


JUDICIAL   DISTRICT  OF   SANTA    CLARA. 
Township :  Population. 

Calabazar    16,979 

Esperanza  18, 183 

Ranehuelo 12,537 

Santa   Clara 46,640 

TOWNSHir   OP  CALABAZAR    (CAPITAL,   CALABAZAR). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Calabazar Centro 


Barro Bano 

Encrucijada Encrucijada. 


Mata Mata 

Paso  Real ,  Paso  Real. 

Cuatro  Camlnos. 
,  Buena  Vista. 
El  Santo Santo 


I  Sitio  Grande. 
Viana. I  Viana 


Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

...do 


Urban  and 
rural. 

Rural 

..do 


Miles. 


19 


4,125 


491 
3,317 


2,267 
1,095 


2,386 

833 
2,465 


Calabazar. — Town.  Situated  3  miles  northeast  of  Encru- 
cijada and  IT  miles  slightly  east  of  north  of  Santa  Clara.  It 
is  in  Centro  barrio,  which  also  contains  central  Purio.  It  is 
a  country  town  and  has  no  important  industries.  Population. 
1,496. 


452  PKOVTNCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

Water  is  obtained  from  Calabazar  Creek,  which  runs 
through  the  center  of  the  town.  Supply  is  abundant.  No 
sewer  system.     Lighted  by  lamps ;  no  electricity. 

There  are  a  number  of  buildings  that  would  serve  as  bar- 
racks. Total  capacity,  about  two  battalions.  Their  sanitary 
condition  is  apparently  fair.  Modern  water-closets  are  not 
used.  No  important  stables.  Hotel  Estrella  and  the  Union 
Club  would  serve  as  hospitals  and  would  accommodate  about 
200  men.  Stone  church  would  accomniodate  about  60  or  70 
more.  The  railroad  station,  wagon  shop,  stone  church,  and 
ayuntamiento  would  serve  as  quartermaster  and  commissary 
storehouses.  The  Hotel  Estrella  or  ayuntamiento  building 
would  serve  well  as  a  headquarters'  building.  No  good  camp 
sites  near  by;  wood  and  grazing  are  scarce.  Stone  block- 
house, 15  by  15  by  24  feet,  on  west  side  of  railroad  near  south 
entrance  of  town.  Standard  gauge  branch  of  the  Cuban  Cen- 
tral Eailroad  runs  to  town.  There  is  a  siding  300  yards 
long.  Roads  lead  out  of  town  to  Encrucijada,  southeast; 
Sagua,  northwest;  Mata,  southeast;  and  Santa  Clara,  south- 
west. The.  best  line  of  approach  for  attack  would  be  from 
the  north  and  east. 

Barro. — ^^Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  section  of 
country  about  3  miles  square,  lying  southwest  of  Calabazar. 
Besides  the  village  it  contains  3  stores  and  several  sugar  co- 
lonias. 

The  village  consists  of  a  store,  two  tile  kilns,  a  public 
school,  and  several  houses,  and  is  about  8  miles  northwest  of 
Calabazar.  Water  obtained  from  wells.  There  are  roads 
leaving  the  village  northwest  to  Sitio  Grande,  Esperanza, 
Sagua  la  Grande,  and  Cif uentes ;  southeast  to  Mata ;  north- 
east to  .Calabazar ;  and  north  to  Viana. 

Encrucijada.- — Barrio  and  town.  In  the  barrio  is  situated 
the  central  Constancia.  The  town  is  about  25  miles  northeast 
of  Santa  Clara  and  about  3  miles  southeast  of  Calabazar.  It 
is  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  and  extends 
mainly  northeast  and  southwest.  It  is  a  country  town  of 
several  general  stores,  three  hotels,  and  several  cafes.  There 
are  no  important  industries.  The  town  is  regular.  There  are 
only  a  few  short  improved  roads  and  they  are  in  poor  condi- 
tion. The  others  are  unimproved  dirt  roads,  but  have  been 
worked  somewhat.    There  are  no  important  buildings ;  all  are 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAEA.  453 

low  affairs.  The  church  is  built  of  stone  and  would  accommo- 
date a  company.  The  railroad  station  and  storehouse  are 
built  of  brick. 

Population,  1,801. 

Drinking  water  obtained  from  a  few  wells  situated 
throughout  the  town;  ample  supply  for  purpose;  Americans 
shoul(^  drink  it  only  after  it  has  been  boiled ;  distributed  by 
carts  and  buckets  from  door  to  door.  Water  for  bathing  and 
stock  obtained  from  the  Rio  La  Palma,  a  small  creek  near  by; 
ample  in  quantity.  No  sewer  system.  Lighted  by  street 
lamps. 

Few  buildings  suitable  for  barracks.  No  stables.  There 
is  suitable  open,  ground  for  a  corral  just  southeast  of  town 
and  the  creek  is  near  by.  The  stone  church  and  schoolhouse 
would  serve  as  hospitals.  The  railroad  storehouse,  station, 
and  several  buildings  would  serve  as  commissary  and  quar- 
termaster's storehouses.  Railroad  station  is  at  the  west  end 
of  town.  The  post-office  is  near  the  railroad  station.  Tele- 
graph and  telephone  stations  at  the  railroad  depot. 

No  very  good  camp  sites  near  at  hand.  Between  2  and  3 
miles  southeast,  at  central  Constancia,  there  is  an  excellent 
camp  site  on  the  Tuinucu  River.  Grazing  fair;  wood  not 
plentiful. 

There  are  3  semi-blockhouses  on  the  east  and  southeast  side 
of  town,  a  blockhouse  15  by  15  by  20  feet  on  the  west  side 
near  railroad,  and  a  blockhouse  15  by  15  by  24  feet  on  north 
side. 

The  Cuban  Central  Railroad  is  on  the  west  side  of  town. 
Branch  runs  from  near  depot  through  north  part  of  town  to 
Labrador  and  central  Patricio.  Four  sidings  run  out  from 
depot  along  this  branch.  There  is  an  unloading  platform 
40  by  12  feet  between  these  tracks.  There  is  also  a  platform 
at  the  station. 

Roads  lead  out  of  town  northwest  to  Calabazar,  central 
Purio  and  colonia  La  Palma ;  southwest  to  ingenio  Dos  Her- 
manas;  southeast  to  central  Constancia,  Vega  Alta,  and 
Camajuani.  A  trail,  impassable  for  wagons  or  carts,  runs 
along  the  railroad  to  Mata. 

The  best  line  of  approach  is  from  the  west  and  southwest. 
At  present  there  is  a  standing  trench  along  the  line  of  semi- 
blockhouses  east  of  the  town. 


454  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

Mata. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  also  contains  the 
centrals  Macagua  and  Santa  Lutgarda  (de  Lopez).  The 
village  is  on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad,  about  3  miles 
slightly  south  of  west  of  Calabazar.  It  is  a  small  place  and 
consists  of  a  few  houses  scattered  along  both  sides  of  a  single 
street  or  road;  a  few  stores,  a  schoolhouse,  and  post-office. 
The  usual  rural  industries  are  followed.  Population,  about 
800. 

Water  is  obtained  from  four  wells ;  quality  good ;  quantity 
sufficient  for  village.  The  jDrincipal  buildings  in  village  are : 
The  railroad  station,  north  side  of  track,  capacity  50  men; 
frame  building;  repair  and  sanitary  condition  good.  Stone 
residence  south  of  railroad  near  station;  capacity  100  men; 
repair  and  sanitary  condition  good.  These  buildings  are 
near  each  other. 

It  is  a  poor  camping  place,  lacking  wood,  water,  and  suit- 
able ground.  Siding  on  north  side  of  track,  300  yards  long. 
Water  tank,  south  side  of  track  at  east  end  of  switch.  Sta- 
tion is  between  main  line  and  switch;  has  unloading  plat- 
form. Roads  leave  village  east  to  Camajuani;  south  to 
Santa  Clara;  north  and  west  to  Sagua  la  Grande.  North 
side  of  village  hardest  to  defend. 

Paso  Real. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  bearing  the  name 
consists  of  a  store  at  fork  of  roads.  There  are  also  two 
other  stores  in  this  barrio,  namely,  Cuatro  Caminos  and 
Buena  Vista. 

Santo. — Barrio  and  village.  Central  Patricio  is  in  this 
barrio.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio 
Sagua  la  Chica,  19  miles  by  road  northeast  of  Calabazar; 
about  4  miles  from  the  sea  by  cart  road,  and  about  (>  miles 
by  the  river.  It  is  near  the  north  coast  of  Cuba  between 
the  towns  of  Sagua  la  Grande  and  Caibarien.  It  has  no 
seaport  properly  speaking,  but  a  place  called  Juan  Francisco, 
northeast  of  Santo  and  south  of  the  mouth  of  the  river,  has 
been  used  as  a  landing  place  for  boats  drawing  as  much  as 
9  feet  of  water.  The  river  is  navigable  as  far  as  Santo  for 
boats  drawing  6  feet  of  water,  There  appears  to  be  no  tide 
at  the  village.  The  principal  industry  is  the  manufacture 
of  brick  and  tile.  The  largest  brickyard  is  "Tejar  San 
Felin,"  situated  immediately  across  the  river  from  the  village. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  455 

Population,  about  400. 

Water  is  obtained  from  wells,  rain-water  tanks,  and  the 
river.  Four  windmills  pump  the  supply  from  open  wells. 
In  the  dry  season  the  river  water  is  brackish  and  that  from 
other  sources  scarce.  * 

At  the  Tejar  San  Felin  brickyard  are  two  large  sheds 
capable  of  sheltering  the  men  and  horses  of  a  squadron  of 
cavalry  or  two  battalions  of  infantry  in  case  of  a  very  tem- 
porary occupancy.  These  buildings  and  another,  three  or 
four  hundred  yards  farther  east,  which  is  probably  also 
capable  of  sheltering  a  battalion  or  more,  are  all  substantial 
and  are  covered  with  good  tile  roofs. 

A  detachment  of  the  rural  guard  occupies  a  solid  little 
building  near  the  river  which  is  convenient  to  both  ends  of 
the  village.  Near  it  is  a  small  stone  church  about  25  by  100 
feet  which  is  the  only  other  solidly  constructed  building. 

The  rural  guard  quarters  has  stalls  for  a  dozen  horses, 
also  a  small  corral. 

About  300  yards  east  of  the  brickyard  sheds,  and  on  the 
same  side  of  the  river  (right),  is  an  airy,  two-story  frame 
house,  with  a  veranda  around  the  upper  story,  which  could 
be  converted  into  a  hospital  with  a  capacity  for  12  or  15  beds. 

Another  two-story  frame  building  at  the  west  entrance 
to  the  village,  and  used  as  a  cafe  and  hotel,  would  make  a 
good  headquarters  or  quartermaster's  office. 

There  is  no  telegraph  or  telephone  communication. 

The  principal  means  of  transportation  in  use,  other  than 
small  boats,  are  bull  carts  and  pack  ponies.  There  should 
be  available  at  all  times  as  many  as  50  bull  carts. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  river  between  the  village  and  the 
woods  one-half  mile  south  of  it  are  camp  sites  sufficient  for 
a  brigade  of  cavalry;  wood,  water,  and  grass  (under  fence) 
right  at  hand.  There  are  also  numerous  camp  sites  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river  (left  bank),  the  side  along  which  the 
main  road  to  the  village  leads,  but  they  are  not  so  con- 
veniently situated  with  reference  to  wood  and  water  as  are 
the  ones  in  the  fields  on  the  south  side. 

The  village  has  no  means  of  defense  against  a  serious 
attack.     A  small  besieged  garrison  could  in  such  a  case  take 


456  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

temporary  refuge  in  the  brickyard  to  the  south  of  the  village 
and  hold  out  for  a  considerable  time.  There  are  two  small 
blockhouses  at  the  west  and  east  ends  of  the  place  covering 
the  open  fields  to  the  south  only.  There  is  another  block- 
house near  the  outer  edge  of  the  scattered  shacks  at  the 
southwest  end  of  the  village;  surrounded  by  open  fields. 

A  narrow-gauge  railroad,  the  eastern  end  of  which  is 
about  one-half  mile  north  of  the  village,  runs  to  Encruci- 
jada,  about  18  miles  distant,  via  central  Patricio.  It  also 
runs  to  Ceiba  wharf  on  the  sea.  This  line  is  the  property 
of  the  central  Patricio,  situated  about  6  miles  west  of  Santo 
and  is  used  exclusively  as  a  sugar-cane  road.  The  gauge 
of  the  road  is  30  inches  and  the  cars  used  are  large  enough 
to  transport  horses  and  mules,  and  are  fairlj^  well  suited 
for  the  purpose  though  they  have  no.  covers.  Ceiba  wharf 
is  100  feet  long  with  11|  feet  of  water. 

At  the  Tejar  San  Felin  brickyard  is  a  narrow-gauge  tram- 
way, 30-inch  gauge,  with  16  flat  cars  having  platforms  about 
6  by  10  feet,  suitable  for  handling  the  baggage  of  companies. 
One  branch  of  this  track  extends  to  the  water's  edge;  con- 
venient for  loading  and  unloading  from  boats. 

A  cart  road  which  is,  good  in  dry  season  leads  southwest 
from  the  village,  following  a  general  course  along  the  west 
(left)  bank  of  the  Rio  Sagua  la  Chica,  and  connecting  with 
the  following  points  on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad :  Vega 
Alta,  15^  miles;  central  Constancia,  16  miles,  and  Encruci- 
jada,  16^  miles. 

Due  south  of  the  village,  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from 
the  brickyard  already  described,  is  a  ford  with  water  3|  feet 
deep.  The  river  bottom  is  fairly  firm ;  approaches  are  good, 
and  the  current  is  about  2  miles  an  hour  when  the  rivei- 
is  low. 

The  village  could  most  easily  be  attacked  from  the  north- 
east from  the  general  direction  of  the  shacks  of  Santo  and 
La  Chica,  or  from  the  pasture  on  the  west  and  northwest.  If 
entirely  by  surprise,  a  short  dash  from  the  woods  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river,  one-fourth  mile  from  the  brickyard, 
would  be  the  quickest  way  to  get  possession  of  the  village,  as 
it  is  commanded  by  the  brickyard. 


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PBOVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 


457 


Sitio  Grande. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  west  of  Calaba- 
zar.     Central  Unidad  is  situated  in  this  barrio. 

Viana. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  10  miles  north- 
west of  Calabazar  on  the  road  to  Sagua  la  Grande,  and  on 
the  Resulta  narrow-gauge  railroad.  It  consists  of  about  25 
houses,  mostly  frame  with  tile  roofs.  On  outskirts  of  vil- 
lage are  a  few  small  palm  huts.  Population  about  200. 
Water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  from  numerous  small 
creeks.  Has  a  church  partly  in  ruins  and  a  brick  block- 
house in  bad  condition.  Post-office  and  telephone  connec- 
tion with  Resulta  and  Sagua  la  Grande. 


TOWNSHIP 

OF  ESPERANZA    (CAPITAL,    ESPERANZA). 

Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

P'.spsraT'ft 

Esperanza 

Miles.    1 
Urban....  !                 |         2  754 

Asiento  Viejo 

Rural 5  A    1         I'sifii 

San  Diego  del  Valle 

Centro 

...do 

6.3 

1,872 
1,053 
1,410 

Hatillo 

Hatillo 

do.... 

9.5 

3.75 
12 
10 

6 

3.75 

3 

a5 

12.5 
11 

Jabonillar 

...do 

Maguaraya  Abajo 

Maguaraya  Abajo 

Maguaraya  Arriba 

...do 

do..  . 

797 

707 

Nuevas..... 

do 

1,855 
1,382 

Purial 

.do.... 

San  Jos^ 

.do 

1,454 

San  Vicente 

San  Vin«T>te 

do 

1,814 
563 

Sitio  Nuevo .•    Sitio  Niievo ~ 

..do 

Yabil 

Yabii 

...do 

661 

Esperanza. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  about  9  miles 
northeast  of  Ranchuelo.  It  is  small,  but  has  many  good 
houses  and  several  large  stores. 

Principal  industry:  Cane  and  tobacco  raising.  Popula- 
tion, 2,754.  Water  supply  obtained  from  wells.  No  sewer 
system  and  no  modern  lighting  system. 

Small  rural  guard  barracks  could  accommodate  about  25 
men;  has  small  inclosure  for  about  25  horses  and  shed  for 
12  horses;  situated  on  calle  de  las  Carreras,  between  calle 
Angel  and  calle  Santa  Margarita.  Water  obtained  from 
large  well. 

No  transportation  corral,  but  a  suitable  part  of  open  lot 
opposite  rural  guard  barracks  on  calle  Angel,  between  calle 
Real  and  calle  de  las  Carreras,  will  give  room  for  picket  line 
of  one  troop  or  8  wagons  and  teams. 


458  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLAEA. 

Freight  house  at  railroad  would  accommodate  25  men,  or 
could  be  used  as  commissary  and  quartermaster  storehouse. 
There  is  also  a  stone  sugar  warehouse  situated  about  500 
yards  north  of  railroad.  Both  houses  cover  about  1,200 
square  feet. 

Mayor's  office  in  building  on  southwest  corner  of  plaza, 
corner  of  calle  Angel  and  calle  Eeal.  On  the  ground  floor 
is  the  telegraph  station  and  on  the  upper  floor  is  the  post- 
office. 

No  hospital  in  town,  but  there  are  many  large  residences 
which  would  be  suitable.  One  new  brick  building,  corner 
calle  Angel  and  calle  Ramirez,  would  accommodate  about 
30  beds. 

A  small  blockhouse,  one  story,  brick,  at  northwest  corner 
of  town.  Roads  out  of  town :  North  to  Jicotea ;  east  to  Santa 
Clara;  south  to  Ranchuelo;  and  west  to  San  Vicente.  The 
west  side  of  town  would  be  the  easiest  to  attack. 

Asiento  Viejo. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country.  No 
settlement  or  point  bearing  the  name. 

Centro. — Barrio.  A  section  of  country  the  center  of  which 
is  about  6  miles  north  of  Esperanza.  Tobacco  and  cattle 
raising  are  the  principal  industries.  Country  rolling  and 
open,  with  light  underbrush.  Contains  the  village  of  San 
Diego  del  Valle.  River  Yabii  crosses  barrio  from  southeast 
to  northwest.  It  is  a  small  stream  with  steep  banks  in  many 
places;  is  from  8  to  12  feet  wide,  and  probably  fordable  at 
all  seasons. 

San  Diego  del  Valle. — Village.  Village  is  situated  7| 
miles  north  of  Esperanza.  Chief  industries  are  cattle  and 
tobacco.  Population,  about  300.  Water  supply  obtained 
from  wells  and  from  Yabii  River,  which  borders  north  edge 
of  village.     River  supply  poor ;  wells  good ;  water  plentiful. 

No  large  building  in  village.  Small  frame  church,  dwell- 
ings, and  stores  could  be  used  for  barracks  and  hospitals; 
would  accommodate  temporarily  500  men.  No  stables  and  no 
corrals. 

No  railroad  to  the  village,;  nearest  railroad  station  is 
Jicotea,  5  miles  southwest.  Post-office  and  telephone  from 
Jicotea  in  small  store  in  center  of  village. 

Good  camp  site  for  regiment  2  miles  southeast  of  village. 
Good  grazing;  water  fairly  good;  little  wood.     Roads  lead 


PROVINCE    OF    SANTA    CLABA.  459 

to  Sitio  Nuevo,  Cifuentes,  Hatillo  and  Santa  Clara,  Jicotea, 
Santo  Domingo,  and  Esperanza.  North  side  of  village  most 
difficult  to  defend. 

Hatillo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  frame 
dwelling,  a  thatched  shed,  and  a  few  thatched  huts,  and  is 
situated  9^  miles  by  road  northeast  of  Esperanza.  At  this 
point  a  road  runs  northwest  to  Sitio  Nuevo,  one  northeast 
to  Mata,  and  one  southeast  to  Santa  Clara. 

Jabonillar. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  countr}'.  No  set- 
tlement or  point  bearing  the  name. 

Maguaraya  Aha  jo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a 
large  section  of  country  northeast  of  Esperanza.  The  sitio 
is  16^  miles  by  road  (12  miles  in  direct  line)  from  Espe- 
ranza.    It  consists  of  a  store  and  two  or  three  houses. 

Maguaraya  Arriba. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country. 
No  settlement  or  point  bearing  the  name. 

Nuevas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  lying  southwest  of 
Esperanza. 

Purial. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country.  No  settle- 
ment or  point  bearing  the  name. 

San  Jose. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country.  No  set- 
tlement or  point  bearing  the  name. 

San  Vicente. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  8  miles 
northwest  of  Esperanza,  on  road  to  Santo  Domingo,  and 
consists  of  three  thatched  huts.  Spaniards  had  a  small  gar- 
rison at  this  place. 

Sitio  Nuevo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  a  section  of 
country  lying  north  of  Esperanza.  The  sitio  is  at  a  cross- 
roads 13  miles  from  Esperanza  on  road  to  Cifuentes.  It 
consists  of  several  scattered  houses,  one  of  which  is  built  of 
brick  with  tile  roof.  Near  the  brick  house  is  a  well  with 
good  water.  Roads  to  Santa  Clara,  Cifuentes,  San  Diego, 
Yabu,  and  Rodrigo. 

Yahu. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  section  of  coun- 
try northwest  of  Esperanza.  The  sitio  is  situated  at  a 
crossroads  12  miles  from  Esperanza.  and  consists  of  a  frame 
house  with  tile  roof  and  a  few  scattered  huts.  There  is  a 
store  in  the  frame  house.  Roads  lead  to  Santo  Domingo, 
Cifuentes,  Rodrigo,  and  San  Diego. 


460  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  RANCHUELO    (CAPITAL,  RANCHUELO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


I 

Rural  or    I  ^i?*!?^« 
urban.  "°™, 

capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Ranchuelo 

Bemia 

San  Juan  de  los  Yeras 

Guayo 

Potrerillo 


Primero 

Segundo 

Aguas  Bonitas. .. 

Bemia 

Centro 

Guayo 

Potrerillo 

Pozade  la  China. 
Sitio  Viejo 


Urban . . 
..do.... 
Rural . . 
..do.... 
..do.... 
..do.... 
..do.... 
..do.... 
..do.... 


Miles. 


Ill 
8i 


9 

n 


1,492 
1,367 
1,006 
1,148 
2,514 
1,265 
1,113 
1,265 
1,367 


Ranchueloi—Tovfn.  Situated  in  the  central  part  of  the 
province  of  Santa  Clara,  about  25  miles  northeast  by  east  of 
Cienfuegos  and  about  13  miles  southwest  by  west  of  Santa 
Clara,  on  the  Cuban  Central  Railroad  from  Cienfuegos  to 
Santa  Clara.  Small  town  in  level  country.  Streets  in  poor 
condition.  It  is  divided  into  two  barrios,  Primero  and  Se- 
gundo. Principal  industries  are  sugar-cane  raising  and 
grinding,  tobacco  growing,  cattle  raising,  and  a  little  farm- 
ing.    Very  healthful.     Has  a  population  of  2,859. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  wells  at  each  house  and  two 
public  wells.  Abundant  and  of  good  quality,  but  hard,  con- 
taining a  great  quantity  of  magnesia. 

No  sewer  system.  One  open  ditch  enters  town  at  south- 
west corner  and  leaves  on  east  side. 

One  small  building,  rural  guard  quarters,  would  hold  about 
40  men.  A  large  warehouse  on  calle  San  Juan,  at  present 
(1907)  occupied  by  United  States  troops,  would  accommodate 
2  troops.  A  warehouse  south  of  railroad  on  calle  Solis,  at 
present  used  for  stable  for  1  troop,  would  accommodate  1 
troop.  There  are  also  3  schoolhouses,  which  would  shelter 
about  40  men  each,  and  the  alcaldia,  with  room  for  about 
()0  men.     All,  except  stable,  in  good  repair. 

Electric-light  plant  (one  small  dynamo)  situated  opposite 
to  and  south  of  railroad  station. 

No  transportation  corral,  but  a  piece  of  ground  behind 
stables,  between  calles  Solis,  Pedro,  and  San  Valentin,  could 
be  used  for  quartermaster  transportation.  Space  at  corral 
for  about  24  army  wagons  and  teams.     Good  well  on  grounds 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA.  461 

and  river  at  central  Santa  Rosa,  distant  about  three-fourths 
of  a  mile. 

No  hospital,  but  one  screened  room  in  alcaldia  for  yellow- 
fever  suspects.  The  schoolhouses  could  be  used  as  hospitals, 
and  each  one  would  hold  about  30  beds.  The  United  States 
Army  hospital  is  situated  (February,  1907)  on  calle  San 
Valentin  in  private  house  rented  for  the  purpose;  capacity, 
about  12  beds. 

The  buildings  used  as  quarters  and  stables,  and  another 
large  storehouse  south  of  railroad,  would  make  good  quarter- 
master or  commissary  storehouses.  Railroad  track  runs  close 
to  buildings.  Station  of  Cuban  Central  Railroad  opposite 
calle  Santa  Rosa.  At  the  railroad  station  is  a  platform  to 
unload  stock  or  supplies,  about  15  by  30  feet.  There  is  also 
a  coal  platform,  20  by  60  feet;  platform  level  with  floor  of 
cars. 

Telegraph  and  telephone  offices  in  railroad  station.  Tele- 
phone line  to  stations  along  railroad  line,  to  Palmira,  San 
Juan,  and  central  Santa  Rosa.  Lines  owned  by  railroad 
company. 

No  ice  machine  in  town,  but  ice  is  shipped  in  daily  from 
Cienfuegos. 

Good  camp  sites  northwest  of  the  town;  good  grass  and 
water,  but  very  little  wood.     Room  for  two  brigades  or  more. 

No  defenses,  but  cemetery  one-half  mile  west  of  town  and 
railroad  embankments,  cuts,  and  sunken  roads  on  the  west 
side  would  be  very  good  defensive  places. 

Opposite  railroad  depot  at  electric-light  plant,  the  bank  is 
level  with  floor  of  cars  and  with  short  loading  ramps  about 
6  feet  long,  six  cars  at  a  time  co'uld  be  loaded.  Freight  house 
could  be  used  as  commissary  or  quartermaster  storehouse  for 
small  command.  Roads  out  of  town  north  and  northwest  to 
Esperanza  and  Santa  Clara ;  east  to  Santa  Clara ;  south  to 
San  Juan ;  west  to  Cruces  and  Ciego  Montero. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  north  or  south. 

Aguas  Bonitas. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country.  No 
settlement  or  point  bearing  the  name. 

Bemia. — Barrio  and  village.  Central  Pastora  is  in  the 
barrio.     The  village  is  about  5  miles  east  of  San  Juan  and 


462  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLAKA. 

8|  miles  by  road  southeast  of  Ranchuelo.  It  consists  of 
about  25  thatched  houses  and  one  building  which  serves  as  a 
dwelling  house,  store,  and  dance  hall.  Ruins  of  an  old  Span- 
ish blockhouse,  200  yards  to  the  east.  Water  supply  ob- 
tained from  wells  and  Sagua  River  about  600  yards  to  the 
north.  Good  camp  site  south  of  crossroads  for  one  regi- 
ment. Roads  lead  north  to  Santa  Clara,  east  to  finca  La- 
torre,  and  south  and  west  to  Pastora. 

Centro. — Barrio.  Rural  district  lying  southeast  of  Ran- 
chuelo and  surrounding  the  town  of  San  Juan  de  los  Yeras. 

San  Juan  de  los  Yeras. — Town.  Situated  5  miles  south- 
east of  Ranchuelo.  It  is  subdivided  into  two  urban  barrios, 
viz,  Primero  and  Segundo.  The  surrounding  country  is  roll- 
ing, having  some  low  hills.  Principal  industries  are  sugar, 
tobacco,  and  cattle  raising.     Population,  1,601. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells,  springs,  and  cis- 
terns of  rain  water.     It  is  ample  and  good. 

In  the  town  about  120  houses  have  thatched  roofs  and 
about  100  tile  roofs.  There  are  8  houses  of  solid  construc- 
tion. The  church  is  on  calle  San  Lorenzo  on  the  north  side 
of  town.  The  old  Spanish  barracks,  situated  on  calle  San 
Juan  Bautista,  on  the  south  side  of  town,  would  shelter  100 
men.  It  is  a  stone  building  with  tile  roof,  and  is  now  used 
as  a  school.  The  railroad  station  is  on  the  north  side  of 
town,  lelegraph  station  at  railroad  station.  There  are 
telephones  at  the  depot,  office  of  mayor,  and  rural  guard 
quarters,  connecting  with  Ranchuelo.  No  hospital.  A  few 
troops  could  be  camped  near  the  town,  but  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  get  enough  water  for  many  animals.  There  are  two 
old  stone  blockhouses,  one  near  the  depot  and  the  other  on 
the  west  side  of  town.  About  1^  miles  northwest  of  town 
there  is  a  ridge  commanding  the  road  for  about  half  a  mile. 

Guayo. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  about  3  miles 
southwest  of  Ranchuelo.  Principal  industries  raising  of 
sugar  cane,  tobacco  and  cattle.  Population,  about  200. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  wells;  good  and  plentiful. 
Place  contains  a  store,  a  schoolhouse  and  about  13  houses.  By 
using  all  buildings  about  100  men  could  be  sheltered.  No 
telegraph,  no  telephone,  and  no  post-office.  There  is  an  old 
blockhouse,  practically  worthless,  near  the  edge  of  the  village. 


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PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


463 


Potrerillo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  9  miles 
south  of  Ranchuelo.  It  contains  no  public  buildings  of  any 
kind.  There  are  6  small  stores  with  dwellings  attached;  all 
brick  except  one,  which  is  of  wood  and  used  for  store,  dwell- 
ing, and  tobacco  shed.  It  is  large  enough  to  shelter  100  men. 
This  is  the  only  building  in  the  village  that  would  be  useful 
for  troops.  The  village  was  burned  during  insurrection. 
Walls  of  a  number  of  brick  buildings  still  remain.  There  is 
a  brickkiln  on  the  opposite  site  of  the  Caunao  River.  Pop- 
ulation, about  125.  Water  supply  obtained  from  river.  Sur- 
rounding country  mostly  pasture  land;  small  crops  of  to- 
bacco, beans,  and  sweet  potatoes. 

Poza  de  la  China. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country. 
No  settlement  or  point  bearing  the  name.  Contains  central 
Santa  Maria. 

Sitio  Viejo. — Barrio.  A  large  section  of  country.  No  set- 
tlement or  point  bearing  the  name.  Contains  central  Santa 
Rosa. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  SANTA  CLARA  (CAPITAL,  SANTA  CLARA). 


Town ,  village ,  or  sitio. 


Santa  Clara.. 

Baez 

Egidos 

Hoyo 

La  Cruz 

Manajanabo 

Manicaragiia 

Provincial 

Quemado  HUario 

San  Gil...: 

Selbabo 


Barrio. 


Carmen 

Condado 

Parr6qula 

Pastora 

Puente 

BAez 

Egidos 

Hoyo 

La  Cruz 

Manajanabo 

Manicaragua 

Provincial 

Quemado  Hilario . 

San  Gil 

Selbabo 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 

..do... 

..do... 

..do... 

..do... 

Rural . 

..do.. 

..do... 
...do... 

..do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do.. 
...do.. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


Popula- 
tion. 


24 

3 
20 

6i 
lOJ 
20 
15 

8 
10 

7J 


3,447 
2,067 
3,884 
4,415 
2,889 
2,644 
2,983 
2,962 
2,244 
2,604 
4,841 
2,381 
1,351 
4,871 
3,037 


Santa  Clara. — Town.  The  town  is  situated  in  longitude 
79°  57'  west,  and  latitude  22°  24'  north,  approximately  in 
the  center  of  the  province  of  Santa  Clara,  of  which  it  is  the 
capital.  It  is  on  high  ground  about  30  miles  from  the  north 
coast  and  45  miles  from  the  south  coast.  The  town  is  di- 
vided into  five  wards  or  urban  barrios.  Spanish  troops  were 
sent  to  the  town  to  become  acclimated  and  to  recuperate. 


464  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

It  is  an  old  town,  having  been  founded  in  1689. 

The  principal  industry  is  the  shipping  and  the  storing  of 
tobacco.  The  tobacco  is  raised  in  the  vicinity  and  in  the 
Manicaragua  valley,  25  miles  south,  the  product  of  which 
ranks  in  quality  next  to  that  of  the  Vuelta  Abajo.  In  the 
work  of  sorting  tobacco  there  are  employed  in  the  various 
places,  at  different  times  of  the  year,  probably  as  many  as 
5,000  persons ;  men,  women,  and  children.  Some  sugar  cane 
is  raised  in  the  vicinity.  The  open,  near-by  savanna  sup- 
ports many  herds  of  cattle.  There  is  some  wholesale  business 
done.  Many  owners  of  property  reside  here.  The  provin- 
cial institute  is  in  the  city.  Being  the  provincial  capital, 
there  are  resident  a  large  number  of  lawyers,  officeholders, 
and  politicians.  The  majority  of  the  people  are  (or  could 
be)  in  comfortable  circumstances;  few  are  rich. 

The  city  is  of  irregular  shape.  The  principal  part  is  con- 
fined to  the  space  partly  inclosed  by  two  small  streams,  the 
Arroyos  Cubanicay  and  Belico  on,  respectively,  the  east  and 
west  sides  of  the  city  and  uniting  at  its  northern  limit.  This 
space  is  approximately  1,000  yards  east  and  west  and  2,200 
yards  in  a  north  and  south  direction.  This  part  of  the  city 
is  compact,  the  houses  being  built  with  common  walls  and 
flush  with  the  sidewalk,  and  inclosing  a  restricted  court 
yard.  The  houses  are  of  mortar-covered  brick  with  the  usual 
tile  roofing.  They  are  cool  and  comfortable,  though  inclined 
to  be  damp.  They  are  mostly  of  one  story,  there  being  but 
few  two-story  houses.  Condado  is  a  barrio  lying  west  of 
Arroyo  Belico  and  is  not  so  compactly  built. 

Among  the  hotels  the  Hotel  Santa  Clara  is  first  class,  and 
El  Telegrafo  and  others  are  not  so  good.  Grocery  and  pro- 
vision stores  are  plentiful,  and  there  are  a  few  wholesale 
ones.  The  city  meat  is  killed  in  the  rastro  or  official  abattoir. 
There  is  the  usual  market  place.  There  are  several  hardware 
stores  and  a  few  machine  shops,  where  only  minor  repairs 
can  be  made.  There  are  quite  a  number  of  leather,  .saddlery, 
and  harness  shops. 

The  town  has  four  Catholic  churches.  Only  one  of  these 
structures  is  in  good  repair.  The  Methodist  Church  has  an 
active  mission. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  465 

The  shops  are  owned  and  business  conducted  almost  en- 
tirely bt  Spaniards. 

Among  the  clubs  are,  El  Liceo,  the  largest,  and  having  as 
members  all  the  principal  Cubans;  El  Centro  de  la  Colonia 
Espafiola,  whose  members  are  the  best  Spanish  element;  El 
Circulo  Liberal  and  El  Circulo  Nacional  Liberal,  represent, 
respectively,  the  two  political  parties  whose  names  they  bear. 
There  are  also  two  negro  clubs,  one  of  mulattoes  and  one 
whose  members  are  of  darker  hue ;  these  two  clubs  are  distinct 
and  nonafRliating.  All  of  these  clubs  have  an  important 
place  in  the  social  and  economic  features  of  the  city. 

The  population  of  the  city  of  Santa  Clara  is  16,702. 

Water  supply :  Drinking  water  is  taken  from  springs,  some 
of  which  are  from  one-eighth  to  one-fourth  of  a  mile  south 
of  the  south  end  of  the  city,  and  others  which  are  about 
200  yards  west  of  Arroyo  Belico  and  about  due  west  from  the 
Audiencia.  Some  families  drink  well,  cistern,  and  creek  wa- 
ter. Arroyos  Cubanicay  and  Belico  on  the  east  and  west  side 
of  the  city,  respectively,  furnish  water  for  a  variety  of  pur- 
poses. These  streams  are  perennial  and,  while  almost  disap- 
pearing in  the  dry  season,  overflow  their  banks  in  the  wet  sea- 
son and  in  freshets.  Their  origin  is  in  hills  from  2  to  3  miles 
south  of  Santa  Clara.  The  Rio  Sagua  is  6  or  8  miles  south 
and  west  and  Rio  Ochoa  is  about  6  miles  east.  Both  are  good 
sized  streams  and  are  subject  to  freshets.  Nearly  every  house 
has  a  well  or  cistern,  and  these  are  very  foul  from  centuries  of 
cesspool  filtrations.  Spring  drinking  water  is  sufficient  in 
all  seasons,  though  falling  off  considerably  in  the  drj'^  season. 
The  arroyos  mentioned  are  ample  for  stock  in  wet  and  all  of 
the  dry  season,  except  a  few  months  at  the  end  of  the  latter. 
Ochoa  and  Sagua  are  large  streams. 

Most  people  drink  spring  water  without  boiling  it  and  no 
bad  results  seem  to  take  place.  The  surgeons  recommend  that 
it  be  boiled.  Water  from  streams  is  safe  after  boiling.  Well 
and  cistern  water  is  unfit  for  use. 

Distribution;  Drinking  water  is  distributed  by  carts  from 
door  to  door.  The  city  has  no  installed  water  system.  Water 
for  such  would  have  to  be  brought  from  a  distance.    Borings 

492—09 30 


466  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA  CLAEA. 

have  been  made  for  artesian  wells  without  success.  The  most 
favored  project  is  to  pipe  water  from  Rio  Ochoa,  a  distance 
of  6  miles. 

There  is  no  sewer  system.  Garbage  in  receptacles  is  placed 
in  the  streets  at  night  and  carried  off  before  morning.  Ex- 
creta is  deposited  in  cesspools,  which  are  cleaned  at  irregular 
intervals. 

The  city  is  lighted  partly  by  gas.  Coal  is  imported  from 
the  United  States.  The  gas  plant  is  between  San  Miguel, 
San  Agustin,  and  Jesus  Nazareno  streets,  and  Arroyo  Belico. 

The  electric-light  plant  has  not  been  used  for  ten  years 
and  is  now  being  dismantled.  It  is  understood  that  the 
present  owner  of  the  gas  and  electric  plants  has  sold  out  to 
an  American  company  (1907). 

Barracks:  Lepanto  Barracks,  used  as  rural  guard  bar- 
racks, situated  in  southeastern  portion  of  the  city.  Build- 
ing is  concrete  structure  and  has  a  tile  roof.  There  is  a 
well  of  limited  capacity  in  the  patio,  but  outside  wells  are 
relied  upon  for  the  water  supply.  Capacity,  about  160  men. 
Building  has  been  renovated  and  is  in  good  serviceable  con- 
dition ;  ventilation  is  good ;  it  is  on  a  small  elevation,  ground 
sloping  in  all  directions.  A  portion  of  it  is  two-story  and 
all  space  on  the  second  floor  is  suitable  for  living  rooms. 

There  is  a  barracks,  known  as  "  El  Carmen,"  situated  in 
the  northwestern  section  of  the  city,  on  the  corner  of  San 
Pablo  and  Maximo  Gomez  streets.  Building  is  one-story, 
constructed  of  concrete  and  has  a  tile  roof.  It  is  rectangu- 
lar in  shape  and  has  a  capacity  for  70  men.  Contains  two 
bathrooms,  a  kitchen,  five  small  storerooms,  an  orderly  room, 
three  squad  and  one  noncommissioned  officers'  rooms.  The 
hallway  could  be  used  for  sleeping  space  if  necessary.  There 
is  a  small  well  in  the  patio,  but  the  main  source  of  water 
supply  is  from  the  Chamber!  wells,  on  the  other  edge  of 
the  city.  There  is  an  open  space  in  front  that  can  be  used 
as  a  parade  for  dismounted  formations. 

In  addition  to  these,  the  following  is  a  list  of  buildings 
that  are  suitable  for  barracks^  stables,  hospitals,  etc.  The 
list  does  not  include  buildings  used  as  provincial  and  city 
offices : 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


467 


Location. 

Present  occupancy. 

Capacity 
(men). 

Remarks. 

1 

Independencia  street  68 

Alemdn   street    35-37   (comer 

Marta  Abreu). 
('uba  street  23,  between  San 

Miguel  and  Candelaria. 

Cuba  street  33;  between   San 
Miguel  and  Jesiis  Nazareno. 

Northwest  corner  San  Jos6  and 
San  Crist6bal. 

Northeast    corner    Cuba   and 
San  Crist6bal. 

Parque  12 

Warehouse  . 

100 
50 

100 

25 

50 

25 

50 
150 

100 

Or  100  horses 

2 
3 

4 

Private  dwellings 

Tobacco  warehouse  . . 

do 

Formerly  Spanish 
civil  guard  bar- 
racks. 

5 

Private  dwelling 

do 

Suitable  for  hos- 
pital. 
Do. 

7 

Hotel  Santa  Catalina. 
Convent,    course    of 
construction. 

Hotel  El  Tel6grafo  ... 

Carpenter  shop 

H 

9 
10 

Southwest  comer  Independen- 
cia and  Antonio  Mac6o. 
Southeast   corner    San    Pablo 

and  Antonio  Mac6o. 
Southwest  corner  San   Mateo 

and  Antonio  Ma  c^o. 
Antonio    Macto   16,    between 

San  Mat^o  and  San  Vicente. 
Antonio    Mac6o   24,    between 

San  Mat6o  and  San  Vicente. 
Northeast  corner  Luis  Est^vez 

and  Santa  Rosa. 
Northwest  comer  San  Jos^  and 

Marta  Abreu. 
Marta  Abreu  7,  between  San 

Jose  and  Gral.  B.  Zayas.  , 

Parque,  east  side  of  Plaza 

Building  24,  Luis  Est6vez  (near 

station). 
La  Uni6n  street,  northwest  of 

railroad  tracks. 
Southwest  corner  MAximo  G6- 

mez  and  Callej6n  streets. 
Building  19,  south  end  San  Jose 

street. 

San  Jose,  in  rear  of  theater 

North  side  Candelaria,  between 
Col6n  and  Antonio  Maceo. 

completion, 
1908. 

11 
1? 

Tobacco  warehou.se  . . 
do 

75 

40 

25 

100 

100 

25 

100 
125 

13 
14 
15 
16 
17 

United    States    mili- 
tary hospital. 
Hotel  Santa  Clara 

3-story  warehouse  and 

dwelling. 
CIrculo  Liberal 

Licfe  (club) .- 

Hospital. 

18 
19 

United    States    bar- 
racks. 

United  States  cavalry 
stables. 

Private  residence 

180  horses. 

90 

Hospital,  25  beds. 

Formerly  Spanish 
infantry  b  a  r  - 
racks;  occupied 
by  United  States 
troops  in  first 
intervention. 

21 

22 
23 

Audiencia    (court- 
house). 

Charity  school 

Private  dwelling 

300 

40 
60 

In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  stables  there  are  some 
small  fenced  plots  just  south  of  the  railroad  and  west  of 
Arroyo  Belico ;  water  can  be  obtained  from  the  latter.  There 
are  also  some  small  fenced  corrals  just  south  of  San  Juan  de 
Dios  Hospital,  on  prolongation  of  Cuba  and  San  Jose  streets, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Lepanto  Barracks.  Similarly  on  all  sides 
of  the  outskirts  of  town  are  small  fenced  plots  that  could 
be  used. 

See  buildings  5,  6,  13,  and  20,  mentioned  above,  for  build- 
ings that  would  be  suitable  for  hospitals.  State  of  repair 
and  sanitary  condition  good.  Water  supply  as  for  city  at 
large. 


468  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

In  addition  there  is  the  San  Juan  de  Dios  Civil  Hospital, 
with  a  capacity  of  100  beds.  Repair  and  sanitary  condi- 
tion good.  Water  supply  as  for  city.  The  springs  are  dis- 
tant about  300  yards. 

La  Purisima  Concepcion  Hospital  is  a  private  hospital; 
capacity,  25  beds;  repair  and  sanitary  condition  good. 

The  present  United  States  Military  Hospital  is  at  24 
Antonio  Maceo  street  (1907).  Accommodations  small;  not 
over  15  beds,  but  conditions  of  repair  and  sanitation  good. 

A  leper  hospital  is  situated  near  the  cemetery,  on  Inde- 
pendencia  street,  about  one-half  mile  west  of  Arroyo  Belico. 
Present  inmates  about  40  in  number. 

The  buildings  described  above  under  barracks  as  being 
warehouses  are  suitable  for  quartermaster  and  commissary 
storehouses.  In  addition  thereto,  some  of  the  buildings  at 
present  used  as  stores  could  be  utilized  as  such.  Among 
these  are: 

Northeast  corner  Parque  and  General  Gerardo  Machado. 

Southeast  corner  Independencia  and  Callejon  de  Viz- 
cainos (Placido). 

Northeast  corner  Colon  and  De  la  Gloria. 

Southwest  corner  of  Colon  and  San  Cristobal. 

Each  building  is  large  enough  for  a  supply  of  commis- 
saries for  a  regiment.  Their  state  of  repair  is  good,  but 
there  are  no  tramways  or  railroads  to  them,  and  no  unload- 
ing platforms: 

Important  offices:  City  hall,  situated  on  Parque.  Office  of 
provincial  governor,  corner  Juan  Brimo  Zayas  and  Inde- 
pendencia streets.  Telegraph  office  situated  on  corner  of 
Marta  Abreu  and  Juan  Bruno  Zayas  streets.  Post-office  is 
on  Marti  street. 

Telephone  system  has  28  instruments  in  use;  service  fair; 
office,  San  Lorenzo  No.  4.  There  are  two  private  lines.  One 
starts  from  San  Jose  street  No.  17,  the  office  of  the  San  An- 
tonio sugar  estate,  and  runs  to  the  ingenio,  about  4  miles 
northeast  of  town,  with  a  spur  to  the  junction  of  the  San 
Antonio  private  railroad  with  the  main  line  of  the  Cuban 
Central  Railroad.  Junction  point,  2|  miles  from  town  and 
3^  miles  from  ingenio.  The  other  private  telephone  line 
runs  from  Parque  No.  5  to  La  Pastora  sugar  estate,  about  7 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  469 

miles  southwest  of  town  and  about  3  or  4  miles  southeast  of 
San  Juan  de  los  Yeras. 

Ice  machine  is  in  rear  of  the  audiencia  and  on  east  bank  of 
Arroyo  Belico.  This  was  built  by  the  American  forces  dur- 
ing the  first  intervention  and  turned  over  to  the  Cuban  Gov- 
ernment when  the  troops  were  withdrawn.  After  a  short 
time  the  Cuban  authorities  ceased  to  operate  it.  It  is  occu- 
pied by  poor  families,  is  in  poor  state  of  all  around  repair, 
and  to  start  it  again  would  require  almost  its  entire  refitting. 

Camp  site  for  a  battalion  of  infantry  on  the  Cubanicay  , 
River  northeast  of  Santa  Clara.  Several  sites  to  south  of 
city  and  one  on  the  Belico  River  to  the  northwest.  Water  as 
for  city.  Wood  would  have  to  be  bought.  There  is  some 
grazing  on  the  savannah  south  and  west  of  town.  Sanitary 
conditions  good,  in  dry  season  at  least.  There  would  be 
much  mud  in  rainy  season,  though  conditions  for  drainage 
are  favorable. 

There  are  no  defenses.  La  Gronomica  is  a  two-story  block- 
house situated  on  the  northeast  side  of  town  near  the  Cama- 
juani  carretera.  It  has  not  been  used  since  Spanish  times 
and  would  be  of  little  use  now. 

The  town  is  an  eastern  terminus  of  the  Cuban  Central 
Railroad  and  western  terminus  of  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road. The  tracks  run  through  the  extreme  north  end  of  the 
city.  All  the  sidings  are  in  that  section.  There  are  no  spurs. 
Each  company  has  siding  trackage  for  about  50  cars.  The 
station  is  a  covered  brick  and  mortar  building,  with  two 
through  tracks,  each  holding  (under  cover)  3  coaches.  A 
part  of  the  station,  the  west  end,  is  a  warehouse  100  by  35 
feet,  with  platform  extension  and  having  unloading  space 
for  3  freight  cars.  There  is  a  water  tank  on  the  north  side 
of  the  track  just  west  of  Arroyo  Cubanicay.  There  is  a  coal 
platform  and  stock  chute,  with  some  small  corrals,  halfway 
between  the  station  and  Arroyo  Cubanicay.  Three  coal  cars 
can  be  unloaded  at  a  time  at  the  platform  and  3  stock  cars 
at  the  chute.  Stock  can  be  watered  in  the  arroyos  near  by. 
The  facilities  for  entraining  and  detraining  troops  and  for 
loading  and  unloading  freight  and  stock  are  fair,  if  not  good. 

Roads  leaving  town:  On  the  north  to  Sagua  and  to  San 
Gil,  Calabazar,  and  Encrucijada.     On  the  east  the  carretera 


470  PROVINCE   OP   SANTA   CLAEA. 

to  Camajuani  and  Kemedios;  to  Placetas.  On  the  south, 
road  following  the  government  telegraph  line  to  Guaraca- 
bulla,  and  points  east  and  south ;  two  routes  to  Manicaragua, 
uniting  at  Seibabo  7^  miles  south.  One  of  these  routes  is 
the  approximate  line  of  the  proposed  carretera  to  the  south. 
On  the  west,  the  proposed  carretera  starts  from  La  Pastora 
street  and  follows  an  old  road  to  Robles,  an  old  ingenio  about 
8  miles  southwest.  There  is  also  a  road  leaving  via  Marta 
Abreu  and  Independencia  streets  and  running  to  Ranchuelo, 
Esperanza,  and  all  points  w€st. 

Attack  and  defense:  The  terrain  on  which  Santa  Clara  is 
situated  is  rolling,  and  the  plaza  is  about  300  feet  above  the 
sea.  One  mile  east,  between  the  Camajuani  carretera  and  the 
railroad,  there  is  a  saddle-shaped  hill.  El  Caprio,  about  200 
feet  higher  than  and  commanding  the  city.  South  and  west 
of  the  town,  distant  2  to  3  miles,  are  hills  ranging  up  to  600 
and  800  feet  in  height.  Between  them  and  the  town  the 
terrain  is  open,  rolling,  and  uncultivated.  The  arroyos 
which  unite  here,  oppose  some  muddy  holes  to  a  passage. 
The  city  is  oblong  in  general  shape,  its  greatest  axis  being 
from  about  west  of  north  to  east  of  south.  It  therefore  pre- 
sents a  salient  toward  both  the  north  and  south  and  a  broad- 
side toward  the  east  and  west.  The  north  end  is  the  lowest. 
The  railroads  cross  this  end.  Depending  upon  the  nature 
of  the  warfare,  this  might  be  an  object  of  consideration. 
For  defense  of  the  town  the  Spaniards  and  Cubans  placed 
barricades,  wire  entanglements,  and  temporary  blockhouses 
in  the  streets  and  near  the  edge  of  the  town.  History  repeats 
itself,  and  it  is  probable  that  this  system  would  be  again 
adopted. 

Most  of  these  defenses  seem  to  have  been  erected  in  the 
south  and  west  part  of  town.  On  the  west  side  is  the  scat- 
tered barrio  of  Condado.  Separating  it  from  the  town 
proper  is  Arroyo  Belico.  This  stream  and  Arroyo  Cubanicay 
would  at  times  oppose  somewhat  of  an  obstacle  to  attack. 
The  method  of  attack  would  depend  largely  upon  the  size 
and  composition  of  the  opposing  forces.  For  a  force  of  all 
arms,  several  plans  are  open.  One  is  to  deploy  under  protec- 
tion of  El  Capiro  and  place  artillery  thereon,  and  the  other 
is  to  advance  over  the  hills  from  the  west.  An  enveloping 
or  secondary  attack  should  advance  from  the  south.     An 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  471 

advance  from  the  north  could  approach  nearer  the  city  under 
cover  than  from  any  other  direction  and,  except  for  some  mud 
in  the  arroyos  above  mentioned,  should  have  little  to  op- 
pose it.  A  well  placed  and  previously  developed  secondary 
attack  should  make  this  advance  successful.  On  account  of 
the  length  to  be  defended  the  east  and  west  sides  would  be 
hardest  to  defend,  the  west  possibly  harder,  because  more  ex- 
tensive. 

Bdez. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  contains  ingenio  Baga. 
The  village  is  24  miles  by  road  southeast  of  Santa  Clara.  It 
is  3  miles  south  of  Guaracabulla.  Population,  about  300. 
Drinking  and  washing  water  is  oljtained  from  a  central  well. 
There  are  one  or  two  other  wells  in  houses.  Some  washing 
water  is  carried  from  the  Arroyo  de  Baez  by  people  living 
close  by.  It  is  said  that  the  large  well  always  has  a  plenti- 
ful supply.  The  Arroyo  de  Baez  is  a  small  stream  about  4 
feet  wide.  All  water  should  be  boiled.  Quarters  could  be 
obtained  for  about  25  men.  There  is  a  post-office.  A  tele- 
graph line  passes  through  the  village,  but  there  is  no  office.- 
Most  of  the  buildings  are  frame  with  thatched  roofs.  No 
good  camp  site  near  the  village.  On  the  south,  east,  and  west 
sides  of  village  are  old  Spanish  redoubts,  20  feet  square. 
The  parapet  has  been  about  5  feet  high  and  ditch  4  feet  deep. 
They  are  grass-grown  and  nearly  filled  in.  Eoads:  One 
north  to  Guaracabulla  and  Santa  Clara,  one  south  to  Fo- 
mento  and  Trinidad,  and  one  southeast  to  Sancti  Spiritus. 
The  best  line  of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  east. 

Egidos. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  a  scattered 
settlement  of  15  to  20  houses  and  a  schoolhouse.  It  is  3  miles 
north  of  Santa  Clara,  on  the  road  leading  to  the  Cuban  Cen- 
tral Railroad.     Barrio  contains  central  San  Antonio. 

Hoyo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  district  5 
or  6  miles  in  diameter  and  in  which  is  a  store  of  the  same 
name.  Fine  tobacco  is  raised  in  the  district.  The  store 
Hoyo  is  about  6  miles  northwest  of  the  town  of  Manicaragua 
and  20  miles  southwest  of  Santa  Clara. 

La  Cruz. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  6^  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  Santa  Clara.  Consists  of  a  deserted  house  and 
ruins  of  a  small  Spanish  cuartel  situated  on  a  hill  called 
Loma  Cruz.  There  is  also  a  stone  blockhouse  in  poor  con- 
dition. 


472  PROVINCE    OF    SANTA   CLARA. 

Manajanaho. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about 
10^  miles  east  of  Santa  Clara,  on  the  Cuba  Company  Kail- 
road.  It  is  a  scattered  place;  the  dozen  or  so  houses  con- 
stituting it  are  along  the  railroad.  Population,  about  100. 
Place  has  3  general  stores  and  a  school  building.  Most 
of  the  houses  are  thatched  huts.  At  railroad  station  is  a 
switch  100  yards  long. 

Manicaragua. — Barrio  and  town.  A  town  of  1,434  inhabit- 
ants, about  20  miles  by  road  south  of  Santa  Clara,  27  miles 
from  Trinidad,  and  30  miles  from  Cienfuegos.  Drinking 
water  is  obtained  from  a  spring  near  the  cemetery  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Arroyo  de  Oro.  The  quantity  is  plentiful 
and  quality  good;  it  is  distributed  by  means  of  buckets. 
Water  for  other  purposes  obtained  from  cisterns  and  from 
the  Arroyo  de  Oro.  The  latter  stream  is  probably  con- 
taminated by  wastes  from  the  town.  There  are  few  build- 
ings suitable  for  barracks.  Schoolhouse  would  accommo- 
date 40  men;  rural  guard  quarters,  15  men;  judge  and 
•mayor's  house,  75  men.  The  latter  is  in  bad  repair.  On 
south  side  of  Matagua-Manicaragua  road,  one-fourth  of  a 
mile  west  of  town,  are  the  remains  of  a  redoubt.  About  200 
yards  north  of  town,  on  high  ground  above  the  Arroyo  de 
Oro,  commanding  the  ford  on  the  above-named  road,  is  an- 
other redoubt.  A  camp  site  of  about  20  acres  can  be  found  1 
mile  southeast  of  town  on  the  Mabujina  road.  Water  would 
have  to  be  obtained  from  Arroyo  de  Oro;  wood  could  be  ob- 
tained half  a  mile  distant ;  grazing  good.  Large  numbers  of 
cattle  are  fattened  in  the  vicinity.  Horses,  mules,  and  draft 
oxen  are  plentiful. 

Provincial. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  15 
miles  southeast  of  Santa  Clara.  Country  crossroads  village, 
situated  at  foot  of  a  long  hill.  Is  center  of  a  barrio  3  miles 
in  radius.  Consists  of  about  10  houses.  Water  obtained 
from  wells.  No  houses  suitable  for  barracks  and  no  good 
camp  site  in  vicinity.  Koads  lead  out  of  the  village  to  Santa 
Clara,  Guaracabulla,  Manicaragua,  and  Placetas.  Best  line 
of  approach  for  attack  is  from  the  northeast. 

Quemado  Hilario. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  8  miles 
by  road  southwest  of  Santa  Clara.  Consists  of  a  general 
store  and  2  houses.     Water  from  a  well. 


TRINIDAD    TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


473 


San  Gil. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  a  small  place 
of  10  or  11  houses  about  7  miles  south  of  Calabazar  and  10 
miles  by  road  north  of  Santa  Clara.    It  also  has  2  stores. 

Seibaho. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  7^ 
miles  due  south  of  Santa  Clara  on  direct  route  to  Mani- 
caragua.  A  country  crossroads  of  7  houses.  Has  2  small 
stores.  All  are  frame  buildings.  Water  suppW  obtained 
from  a  small  creek  called  Arroyo  Salvador.  Quantity  plen- 
tiful ;  quality  good ;  distributed  by  bucket.  Houses  also  have 
wells  and  cisterns,  the  water  of  which  is  not  considered  good. 
One  house  with  large  porch  (schoolhouse  in  same  building) 
would  accommodate  25  men  inside  and  25  under  porch. 
Camp  site  for  a  regiment  on  creek  one-half  mile  northeast 
of  village.  Water  plentiful;  grazing  fair;  no  wood  in  vi- 
cinity. Two  roads  run  north  to  Santa  Clara,  one  east  to 
Rebarcadero-Guaracabulla,  one  south  to  ingenic^  Cardosa 
and  Manicaragua,  one  southeast  to  Provincial  and  Mani- 
caragua,  and  one  northwest  to  San  Juan  de  los  Yeras. 
Ground  to  south  is  highest,  being  a  hill  about  150  feet  high, 
and  affords  a  good  approach  for  attack.  In  the  barrio  is 
the  central  San  Cristobal  (Cardosa). 

JUDICIAL   DISTRICT   OF   TRIXIDAD. 

Township :                                                                                                  Population. 
Trinidad 29,  548 

TOWNSHIP  OF  TRINIDAD    (CAPITAL,  TRINIDAD). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Trinidad 

Cabag4n 

Caracusey 

CasMa 

Foment© 

Guaniquical 

Polo  Viejo. 
Giiinia  de  Miranda 

Jfquimas 

Rio  de  Ay 

Condado. 

San  Francisco 

San  Pedro 


Barrio. 


Rural  or    ^*/**°<'« 


Miles. 


Primero,  Ciudad Urban 

Segundo,  Ciudad ;. . .do ; 

Tereero,  Ciudad i . .  .do 

Cabag&n —  j  Rural 9 

Caracusey '...do 15 

Casilda \  Urban  and  3 

rural. 

Fomento '  Rural !         30 

Guaniquical do 12 

I  I 

Giiinia  de  Miranda ...do \         21.5 

Jiquimas do 23 

RIodeAy do 10 

San  Francisco ...do 20 

San  Pedro i ...  do 16 

T&yaba do 


Popula- 
tion. 


4,367 
3,158 
3,672 
1,267 
861 
2,896 

2,990 
1,284 

1,596 
1,486 
3,170 

848 

1,118 

835 


474  PEOVINCE    OF    SANTA    CLARA. 

Trinidad.— Town.  An  important  town  situated  about  78 
miles  south  of  Santa  Clara,  and  42  miles  southeast  of  Cien- 
fuegos.  It  is  inland  and  about  3  miles  north  of  its  port, 
which  is  called  Casilda.  A  very  excellent  military  road  con- 
nects these  two  towns,  and  the  same  road  continues  through 
the  town  of  Trinidad  and  about  4  miles  northeast.  This 
road  will  soon  be  finished  as  far  as  Condado  (1907).  Even- 
tually it  is  intended  to  connect  Santa  Clara  and  Casilda  by 
a  fine  military  road.  The  town  is  divided  into  three  urban 
barrios. 

It  is  situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill  about  300  feet  above  sea 
level.  The  streets  are  narrow  and  for  the  most  part  cobble. 
Pavements  are  small  and  in  very  poor  condition.  It  is  a 
very  old  town,  dating  back  as  far  as  1514,  and  very  little 
change  has  been  made  in  the  last  fifty  years. 

Population  is  11,197.  The  largest  part  of  these  are  de- 
scendents  of  old  Spanish  families.  About  33  per  cent  of  the 
population  is  colored. 

The  water  supply  is  very  inadequate  and  obtained  in  two 
ways:  Cisterns  and  wells  (private);  and  cisterns  (public) 
into  which  water  is  pumped  from  the  Tayaba  River,  one- 
fourth  of  a  mile  west  of  the  city.  The  river  water  is 
pumped  into  a  reservoir  in  the  upper  plaza,  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  town;  capacity  about  34,800  gallons.  From  this 
cistern  small  pipe  lines  run  to  various  stations  on  street 
corners  where  people  draw  their  water  from  one-inch  spigots. 
The  pumping  station  is  on  private  property  near  the  bank 
of  the  river.  It  is  probably  24  feet  above  river  level.  A 
four-cylinder  pump  is  used.  The  pipe  running  from  the 
river  to  station  is  5  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  one  running 
from  pumping  station  to  cistern  in  town,  about  4  inches  in 
diameter.  About  27,600  gallons  of  water  may  be  pumped 
daily.  There  is  another  cistern  called  "  Cistern  of  the 
King"  in  the  northeast  part  of  city,  on  the  outskirts;  ca- 
pacity 300,000  gallons.  It  is  used  at  times  and  filled  from 
the  same  pumping  station. 

No  sewer  system;  all  surface  drainage. 

There  is  a  barrack  on  a  hill,  "  La  Popa,"  north  of  the 
city,  which  will  hold  a  battalion  if  necessary.  In  good  re- 
pair ;  built  in  the  form  of  a  hollow  square.  Inside  courtyard 
there  are  two  cisterns,  one  (10  by  10  by  20  feet)  into  which 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  475 

a  one-inch  pipe  leads  from  the  main  supply,  and  the  water 
is  pumped  by  the  city  pumping  station.  The  other  and 
larger  cistern  is  filled  altogether  by  drains  running  from 
the  roof.  No  modern  closets  in  these  barracks.  South  of 
the  city  there  is  a  still  larger  barrack  that  is  now  being  con- 
verted into  a  railroad  station.  It  has  one  small  cistern  sup- 
plied by  drains  frOm  the  roofs.  The  rooms  are  all  large 
and  in  very  good  condition  of  repair;  probably  more  than 
a  battalion  might  be  quartered  in  this  barrack.  Another 
small  barrack  is  situated  opposite'  the  lower  plaza  in  about 
the  center  of  the  town  and  connected  with  an  old  church; 
capacity,'  about  two  companies.  There  is  one  cistern  supplied 
by  drains  from  the  roofs;  it  could  not  be  connected  with 
city  pipes.     This  barrack  is  not  in  good  repair. 

Stables:  There  are  no  stables  of  military  value.  Almost 
every  store  has  a  small  stable  in  rear,  but  no  great  number 
of  animals  could  be  kept  in  any  one.  At  the  rural  guard 
quarters  there  is  a  fairly  large  stable  for  12  or  15  animals. 

Hospitals :  The  General  Wood  City  Hospital,  on  the  north- 
east outskirts  of  the  town,  would  accommodate  one  battalion. 
This  is  not  an  up-to-date  institution  on  account  of  lack  of 
funds,  but  it  is  above  the  average  of  the  hospitals  in  the 
island.  There  are  at  least  three  churches  situated  in  various 
parts  of  the  city  which  might  be  used  as  hospitals  in  case 
of  emergency;  they  are  in  very  good  repair.  Quite  a  large 
one  is  near  the  upper  plaza. 

Storehouses :  The  best  building  for  quartermaster  and  com- 
missary stores  would  be  the  Spanish  barrack  (now  railroad 
station)  south  of  the  city.  A  standard-gauge  track  runs 
from  the  courtyard  of  this  building  directly  to  the  wharf  at 
Casilda. 

Important  offices :  The  mayor's  office  is  opposite  the  lower 
plaza ;  post-office,  corner  of  Desengano  and  Gloria  streets ; 
telegraph  office  in  the  same  building  as  post-office ;  telephone 
office  (there  is  one  line  running  from  Casilda  to  Trinidad; 
central  in  Trinidad)  is  on  Gutierrez  street,  midway  between 
Colon  and  Rosario  streets,  in  the  printing  office  of  the  town 
paper.  El  Eco;  the  cable  office  is  at  Casilda. 

Ice  machine  is  in  northwest  part  of  city.  Uses  water  from 
the  Tayaba  River,  near  which  it  is  situated.  Capacity,  16,000 
pounds  per  day. 


476  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

Fairly  good  camp  sites  may  be  found  outside  of  the  city 
for  small  bodies  of  troops.  The  drainage  would  be  good, 
grass  and  water  plentiful,  but  fuel  scarce.  West  of  the  town 
is  the  best  location  for  small  camp  sites. 

Defenses:  About  one  mile  north  of  the  town  is  an  old 
Spanish  blockhouse  and  magazine  in  very  poor  condition, 
but  which  could  be  very  quickly  repaired  and  used  to  advan- 
tage. It  is  perhaps  100  by  150  feet  and  made  of  stone  and 
plaster.  On  the  military  road  leading  northeast  from  town, 
about  one-fourth  mile  out,  is  another  blockhouse,  in  fair  con- 
dition, built  of  stone;  has  two  towers.  This  also  might 
be  used  in  case  of  emergency.  On  the  roads  running  west 
and  southwest  from  town  there  are  blockhouses  protecting 
the  entrance  to  the  city.  These  are  in  poor  condition,  but 
might  be  used*  to  some  advantage.  All  these  defenses  are  built 
of  stone  and  plaster  and  at  one  time  were  very  serviceable. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town:  Military  road  runs  south  to 
Casilda.  Road  runs  northeast  toward  Magna  and  Manacas; 
military  road  for  4  miles,  and  in  good  state  of  repair  for  an- 
other 3  miles.  Trail  leads  about  southwest  through  thick 
underbrush  and  swamps  to  coast  line  and  joins  trail  along 
coast  to  Cienfuegos.  Road  to  Cienfuegos  runs  generally 
west  and  southwest.  Very  rough  road,  mostly  trail,  crosses 
Rio  Tayaba  at  good  ford.  Road  leaves  town  bearing  east  to 
Sancti  Spiritus  by  way  of  San  Pedro ;  very  rough  dirt  road. 

The  hardest  position  to  defend,  should  the  town  be  at- 
tacked, would  be  the  southern  and  eastern  parts  of  town,  as 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  thick  underbrush.  Under  this  cover 
troops  might  easily  advance,  while  to  the  north  and  west  are 
hills  which  would  make  the  approach  more  difficult. 

Cabagdn. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  a  group  of  4 
small  shacks  on  the  main  road,  Trinidad  to  Cienfuegos,  9 
miles  west  of  Trinidad.  It  is  on  low  ground  1  mile  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Cabagan  River. 

Garacusey. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  15 
miles  northeast  of  Trinidad,  on  the  road  to  Sancti  Spiritus 
and  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Car^cusey  River.  It  is  a  country 
village  built  along  the  road  and  the  houses  are  mostly  one- 
room  huts.  Some  few  are  built  of  mud  and  plaster  and  one 
or  two  are  frame.  The  population  is  about  500.  Water  sup- 
ply is  obtained  from  the  Caracusey  River  by  means  of  buckets. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  477 

The  only  two  buildings  of  any  size  aj-e  in  the  extreme  east 
section  of  the  village  and  used,  respectively,  as  a  club  and 
quarters  for  the  rural  guard.  There  is  a  small  stable  in  the 
rear  of  the  rural  guard  quarters.  The  post-office  is  in  the 
center  of  the  village.  There  is  no  railroad  connection,  no 
telephone  and  no  telegraph.  A  small  camp  site  could  be 
found  northeast  of  the  village,  but  fuel  is  scarce.  Roads 
lead  east  to  Sancti  Spiritus,  southwest  to  Trinidad,  and  west 
of  north  to  Condado.  All  are  poor  dirt  roads  and  in  very 
bad  condition  in  the  rainy  season. 

Casilda. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  the  port  of 
Trinidad,  and  situated  3  miles  south  of  that  Qiiy.  Popula- 
tion, 1,246.  Town  is  built  principally  along  the  military 
road  leading  to  Trinidad.  The  houses  are  all  small.  The 
only  two  industries  in  the  town  are  a  tanning  factory  and 
an  establishment  for  the  making  of  vermicelli. 

Water  supply :  A  1-inch  pipe  line  running  from  the  Trin- 
idad cisterns  has  spigots  on  various  street  corners.  There 
are  also  a  few  wells.  Except  in  the  rainy  season  the  water 
supply  is  very  inadequate. 

There  is  no  sewer  system;  everything  is  surface  drainage. 
•The  town  is  lighted  by  oil  lamps. 

The  only  buildings  suitable  for  sheltering  troops  are  two 
warehouses,  each  150  by  200  feet.  They  are  right  on  the 
harbor  front,  one  at  the  new  wharf  and  one  at  the  old  wharf. 
They  are  in  fair  condition  of  repair,  but  the  ground  is  very 
low  and  damp  in  the  vicinity.  Between  these  warehouses, 
which  are  about  200  yards  apart,  is  a  small  shed,  which  will 
be  used  as  a  railroad  station  when  the  road  is  completed  from 
Casilda  to  Trinidad.     This  building  is  about  50  by  100  feet. 

There  are  no  hospitals  or  buildings  which  would  be  suit- 
able.   The  nearest  hospital  is  in  Trinidad,  3  miles  distant. 

The  most  important  office  is  the  cable  office;  lines  run  to 
Cienfuegos  and  on  down  the  coast  to  Tunas  de  Zaza  and 
Santiago.  Post-office  is  a  small  frame  building  on  the  mili- 
tary road,  about  the  center  of  town.  There  is  no  telephone 
central,  but  there  is  a  telephone  at  the  wharf  in  the  office  of 
the  agent  of  the  steamship  line. 

No  really  good  camp  sites  in  the  locality. 

There  are  no  railroad  facilities  at  present.  A  line  from 
Casilda  to  Trinidad  has  been  in  course  of  construction  for 


478  PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA. 

the  past  two  years.  This  line  will  eventually  be  extended 
from  Trinidad  to  Condado  and  finally  to  Santa  Clara,  thus 
opening  up  this  section,  but  it  will  take  many  years  at  the 
present  rate  of  construction  (1907). 

There  are  three  roads  leading  out  of  town.  The  most 
important  is  the  one  north  to  Trinidad;  a  fine  stone  road 
well  preserved.  The  second,  running  northwest  to  Cien- 
fuegos,  along  the  coast,  is  not  a  very  good  road;  mostly  a 
trail.  The  third  runs  northeast  and  winds  around  to  north, 
reaching  Trinidad  by  a  longer  route.  'The  north  side  of  the 
town  would  be  the  hardest  to  defend  on  account  of  the  open 
country. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that  Casilda  is  strictly  the 
port  of  Trinidad,  has  a  very  poor  harbor,  a  very  treacherous 
channel  and  very  little  business  except  in  the  shipping  line. 

Fomento. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  30  miles 
by  road  northeast  of  Trinidad.  Population,  about  800. 
Has  a  post-office  and  telegraph  office.  No  railroad  connec- 
tion. Houses  are  built  of  wood.  Old  stone  fort  in  north- 
west part  of  village.  Village  could  shelter  about  300  troops. 
Good  camp  ground  in  vicinity.  Plenty  of  good  water  for 
men  and  animals  in  stream  one-fourth  of  a  mile  east  of  vil- 
lage. Drinking  water  in  village  obtained  from  wells.  Tele- 
graphic communication  with  Placetas. 

Guaniquical. — Barrio  and  village.  A  veiy  small  village 
of  about  20  thatched  huts.  Unimportant.  Barrio  also  con- 
tains the  village  of  Polo  Vie  jo. 

Polo  Viejo. — Village.  Situated  near  Guaniquical  and 
about  12  miles  from  Trinidad.  A  country  village  which  in 
size  and  appearance  is  exactly  like  Caracusey.  Water  is 
obtained  from  brooks. 

Guinia  de  Miranda. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is 
a  place  of  12  or  14  houses  in  a  radius  of  about  one  and  one> 
half  miles,  situated  21|  miles  by  road  northeast  of  Trinidad. 
It  has  three  stores  and  barrack  of  rural  guard.  Population, 
about  100.  Two  good  camp  sites,  with  water  and  grazing, 
on  Parado  River,  one-fourth  of  a  mile  south.  There  is  a 
cemetery  one-half  mile  south,  just  west  of  trail  to  Jiquimas, 
and  near  it  are  the  ruins  of  an  old  stone  blockhouse.  A  main 
road  runs  from  the  village  northeast  to  Fomento. 


PROVINCE   OF   SANTA   CLARA.  479 

Jiquimas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  small  settlement  in  the 
mountains,  5  miles  south  of.  Fomento  and  23  miles  northeast 
of  Trinidad.  Consists  of  a  store  and  a  couple  of  houses. 
The  government  telegraph  line  from  Santa  Clara  and  Fo- 
mento to  Trinidad  passes  through  the  sitio.  Trails  run 
north  to  Fomento,  east  to  Tunas  and  Sancti  Spiritus,  and 
west  to  Sopimpa  and  Trinidad.  The  latter  trail  is  one  of  the 
three  cross-mountain  routes  in  this  section. 

Rio  de  Ay. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Central  Trinidad  is  in  the 
barrio.  The  point  bearing  the  name  consists  of  a  burned 
church  and  a  cemetery.  Near  the  river  of  the  same  name  is 
a  village  named  Condado. 

Condado. — Village.  About  12  miles  northeast  of  Trini- 
dad. It  is  a  very  small  village  on  the  road  leading  northeast 
to  Giiinia  de  Soto.  The  houses  are  all  small  and  built  mostly 
of  wood  and  plaster.  There  are  about  6  small  stores  in  the 
village  and  a  small  house  used  as  a  post-office.  A  telegraph 
line  runs  through  the  village,  but  there  is  no  office.  Popula- 
tion, about  400.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  a  small  well 
which  is  supplied  by  a  spring. 

Roads  lead  out  of  the  village  southwest  to  Trinidad,  west 
to  Rio  de  Ay,  and  northeast  to  Giiinia  de  Soto.  All  are 
very  poor  and  for  the  most  part  trails. 

The  village  lies  in  a  small  valley  and  could  be  attacked  suc- 
cessfully from  any  direction. 

San  Francisco. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  a  small  set- 
tlement of  four  houses  about  4  miles  northwest  of  Gavilanes, 
and  20  miles  northeast  of  Trinidad.  Besides  the  sitio  of  the 
name  the  barrio  contains  a  dairy  farm  of  the  same  name,  sit- 
uated 8  miles  southwest  of  the  sitio  on  the  road  to  Trinidad, 
which  town  it  supplies  with  milk. 

San  Pedro. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  15 
miles  east  of  Casilda  (the  port  of  Trinidad)  and  about  18 
miles  northwest  of  Tunas  del  Zaza.  It  is  on  a  low,  level 
stretch  of  land,  3^  miles  east  of  the  Rio  Manati.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  more  or  less  covered  with  a  chapparal 
called  "  aroma,"  a  scrubby  bush  resembling  the  mesquite  of 
the  southwest.  The  principal  industry  seems  to  be  stock 
raising  and  agriculture,  though  a  little  cultivated  land  is  in 
sight. 


480  PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLAEA. 

Water  supply :  The  sources  are  as  follows :  Rio  Canada  on 
east  side  of  village;  wet  season  only,  and  then  probably 
muddy.  A  water  hole  one-fourth  of  a  mile  southeast  of  town ; 
water  generally  clear,  but  animals  have  access  to  it  and  it  is 
necessarily  a  dangerous  supply,  as  pool  has  no  outlet.  The 
Arroyo  Yaguaramas  is  2^  miles  north  toward  Palmarejo  and 
is  a  rapid-flowing  stream  of  good  water  at  all  seasons.  Ap- 
parently this  last-mentioned  supply  is  not  used,  but  it  is 
accessible  and  the  roads  are  fair. 

No  sewer  system  and  no  system  of  lighting. 

There  is  a  small  cuartel  at  the  southeast  corner  of  village. 
This  was  formerly  used  by  Spanish  garrison,  and  consists  of 
three  main  rooms.  The  central  room  is  about  30  by  25  feet, 
and  opens  into  a  smaller  room  at  each  end.  The  smaller 
rooms  are  about  15  by  25  feet.  The  porch  extends  out  about 
10  feet  all  around,  but  the  rear  and  ends  have  been  built  up 
with  mud  walls  to  give  additional  room  space.  There  was 
at  one  time  a  blockhouse  in  front,  but  only  the  ditch  remains. 
Sanitary  condition  good.  The  church  in  center  of  village 
has  thick  brick  walls  and  has  no  tower.  There  are  two  brick 
residences  at  the  southwest  corner  of  village  that  would  ac- 
commodate a  headquarters,  hospital,  or  about  75  men.  With 
these  exceptions,  there  are  no  buildings  of  military  im- 
portance. 

No  stables.  The  barbed-wire  fence  inclosure  back  of  old 
cuartel  could  be  used  for  corral.  Good  grazing  on  open 
ground  on  south  side  of  village,  but  no  water  near  at  hand. 

The  cleanest  place  for  a  hospital  would  be  in  immediate 
vicinity  of  post-office. 

Post-office  and  schoolhouse  in  village. 

Trail  leads  south  to  an  old  landing  on  coast;  cart  road 
leads  west,  from  southwest  corner  of  village,  to  cane  fields 
and  ferry  skiff  on  Manati  River,  3|  miles  distant;  old  estab- 
lished cart  road  to  Zaza  and  Tunas  from  southeast  corner; 
cart  road  to  Caracusey ;  cart  road  to  Palmarejo  leaves  from 
north  end  of  village. 

The  country  to  the  east  and  northeast  is  open  and  rolling 
and  offers  the  best  line  of  approach  for  attack. 

Tdydba. — Barrio.  Begins  on  the  western  limits  of  the 
town  of  Trinidad.  Contains  nothing  but  a  few  scattered 
thatched  huts. 


PROVINCE  OF  (^AMA(UiEY. 


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PROVINCE  OF  CAMAGUEY. 


LOCATION    AND    BOUNDARY. 

This  province  is  the  most  extensive  yet  the  least  populated 
of  all  the  provinces. 

It  lies  between  the  provinces  of  Santa  Clara  and  Oriente, 
being^  separated  from  the  former  by  the  rivers  Jatibonico 
del  Norte  and  Jatibonico  del  Sur,  and  from  the  latter  by  the 
Cabreras  and  Jobabo  rivers. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Bahama  Channel,  on 
the  east  by  the  province  of  Oriente,  on  the  south  by  the 
Antilles  Sea,  and  on  the  west  by  the  province  of  Santa  Clara. 

AREA    AND    POPULATION. 

The  area  of  the  province  is  about  10,425  square  miles. 

Its  length  is  about  100  miles  and  its  width  about  100  miles. 

The  population  is  118,269,  divided  as  follows:  Native 
white.  75  per  cent;  foreign  white,  6.7  per  cent;  colored, 
18.3  per  cent;  or  white,  81.7  per  cent;  colored,  18.3  per  cent. 

JUDICIAL  AND   MUNICIPAL   DISTRICTS. 

It  is  divided  into  two  judicial  districts,  viz,  Camagiiey 
and  Moron.  It  is  also  divided  into  five  municipal  districts 
or  townships,  viz,  Camagiiey,  Ciego  de  Avila,  Moron,  Nuevi- 
tas,  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 

PROVINCIAL    GOVERNMENT. 

There  is  a  governor  and  a  provincial  council  of  eight 
members,  elected  by  the  people.  Each  municipal  district 
is  presided  over  by  a  mayor,  aided  by  a  municipal  council. 

CAPITAL    AND    PRINCIPAL   TOWNS. 

The  capital  is  Camagiiey,  situated  in  the  heart  of  one  of 
the  wildest  parts  of  the  province.     It  has,  however,  rail- 

483 


484  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

road  connection  with  the  port  of  Nuevitas  and  the  other 
large  cities  of  the  island. 

The  principal  towns  of  the  province  are  Nuevitas,  Moron, 
Ciego  de  Avila,  and  Santa.  Cruz, 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  mountainous  character  of  the  country  to  the  east,  in 
Oriente  Province,  begins  to  be  modified  in  this  region,  which 
consists  mainly  of  broad,  rolling  plains  with  shallow  stream 
valleys. 

There  are  a  few  hills  which  pertain  to  the  Cubitas  and 
Najasa  groups.  The  first-named  group  of  hills  is  to  the  north 
and  the  latter  to  the  south  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey. 

The  plains  of  Camagiiey  are  very  extensive.  Some  are 
dry  and  rocky,  where  only  a  species  of  straw  grass,  a  white 
Cottonwood  tree,  and  certain  palm  trees  thrive.  There  are, 
however,  certain  locations  with  abundant  pasture  grounds, 
watering  places,  and  hilltops,  which  are  very  well  adapted  for 
cattle  raising.  The  most  extensive  of  these  plains  are  those  of 
Lazaro  and  Cubitas.  There  are  few  elevations,  and  none 
more  than  1,500  feet  in  height. 

On  the  western  boundary  line  are  found  some  hillocks 
which  are  the  forerunners  of  the  Sierra  de  Jatibonico,  and 
therefore  belong  to  the  Sabana  group.  The  names  of  these 
knolls  are  La  Campana,  Naranjo,  etc.  To  the  east  of  Moron 
and  not  far  from  the  northern  coast  is  an  isolated  ridge 
known  as  La  Cunagua  and  Sierra  de  Judas. 

The  other  elevated  portions  of  the  province  belong  to  the 
Cubitas  and  Najasa  groups.  The  Cubitas  group  is  the  more 
important  one  and  takes  its  name  from  the  Sierra  de  Cubitas, 
which  extends  from  west  to  east  between  the  Jigiiey  and 
Maximo  rivers,  and  equally  distant  from  the  city  of  Cama- 
giiey and  the  north  coast.  The  most  important  points  are 
known  as  Cerro  de  Limones  and  Cerro  de  Tuabagiiey.  These 
two  are  separated  from  each  other  by  a  gorge  about  five- 
eighths  of  a  mile  in  length  and  60  feet  in  width,  through 
which  the  (xuanaja  road  passes.  This  natural  passage,  the 
almost  vertical  walls  of  which  attain  the  height  of  about  120 
feet,  is  called  Abra,  or  Boca  de  Cubitas. 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  485 

Another  noteworthy  pass  is  called  Paso  de  Lesca,  named 
after  General  Lesca,  of  the  Spanish  army,  who  took  a  col- 
umn of  troops  through  it  to  the  relief  of  the  town  of  Cama- 
giiey.  The  following-named  hills  are  a  part  of  the  Cubitas 
group:  Lomas  de  Camajan;  farther  east  is  the  Cerro  de 
Bayatabo ;  and  between  the  Sierra  de  Cubitas  and  the  city  of 
Camagiiey  is  the  Loma  del  Yucatan,  in  which  are  the  head- 
waters of  the  Caunao  and  Maximo  rivers. 

The  principal  peaks  of  the  Xajasa  gi'oup  are  the  Sierra  de 
Guaicanamar,  Xajasa,  and  Chorillo. 

To  the  southeast  of  the  above  and  east  of  Camagiiey  are 
found  the  lesser  points  of  Guiiimaro,  Sibanicii,  Cascorro,  and 
La  Deseada,  which  are  considered  as  belonging  to  the  Najasa 
range. 

RIVERS. 

The  following  rivers  have  their  outlets  on  the  north  coast  *. 
Chambas  or  Los  Perros,  a  close  neighbor  of  the  Jatibonico 
del  Norte,  which  forms  the  western  limit  of  the  province. 
La  Yana,  a  small  stream  emptying  into  the  Laguna  de  Leche. 
The  Caunao  and  Maximo  rivers  are  two  streams  that  have 
quite  a  volume  of  water.  Between  these  two  rivers  is  the 
Jigiiey,  which  encircles  the  Sierra  de  Cubitas.  The  Maximo 
has  its  outlet  in  the  Bahia  de  Sabinal. 

At  Puerto  de  Xuevitas  the  Saramaguacan,  the  Cascorro^ 
Nuevitas,  and  others  of  less  importance  empty  into  the  sea. 
The  mouth  of  Rio  de  las  Cabreras  is  in  the  marshes  of  the 
coast  line. 

On  the  south  coast  are  many  unimportant  streams,  such  as 
Rio  de  los  Negros,  Vertientes,  Santa  Maria,  and  others. 

The  San  Pedro  River  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  tho 
Tinima  and  Jatibonico,  w^hich  pass  through  the  city  of 
Camagiiey.  It  is  afterwards  known  as  El  Camujiro,  because 
it  receives  the  waters  of  springs  of  the  same  name,  and  toward 
its  outlet  is  known  as  Rio  de  Santa  Clara. 

Rio  San  Juan  de  Najasa  and  Rio  de  Sevilla  are  important 
rivers.  The  outlet  of  the  former  is  to  the  east  of  the  port  of 
Santa  Cruz.  Between  the  two  above-named  rivers  are  a 
number  of  smaller  ones,  which  run  from  the  Lomas  de  Najasa 
down  to  the  swamps  and  estuaries  of  El  Junco,  El  Guayabal, 
etc. 


486  PROVINCE    OF   CAMAGUEY. 

To  the  east  of  the  Rio  Sevilla  is  the  Tana. 
El  Jobabo,  with  springs  in  the  Lomas  del  Rompe,  forms 
the  dividing  line  between  Camagiiey  and  Oriente. 

COAST  LINE. 

On  account  of  the  slight  elevation  of  the  terrain  in  the 
interior  of  the  province,  there  is  but  slight  slope  toward  the 
coast  lines,  which,  both  north  and  south,  are  low  and  liable 
to  overflows.  Along  the  north  coast  are  the  three  large 
islands  known  as  Cayo  Coco,  Cayo  Romano,  and  Guanaja. 
These  islands  are  inhabited  by  fishermen. 

The  south  coast  is  fringed  by  the  archipelago  Los  Jardines 
de  la  Reina,  which  inclose  the  Laberinto  de  los  Doce  Leguas. 

AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE. 

In  this  province  agriculture  does  not  play  an  important 
role,  although  sugar  and  tobacco  plantations  of  some  magni- 
tude are  situated  in  the  fertile  country  surrounding  the  city 
of  Camagiiey. 

Formerly  the  province  was  rated  as  a  cattle  and  horse 
raising  country,  and  there  is  still  fine  pasturage,  but  the  herds 
have  been  sadly  diminished  by  the  numerous  rebellions. 

There  are  very  extensive  forests  which  produce  valuable 
woods,  including  cedar,  ebony,  and  mahogany. 

The  manufacture  of  cigars  is  somewhat  extensive. 

The  principal  exports  are  sugar,  tobacco,  wax,  honey,  and 
various  classes  of  lumber. 

JUDICIAL   DISTRICTS   AND    MUNICIPAL   DISTRICTS. 

.Tudicial  district.  Township. 

Oama^iiey Camagiiey. 

Nuevitas. 

Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 
Mor6n Ciego  de  Avila. 

Mor6n. 

JUDICIAL   DISTRICT  OF   CAMAGIJEY. 
':j\>wnship :  .  Population. 

Camagiiey 66,  460 

Nuevitas ....._ 10,620 

Santa  Criiz  del  Sur 9,550 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 
TOWNSHIP  OF  CAMAGUEY    (CAPITAL,   CAMAGUEY). 


487 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Camagiiey. 


Primero... 
Segundo... 

Tereero 

Cuarto 

Quinto 

Sexto 

S^ptimo... 
Octavo — 
Altagracla. 
Caobillas.. 
Cascorro... 


Altagracla 

Caobillas 

Cascorro 

Marti. 

Palo  Seco. 

Contramaestre 

Ecuador 

Gu&imaro 

Guanaja 

Bay  View.                    | 
La  Gloria i  La  Gloria 

Columbia. 

Viar<5.  I 

Limones ;  Limones 

Magarabomba '. j  Magarabomba 

C^spedes. 
Maragu4n I  MaraguAn 


Contramaestre. 

Ecuador 

Gu&imaro , 

Guanaja 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
Rural. 
...do... 
...do... 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

-do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 


Minas j  Minas • . .  .do. 

Canet. 

Pueblo  Nuevo |  Pueblo  Nuevo I. ..do. 

Quemado ;  Quemado .do . 

San  Grer6nimo San  Ger<5nimo :...do. 

Florida. 
SibaniciS Sibanicu '. . .do. 

Hatuey. 
Vista  Hermosa Vista  Hermosa do. 

Los  Angeles. 

!  LaYaba do. 

Las  Yeguas '  Las  Yeguas do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


12.3 
15.5 
24.3 


16 

22.3 
51 
37 

36 


20 
32 

12 
24 

4 
30.7 
30 


11.1 


Popula- 
tion. 


3,992 
3,694 
4,063 
5,394 
3,970 
4,172 
2,745 
1,586 
1.058 
1,842 
2,884 


2,318 

2,239 

4,570 

722 

534 


1,058 
1,484 

2,241 
2,261 

2,593 
1,222 
1,593 

2,861 

752 

1,687 
2,925 


Camagiiey. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  the  capital  of 
the  province.  It  is  situated  in  the  center  of  the  province 
midway  between  the  north  and  south  coasts  in  an  open  coun- 
try or  savanna.  600  feet  above  the  sea.  It  has  an  agreeable 
climate  and  a  good  reputation  for  healthfulness.  Divided 
into  8  wards  or  barrios. 

Being  of  early  foundation,  the  streets  are  mostly  narrow 
and  crooked,  with  scant,  irregular  sidewalks.  The  principal 
streets  are  paved.  The  plazas  Soledad  and  Dana  (formerly 
Mercedes)  are  the  center  of  commercial  activity,  and  the 
radiating  points  for  movements  in  every  direction. 

The  buildings  throughout  the  city  are  mainly  one-story 
with  tile  roofs,  and,  in  the  central  districts  and  principal 
streets,  are  spacious,  with  deep  patios  within.  The  city  is 
congested.  There  are  no  vacant  spaces  and  no  unoccupied 
houses. 


488  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

Headquarters  of  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  which 
passes  west  to  east,  connecting  Havana  with  Nipe  Bay  and 
Santiago.  It  is  also  the  southwestern  terminus  of  the  Puerto 
Principe  and  Nuevitas  railroad,  connecting  the  city  with  its 
seaport  Nuevitas,  45|  miles  distant.  Thus  Camagiiey  is  an 
important  railway  center  and  a  distributing  point  for  the 
province. 

The  Cuba  Company's  car  shops  at  Garrido,  a  suburban 
place,  about  2  miles  distant,  employ  500  men  who  live  in  the 
city,  returning  daily. 

Besides  the  railroad,  there  are  3  lumber  mills,  3  large  brick 
and  tile  factories,  several  tanneries,  slaughterhouse,  market, 
distilleries,  and  various  small  manufactories  of  saddlery  and 
cigars. 

The  city  is  the  center  of  the  cattle  industry,  in  which  many 
Americans  are  engaged. 

The  principal  buildings  are  as  follows : 

Government  administration:  Casa  Provincial,  calle  Cis- 
neros,  corner  San  Ignacio ;  one-story,  200  by  50  feet ;  used  by 
Spaniards  as  quarters  for  engineers.  Audiencia,  between 
San  Ignacio  and  General  Gomez ;  three  stories,  50  by  50  feet, 
with  one  story  in  patio;  used  by  Spaniards  as  quarters. 
Ayuntamiento,  corner  Marti ;  two  stories,  100  by  50  feet ;  used 
in  1899  for  department  headquarters. 

Churches:  Yglesia  Mayor,  Parque  Agramonte;  isolated, 
no  convent  attached,  200  by  100  feet,  spacious  and  well  pre- 
served. Mercedes  Church,  Plaza  Dana ;  convent  attached ; 
Spaniards  mounted  guns  on  roof  and  used  convent  for  bar- 
racks. Soledad  Church,  Plaza  Soledad,  corner  Republica ; 
isolated,  no  convent.  San  Francisco  Church,  Plaza  San 
Francisco;  has  immense  college  and  convent  available  for  use 
as  barracks,  hospital,  etc.  San  Juan  de  Dios  Church,  calle 
San  Juan  de  Dios;  has  convent,  which  was  used  by  Spaniards 
and  Americans  as  hospital;  bad  condition.  San  Cristo 
Church,  calle  San  Cristo  and  Plaza  Padre  Gonfaus;  no  con- 
vent; attached  to  the  city  cemetery.  Santa  Ana  Church, 
Plaza  Santa  Ana,  calle  General  Gomez ;  no  convent.  Ursu- 
line  Church,  calle  Carmen  betwt^en  Marti  and  Enrique  Jose ; 
attached  to  Ursuline  convent,  which  is  cloistered,  and  is  a 
college  fo2  girls.  Caridad  Church,  in  suburb  of  Caridad, 
1   mile  from  center  of  town;  isolated,  and  no  convent  at- 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  489 

tached.  San  Lazaro  Church,  suburb  San  Lazaro,  1  mile 
from  center  of  town;  situated  in  midst  of  Hospital  San 
Lazaro;  quadrangle  used  as  hospital  for  aged.  San  Jose 
Church,  corner  San  Jose  and  Jose  Maria;  isolated,  no  con- 
vent attached,  small  and  poor.  Baptist  Church,  corner  Cis- 
neros  and  San  Ignacio;  parish  house  on  calle  San  Ignacio 
seats  about  50.  Methodist  Church,  calles  Avellaneda  and 
San  Jose;  small  chapel.  Episcopal  Church,  calle  Republica. 
corner  Francisquito ;  small. 

Schools:  San  Francisco  College  of  Escolapian  Fathers, 
attached  to  San  Francisco  Church.  Ursuline  College,  at- 
tached to  Ursuline  Church,  calle  Carmen.  High  School,  or 
"  Instituto  Segunda  Ensenanza,"  calle  San  Francisco  near 
plaza.  Methodist  School,  calle  Republica  near  Marti.  Sev- 
eral public  schools  in  leased  buildings  throughout  the  city. 

Prisons:  Carcel  or  jail,  north  of  city,  calle  Francisquito, 
south  of  Cuba  railroad;  200  by  200  feet;  isolated;  bounded 
by  four  small  streets;  room  for  500  prisoners;  water  from 
artesian  well  near  Hotel  Camagiiey.  Police  headquarters, 
rear  of  ayuntamiento,  calle  Lugardo  and  Marti;  accommo- 
dations for  about  iiO  prisoners.  Police  station,  north  part  of 
the  city,  calle  Santa  Rosa  branch;  no  accommodations  for 
prisoners. 

Hotels:  Hotel  Camagiiey,  American,  north  of  Cuba  rail- 
road track  and  station;  formerly  infantry  barracks,  now 
headquarters  Cuba  railway;  occupied  in  part  by  officers 
United  States  Army  during  second  intervention;  accommo- 
dations for  150.  Hotel  Plaza,  American,  calle  Avellaneda 
two  stories,  large  dining  hall,  accommodations  for  40.  Hotel 
Delmonico,  American,  opposite  above;  several  leased  houses 
under  one  management,  one  story,  accommodations  for  50. 
Hotel  Union,  American,  junction  of  Maceo  and  Independen- 
cia  ;  three  stories,  50  by  50  feet,  in  bad  condition,  accommoda- 
tions for  50.  Grand  Hotel,  Cuban,  calle  Maceo,  large,  three 
stories,  patio,  modern  conveniences,  accommodations  for  75. 
Hotel  Inglaterra,  Cuban,  Parque  Agramonte,  three  stories, 
modein  conveniences,  accommodations  for  50.  Hotel  Cen- 
tral, Cuban,  calle  Soledad,  50  by  50  feet,  one  story,  accom- 
modations for  25.  There  are  also  numerous  fondas  and 
l^oarding  houses. 


400  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

Newspapers,  printing :  El  Camagiieyano,  daily ;  Moderate ; 
calle  Cisneros,  near  San   Clemente.     Las  Dos  Republicas; 
Liberal ;  calle  San  Pablo,  near  San  Francisco.     El  Combate ;  # 
Extreme  Liberal;  weekly;  calle  Pobres. 

Machine  shops:  Cuba  Company;  at  Garrido;  very  large 
and  complete.  Nuevitas  Railroad,  at  station ;  small,  but  com- 
plete. 

Horseshoers:  calle  San  Pablo,  near  Marti.  Several  small 
shops  on  calle  Republica,  near  station. 

Theaters  and  places  for  public  meetings:  Teatro  Principal, 
calle  P.  Valencia ;  seats  1,500.  Teatro  Alhambra,  calle  San 
Martin ;  a  hall.     All  clubs  have  theaters  with  stages. 

Population,  29,616. 

Water  supply :  There  is  no  municipal  system  of  water  sup- 
ply. Plans  have  been  made  to  bring  water  in  pipes  from 
the  Caobillas  Hills,  about  15^  miles  distant.  At  present  the 
principal  sources  of  supply  are : 

(a)  Rainfall.  All  private  houses  have  cisterns  and  tina- 
jones.  This  supply  has  generally  failed  this  dry  season 
(April,  1907),  and  people  buy  water  brought  from  river  and 
city's  artesian  wells. 

(h)  River  water  from  Rio  Jatibonico,  a  small  stream 
southeast  of  town.  Generally  good  supply,  but  in  April, 
1907,  the  water  is  nearly  gone ;  quality  is  poor ;  used  for  wash- 
hig  and  for  cattle.  This  water  is  pumped  by  steam  through 
a  4-inch  pipe  to  Cuba  Company  car  shops  at  Garrido,  whero 
there  are  two  large  tanks,  35,000  to  40,000  gallons  each. 
Water  from  this  river  is  also  used  by  electric  light  plant, 
lumber  mills,  and  partly  by  ice  plant;  all  situated  along  the 
north  side  of  stream. 

•(c)  Artesian  wells.  Several  belonging  to  city  of  Cama- 
giiey,  namely,  one  at  market  on  calle  Cisneros,  with  wind- 
mill; one  at  slaughterhouse,  south  edge  of  town,  with  Avind- 
mill;  one  corner  Carmen  and  San  Pedro  Alcantara,  with 
windmill;  one  north  of  town  near  Hotel  Camagiiey,  two 
tanks,  steam  pump,  25,000  gallons ;  also  piped  to  general  hos- 
pital and  jail.  One  belonging  to  Cuba  Company  Railroad 
near  Hotel  Camagiiey,  steam  pump  and  tank,  55,000  gallons, 
supplying  hotel  and  American  camp.  One  near  by  being- 
bored.     One  near  car  shops  at  Garrido.     One  at  American 


PROVINCE    OF   CAMAGUF.Y.  4^1 

camp  on  Nuevitas  Railroad,  4f  miles  from  city ;  piped  but  no 
longer  used. 

A  few  private  houses  and  hotels  have  wells  with  windmills. 
Unlimited  supply  of  water  can  be  obtained  by  driving  more 
of  these  wells.  Surface  wells  dug  35  or  40  feet  will  give  good 
supply  for  camps,  but  the  water  would  have  to  be  sterilized, 
which  does  not  obtain  with  water  from  artesian  wells,  it  be- 
ing pure. 

No  sewer  system.  Houses  have  cesspools.  A  custom  is 
permitted  of  throwing  wash  water  in  the  streets  at  night. 

The  city  is  well  lighted  by  electricity,  the  electric  light 
plant  being  situated  on  edge  of  river  at  foot  of  calle  Soledad. 
The  power  is  supplied  by  two  Mansfield  engines  of  220 
horsepower  each,  which  supply  the  current  for  four  circuits, 
lighting  the  entire  city.  A  new  turbine  engine,  doubling  the 
power,  is  in  contemplation.  Poorer  houses  and  suburbs  use 
oil  and' acetylene  for  illuminants. 

Barracks:  An  entire  list  of  all  buildings  suitable  in  mili- 
tary emergencies  for  barracks  would  necessitate  the  enumera- 
tion of  hundreds  of  buildings.  The  following  list  contains 
descriptions  of  those  that  appear  to  be  most  important. 

Temporary  barracks  built  by  American  soldiers,  situated 
500  yards  northeast  of  Camagiiey  Hotel  on  leased  land.  They 
are  plain,  unfinished  pine  buildings,  with  corrugated  iron 
roofs ;  are  well  built  and  comfortable.  Their  descriptions  are 
as  follows :  One  administration  building,  140  by  22  feet,  con- 
taining offices,  guardhouse,  library,  etc.  Five  sets  of  quar- 
ters, 140  by  22  feet;  one  for  each  company.  Five  kitchens 
and  mess  halls,  50  by  20  feet ;  one  for  each  company ;  each  has 
running  water.  One  bath  house,  14  by  28  feet.  One  bake- 
house, 14  by  20  feet;  running  water  from,  artesian  well  of 
Cuba  Railway ;  excellent.  Two  stable  corrals,  one  140  by  19 
feet,  and  the  other  100  by  19  feet ;  two  large  wells;  water  good 
and  ample.  Four  incinerators,  16  by  16  feet.  Land  is  avail- 
able for  increase  of  this  post. 

The  following  buildings  were  used  for  barracks  by  Span- 
iards, and  by  Americans  during  first  occupation:  Hotel 
Camagiiey,  300  by  360  feet,  with  large  patio ;  situated  north 
of  Cuba  Railroad ;  has  immense  cistern  and  is  piped  through- 
out; modern  water-closets;  artesian  well,  with  steam  pump. 


492  PBOVINCE   OP   CAMAGUEY. 

near  railway ;  was  occupied  during  first  American  interven- 
tion by  a  full  regiment ;  now  leased  by  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road for  twenty  years.  General  Hospital;  originally  an  in- 
fantry barracks;  model  similar  to  above,  360  by  300  feet; 
quarters  for  full  regiment;  running  water;  tank  on  roof 
supplied  from  artesian  well  near  railroad;  modern  water- 
closets  and  baths.  Audiencia;  three  stories;  used  as  a  bar- 
racks by  Spaniards  and  as  hospital  by  Americans ;  large  patio 
and  cistern  with  windmill;  no  sanitary  conveniences  for 
large  numbers,  but  would  make  barracks  or  quarters  for  a 
battalion.  Casa  Provincial;  Cisneros  and  San  Martin;  one- 
story;  has  a  cistern;  formerly  barracks  for  Spanish  engi- 
neers; accommodations  for  two  companies. 

Besides  the  foregoing,  the  American  troops  also  used  the 
Sanchez  house,  9  calle  Cisneros;  two  stories;  modern  im- 
provements; used  for  offices  of  chief  quartermaster  and 
commissary.  Several  private  dwellings  of  good  size  on  calle 
xVvellaneda,  near  San  Francisco  church,  were  used  for  messes 
and  isolated  companies. 

In  addition  there  are  a  number  of  convents,  clubs,  and 
private  houses  which  would  be  available  in  emergency,  viz, 
convents:  San  Francisco,  Plaza  San  Francisco,  a  regiment; 
Mercedes,  Plaza  Dana,  a  battalion.  Clubs :  Sociedad  Popu- 
lar, calle  Popular,  a  battalion;  Marti,  calle  Marti,  a  bat- 
talion; Union,  calle  Calixto  Garcia,  a  battalion;  Veteranos, 
calle  J.  Aguero,  a  battalion ;  Fenix,  a  battalion ;  Liceo,  Plaza 
Agramonte;  Liga  Agraria,  Plaza  Agramonte;  Colonia  Es- 
panola,  calle  Cisneros ;  the  last  three  named  could  be  utilized 
for  department  headquarters,  offices,  etc.  Private  houses: 
calle  Republica,  south  from  calle  San  Esteban;  calle  Ave- 
llaneda,  east  side  to  Soledad  and  San  Francisco  church ;  calle 
San  Francisco,  corner  Republica,  now  used  by  rural  guard; 
calle  San  Francisco,  large  house  on  plaza  facing  church; 
calle  Marti,  No.  39  and  vicinity;  calle  Cisneros,  from  Plaza 
Dana,  south  to  San  Clemente;  calle  Lugarefio,  No.  72,  two 
stories ;  calle  Lugareiio,  Circulo  Liberal,  corner  Marti. 

Temporary  shelter  for  troops  could  be  had  as  follows: 
Lumber  mills,  near  Camagiiey  Hotel,  300  men;  has  cistern 
water.  Lumber  mills  of  Molina,  calle  Soledad,  near  electric- 
light  plant;  not  so  good;  200  men.  Lumber  mills  of  Cama- 
giiey LMuil)er  Company,  200  men;  spur  track  near:  water 


PROVINCE    OF    CAMAGUEY.  493 

obtained  from  artesian  well.  Casino  Campestre;  a  large 
open  building,  200  by  60  feet;  brick  floor;  used  for  exposi- 
tion purposes;  needs  repair. 

Stables:  There  is  very  little  stable  accommodation  in  this 
cattle  country,  private  stables  being  few  and  small.  The 
following  are  the  largest:  Public  stables  adjoining  yards 
of  Nuevitas  Railroad  near  Hotel  Camagiiey ;  convenient  to 
transportation;  artesian  water  tanks;  accommodations  for 
50  to  150  horses.  Cann's  old  stable,  back  of  Plaza  Hotel ; 
'25  horses;  could  increase  to  200.  Casino  Campestre;  large 
building,  200  by  60  feet;  100  horses.  Polvorin,  rural  guard 
station,  near  San  Lazaro,  1^  miles  west  from  town ;  suitable 
for  50  horses. 

Corrals :  Present  camp  north  of  Hotel  Camagiiey ;  artesian 
water ;  two  wells ;  40  acres ;  pasturage ;  600  yards  from  Cuba 
and  Nuevitas  Railroads.  Casino  Campestre,  southeast  of  city ; 
1.000  yards  from  Cuba  Railroad  at  its  car  shops,  where  there 
would  be  a  good  opportunity  for  entraining  and  detraining ; 
this  is  near  the  race  track  of  the  city ;  good  grazing.  Small 
corrals  near  Cuba  Railroad  station  (Cann's  stable)  ;  no  water. 
Small  corrals  in  yards  of  Nuevitas  Railroad;  water  would 
have  to  be  piped  from  near-by  tanks. 

Hospitals:  There  are  established  hospitals,  and  buildings 
that  could  be  made  immediately  available,  with  capacity 
sufficient  to  accommodate  nearly  2,000  patients. 

Numerous  residences  could  be  readily  converted  into  quar- 
ters for  the  sick.  The  hospitals  and  some  of  the  buildings 
are  as  follows: 

American  army  hospital,  one-quarter  mile  nortliwest  of 
camp  and  one-half  mile  from  railroad  station,  with  which  it 
is  connected.  Leased,  double  building,  70  by  30  feet;  tile 
floor;  one  story  with  portico;  large  patio;  no  modern  closets; 
cistern ;  artesian  water  from  camp  used ;  accommodations,  30 
patients  and  corps  men.  Another  similar  house  opposite; 
available  in  case  of  military  emergency. 

General  hospital,  situated  on  open  ground,  northeast  cor- 
ner of  city,  opposite  stations  of  Cuba  and  Nuevitas  Railroads. 
A  large  building,  300  by  350  feet,  inclosing  patio.  Central 
part  of  front  building  is  two  stories  and  used  for  nurses. 
The  building  was  erected  by  Spaniards  for  infantry  bar- 
racks; was  afterwards  used  by  them  as  a  hospital.     Used  by 


494  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

Americans  as  a  barracks  for  1,000  men,  and  again  by  Cuban 
Government  as  a  hospital.  8paniards  crowded  2,000  patients 
into  the  building,  but  the  proper  capacity  is  about  500.  Has 
long  wards  on  sides,  private  wards  in  front,  and  kitchens  in 
rear.  Water  supply  pumped  from  city  artesian  well,  near 
Hotel  Camagiiey,  into  tank  on  roof;  good  and  ample;  build- 
ing has  modern  water-closets  and  bath.  Building  was 
renovated  during  first  intervention;  needs  some  repairs 
(1907). 

San  Lazaro;  public  institution;  home  and  hospital  for 
aged  poor.  One  mile  west  of  town  on  Havana  road,  in 
suburb  San  Lazaro.  Quadrangular  building ;  one  story ;  male 
and  female  wards  on  opposite  sides  of  patio ;  cistern ;  artesian 
well;  windmill;  baths  and  modern  water-closets;  a  model 
institution.  Has  about  100  patients;  could  accommodate 
easily  300  or  more. 

College  of  San  Francisco.  Available  for  hospital  or  bar- 
racks, about  250  by  300  feet,  inclosing  patio ;  two  stories ;  cis- 
tern ;  well ;  windmill ;  modern  water-closets,  and  good  baths ; 
could  accommodate  500  patients. 

Hospital  of  Colonia  Espanola,  southeast  of  city.  A  house 
near  Casino  Campestre ;  a  two-story  stone  building  with  bal- 
conies, (50  by  60  feet,  and  has  an  azotea.  A  private  hospital 
for  Spaniards ;  20  patients ;  could  accommodate  100.  A  good 
isolated  hospital  for  contagious  diseases;  cistern;  well;  mod- 
ern water-closets ;  bad  condition. 

Convent  of  San  Juan  de  Dios,  in  plaza  of  and  adjoining 
diurch  of  same  name.  Two  stories;  patio  around  cistern; 
used  by  Americans  during  first  intervention.  Was  orig- 
inally a  hospital ;  now  rented  to  poor  people,  and  is  in  a  very 
dilapidated  and  dirty  condition;  would  require  great  ex- 
pense and  labor  to  make  necessary  repairs;  cistern  is  dry  and 
dirty;  no  conveniences. 

Audiencia,  calle  Cisneros,  now  the  court-house.  Used  by 
Americans  during  first  intervention.  Has  ward  for  conta- 
gious diseases.  It  is  of  little  value  to-day,  except  in  case  of 
special  necessity.  Plas  well,  windmill,  modern  water-closets: 
could  accommodate  200  or  more. 

El  Carmel,  infant  asylum,  San  Juan  Neponuiceno,  corner 
calle  Marti  and  Bembeta. 


PROVINCE    OF    CAMAGUEY.  495 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses :  Present  store- 
houses (1907)  in  rear  portion  of  Camagiiey  Hotel.  The  com- 
missary storehouse  is  60  by  20  feet,  and  the  quartermaster 
storehouse  is  40  by  30  feet.  Other  suitable  locations  are: 
Freight  station,  Nuevitas  Railroad ;  2  storehouses,  1.50  by  2.5 
feet  each,  with  platforms.  Freight  station,  Cuba  Company ; 
small  and  needed  for  railroad  business.  Cuba  Company 
car  shops  at  Garrido,  2  miles  east ;  a  large  number  of  tracks : 
2  large  buildings,  about  100  by  40  feet  each;  no  platforms. 
Camagiiey  Lumber  Company ;  2  large  buildings ;  spur  track ; 
no  platform.  Large  storehouse,  No.  39  calle  Marti.  Dis- 
tillery of  Pufan  Company,  corner  calle  Lope  Recio  and  San 
Esteban. 

Location  of  principal  offices:  Post-office,  Plaza  Dana,  cen- 
ter of  city.  Telegraph  office.  Plaza  Dana,  center  of  city ;  in 
post-office  building.  Railroad  telegraph  office  of  Cuba  Com- 
pany, opposite  station.  Telephone  central,  calle  Cisneros, 
near  Plaza  Agramonte.  Electric-light  office,  calle  Cisneros 
comer  San  Ignacio. 

Ice  plant :  Situated  in  northeast  part  of  city,  one-half  mih^ 
from  railroad  and  off  road  to  Nuevitas  on  edge  of  Jatibonico 
River.  Only  machine  in  district;  ships  ice  to  Nuevitas,  etc. 
Product  limited ;  water  from  stream  and  wells ;  distilled. 

Camp  site:  Present  camp  (1907),  battalion  Seventeenth 
Infantry,  500  yards  northeast  of  Camagiiey  Hotel ;  40  acre? 
pasturage;  water  from  two  wells  and  piped  artesian  water 
from  Camagiiey  Hotel;  additional  capacity  for  a  regiment; 
connected  with  railroad  one-fourth  mile  away  by  macadam 
road.  Casino  Campestre,  southeast  of  town,  zoological  gar- 
dens, and  race  track  on  Jatibonico  River  and  Arroyo  de 
Toro;  plenty  of  water  of  fair  quality;  one  large  open  build- 
ing, 200  by  60  feet,  with  tile  roof  and  brick  floor.  Along  line 
of  Nuevitas  Railway.  2^  miles  from  town;  creek;  large  force. 
Along  line  of  Nuevitas  Railroad,  5  miles  from  town ;  artesian 
well;  large  force;  this  was  the  camp  of  the  Eighth  Cavalry 
during  the  first  intervention ;  formerly  contained  many  frame 
buildings,  since  sold,  removed,  and  rebuilt  by  a  colony  of 
Americans  between  Caridad  road  and  Garrido. 

Defenses:  La  Punta  de  Diamante;  redoubt;  southeast  of 
town  on  Caridad  road ;  dismantled ;  occupied  by  rural  guard. 


496  PROVINCE    OF    CAMAGUEY. 

El  Polvorin  (magazine) ;  west  1^  miles  on  Havana  road;  dis- 
mantled; occupied  by  rural  guard.  El  Cerro;  abrupt  hill, 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  west  on  line  of  railroad;  line  of  old 
trenches. 

Railroads:  Cuba  Company  Railroad  passes  through  north 
part  of  city  from  west  to  east.  Puerto  Principe  and  Nuevitas 
Railroad ;  terminus  north  of  city ;  runs  northeast.  These  two 
lines  comprise  the  local  transportation.  The  Cuba  Company 
has  covered  platform  300  feet  long  for  passengers  and  one 
about  200  feet  in  length  for  freight;  two  tracks  with  three 
spurs  comprise  the  local  switching  facilities;  one  spur,  three 
rails,  connects  with  yard  of  Nuevitas  Railroad;  one  spur 
enters  lumber  yard  of  Camagiiey  Lumber  Company.  At 
(xarrido,  2  miles  east  of  town,  are  the  car  shops  of  the  Cuba 
Company,  with  a  system  of  tracks  having  capacity  of  several 
hundred  cars;  roundhouse;  2  large  buildings,  75  by  40  feet; 
two  water  tanks;  near  race  tracks  and  park  camp  sites,  etc. 
This  plant  is  being  increased. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town:  To  the  north  runs  the  Vigia 
road,  which  1  mile  out  of  town  divides  into  three,  viz:  The 
northern  Havana  road,  the  Moron  road,  and  the  La  Gloria 
road.  To  the  northeast,  following  the  Nuevitas  Railroad, 
runs  the  Nuevitas  road.  The  Garrido  road  runs  to  Las 
Cuevas  and  Minas.  To  the  southeast  runs  the  Caridad  road 
to  Santiago;  18  miles  of  this  road  is  macadamized.  To  the 
south  runs  the  road  to  Santa  Cruz  and  to  the  west  runs  the 
southern  road  to  Havana.  All  these  roads. have  branches 
which  lead  in  every  direction. 

The  best  line  of  approach  to  the  town  is  from  the  north 
and  northeast.  The  country  is  open  and  unobstructed 
savanna.  At  tliis  end  of  the  town  are  the  vulnerable  points, 
viz,  the  car  shops  and  depots.  West  of  the  tow^n  there  is 
wooded  growth  and  a  hill,  El  Cerro,  which  could  be  easily 
fortified. 

Altagracia. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  about  12 
miles  northeast  of  city  of  Camagiiey  along  the  Puerto  Prin- 
cipe and  Nuevitas  Railroad.  Contains  16  houses  and  2 
stores.  Population,  about  100.  People  are  engaged  in  rais- 
ing cattle  and  there  is  a  molasses  mill,  Las  Dos  Marias,  about 
1  mile  southwest.     Water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  cis- 


PROVINCE    OF   CAMAGUEY.  497 

terns;  supply  poor.  Railroad  station  and  telegraph.  No 
telephone.     Railroad  siding  of  75  yards  at  station. 

Roads:  North,  logging  roads.  Southwest,  fairly  good 
road  over  savanna  to  Camagiiey.  East,  Camino  de  Camajan ; 
fairly  good  road  toward  Minas. 

Caobillas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  15^  miles  by 
road  northwest  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey,  and  consists  of  8 
houses  of  native  construction. 

CasGorro. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  2f 
miles  northeast  of  Marti  station,  and  24.3  miles  by  road 
southeast  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey.  An  old  historic  village 
with  a  prosperous  past ;  burned  three  times.  Level  land ;  two 
or  three  cross  streets ;  all  small  houses  except  one,  which  is  a 
large  brick  store  centrally  situated.  Population,  about  1,000. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  river,  which  runs  along  north- 
west corner  of  village,  at  crossing  of  road  leading  to  Siban- 
icu.  Rain  water  is  also  used.  Buildings  that  could  be  used 
for  barracks  are  a  club,  with  a  capacity  of  possibly  40  men, 
and  a  schoolhouse  which  might  hold  50  men;  neither  has 
sanitary  arrangements.  Post-office  and  telegraph  office  on 
northwest  corner  of  principal  street.  On  Sibanicu  road,  ad- 
joining river,  a  large  force  could  be  camped.  Open  space 
also  available  north  and  south  of  village,  a  few  hundred 
yards  from  river.  There  are  two  fine,  fenced  pastures  on 
the  north  side  of  river.  Roads  leave  the  village  from  the 
north  to  Sibanicu  and  Nuevitas ;  from  the  south  to  Guaimaro 
and  Marti  station  (in  bad  condition).  There  are  woods  to 
the  east  and  west  of  village,  and  open  country  north  and 
south. 

Marti. — Village.  Situated  on  the  main  line  of  the  Cuba 
Company  Railroad,  37  miles  southeast  of  Camagiiey,  in  the 
center  of  a  rich  grazing  country.  Population,  about  700.  The 
water  supply  is  obtained  from  the  railroad  tank,  and  is  lim- 
ited. There  is  a  large  cattle  corral,  water  for  which  is  pumped 
from  a  well  at  Cascorro.  The  sugar  mill  Tana  is  about  4 
miles  south,  and  a  spur  of  the  railroad  runs  to  it.  There  is  a 
Y  at  Marti.  The  nearest  running  stream  is  4  miles  distant. 
Telegraph  office  at  railroad  station.  Roads  lead  north  to 
Cascorro  and  south  to  Guaimaro.  The  country  surrounding 
the  village  is  open.    There  is  said  to  be  a  great  deal  of  malaria 

492—09 .32 


498  PROVINt^E   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

at  this  point.  The  Cuba  Company  Railroad  plans  to  build  a 
branch  road  from  Nue vitas  to  Marti. 

Palo  Seco. — Village.  Formerly  called  Guano.  Situated  on 
the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  east  of  Camagiiey.  ,  Consists  of 
2  stores,  a  frame  schoolhouse,  and  a  number  of  houses  of  na- 
tive construction.  There  is  a  post-office,  telegraph  office,  and  a 
railroad  station.  Switch  of  22-car  capacity,  with  pens  and 
ramps  for  loading  stock.  To  the  east  and  south  the  country 
is  level  and  clear  to  the  woods,  which  are  distant  600  yards. 
On  the  west  and  southwest  there  are  woods  within  100  yards 
of  the  station. 

Contramaestre. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  IG  miles 
south  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey,  and  consists  of  a  few  houses 
and  a  store. 

Ecuador. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  on  the  Rio  Na- 
jasa,  22.3  miles  by  road  east  of  south  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey. 
It  contains  a  cantina.  A  new  steel  bridge  is  being  constructed 
over  the  river  at  this  place. 

Gudimaro. — ^Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated  in 
a  level  basin,  surrounded  by  low,  grassy  hills,  and  is  51  miles 
by  road  southeast  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey.  It  contains 
about  100  houses,  a  few  of  which  are  of  rubble  masonry  and 
the  rest  native  construction.  It  is  a  rural-guard  station,  and 
has  a  post  and  telegraph  office.  The  Guaimaro  River  flows 
200  yards  northeast  of  the  village  and  supplies  it  with  water 
of  excellent  quality.  There  are  wells  also.  A  masonry  bridge 
is  being  built  over  the  river  on  the  Victoria  de  las  Tunas  road, 
which  leaves  the  village  on  the  northeast.  The  Palo  Seco 
road  leaves  the  village  to  the  north,  the  Cascorro  road  to  the 
northwest,  the  Guayabal  road  to  the  southwest,  and  the  La 
Loma  I'oad  to  the  southeast.  Just  outside  of  village  the 
Jobabo  road  forks  to  eastAvard  from  La  Loma  road.  A  road 
to  the  Finca  Jagiiita  leaves  village  to  the  east. 

Cattle  ranches  surround  the  village  on  all  sides,  and  there 
are  barbed-wire  fences  coming  within  several  hundred  yards 
of  the  buildings.  About  1,000  yards  to  the  northwest  there 
is  a  hill  about  150  feet  high,  and  another  one  about  same 
height  1,200  yards  to  the  southwest.  The  timber  line  crosses 
the  crest  of  these  hills,  but  the  faces  toward  the  village  are 
practically  clear.  Between  these  hills  are  two  low  grassy 
hills  several  hundred  yards  apart.     From  the  crest  of  the 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  499 

southwest  hill  the  Cuban  army,  under  Calixto  Garcia,  Maxi- 
mo Gomez,  and  Antonio  Maceo,  shelled  the  Spanish  troops 
out  of  their  blockhouses  and  redoubts  that  encircled  the  vil- 
lage and  compelled  their  surrender. 

There  is  a  cemetery  about  500  yards  west  of  the  village.  It 
is  a  quadrangle  surrounded  by  a  brick  wall  6  feet  high  and 
18  inches  thick,  with  faces  about  75  yards  long.  Light  woods 
extend  from  the  foot  of  the  hills  southwest  to  within  200 
yards  of  cemetery.  The  ground  between  cemetery  and  village 
is  clear  of  brush  and  trees  and  is  level. 

Under  protection  of  fire  of  field  artillery,  or  even  machine 
guns,  posted  on  crest  of  hill  to  southwest,  or  hill  to  northwest, 
infantry  could  approach  the  cemetery  wall  under  cover  of 
woods.  East  face  of  cemetery  wall  affords  clear  field  of  fire 
to  west  and  south  of  village. 

The  north  and  east  faces  of  the  village  are  enfiladed  per- 
fectly from  crest  of  hills  500  yards  northeast  of  the  village. 
Light  woods  approach  village  on  east  and  south  within  300 
yards.  Under  cover  of  thase,  dismounted  troops  could  ap- 
proach. The  village  could  not  be  successfully  defended 
unless  the  defenders  were  secure  on  the  surrounding  hills. 
As  defended  by  the  troops  of  Spain,  the  place  was  a  trap. 
Having  captured  the  village  both  in  the  Ten  Years'  war  and 
in  the  war  of  1898,  the  Cubans  say  that  a  Cuban  army  will 
always  be  successful  at  Guaimaro. 

Guanaja. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  37  miles 
northeast  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey.  It  is  a  fishing  village 
and  contains  40  houses  of  native  construction,  a  frame 
schoolhouse,  two  frame  warehouses,  and  three  wharves. 

Five  feet  of  water  at  end  of  wharves  at  low  tide.  Tide  of 
1^  feet.  Average  depth  of  water  in  bay,  6  feet.  Entrances 
to  bay:  Guabaja  and  Carabelas  channels;  former  is  at  west 
and  latter  at  east  end  of  island  of  Guabaja.  Deep-water 
and  sea  anchorage  at  north  end  of  Guabaja  Channel.  The 
transportation  in  the  bay  consists  of  sailboats  of  2  to  10  tons 
capacity  and  steamboat  La  Gloria. 

Bay  View. — Sitio.  A  town  site  situated  half  a  mile  south 
of  Guanaja  and  containing  a  three-story  frame  hotel,  built 
to  accommodate  Americans  interested  in  the  Columbia,  La 
Gloria,  Pilota,  Garden  City,  and  Palm  City  colonies.  The 
building  contains  20  rooms,  10  by  12  feet;  completely  fur- 


500  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

nished;  iron  bedsteads,  mirrors,  tables,  chairs,  bedclothing, 
etc.  Kitchen  and  table  furniture  for  about  50  persons. 
Good  well  in  yard  and  another  in  cocoanut  grove  100  yards 
north.  Elevation  about  70  feet.  Ground  cleared  and  per- 
fectly drained.  Healthful  site.  Plenty  of  fuel  and  forage 
in  immediate  vicinity.  Excellent  quarters  for  detachment 
of  40  to  60  men.  Detachment  could  supervise  all  country 
between  Cubitas  Mountains  and  north  coast,  and  along  the 
coast  from  Columbia  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Pedro;  also 
Cayo  Romano,  Guabaja  Island,  and  the  western  end  of  the 
Sabinal  Canal. 

La  Gloria. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  contains,  be- 
sides the  colony  of  La  Gloria,  the  sitio  of  Viaro  and  the 
village  of  Columbia. 

The  village  is  the  town  site  of  a  large  American  colony 
and  is  4  miles  southwest  of  Viaro,  its  port,  and  39^  miles 
by  road  northeast  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey.  Wells  consti- 
tute water  supply,  which  is  good.  There  are  from  40  to  50 
small  frame  houses  in  the  village  proper,  and  as  many  more 
scattered  about  outskirts;  one  two-story  frame  building 
owned  by  the  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  and  four  general 
stores.  There  is  a  post-office,  but  flo  telegraphic  or  tele- 
phonic communication.     Population,  about  500. 

Road  to  Camagiiey  passable  at  all  seasons ;  to  Nuevitas,  32 
miles,  impassable  in  rainy  season;  trail  to  Guanaja,  which 
can  be  used  by  pack  trains  at  all  times  and  by  wagons  in  dry 
season. 

Water  route  to  Nuevitas  is  by  sailboat  from  the  landing 
in  bay  No.  1,  through  Sabinal  Canal,  taking  steamer  at  west 
end  of  canal.  Actual  time  from  Nuevitas  to  Viaro  is  about 
ten  hours. 

As  a  base  station  for  a  detachment  of  troops  this  point  does 
not  compare  favorably  with  Guanaja,  Pilota,  or  Columbia. 

Columbia. — Village.  An  American  colony  on  coast,  5  miles 
east  of  Viaro.  Steamer  La  Gloria  lands  at  dock.  Village 
is  on  the  beach  and  200  to  500  yards  from  sea.  Two-story 
frame  hotel  with  16  rooms.  Twenty  frame  houses,  4  to  8 
rooms  each;  all  practically  liew.  Water  is  hauled  from 
Maximo  River,  distant  1  mile.  Several  good  wells  in  village. 
Place  practically  deserted.  Houses  were  built  by  Americans 
who  purchased  fruit  lands  in  vicinity.     The  first  year  demon- 


PBOVINCE    OF  CAMAGIJEY.  501 

strated  that  nearh'  all  of  the  farms  were  flooded  during  the 
wet  season  and  caused  the  majority  of  the  settlers  to  abandon 
their  property  and  move  elsewhere. 

Viaro. — Sitio.  Situated  on  the  coast,  39  miles  northeast 
of  Camagiiey.  It  is  the  seaport  of  La  Gloria,  which  is  4 
miles  southwest,  and  is  connected  with  that  place  by  a  mac- 
adam road.  It  consists  of  a  frame  warehouse,  30  by  50  feet, 
Avith  a  wharf  300  feet  long  running  out  from  it.  This  Avharf 
is  to  be  extended  to  6  feet  of  water.  There  is  also  another 
warehouse  projected  to  connect  with  the  present  one.  (No- 
vember, 1907.) 

There  is  no  fresh  water  available  within  2  miles.  The 
steamer  La  Gloria  gets  its  supply  from  rain  water  caught  on 
board  and  from  spout  on  the  Avarehouse.  ^^Tien  more  is 
Avanted  it  must  be  obtained  from  the  Maximo  River. 

Limones. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  20  miles  east  of 
north  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey,  and  consists  of  3  houses  of 
native  construction. 

Magarahomha. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  32 
miles  northwest  of  Camagiiey  and  consists  of  3  stores  and  5 
natiA'e  houses.  There  is  a  large  slough  at  which  stock  can  be 
watered.  Roads  branch  to  Ciego  Corojo  and  Moron.  This 
barrio  contains  the  village  of  Cespedes. 

Cespedes. — Village.  A  railroad  settlement  26  miles  north- 
west of  Camagiiey  on  Cuba  Company  Railroad.  It  consists 
of  a  number  of  scattered  houses  along  the  railroad,  a  railroad 
station,  section  house,  sawmill,  and  store.  There  are  about 
50  people  in  village  and  they  are  occupied  in  cutting  and 
shipping  timber.  Water  supply  is  from  w^ells;  scant  and 
and  poor.  There  is  a  railroad  telegraph  station  and  a  siding 
of  100  yards.  Logging  roads  lead  north  to  Candelaria  and 
south  to  San  Geronimo ;  both  connect  with  national  highways 
at  points  named. 

Maragudn. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  12  miles  south- 
east of  the  city  of  Camagiiey  and  consists  of  1  cantina  and  3 
houses. 

Minas. — Barrio  and  town.  Besides  the  town  of  Minas  the 
barrio  contains  the  village  of  Canet. 

The  town  is  24  miles  northeast  of  the  city  of  Camagiiey,  on 
the  Puerto  Principe  and  Nue vitas  Railroad,  and  is  a  junction 


502  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGiJEY. 

for  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  running  5  miles  north  to  ingenio 
Senado.  There  are  no  manufactures  and  but  little  agricul- 
ture, the  principal  industry  being  the  raising  of  cattle  and 
the  distribution  of  supplies.  There  are  copper  mines  in  the 
vicinity,  but  they  are  not  being  worked. 

The  town  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  railroad  and  is  divided 
into  two  parts  by  a  vacant  space  owned  by  railroad  com- 
pany. The  old  town,  east,  contains  business  stores.  The 
streets  are  at  right  angles.  There  are  over  200  small,  one- 
story  houses,  26  stores,  3  hotels,  and  1  slaughterhouse.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,387. 

Water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  is  of  good  quality  and 
abundant.  Two  arroyos,  east  and  west,  fed  by  springs,  are 
also  used,  and  the  water  is  good. 

Xo  sewer  system.  Petroleum  used  for  lighting  in  homes. 
Acetylene  used  in  stores. 

For  barracks  there  is  an  old  sugar  mill  on  the  north  edge 
of  the  town,  90  by  110  feet,  which  will  shelter  200  troops, 
and  water  can  be  obtained  from  good  wells,  tanks,  and  ar- 
royo.  It  was  occupied  by  Spanish  troops  at  the  close  of  the 
Spanish  regime. 

Telegraph  offices  at  railroad  station  and  in  post-office. 
Private  telephone  to  Senado.     Post-office  on  calle  Moralista. 

Railroads:  Facilities  for  entraining  and  detraining  are 
excellent.  Good  storehouses.  Station  platform  level  with 
floor  of  cars ;  inclined  plane  for  horses.  Sidings  for  50  cars ; 
2  water  tanks,  500  and  1,000  gallons,  respectively;  water 
obtained  from  wells. 

Camp  sites :  Two  miles  west,  opposite  Canet  station,  there 
was  an  infantry  camp  during  first  American  intervention; 
one  battalion;  water  from  Spanish  well  and  arroyo.  One 
mile  south  on  hill  overlooking  town ;  one  squadron  of  cavalry 
camped  here  during  first  intervention;  water  from  springs. 

There  are  no  existing  defenses.  Spaniards  entrenched  a 
hill  to  the  south. 

Roads:  Main  road  Camagiiey  to  Nuevitas  passes  through 
town.  There  is  a  road  northwest  to  La  Gloria  and  one  south 
to  Riverside. 

Town  is  dominated  by  hills  to  south  and  a  range  of  hills 
north  and  northwest,  the  possession  of  which  determines  the 
tenableness  of  the  town. 


PROVINCE    OF   CAMAGUEY.  503 

Canet. — Village.  This  village  is  a  small  American  colony 
situated  about  18  miles  northeast  of  Camagiiey,  on  the 
Puerto  Principe  and  Nuevitas  Railroad.  It  consists  of  about 
27  houses,  mostly  small  homes  built  on  the  bungalow  pattern, 
and  a  large  two-story  house,  used  as  hotel.  Water  is  ob- 
tained from  a  large  well.  Surrounding  country  open  and 
flat.  Battalion  of  infantry  camped  here  during  first  inter- 
vention. 

Puehlo  Nuevo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  4  miles 
from  the  city  of  Camagiiey.  It  consists  of  a  store  and  two 
houses  of  native  construction. 

Quemado. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  30.7  miles  by 
road  northeast  of  Camagiiey  on  highway  leading  north  from 
that  town;  near  the  Jigiiey  River.  It  consists  of  a  finca 
with  a  large  new  house. 

San  Geronimo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  contains, 
besides  the  village  of  same  name,  the  village  of  Florida. 
The  village  is  30  miles  west  of  Camagiiey  by  national  high- 
way, and  consists  of  50  houses,  2  schoolhouses,  and  2  well- 
stocked  stores.  Principal  industry  is  cattle  raising.  Popu- 
lation, about  250.  Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells 
about  25  feet  deep.  Supply  inadequate  in  dry  season,  and 
no  large  body  of  troops  could  be  supplied. 

Telegra'ph  station  of  government  line  to  Camagiiey  and 
Ciego  de  Avila.  Post-office  on  plaza.  The  schoolhouses  are 
one  block  from  the  plaza. 

Road  out  of  the  village  northwest  to  Havana;  trails  and 
road  north  to  Cespedes,  and  a  national  highway  southeast 
to  Camagiiey,  30  miles. 

Florida. — Village.  A  railroad  and  lumbering  settlement 
similar  to  Cespedes  and  situated  about  21  miles  northwest 
of  Camagiiey.  Contains  2  sawmills,  2  stores,  and  a  short 
siding.  Logging  roads  running  north  and  south  connect 
with  the  national  highways. 

Sihanicu. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  has  about  600 
inhabitants,  and  is  29^  miles  by  road  southeast  of  Camagiiey ; 
built  along  the  Camino  Real  to  Santiago.  Contains  12 
stores,  2  schoolhouses,  and  a  good  club  building. 


504  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAOUEY. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  and  from  the 
two  streams  which  pass  by  the  edge  of  the  village.  The 
quantity  is  ample  and  the  quality  is  said  to  be  good. 

Petroleum  is  used  for  lighting. 

The  two  schoolhouses  and  the  clubhouse  would  be  avail- 
able for  barracks  in  an  emergency.  They  are  clean  and  in 
good  condition,  but  have  no  sanitary  arrangements. 

There  is  open  ground  for  corrals  on  bank  of  river,  300 
yards  from  the  village. 

The  clubhouse  contains  one  large,  spacious  room  and  could 
be  used  as  a  hospital ;  no  sanitary  conveniences. 

Some  of  the  stores  in  village  are  the  only  buildings  suit- 
able for  storehouses. 

Telegraph  line  passes  through  the  village,  but  there  is 
no  telegraph  office.  Telegrams  are  sent  from  Hatuey,  4  miles 
south  on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad. 

There  are  plenty  of  good  camp  sites.  One  can  be  found 
on  banks  of  stream  300  yards  from  village. 

The  nearest  railroad  point  is  Hatuey,  4  miles  south  on 
Cuba  Company  Railroad. 

Roads  leading  out  of  village :  North  to  San  Miguel ;  south- 
east, Camino  Real  to  Santiago;  south  to  Hatuey;  north  of 
west,  Maraguan  road  to  Camagiiey;  east,  carretera  to  Cama- 
giiey.  With  the  exception  of  the  last-mentioned  road  they 
are  generally  poor. 

Hatuey. — Sitio.  Situated  on  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  29 
miles  southeast  of  Camagiiey  and  4  miles  southwest  of 
Sibanicu.  Consists  of  a  sawmill  and  a  few  houses.  Railroad 
station  for  Sibanicu. 

Vuta  Hermosa. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  rural 
district  southeast  of  Camagiiey.  The  sitio  consists  of  a 
store  on  Camagiiey-Santiago  road,  11.1  miles  from  Camagiiey. 

Los  Anyeles. — Sitio.  This  place  is  the  railroad  station 
of  Vista  Hermosa.  It  is  about  14  miles  southeast  of  Cama- 
giiey at  junction  of  Cuba  Company  Railroad  with  Camagiiey- 
Santiago  road.  There  are  2  general  stores  and  a  few  scattered 
houses.    It  is  also  called  Ignacio. 

La  Yaha. — Barrio.  A  district  lying  3  miles  south  of 
Camagiiey  and  containing  the  finca  San  Juan  de  Carbonero 
and  1  store. 


PROVIXCF,    OF    CAMAGUEY. 


505 


Las  Yeguas. — Barrio  and  sitio.    The  sitio  is  17  miles  west 
of  Camagiiey  and  consists  of  5  houses  of  native  construction. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  NUE VITAS    (CAPITAL,   XUE VITAS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula 
tion. 


Nuevitas. 

Lugareno 
San  Miguel 

Baf 
Senado 


Poblaci<5nor  Primero. 


Urban  and 

rural. 
Rural 


Miles. 


Alvaro  Reynoso,  or  Segundo . . 

Lugareno _ .do 

San  Miguel,  or  Tercero ....... do 

Senado . .do. 


17.7 
19.2 
12 


1,273 

1,767 
2,196 
1,346 

3,026 


Nuevitas. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  is  called  Pobla- 
cion.  The  town  is  on  the  northeastern  shore  of  the  bay  of 
the  same  name,  and  is  really  the  only  seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  the  province,  being  connected  with  the  United  States 
and  Cuban  ports  by  several  .steamship  lines;  is  the  seaport 
of  Camagiiey,  the  capital  of  the  province,  situated  about 
45  miles  west  by  south,  and  is  connected  therewith  by  the 
Puerto  Principe  and  Nuevitas  Railroad. 

Trains  run  once  daily  in  each  direction  between  Nuevitas 
and  Camagiiey  at  irregular  hours.  This  service  is  increased 
when  the  amount  of  merchandise  to  be  transported  demands 
it.  The  Munson  Steamship  Line  affords  transportation  to 
New  York  bimonthly  and  the  Herrera  Steamship  Line  serves 
for  communication  with  Havana  and  points  along  the  Cuban 
coast. 

The  harbor  is  one  of  the  largest  in  Cuba.  It  is  approached 
through  a  narrow  entrance.  It  is  shallow  near  the  shores, 
and  vessels  of  heavy  draft  anchor  a  mile  or  more  from  the 
town.  A^Tiarves  are  numerous  and  smaller  vessels  find  easy 
and  ample  dock  facilities  with  extensive  warehouses.  On 
the  points  at  the  entrance  to  the  harbor  are  the  lights  "  Punta 
de  Maternillos  "  and  "  Punta  de  Practicos,"  and  in  the  midst 
of  the  bay  are  the  islands  which,  owing  to  their  resemblance 
to  a  school  of  whales,  are  know^n  as  "  Los  Ballenatos." 

The  town  is  situated  on  the  side  of  a  slope  running  from 
the  shore  and  terminating  in  an  eminence,  on  which  is  situ- 
ated the  plaza  or  town  square.  The  streets  are  wide  and  well 
kept  and  are  laid  out  in  large  rectangles,  the  principal  streets 


506  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

following  the  shore  line.  The  town  extends  along  the  water 
front  for  about  a  mile. 

Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  pursuits  of  local 
interest,  and  there  are  no  industries  of  importance,  although 
there  are  three  tanneries  and  a  henequen  works  near  the  out- 
skirts of  the  town.  Some  sponge  and  tortoise  shell  fishing 
is  engaged  in.  The  sugar  from  the  Senado  and  Lugareno 
mills,  fruits  from  La  Gloria  and  other  American  colonies,  and 
lumber  from  the  surrounding  country  are  exported. 

The  population  is  4,386.- 

The  fresh-water  supply  is  derived  solely  from  stored  rain 
water,  collected  from  roofs  and  watersheds.  There  is  no 
municipal  water  system.  Xear  the  railroad  station  is  a 
large  cistern  which  collects  water  from  the  hillside,  and  from 
which  pipe  has  been  laid  to  the  beach,  and  vessels  may 
obtain  water  from  this  source.  In  general  the  fresh  water  is 
of  good  quality  throughout  the  city.  No  history  of  epi- 
demics of  typhoid,  dysentery,  or  enteric  diseases.  With  the 
exception  of  small  lagoons  nearly  a  mile  from  the  port  along 
the  Camino  Nuevo,  there  are  no  reserve  supplies  of  fresh 
water. 

There  is  no  sewer  system.  Drainage  is  entirely  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  which  slopes  down  to  the  beach.  Dirt 
closets  and  privies  are  in  general  use  throughout  the  city. 
None  of  the  buildings  or  dwellings  are  piped  for  water,  and 
there  are  no  modern  water-closets  in  use. 

Electricity,  oil  lamps,  and  candles  are  used  for  illuminating 
purposes.  The  electric  plant  is  unsatisfactory  because  of  its 
insufficient  power.  It  is  a  private  enterprise,  and  is  not  con- 
trolled by  municipal  authority.  The  plant  is  on  calle  Inde- 
pendencia,  near  the  bay. 

The  two  barrack  buildings,  which  were  constructed  by  the 
United  States  Army  during  the  first  intervention,  are  in 
fairly  good  repair  and  available  for  the  use  for  which  they 
were  constructed.  These  barracks  are  on  elevated  ground, 
are  cool,  and  their  sanitary  condition,  as  well  as  that  of  their 
surroundings,  is  good.  These,  quarters  would  accommodate 
200  men.  Water  is  obtainable  at  the  barracks  from  near-by 
cisterns,  although  the  amount  is  comparatively  limited  and 
re(j[uires  transportation.    There  is  rentable  cover  in  ware- 


PROVISrCE   OP   CAMAGUEY.  507 

houses  along  the  water  front  for  300  men.  There  are  a  few 
very  small  stables. 

Near  the  railway  station  is  a  small  corral  with  water 
supply.  In  the  environs  there  is  open  ground  suitable  for 
corrals,  but  with  uncertain  water  supply. 

The  town  maintains  no  hospital.  Some  of  the  better 
dwellings  might  fulfill  the  requirements  of  an  emergency 
hospital.  The  lack  of  .proper  sewerage,  water-supply  system, 
and  plumbing  would  be  deterrent  factors  in  considering  these 
houses  for  hospital  purposes. 

The  large  warehouses  adjacent  to  the  wharves  are  suitable 
for  both  quartermaster  and  commissary  usages.  One  of 
them  was  so  utilized  during  the  first  American  intervention. 
These  buildings  are  commodious,  and  have  direct  communi- 
cation with  sidings  from  the  Puerto  Principe  and  Nuevitas 
Railroad  freight  yards.  Flat  cars  carry  freight  from  the 
wharves  within  the  buildings  on  tramways.  Unloading 
platforms  extend  across  the  w^arehouses  on  either  side  of 
tramway. 

The  railway  station  is  on  calle  de  Lugareiio.  The  post- 
office,  telegraph  office,  and  telephone  central  are  situated  on 
the  corner  of  calle  Ignacio  Agramonte  and  calle  Joaquin 
Agiiero. 

Note. — The  names  of  the  streets  were  changed  after  the 
Spanish- American  war;  consequently  maps  of  the  city  of 
earlier  dates  are  misleading  in  this  respect. 

There  is  no  ice  machine.  Ice  is  brought  daily  from 
Camagiiey  by  rail. 

There  are  several  good  camp  sites  just  without  the  thickly 
populated  districts.  Wood  is  obtainable  in  the  vicinity  as 
well  as  grazing  ground,  but  water  would  have  to  be  trans- 
ported to  the  camp  sites. 

No  defenses. 

The  railway  freight  yards  and  sidings  are  placed  between 
the  station  and  the  bay.  They  cover  an  area  which  it  is  esti- 
mated would  suffice  for  nearly  a  hundred  freight  cars.  The 
facilities  for  entraining  and  detraining  are  fairly  good. 
Within  the  station  is  a  large  storeroom  fully  100  feet  long. 
There  is  also  considerable  platform  space. 


508  PROVINCE    OF    ("AMAOiJEY. 

The  roads  leading  from  the  town  are  poor,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Camino  Nuevo,  which,  for  about  5  miles,  is  in 
fairly  good  condition.  This  is  the  most  important  road; 
all  other  roads  are  for  local  traffic  and  unsuitable  for  team- 
ing. The  Camino  Real  leads  to  Camagiiey,  but  becomes 
practically  a  trail  at  a  point  5  or  6  miles  from  Nuevitas,  at 
which  point  there  is  a  branch  wagon  road  to  the  eastward 
leading  to  La  Atalaya  and  San  Miguel. 

Landing  parties  should  land  in,  and  attack  from,  Bay 
Xo.  1,  which  is  west  of  Nuevitas  Harbor.  An  attack  by  land 
should  be  made  from  the  southeast. 

Alvaro  Reynoso. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  west  of  Nue- 
vitas.     No  point  bearing  the  name  in  the  barrio. 

Lugareno. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  consists  of 
the  central  Lugareiio  and  its  buildings  and  people  employed 
therein.  It  is  2  miles  north  of  the  Puerto  Principe  and 
Xuevitas  Railroad.  There  is  a  station  on  the  railroad  10 
miles  west  of  Minas,  but  no  settlement. 

San  Miguel. — Barrio  and  village.  The  American  colonies. 
Riverside  and  Atalaya,  are  in  this  barrio;  also  the  sitio 
of  Baga  and  some  smaller  places.  The  village  of  San 
Miguel  is  about  10  miles  south  of  Xuevitas,  and  consists  of 
8  stores,  a  bakery,  schoolhouse,  rural  guard  station,  and 
about  60  houses.  There  are  also  the  ruins  of  an  old  sugar 
mill.  Water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns.  Telephone 
connection  with  Baga.  The  village  is  the  terminus  of  a 
proposed  railroad  from  Guaimaro,  and  is  connected  with  the 
sea  by  an  old  railroad  running  to  Baga.  There  are  roads 
running  from  this-  village  north  to  Xuevitas,  south  to  Palo 
Seco,  on  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  Avest  to  Minas,  and  east 
to  Santa  Rosalia. 

Baga. — Sitio.  On  Xuevitas  Bay  5  miles  directly  south  of 
Xuevitas.  It  consists  of  0  houses,  a  tannery,  and  a  large 
warehouse  with  tramway.  Population  about  30.  The  ware- 
house and  tramway  is  what  is  left  of  t)ie  old  village  of  Baga. 
Avhich  was  burned  during  the  Ten  Years'  War.  Railroad  and 
telephone  connections  with  San,  Miguel.  There  is  a  wharf 
extending  450  feet  into  the  bay,  and  the  tramway  runs  on  it 
to  the  warehouse. 

Senado. — Barrio  and  village.  Central  Senado  is  in  this 
biirrio.     The  village  is  24  miles  west  of  Xuevitas  and  3^  miles 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 


509 


north  of  Minas,  and  consists  of  the  central  Senado,  with  its 
buildings  and  people  employed  therein.  It  is  connected  with 
Minas  by  a  narrow-gauge  railroad. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  DEL  SUR. 

DEL  SUR.) 


(CAPITAL,  SANTA  CRUZ 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Santa  ('ruz  del  Sur '  Calzada 

Playa  Bonita 


Curajaya. 


Guaicanamar 

Guayabal 

Junco,  or  Guano  Alto . 
Buienaventura. 


Buenaventura 
Curajaya 
Doce  Leguas, 
Guaicanajnar 
Guayabal 
Junco,  El 
San  Pedro 


Yaguabo Yaguabo 


1,041 
599 

1,107 

341 

93 

1,224 

3,081 
904 
416 
744 


\^anta  Cruz  del  Sur. — Town.  The  town  is  divided  into 
the  urban  wards  or  barrios  Calzada  and  Playa  Bonita.  It  is 
48  miles  due  south  of  Camagiiey  city.  It  is  built  along  one 
street  on  a  bar  of  coral  and  sand  that  follows  the  curve  of 
the  beach.  The  bar  is  about  4  feet  above  high  water,  100 
feet  wide,  and  2  miles  long.  There  is  a  salt  swamp  in  the 
rear.  The  bar  widens  a  little  at  its  eastern  end,  allowing  a 
second  street  north  of  the  main  one.  During  the  spring  tides 
the  town  is  inundated,  even  the  one  road  that  leads  out  of 
the  town  being  covered  with  water.  The  people  are  engaged 
in  the  shipment  of  logs  and  lumber,  a  great  deal  of  cedar, 
mahogany,  and  other  hard  woods  being  handled.  Twenty- 
four  million  feet  were  shipped  in  1906.  There  is  a  sawmill 
at  the  west  end  of  the  town. 

There  is  no  harbor,  simply  an  open  roadstead.  The  shore 
line  is  fringed  with  basins  or  corrals  for  the  retention  of 
floating  timber.  At  about  midway  of  the  length  of  the  town 
is  a  wharf  800  feet  long,  at  the  end  of  which  there  is  11  feet 
of  water.  There  is  also  a  small  wharf  near  the  west  end  of 
town.  Steamers  of  the  Herrera  Line  stop  twice  a  week  each 
way.  Foreign  vessels  anchor  half  a  mile  from  the  shore  to 
load,  the  logs  being  rafted  and  towed  out  by  a  small  steamer. 

Population,  1,640. 

Water  supply:  Rain  water  gathered  in  tanks  above  the 
ground,  and  the  Najasa  River,  6  miles  distant.     The  water 


510  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

from  the  river  is  pumped  through  a  3-inch  pipe  into  a  tank 
made  of  wrought  iron,  5  by  6  by  9  feet,  the  bottom  of  which 
is  elevated  about  8  feet  above  sea  level.  It  is  said  the  pump 
can  fill  this  tank  in  five  hours.  The  tank  is  about  400  yards 
east  and  65  yards  north  of  the  shore  end  of  the  large  wharf. 

There  is  no  sewer  system.  Kerosene  is  used  for  lighting. 
A  few  houses  have  acetylene  gas. 

Buildings  suitable  for  barracks:  Next  to  and  east  of  the 
sawmill  is  a  one-story  wooden  building  with  tile  roof,  250 
by  40  feet.  East  of  this  are  4  wooden  houses,  150  by  40  feet. 
These  buildings  were  constructed  for  the  Spanish  troops  and 
were  used  as  barracks ;  they  are  in  good  condition.  Flurach 
&  Co.  are  the  owners.  From  the  small  wharf  of  Flu- 
rach &  Co.  to  the  large  wharf  where  the  steamers  dock 
there  are  11  buildings,  similar  to  the  ones  already  described. 
There  are  34  more  frame  houses,  from  the  large  wharf  east 
to  where  the  road  to  Camagiiey  leaves  town.  From  this 
point  eastward  houses  of  native  construction  are  the  rule. 

In  the  town  there  are  2  hotels,  18  general  stores,  2  drug 
stores,  a  church,  and  about  300  houses. 

There  are  no  stables  or  shelter  for  animals,  and  there  is 
.no  watering  place  for  them.  A  corral  on  the  north  edge 
of  the  town,  now  used  by  the  rural  guard,  will  accommodate 
8  animals. 

There  is  no  hospital. 

Some  of  the  buildings  described  above  could  be  used  for 
storehouses. 

The  ayuntamiento  is  on  the  main  street,  to  the  east  of  the 
road  that  leads  to  Camagiiey.  The  telegraph  and  post-ofRce 
are  on  this  road,  near  the  main  street;  both  in  the  same 
building.  The  rural  guard  station  is  also  on  this  road  near 
edge  of  town.  The  cable  office  is  near  the  extreme  west  end 
of  the  main  street. 

There  is  a  camp  site  6  miles  north  of  the  town,  on  a  lower 
ford  of  the  Najasa  River;  commands  a  bridge;  suitable  for 
a  large  force. 

There  are  no  defenses. 

Roads  out  of  town:  One  road  north  to  Camagiiey.  Out- 
side of  the  town,  this  road  divides  into  two ;  one  goes  5  miles 
to  the  west  through  Quemados,  the  other,  continuing  direct. 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  511 

passes  through  Guaicananrar  and  Contramaestre.  Loop 
roads  and  trails  leave  the  latter  one  and  run  east  and  west. 

Buenaventura. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  northwest  of 
Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 

Curajaya.—R^TYio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  consists  of  the  finca 
Curajaya  and  is  situated  14  miles  northwest  of  the  town  of 
Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 

Doce  Leyuas. — Barrio.  The  barrio  lies  in  the  sea  south- 
west of  the  town  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur.  It  is  a  chain  of 
keys  on  which  there  is  no  village  or  settlement.  The  eastern- 
most end  is  26  niiles  from  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 

Guaieandmar. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  consists  of 
the  finca  Guaicanamar,  with  1  store;  is  the  capital  of  the 
barrio,  and  situated  21  miles  north  of  the  town  of  Santa 
Cruz  del  Sur. 

Guayabal. — Barrio  and  village.  Ingenio  Francisco  is  in 
the  barrio.  The  village  consists  of  about  300  inhabitants 
and  has  105  houses,  of  which  7  are  stores.  It  is  on  the  south 
coast,  26  miles  east  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur.  It  is  the  ship- 
ping point  of  the  ingenio  Francisco,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  10  miles  long.  There  is 
a  new  wharf  1,050  feet  long,  at  which  ships  drawing  12  feet 
can  unload.  A  railroad  switch  runs  on  the  wharf  and  car- 
goes are  transferred  direct  from  ships  to  cars.  There  is  an 
old  wharf  to  which  all  cargoes  have  to  be  lightered,  ships 
anchoring  about  500  yards  out.  The  principal  road  leaving 
the  village  is  the  one  to  Guaimaro.  It  is  a  good  road  during 
the  dry  season,  but  practically  impassable  in  the  rainy  season. 

El  J  unco. — Barrio  and  v^illage.  The  village  is  on  the 
coast,  13  miles  east  of  the  town  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur,  and 
consists  of  15  houses,  2  of  which  are  frame.  One  of  the 
frame  buildings  is  a  store  and  the  other  a  large  dwelling 
owned  by  Manuel  Hernandez,  who  also  owns  the  entire  vil- 
lage. Plenty  of  wood  and  water.  A  small  canal  runs  up 
to  the  village  from  the  sea,  and  is  used  for  shipping  timber 
to  steamers.  A  great  deal  of  timber  is  shipped  from  this 
point.     The  village  is  also  known  by  the  name  of  Guano  Alto. 

San  Pedro. — Barrio.  x\  rural  district  northwest  of  Santa 
Cruz  del  Sur  and  in  the  extreme  northwest  corner  of  the 
municipality.     Contains  the  sitio  of  Buenaventura. 


512 


PROVINCE    OF   CAMAGUEY. 


Buenaventura. — Sitio.  Consists  of  the  finca  Buenaven- 
tura, with  2  houses;  situated  28  miles  northwest  of  the  town 
of  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 

Yagnaho. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Two  Spanish  colonies  named 
Bercerra  and  Sagasta  and  the  fincas  Caridad  and  Prado  are 
in  the  barrio.  The  sitio  of  Yaguabo  consists  of  2  houses, 
situated  on  the  El  Junco-Guaicanamar  road,  11  miles  from 
El  Junco  and  about  12  miles  by  road,  or  b^  miles  in  direct 
line,  northeast  of  the  town  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 


JUDICIAL   DISTRICT    OF    MORON. 

Township :  Population. 

Ciego  de  Avila 17,  741 

Mor6ii 13,  S9S 

TOWNSHIP  OF  CIEGO  DE  AVILA  (CAPITAL,  CIEGO  DE  AVILA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Ciego  de  Avila 

Ceballos. 
.lagiieyal. 
Silveira. 
Angel  Castillo 

Caliecera,  La 

Rural  and 

urban. 

Rural 

.do.. 

Miles. 

7.305 

11 

29.1 
15.6 
30.6 

8 
16.5 

413 

.Vrroyo  Blanco 

997 

Guanales 

...do 

794 

Jatibonico  del  Sur 

...do 

1,610 

Lajitas. 

Jicotea 

.do 

2,506 

Guayacanes. 
Majagua. 

Jucaro . .        

.do  .   ... 

569 

...do 

10 

29.7 
41.4 

475 

Las  Nuevas  del  Jibaro 

...do 

1,201 

Nuevas  de  Jobosl 

.do 

802 

San  NicolAs 

San  Nlcol&s 

..do 

14                 1.069 

Gaspar. 

Ciego  de  Avila. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  of  Ciego 
de  Avila  is  situated  280  miles  east  of  Havana,  260  miles  west 
of  Santiago,  26|  miles  south  of  San  Fernando,  and  16^  miles 
north  of  Jucaro,  in  a  rich,  gently  undulating,  agricultural 
country;  137  feet  above  sea  level.  It  is  the  capital  of  the 
municipality  and  barrio  of  the  same  name. 

Sugar,  citrus  fruit,  wood,  honey,  cattle,  and  cheese  are  the 
principal  industries.  Its  low  appearance  belies  the  impor- 
tance of  the  town,  which,  situated  in  a  rich  district  and  at 
the  intersection  of  two  railroads,  is  a  distributing  center  and 
transacts  a  large  amount  of  business.     At  Ceballos.  S  miles 


TOWNSH/PS 


SAA/Cr/   SPIRITUS 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  513 

to  the  north,  are  the  extensive  citrus-fruit  and  sugar-cane 
plantations  of  the  Development  Company  of  Cuba  (Ceballos 
&  Co.)  ;  to  the  south  and  southwest  are  the  sugar-cane  fields 
of  the  Stuart  Sugar  Company  at  ingenio;  also  the  central 
Jagiieyal  and  the  extensive  sugar-cane  fields  at  Jatibonico. 

There  are  a  number  of  small  shops  and  also  several  large 
merchandise  stores,  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  rope 
and  hardware  store  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  plaza. 
There  are  in  town  three  drug  stores.  There  are  two  black- 
smith shops,  a  lumber  yard,  and  sawmill,  and  large  repairs 
in  wood  and  metal  can  be  made  at  the  shops  of  the  Jucaro- 
San  Fernando  Eailroad. 

By  far  the  largest  number  of  houses  in  the  town  are  small 
huts  with  dirt  floors;  few  buildings  fit  for  Americans;  no 
good  ones  for  rent.  The  only  two-story  buildings  are  the 
hardware  store,  above  referred  to,  and  the  residence  of  the 
officials  of  the  Jucaro-San  Fernando  Railroad. 

Sanitation  and  health:  The  inhabitants  claim  that  the 
town  is  healthful;  it  is  dirty  and  neglected.  Believed  that 
November,  December,  March,  and  April  are  the  most  un- 
healthful  because  of  low  fevers.  The  surgeon  states  that, 
according  to  the  records  of  the  civil  hospital,  the  rate  of 
admission  rises  from  25  in  other  months  to  75  and  100  in 
July  and  August. 

Population,  4,242. 

Water  supply:  Well  and  cistern  water;  quantity  impracti- 
cable to  estimate  on  account  of  many  wells  and  cisterns  in 
existence;  quality  always  doubtful;  should  never  be  used 
without  sterilizing.  Steam  pump  and  four  small  tanks, 
about  2,500  gallons  altogether,  in  yard  of  Jiicaro-San  Fer- 
nando Railroad.  Windmill  in  rear  of  store  of  Balbin  & 
Perez.  Small,  filthy  stream  flows  through  town  from  north. 
Water  tank  and  steam  pump ;  water  comes  from  creek  2,000 
yards  east  of  Cuba  Company  Railroad  station;  capacity, 
15,000  gallons. 

Fifty  yards  east  of  station  of  Cuba  Company  Railroad  an 
artesian  well  has  been  drilled  just  south  of  the  track.  The 
well  is  110  feet  deep,  and  is  equipped  with  25-horsepower 
steam  pump ;  wooden  tank  of  about  10.000  gallons  capacity  is 

492—09 33 


514  PBOVINCE   OF  CAMAGUEY. 

opposite  pump,  on  north  side  of  track.  Water  ample  and 
pure ;  needs  no  boiling. 

Municipal  waterworks  are  being  constructed  by  the  Obras 
Publicas.  An  artesian  well,  with  10-inch  pipe,  is  being 
driven  near  southwest  corner  of  cuartel.  At  present  a  depth 
of  120  feet  has  been  reached  and  water  struck,  but  the  well 
is  to  be  made  deeper  (1907). 

Barracks  or  buildings  suitable  for  same : 

Belonging  to  the  State:  Cuartel;  former  Spanish  general 
hospital;  occupied  by  United  States  troops  during  second 
intervention  and  before  their  arrival  used  as  a  schoolhouse. 
Has  accommodations  for  one  battalion.  Cistern  of  about 
75,000  gallons  capacity;  water  to  be  sterilized.  No  stable 
or  corral.  Construction :  Masonry ;  tile  roof ;  built  in  square, 
with  central  yard,  and  porches  around  the  latter. 

Civil  hospital.  Maintained  by  State  as  charity  hospital; 
24  beds.     Constructed  of  wood  and  in  good  condition. 

Buildings  of  Jucaro-San  Fernando  Railroad,  which  is 
government  property.  Description,  see  below,  under  "  Rail- 
roads." 

Belonging  to  municipality :  Ayuntamiento  building.  Con- 
tains office  of  alcalde,  municipal  judge,  and  captain  of  rural 
guard;  serves  also  as  police  station.  Square  building  with 
small  central  yard ;  construction,  masonry ;  dimensions,  about 
60  feet.     Accommodations  in  yard  for  12  horses. 

House  numbered  36  and  38  calle  Independencia ;  50  by  80 
feet ;  wood ;  in  use  as  schoolhouse. 

House  No.  31  calle  Libertad;  wood,  with  tile  roof;  used 
as  business  office  and  drug  store ;  dimensions,  75  by  30  feet. 

Stone  building  with  tile  roof;  two  rooms,  one  loopholed 
for  infantry  fire,  the  other  has  barred  windows  and  ceilings 
of  steel  rails  and  masonry  arches;  probably  former  prison; 
damp;  dimensions,  20  by  40  feet. 

Accommodations  immediately  available :  For  officers,  "  La 
Popular,"  a  sort  of  assembly  rooms  or  club ;  southwest  corner 
of  calle  Libertad  and  Antonio  Maceo.  Will  accommodate 
20  officers. 

Spanish  Club,  on  west  side  of  plaza,  next  to  hotel ;  will  ac- 
commodate 15  officers. 

For  troops:  One  company  at  church;  one  company  at 
schoolhouse,  public  building;  one  company  at  ayuntamiento. 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY,  615 

southwest  corner  of  plaza,  public  building;  one  company  at 
Cuba  Company  Railroad  station ;  one  company  at  Jucaro-San 
Fernando  Railroad  station;  two  companies  in  car  shed  of 
Jucaro-San  Fernando  station. 

There  are  numerous  other  buildings  in  town,  which,  if 
vacant,  would  furnish  quarters  for  a  company  each. 

Stables:  The  only  stable  in  town  is  at  the  ayuntamiento 
building  described  above. 

Corrals:  There  are  small  corrals  in  fenced  plots  on  the 
edge  of  town. 

Hospitals :  The  cuartel  and  civil  hospital  could  be  used  for 
hospital  purposes,  if  necessary. 

Telegraph  and  telephone  connections:  There  are  two  tele- 
graph lines.  The  government  line  has  two  wires  to  Santa 
Clara  and  Camagiiey,  one  to  Moron,  and  one  to  Jiicaro  (cable 
station  of  the  Cuba  Submarine  Telegraph  Company 
(Limited). 

The  other  is  the  telegi-aph  line  of  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road, with  one  wire  for  railroad  business  only. 

Telephones  connected  with  the  line  of  the  Jucaro-San 
Fernando  Railroad,  for  service  of  railroad  only,  and  with 
the  lines  of  the  rural  guard  to  Silveira  and  Jicotea;  other 
line  of  rural  guard  out  of  order. 

Camp  sites:  Extensive  camp  sites  in  every  direction,  with 
fine  grazing  and  plenty  of  wood ;  water  limited. 

West  of  town  ground  rises  gently  for  a  thousand  yards,  and 
then  descends  gently  for  a  mile  to  Los  Xegros  Creek;  ex- 
tensive camp  sites  for  two  brigades,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Camino  Real. 

Water  for  stock  in  Los  Negros  Creek,  or  in  small  creek 
300  yards  west  of  town;  fine  grazing;  wood  from  woods 
along  Los  Negros  Creek.  Water  for  troops  should  come 
from  Ciego  de  Avila. 

Camp  sites  for  a  brigade  on  both  sides  of  the  Cuba  Com- 
pany Railroad,  1  mile  east  of  the  station. 

Similar  camp  sites  north  of  town,  where  there  is  a  tank 
and  a  steam  pump  of  the  Jucaro-San  Fernando  Railroad; 
capacity  of  tank  5,600  gallons;  good  grazing,  and  woods 
near. 

All  these  camp  sites  are  good  in  dry  weather  only. 


516  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

After  crossing  Menchaca  Creek,  1  mile  east  of  Ciego  de 
Avila,  the  Camino  Real" ascends  a  gently  rolling  plateau, 
which  reaches  within  200  yards  of  the  creek  and  has  a  com- 
mand of  75  feet  to  the  west  and  south,  and  a  view  of  Ciego 
de  Avila.  This  position  was  evidently  used  in  former  times 
by  the  Spanish  army,  as  traces  of  fortifications  still  remain. 
This  feature  of  the  terrain  forms  a  well-drained  camp  site, 
as  does  the  ground  south  of  the  road  500  yards  farther  on; 
capacity,  a  brigade;  abundant  wood,  water,  and  grazing. 

Two  wells  on  edge  of  creek ;  one  on  each  side  and  within 
25  paces  of  bridge.  Another  well  in  fenced  pasture,  50 
yards  north  of  road  and  200  yards  west  of  bridge.  Tank 
of  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  with  an  estimated  capacity  of 
15,000  gallons,  500  yards  south  of  bridge.  On  April  5,  1907, 
after  prolonged  dry  spell,  there  was  plenty  of  water  in  the 
creek. 

Defences :  During  the  war  of  1895-1898  Ciego  de  Avila 
was  the  headquarters  of  the  Trocha.  Blockhouses  26  and 
27  are  just  south  and  north  of  the  town,  respectively. 

Three  old  blockhouses  near  the  cuartel  date  back  to  the 
war  of  1868.  Two  of  them  are  two-story  masonry  buildings 
with  two  tiers  of  loopholes  for  infantry  fire;  in  poor  condi- 
tion. The  other  one  is  a  two-story  blockhouse,  25  feet  square 
at  base;  arranged  for  artillery  fire  in  two  tiers;  in  ruins. 

Railroads:  Jucaro-San  Fernando  Railroad;  government 
road;  leased. 

Fuel,  wood;  gauge,  standard;  rails,  60  pounds;  roadbed 
poor;  ballast,  dirt. 

Rolling  stock,  poor  and  rickety ;  consists  of  2  locomotives, 
5  passenger  and  11  box  cars,  and  8  trucks. 

Station  opposite  cuartel ;  building  of  wood ;  office  building 
80  by  30  feet;  has  corrugated  iron  roof,  which  also  forms 
shed  over  two  tracks;  tile  platform  8  feet  wide  and  1^  feet 
above  rail. 

Adjoining  on  south  is  a  freight  shed;  wood;  65  by  20  feet; 
latticed  sides ;  masonry  platform  6  feet  wide,  covered  by  cor- 
rugated iron  roof  of  shed ;  on  level  with  car  floor.  Opposite 
station  are  repair  shops  containing  steam  pump,  boiler,  en- 
gine lathes,  and  other  arrangements  for  metal  and  wood- 
work; open  lumber  shed,  50  feet  square,  with  tile  roof;  con- 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  517 

tains  at  present  150,000  feet  of  lumber,  mostly  bridge  tim- 
bers (1907). 

Quarters  for  oflScials,  a  two-story  double  house ;  storerooms 
adjoin  it  on  the  west. 

Car  shed  200  yards  north  of  station;  150  by  20  feet;  14 
feet  to  eaves ;  sides  covered  with  two  tiers  of  corrugated  iron, 
last  4  feet  open;  corrugated  iron  roof.  Three  side  tracks, 
each  about  200  yards  in  length. 

Small  steel  water  tank;  not  used  for  engines;  at  gate  be- 
tween railroad  yard  and  ciiartel. 

Platforms  at  freight  shed.  Timber  ramp,  175  by  7  feet, 
about  100  yards  south  of  station ;  seems  to  have  been  designed 
as  coal  shed,  but  can  be  used  as  platform. 

The  Cuba  Company  Railroad  is  a  public  line  from  Santa 
Clara  to  Santiago. 

Fuel,  coal;  gauge,  standard;  rail,  85  pounds;  roadbed, 
poor;  ballast,  dirt. 

Tank,  1  mile  east  of  station;  capacity  about  15,000  gal- 
Ions. 

Station,  on  southwest  edge  of  town,  500  yards  south  of 
cuartel.  Station  and  freight  building  under  one  corrugated 
iron  roof;  wood;  dimensions,  80  by  20  feet;  surrounded  by 
covered  dirt  platform  12  feet  wide. 

Coal  bin,  75  by  12  feet,  on  timber  trestle;  capacity  about 
450  cubic  yards ;  situated  on  switch  connecting  with  Jucaro- 
San  Fernando  Railroad. 

Sidetracks:  Three  hundred  paces  west  of  station  begins 
sidetrack  700  yards  in  length.  Short  sidetrack  for  unload- 
ing immediately  in  rear  of  station.  Two  switches;  one  east 
of  station,  with  coal  bin,  and  the  other  west  of  station,  with 
cattle  chute  and  small  corral.  These  switches  connect  with 
the  Jiicaro-San  Fernando  Railroad. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town :  Camino  Real ;  wagon  road  west 
to  Sancti  Spiritus  and  east  to  Camagiiey.  To  Ceballos; 
wagon  road  in  good  weather  only.  To  Quince  y  Media 
(Silveira)  ;  wagon  road  in  good  weather  only.  To  Tasajera; 
wagon  road  in  good  weather  only. 

Ceballos. — Town.  Situated  8  miles  north  of  Ciego  de 
Avila;  on  the  Jucaro  and  San  Fernando  Railroad.  Lies  on 
the  municipal  boundary  between  Ciego  de  Avila  and  Moron. 


518  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

Jurisdiction  claimed  by  Ciego  de  Avila.  Development  of 
Cuba  Company  is  located  here.  It  is  engaged  in  the  citrus 
fruit  business,  has  large  sugar-cane  fields,  and  deals  in  land. 
At  date  of  report  (December  22,  1906)  company  controls 
about  25,000  acres  and  350,000  fruit  trees.  The  location  is  in 
rather  flat  country  on  the  Jucaro-San  Fernando  Railroad, 
halfway  between  blockhouses  39  and  40  of  the  Trocha.  The 
place  is  clean,  and  health  conditions  seem  to  be  favorable. 
A  fine  hotel  with  all  modern  conveniences  has  been  built  as 
a  winter  resort.  The  northern  part  of  the  settlement  is 
formed  by  one  long  street  of  native  cottages  erected  by  the 
company  for  the  families  of  its  laborers.  There  are  in  all 
about  400  of  these  cottages,  with  an  average  floor  space  for 
20  soldiers. 

Population,  about  800. 

Water  supply :  Several  wells,  pumps,  and  windmills.  The 
most  important  source  of  supply  is  a  steam  pump  in  the 
power  house,  which  raises  the  water  by  compressed  air  from 
a  well  300  feet  deep  to  a  tank,  from  which  it  is  distributed 
over  the  settlement.  The  water  from  this  well  is  believed  to 
be  absolutely  pure  and  to  need  no  sterilization.  The  capacity 
of  the  pump  is  200  gallons  per  minute. 

Electricity  is  used.  Power  house  contains  two  engines, 
each  of  200  horsepower,  and  a  steam  pump  with  capacity  of 
200  gallons  per  minute ;  has  steam  laundry  attached.  Wood 
is  used  as  fuel  for  the  plant. 

Buildings:  Old  storehouse,  or  dwelling,  95  by  30  feet, 
empty;  would  accommodate  one  company.  New  packing 
house  115  by  124  feet ;  one-third  of  building  is  floored  and 
roofed,  another  third  is  floored  only,  and  the  rest  has  floor 
joists  and  uprights  for  sides  in  place;  would  accommodate 
two  companies  when  completed.  Employees'  hotel,  new, 
would  accommodate  one  company.  Laborers'  barracks,  100 
by  12  feet,  partly  occupied;  would  accommodate  one  com- 
pany. Employees'  cottages  in  north  part  of  town;  in  all 
could  accommodate  about  2,000  soldiers.  Schoolhouse,  wood, 
20  by  30  feet.  Old  packing  house,  wood,  100  by  30  feet, 
filled  with  agricultural  implements,  etc.;  has  four  stalls  in 
west  end.  Native  store,  new,  L-shaped,  100  by  16  feet; 
would  accommodate  a  company.  A  sort  of  town  hall ;  good 
location,  and  accommodations  for  main  guard.     All  build- 


PROVINCE    OF    CAMAGUEY.  519 

ings  of  wood  with  roofs  of  shingle,  rubberoid,  or  corrugated 
iron.     In  native  part  of  town  roofs  are  of  palm. 

There  is  one  stable  with  40  stalls,  one  with  27  stalls,  and 
one  with  24  stalls.  Two  of  these  stables,  the  laborers'  bar- 
racks, and  the  windmill  and  tank,  with  capacity  of  1,000 
gallons,  are  all  within  an  inclosure.  This  inclosure  would 
accommodate  a  dozen  wagons  in  free  spaces.  There  are  also 
a  number  of  pastures  around  the  village. 

No  hospital.  The  Plaza  Hotel  would  make  a  good  general 
hospital  or  headquarters  of  a  general  commanding  a  large 
force.  Has  electric  lights,  shower  baths,  ample  porches,  high 
tower. 

No  telegraphic  communication.  A  telephone  line  is  to  be 
put  up  between  Ceballos  and  Ciego  de  Avila.  Post-office, 
bank,  and  other  offices  are  all  in  administration  building. 
There  is  a  veterinary  hospital  with  four  stalls  and  two  black- 
smith shops,  well  equipped. 

Ice  machine  in  power  house  has  capacity  of  15  tons  per  day. 

Defenses:  Blockhouse  40  just  north  and  39  just  south  of 
the  village.     Water  in  creek  which  is  near  blockhouse  40. 

Railroad:  Jiicaro  and  San  Fernando  Railroad  north  to 
Moron  and  San  Fernando  and  south  to  Ciego  de  Avila  and 
Jucaro.  No  entraining  facilities  except  the  side  track  of  100 
yards  with  small  portable  ramp.  It  is  believed  that  a  spur 
will  be  run  along  the  back  porch  of  the  new  packing  house. 
This  porch  is  the  level  of  the  car  floor,  is  about  10  feet  wide, 
and  will  no  doubt  have  a  roof. 

One  wagon  road  leading  from  village  to  Ciego  de  Avila. 

Jagiieyal. — Village.  About  7  miles  east  of  south  of  Ciego 
de  Avila.  Consists  of  the  buildings  of  the  sugar  mill  Jagii- 
eyal and  the  houses  occupied  by  the  employees.  A  spur  of 
the  Jucaro-San  Fernando  Railroad  is  being  built  from  La 
Carolina  to  Jagiieyal  (1908). 

Silveira. — Village.  This  place  is  known  as  Quince  y 
Media  by  the  people  of  the  locality,  from  the  fact  that  it  lies 
half-way  between  blockhouses  15  and  16  of  the  Trocha.  It  is 
7  miles  south  of  Ciego  de  Avila  and  9|  miles  north  of  Jucaro. 
It  is  the  railroad  station  for  the  plantation  of  the  Stuart 
Sugar  Company.  This  sugar  company  has  constructed  at 
this  point  a  number  of  buildings  for  the  temporary  use  of 
their  employees  pending  the  completion  of  the  plant  at  the 


520  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAOiJEY. 

ingenio,  the  site  of  Avhich  is  known  among  the  people  as  La 
Casimba.  At  Silveira  there  is  an  administration  building, 
10  cottages,  a  barn,  2  sheds,  a  steam  pump  and  a  1,200- 
gallon  steel  tank,  two  windmills  and  two  tanks  (one  of  1,200 
gallons'  and  the  other  of  2,400  gallons'  capacity),  a  railroad 
station  building,  and  a  two-story  bakery  building.  There  are 
also  some  other  buildings  of  minor  importance. 

Angel  Castillo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  dis- 
trict lying  northwest  of  Ciego  de  Avila.  The  village  is  11 
miles  northwest  of  Ciego  de  Avila,  and  contains  a  small  store, 
a  school  building,  and  4  houses.  Has  telephonic  communi- 
cation over  the  rural-guard  line  with  Ciego  de  Avila,  Marro- 
quin,  and  Jicotea.  Angel  Castillo  was  formerly  known  as 
Lazaro  Lopez, 

Arroyo  Blanco. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  29.1 
miles  northwest  of  Ciego  de  Avila.     This  place  consists  of 

4  stores  and  75  houses.  Population,  about  300.  Has  tele- 
phone communication,  through  rural-guard  telephone  line, 
with  Jatibonico  del  Sur  and  Jicotea. 

Guanales. — Barrio.  A  district  occupying  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  township,  the  sitio  Vertientes  being  the  south- 
easternmost  point.  No  point  or  village  bearing  the  name 
Guanales. 

Vertientes. — Sitio.     A  small  settlement,  containing  a  store, 

5  houses,  5  sheds,  a  wharf,  and  an  adjoining  storehouse. 
The  inhabitants  number  about  7.  Houses  would  hold  one 
company,  if  vacated  by  inhabitants.  Water  supply  consists 
of  four  wells,  two  of  which  are  in  use;  all  wells  claimed  to 
have  good  drinking  water. 

Defenses  consist  of  remains  of  two  Spanish  forts,  one  at 
each  end  of  the  sitio;  300  yards  apart  on  a  line  running  5 
degrees  north  of  east. 

Eastern  fort:  Square  trace;  length  of  side  15  feet;  no 
banquette;  interior  slope  3/1;  command  8  feet;  relief  9^ 
feet;  superior  slope  worn  off  level.  Exterior  slope  3/1,  no 
berm;  ditch  6  feet  across  bottom;  counterscarp  continuous 
with  interior  slope  of  glacis  1/1 ;  glacis  2/1. 

Western  fort :  Double  work ;'  closed ;  pentagon,  with  small 
hexagon  attached  at  salient.  From  southwest  salient  of 
larger  work  a  ditch  2  feet  wide  and  2  feet  deep  extends  for 
50  yards,  at  20  degrees  west  of  south. 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  521 

The  Estero  de  Vertientes  extends  south  of  the  settlement 
of  Vertientes  in  a  general  southwesterly  direction  by  a  wind- 
ing course,  said  to  be  6  miles  and  by  air  line  3  miles,  to  the 
open  sea.  At  Vertientes  there  is  no  crossing;  the  estero 
is  45  feet  wide,  9  feet  deep  alongside  the  wharf,  and  12  feet 
in  mid-channel.  Water  clear  and  running,  but  salty.  Banks 
3  feet  above  water  level,  sloping  down  gradually;  lined  on 
both  sides,  for  about  100  yards  below  the  wharf  on  north  side 
of  stream,  with  small  brush,  which  is  6  to  8  feet  high.  Bottom 
hard.  At  mouth,  stream  is  said  to  be  150  feet  wide  and  30 
feet  deep.  There  is  one  small  sailboat  which  makes  irregular 
trips  from  Vertientes  to  Jucaro.  Only  landing  place  is 
wooden  wharf  at  Vertientes;  12  feet  by  21  feet  in  9  feet  of 
water.  Connected  with  wharf  is  a  storehouse  of  same  di- 
mensions as  wharf,  and  the  two  are  situated  about  250  yards 
southwest  of  store. 

Jatibonico  del  Sur. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  vil- 
lage of  the  same  name,  the  barrio  also  contains  the  sitio  of 
Lajitas.  The  village  is  situated  27  miles  northwest  of  Ciego 
de  Avila  by  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  at  a  point  where  that 
railroad  crosses  the  Jatibonico  del  Sur  River.  It  gives  its 
name  to  the  barrio  within  which  it  lies.  Seat  of  the  Jatibon- 
ico sugar  plantation  and  mill.  Contains  4  stores,  about  50 
houses,  and  a  group  of  some  25  negro  huts.  Population, 
about  400 ;  varies  with  state  of  sugar  crop.  Rural  guard  tele- 
phone to  Arroyo  Blanco.  Station  of  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road. 

Lajitas. — Sitio.  On  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  about 
1^  miles  east  of  Jatibonico  del  Sur  and  consists  of  a  few 
houses. 

Jicotea. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  bearing 
its  name  this  barrio  contains  the  railroad  station  of  Guaya- 
canes  and  the  sitio  of  Majagua.  The  village  of  Jicotea  lies 
8  miles  northwest  of  Ciego  de  Avila.  It  is  a  scattered  vil- 
lage of  about  3  stores,  35  houses,  and  150  inhabitants.  Has 
a  detachment  of  rural  guard  and  telephone.  Remains  of 
Spanish  entrenchments  just  outside  of  village  to  the  east. 
Spanish  barracks  for  one  company;  in  ruins.  Rural  guard 
barracks  will  shelter  50  men.  At  western  exit  of  village 
there  is  trace  of  Spanish  stockade.  Road  to  Jicotea  evi- 
dently strongly  guarded  by  Spanish.     The  rolling  country 


522  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

east  of  Jicotea  contains  enough  well-drained  space  to  camp 
a  division ;  no  water  except  at  Jicotea  Creek,  which,  however, 
seems  good. 

Guayacanes. — Village.  A  railroad  station  of  Cuba  Com- 
pany  Railroad,  11  miles  west  of  Ciego  de  Avila.  Shipping 
place  for  lumber.  Consists  of  a  half-dozen  houses  and  huts 
and  has  about  40  inhabitants. 

Majagva. — Sitio.  A  station  on  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road, 17  miles  west  of  Ciego  de  Avila.  Contains  two  stores,  a 
barber  shop,  two  huts  and  a  bull-cart  factory,  and  has  35  in- 
habitants. Great  shipping  place  for  lumber.  Factory  has  36- 
horsepower  steam  pump  and  a  well  38^  feet  deep  with  22 
feet  of  water  in  it.  Railroad  tank  of  10,000  gallons  capacity 
(estimated),  and  steam  pump  on  banks  of  Rio  Grande  (Ma- 
jagua  River)  500  yards  east  of  station.  Majagua  lies  on 
elevated,  well-drained  ground,  which  affords  numerous  camp 
sites  for  a  brigade,  with  wood,  water,  and  grass  convenient ; 
was  probably  so  used  by  the  Spaniards  as  there  are  traces 
of  Spanish  entrenchments. 

Jucaro. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  of  this  name 
is  about  16^  miles  southwest  of  Ciego  de  Avila,  on  the  south 
coast  of  Cuba,  on  swampy  ground  3  feet  above  high  tide.  It 
is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  swamps  or  by  the  sea.  The 
village  stands  on  land  belonging  to  an  immense  estate  ex- 
tending east  from  Cienfuegos. 

Population,  about  250. 

Fishing,  and  cutting  and  shipping  timber  (large  lumber 
yard  west  of  village)  are  the  principal  industries.  In  the 
village  there  are  1  restaurant,  1  butcher  shop,  1  saloon,  and 
2  general  merchandise  stores. 

Water  supply:  Cisterns  for  rain  water.  No  wells  or 
windmills.  Quantity  of  water  diificult  to  estimate  owing  to 
number  of  small  tanks ;  supply  said  to  be  ample. 

Buildings:  Schoolhouse,  stone,  with  tile  roof.  Police- 
men's quarters,  a  small  wooden  hut.  Railroad  station  build- 
ing, wood,  with  galvanized-iron  roof.  (Railroad  is  gov- 
ernment property  under  lease.)  Most  of  the  buildings  are 
small  huts ;  few  substantial  buildings.  All  ground  is  swampy 
and  there  is  no  place  for  a  camp.  The  schoolhouse  could 
accommodate  50  men.  A  private  residence,  on  south  side  of 
plaza,  could  accommodate  another  50. 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY,  523 

Suitable  space  for  20  animals,  in  dry  weather  only,  in  a 
small  corral  100  yards  northwest  of  station.  There  is  room 
for  a  few  wagons  in  the  plaza. 

No  hospital.     Health  conditions  reported  excellent. 

No  storehouse. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  in  northwest  portion  of 
village  on  corner  of  calle  Cuba  and  calle  Colon.  Cable  office 
on  corner  of  calle  La  Marina  and  calle  La  Paz.  Telephone 
belongs  to  Jticaro-San  Fernando  Railroad. 

Camp  sites:  All  ground  is  marshy  and  there  is  no  place 
for  camps.  Small  detachments  should  camp  on  station  plat- 
form, and  in  good  weather  sleep  on  pier. 

Defenses :  On  north  edge  of  village,  25  yards  west  of  rail- 
road, stands  a  two-story  blockhouse  built  of  rails ;  falling  to 
pieces  and  unfit  for  use.  On  eastern  and  western  extremities 
of  village  are  remnants  or  traces  of  small  infantry  works — 
one  at  Point  Burro,  and  one  halfway  to  Point  Burro.  North 
of  the  village  stands  the  first  of  68  blockhouses,  part  of  the 
Jucaro-Moron  trocha  in  Spanish  times. 

Railroads :  Jiicaro-San  Fernando  Railroad.  Station  build- 
ing about  25  by  80  feet,  galvanized-iron  roof;  platform  12 
feet  wide  along  front  of  building  and  continuing  150  feet  be- 
yond, in  line  with  pier.  Platform  on  level  with  car  floor. 
Short  ramp  4  feet  wide  for  moving  freight  from  ground  to 
platform.  No  water  tank  or  fuel.  Switches  of  the  derailing 
kind.  Three  hundred  yards  of  side  track  just  north  of  sta- 
tion building;  other  side  track,  about  50  yards  long,  runs  to 
pier  head.  Three  hundred  paces  north  of  station,  on  west  side 
of  track,  is  a  neglected  Y ;  length  of  track  of  the  southern  arc, 
384  paces.  Six  hundred  yards  north  of  the  station  the 
ground  has  been  prepared  for  a  track  to  Point  Burro;  no 
sleepers  or  rails  have  been  laid ;  is  used  as  a  wagon  road. 

Railroad  pier:  Fifteen  feet  across,  outside  measurements. 
Carries  railroad  track ;  connection  with  main  track  by  switch. 
Length  of  pier,  320  paces,  including  pierhead  of  100  paces 
(40  feet  wide,  with  double  track).  In  good  condition  (No- 
vember, 1906)  though  square  timbers  begin  to  show  effect  of 
climate;  part  of  flooring  of  pierhead  (2-inch  planking)  gone. 
Small  piers :  Small  landings  in  shallow  water ;  decaying  and 
unsafe.  Three  of  them  have  2  feet  of  water ;  one  serviceable 
for  light  freight. 


524 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 


Port:  Subport  of  Tunas;  maximum  draft  at  pier,  7  feet; 
minimum,  4  feet.  Tide,  3  feet.  Steamers  lie  4  to  5  miles 
offshore  and  freight  is  lightered. 

La  Ceiba. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  10  miles  south- 
west of  Ciego  de  Avila  and  consists  of  4  huts. 

Las  Nuevas  del  Jiharo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  district  lying 
southwest  of  Ciego  de  Avila. 

The  barrio  takes  its  name  from  a  hacienda  situated  within 
the  district,  and  29.7  miles  southwest  of  Ciego  de  Avila.  It 
consists  of  the  old  settlement  of  G  huts  and  the  hacienda 
proper  of  1  store  and  6  houses. 

Nuevas  de  Johosi. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  a  small 
settlement  consisting  of  a  few  huts,  and  is  situated  40  miles 
northwest  of  Ciego  de  Avila,  and  20  miles  northwest  of 
Guadalupe. 

&an  Nicolas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  point  of  this  name  is 
a  farmhouse  situated  on  the  Camino  Real  Ciego  de  Avila - 
Camgiiey,  14  miles  east  of  the  town  of  Ciego  de  Avila.  The 
district  also  contains  a  station  of  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road, 15  miles  southeast  of  Ciego  de  Avila,  named  Gaspar; 
formerly  called  Potrero. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  MOR6n  (CAPITAL.  MOR6n). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Mor6n 

San  Fernando. 

Ranchuelo. 
Chambas 

Tamarindo. 

Cupeyes 

Guadalupe 

Jatibonico  del  Norte. 

Marroquin 

J'unta  Alegre 

Los  Perros. 

Puiita  de  San  Juan. 
Sandoval 

Las  Piedras. 

Manguito. 
Santa  Gertrudis,  or  Saba- 
nalamar. 

Embarcadero     Santa 
Gertrudis. 


Barrio. 


Este.. 
Oeste. 


Chambas. 


Cupeyes . . . 
Guadalupe. 


Marroqufn 

Punta  Alegre. 


Sandoval 

Santa  Gertrudis. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Rural  and 

urban. 
..do 


Rural. 


.do. 
.do. 


-do. 
.do. 


.do. 


-do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


17.7 
22.6 


23.3 
29 


8.5 
19.2 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,899 
2,16C 


1,943 

804 
2,057 

1,549 
1,155 


2.024 
307 


Moron. — Town.     The  town  is  situated  4^  miles  from  the 
north   coast  and   is  25   feet  above  sea  level.     North  of  it 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  525 

begin  the  extensive  swamps  lining  the  coast.  It  is  more  than 
100  years  old  and  is  the  seat  of  government  of  the  municipal- 
ity. Its  port  is  San  Fernando,  but  for  coastwise  trade  only, 
there  being  no  custom-house  or  inspector.  Town  fairly  clean. 
Low  fevers  in  May  and  October.  Part  of  the  town  is  in 
barrio  Este  and  part  in  barrio  Oeste. 

The  people  are  engaged  principally  in  agriculture;  com- 
merce is  local  and  small.  The  towm  contains  8  bakeries,  2 
drug  stores,  3  hotels  (poor),  a  tannery,  a  steam  sawmill,  and 
2  printing  offices. 

Population,  2,527. 

Water  is  obtained  from  wells,  ranging  from  15  to  20  feet 
deep,  and  must  be  boiled.  Steam  pump  with  5,000-gallon 
tank  at  railroad  station.  Stock  may  be  watered  from  wells 
or  from  a  marshy  stream  on  calle  Salome  Gomez,  100  yards 
east  of  railroad.  This  stream  should  be  used  only  w^hen 
unavoidable,  as  water  is  bad  and  approaches  are  deep  in 
mire. 

Buildings  suitable  for  barracks:  The  buildings  of  the 
town  are  of  the  usual  type.  On  the  principal  street  they  are 
one-story  stone  buildings  with  tile  roofs,  and  the  side  streets 
contain  small  wooden  or  mud  houses  with  palm-leaf  roofs. 
Those  most  suitable  for  barracks  are:  Alcalde's  office,  on 
calle  Marti,  and  the  adjoining  building,  which  is  used  as 
a  police  station;  part  of  one  long  building,  filling  block 
from  street  to  street ;  dimensions,  about  75  by  30  feet ;  capac- 
ity, one  company.  Railroad  station,  description  of  which 
is  given  below  under  railroads,  would  accommodate  one  com- 
pany. The  hotels  Telegrafo  and  Central  w^ould  accommo- 
date one  company  each.  Private  buildings  on  calle  Marti, 
north  of  calle  Salome  Gomez,  and  around  plaza  would,  if 
vacated,  accommodate  a  battalion ;  are  of  substantial  masonry 
and  the  best  houses  in  town.  The  church,  on  plaza,  would 
hold  a  company.  Assembly  rooms  (former  casino  of  Span- 
ish officers)  and  the  schoolhouse  east  of  calles  Marti  and 
Maximo  Gomez  would  make  suitable  quarters  for  officers. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  are  in  same  building  at 
52  calle  Marti.  The  telegraph  is  a  government  line  running 
to  Ciego  de  Avila ;  one  wire,  on  poles  of  railroad  telephone 
line.     It  has  connection  east  and  west  at  Ciego  and  also 


526  PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

with  the  cable  station  at  Jucaro.  The  telephone  belongs  to 
the  railroad;  oflSce  in  station;  one  wire;  no  instruments  in 
town. 

Camp  sites:  Good  camp  ground  for  one  battalion  along 
calle  Salome  Gomez,  east  of  calle  Bonachea  (baseball 
ground) ;  several  small,  fenced  pastures  in  immediate  vicin- 
ity, available  for  use  as  corrals;  water  for  stock  in  swampy 
creek,  100  yards  east  of  railroad. 

For  one  company,  corner  calle  Marti  and  Libertad.  Good 
pasture ;  fenced ;  on  ground  bounded  by  calle  Narciso  Lopez, 
railroad,  and  calle  Libertad;  subdivided  by  fences. 

For  two  battalions,  between  calle  Libertad  and  Salome 
Gomez  and  west  of  calle  Jose  de  la  Luz  Caballero.  Avoid 
ground  east  of  railroad. 

For  a  division,  the  grassy  plain,  stretching  for  several 
miles  to  the  south  of  the  town  and  west  of  the  railroad. 

All  the  camp  sites  named  are  excellent  in  dry  weather, 
but,  owing  to  the  very  slight  slope  of  the  ground,  would  be 
bad  in  the  rainy  season.  Smaller  bodies  would  prefer  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  town  on  account  of  water,  and  numerous 
fenced  plots  from  150  to  300  yards  square  are  to  be  found  on 
the  edge  of  the  town ;  water  could  be  obtained  from  railroad 
tank. 

Defenses :  Blockhouse  No.  61  of  Trocha,  at  railroad  cross- 
ing, southern  exit  of  town.  Remnant  of  a  small  rectangular, 
bastioned  earthwork  for  infantry  (sides,  estimated,  40  bj'^  75 
feet;  embankment,  2|  feet  high)  is  visible  from  railroad  and 
is  about  1,000  yards  south  of  town  and  100  yards  west  of 
track. 

Railroads:  Jucaro-San  Fernando  Railroad;  4|  miles  to 
San  Fernando  on  north  coast,  22^  miles  south  to  Ciego  de 
Avila ;  has  connection  with  Cuba  Company  Railroad. 

Station  on  south  edge  of  town  on  a  spur  running  200  yards 
north  to  a  point  where  main  line  turns  northeast  to  pass 
town.  Station  building,  wood,  tile  roof;  dimensions,  45  by 
20  feet;  platform  of  dirt,  faced  with  brick,  li  feet  above  rail, 
7  feet  wide,  and  has  roof.  Freight  building,  wood,  tile  roof; 
62  by  20  feet;  wooden  platform,  on  level  of  car  floor,  runs 
along  building  and  is  7  feet  wide  and  has  roof;  steep  ramp 
leads  up  to  it  from  the  south.     Between  the  two  buildings  is 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  527 

the  steam  pump,  A  steel  tank  is  south  of  freight  building; 
estimated  dimensions,  20  by  6  by  6  feet ;  estimated  capacity, 
5,000  gallons ;  on  wooden  trestle  15  feet  high.  Sidetrack  of 
100  yards  at  station.  Xo  entraining  or  detraining  facilities 
except  the  two  platforms  at  freight  houses,  and  they  are  very 
poor. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town :  West,  to  Ranchuelo  and  Cham- 
bas;  east,  to  Santa  Gertrudis;  and  southeast,  to  Camagiiey. 

San  Fernando. — Village.  The  northern  terminus  of  the 
Jiicaro-San  Fernando  trocha  and  the  Jucaro-San  Fernando 
Railroad,  and  is  4  miles  north  of  Moron  and  42^  miles  north 
of  Jiicaro.  It  is  the  port  of  Moron  and  the  island  of  Turi- 
guano  for  coast  trade  only,  there  being  no  custom-house. 
It  consists  of  a  few  native  houses  and  a  depot  and  freight 
house  pertaining  to  the  railroad. 

Turiguano. — Island.  The  island  is  owned  by  an  Amer- 
ican land  company.  It  is  reached  from  San  Fernando  by 
boat  through  a  small  estero,  which  bears  from  San  Fernando 
about  3°  east  of  north.  The  eastern  estero,  known  as  the 
Estero  del  Medio,  is  about  6^  miles  in  length,  in  many  places 
not  more  than  15  feet  wide,  and  has  an  average  depth  of  4 
feet  with  a  strong  current  toward  the  sea.  The  northern 
mouth  of  the  estero  is  named  on  the  map  Boca  de  la  Yana, 
but  the  local  name  is  Boca  de  la  Cienaga.  Boats  have  to 
be  manipulated  in  this  channel  by  poling.  The  western 
estero  carries  but  1|  feet  of  water  in  some  places,  and 
passes  through  a  succession  of  eleven  small  lagoons;  it 
is  very  narrow  and  so  shallow  that  only  empty  boats  pass 
there.  The  trees  overhang  the  estero,  and  sailboats,  if  light 
enough  to  pass,  must  lower  their  masts.  Poling  is  the  only 
method  of  propulsion.  The  island  is  about  20  miles  in 
length,  from  east  to  west,  and  at  its  widest  part  measures 
about  6  miles  across.  A  range  of  hills,  reaching  elevations 
of  from  200  to  300  feet,  runs  through  the  middle  of  the 
island  from  east  to  west.  The  two  easternmost  hills  are 
known  as  Guayavito,  the  next  group  as  La  Loma  de  Jibaro, 
and  the  westernmost  one  as  La  Loma  de  Liografo.  At  this 
latter  point  the  Spaniards  maintained  a  signal  station. 
The  island  contains  valuable  timber  and  has  fine  pastures 
and  agricultural  lands.     There  are  about  700  head  of  cattle 


528  PROVINCE   OF  CAMAGUEY. 

on  the  island  and  about  as  many  hogs.  There  is  a  small 
pier  with  about  3  feet  of  water  at  Tierra  Plana  and  also  a 
30-foot  gasoline  launch.  The  headquarters  of  the  company 
are  at  Hato  Vie  jo.  Total  population  of  the  island  is  about 
30.  There  is  a  20-foot  wagon  road  from  Hato  Viejo  to  the 
sawmill  and  thence  to  the  wharf;  practicable  for  wagons 
in  good  weather. 

Laguna  de  Leche. — Lake.  Has  fresh  water  of  a  uniform 
depth  of  about  8  feet,  and  the  bottom  is  overlaid  with  a 
stratum  of  about  3  feet  of  white  chalk,  hence  the  name  of 
the  lake.     It  is  about  9  miles  long  and  about  4  miles  wide. 

Ranchuelo. — Village.  A  place  7  miles  from  Moron,  hav- 
ing 30  houses,  including  two  stores  and  a  schoolhouse. 

Chamhas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  the  west 
bank  of  .the  Chambas  River,  about  20|  miles  north  of  west 
of  Moron.  The  banks  of  the  river  are  about  20  feet  high, 
making  the  approaches  to  the  village  bad.  It  has  50  houses 
and  4*  stores.  Good  water  can  be  obtained  from  river. 
There  is  a  camp  site  for  a  regiment  600  yards  west  of  village. 
The  barrio  also  contains  the  sitio  of  Tamarindo. 

Tamarindo. — Sitio.  It  contains  3  stores  and  25  houses, 
and  is  situated  20  miles  southeast  of  Moron. 

Cupeyes. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  17.7  miles  south- 
southeast  of  the  town  of  Moron.  It  consists  of  two  adjoin- 
ing fincas  of  one  house  each,  named  Cupeyes  Arriba  and 
Cupeyes  Aba  jo. 

Guadalupe. — Barrio  and  village.  A  barrio  lying  west  of 
Moron.  Besides  the  village  of  this  name  the  sitio  Jatibonico 
del  Norte  is  in  the  district.  The  village  is  situated  about  22| 
miles  west  of  the  capital  of  the  township.  It  contains  3 
small  stores,  a  schoolhouse,  and  12  scattered  houses. 

Jatibonico  del  Norte. — Sitio.  Situated  29  miles  west  of 
Moron  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  barrio.  It  contains  a 
small  store  and  three  houses. 

Marroquin. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  a  district 
lying  southwest  of  Moron.  The, sitio  is  23.3  miles  southwest 
of  the  town  of  Moron,  and  consists  of  two  huts. 

Punta  Alegre. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  lies  north- 
west of  Moron  and  besides  the  village  of  the  same  name 
contains  the  village  of  Los  Perros  and  the  sitio  of  Punta  de 


PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY.  529 

San  Juan.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  north  coast,  29 
miles  northwest  of  the  town  of  Moron.  Population,  about 
400.  It  contains  124  wooden  houses  with  thatched  roofs, 
some  salt  pans  with  a  steam  evaporator,  and  a  small  gypsum 
factory,  the  mine  being  half  a  mile  southwest  of  the  village. 
Village  has  but  one  store.  Water  for  stock  obtained  from 
well  on  the  seashore;  heavily  impregnated  with  magnesia. 
This  is  the  only  available  port  between  Caibarien  and  San 
Fernando.  Small  wharf  for  loading  and  unloading  boats; 
8  feet  of  water  at  low  tide  and  10  feet  at  high  tide. 

Los  Perros. — Village.  It  is  about  llf  miles  from  Cham- 
bas.  Has  a  store  and  about  15  houses.  No  camp  sites. 
Water  obtained  from  wells. 

Punta  de  San  Juan. — Sitio.  Situated  1^  miles  east  of 
Punta  Alegre.  Contains  6  houses  belonging  to  the  finca  of 
Don  Francisco  Barcelo.  Twelve  feet  of  water  in  channels ; 
10  feet  where  boats  land.  No  wharf;  only  a  shed.  From 
this  point  it  is  27  miles  to  Ranchuelo,  through  a  country 
totally  without  population  and  almost  submerged  in  the 
rainy  season.  Contains  good  hiding  places.  There  are 
plenty  of  wild  hogs  in  the  district. 

Sandoiml. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  lies  southwest  of 
Moron,  and  besides  the  sitio  of  the  same  name  it  contains  the 
sitios  of  Las  Piedras  and  Manguito.  The  sitio  is  8.5  miles 
south-southwest  of  the  town  of  Moron  on  the  Jticaro-San 
Fernando  Eailroad  and  5  miles  north  of  Ceballos.  It  con- 
sists of  a  store  and  half  a  dozen  scattered  houses. 

Las  Piedras. — Sitio.  A  railroad  station  11  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Moron  and  consists  of  a  store  and  10  scattered 
houses. 

Manguito. — Sitio.  A  point  11:|:  miles  north  of  Ciego  de 
Avila  and  consists  of  10  scattered  houses.  Two  Spanish  bar- 
racks in  good  state  of  repair;  would  accommodate  one  com- 
pany each. 

Santa  Gertrudis. — Barrio  and  sitio.  This  is  rather  the 
name  of  a  section  of  country  than  of  a  settlement,  as  there  are 
but  3  houses  at  the  spot  to  which  the  name  of  Santa  Gertrudis 
or  Sabanalamar  is  applied.  From  Moron  as  far  as  La 
Garita  the  road  is  at  present   (February,  1907)    good  for 

492—09 34 


530  PROVINCE   OF  CAMAGUEY. 

carts ;  from  there  on  to  the  Embarcadero  de  Santa  Gertrudis, 
about  2|  miles,  the  road  is  in  very  bad  shape,  owing  to  the 
wet  character  of  the  ground  and  the  lumbering  operations 
going  on  in  the  Sierra  de  Judas  de  Cunagua.  There  is  a 
small  wooden  pier  at  the  embarcadero,  about  Q^  by  33  feet; 
in  poor  shape  and  unable  to  bear  any  greater  weight  than 
about  400  pounds.  Depth  of  water  at  pier,  about  3J  feet. 
There  are  not  more  than  10  or  12  thatched  huts  in  the  coun- 
try surrounding  the  embarcadero,  and  the  inhabitants  are 
suspicious  characters. 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 


531 


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PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 


LOCATION  AND  BOUNDARY. 

Oriente  is  situated  in  the  eastern  extremity  of  Cuba.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Channel  of  Bahama,  on  the 
east  by  the  Windward  Passage,  on  the  south  by  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  and  on  the  west  by  the  province  of  Camagiiey. 

AREA  AND  POPULATION. 

The  area  is  12,741  square  miles.  It  is  about  220  miles  long 
and  100  miles  wide. 

The  population  is  455,086.  divided  as  follows:  Xative 
white,  50.9  per  cent ;  foreign  white,  (*>  per  cent ;  colored,  43.1 
per  cent;  or  white,  56.9  per  cent;  colored,  48.1  per  cent. 

JUDICIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  DISTRICTS. 

The  province  is  divided  into  six  judicial  districts — Bara- 
coa,  Bayamo,  Guantanamo,  Holguin,  Manzanillo,  Santiago 
de  Cuba.  It  is  also  divided  into  15  municipal  districts  or 
townships. 

PROVINCIAL  GOVERNMENT. 

There  is  a  governor  and  provincial  council  of  8  members 
duly  elected  by  the  people.  Each  municipal  district  has  a 
mayor  and  a  municipal  council. 

CAPITAL  AND  PRINCIPAL  TOWNS. 

The  capital  of  the  province  is  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Other  important  towns  are  Manzanillo,  Gibara,  Guan- 
tanamo, Bayamo,  and  Baracoa.  The  latter  is  the  oldest  set- 
tlement in  Cuba  and  was  founded  in  1512  by  Velasquez. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  highest  mountains  in  Cuba  are  .situated  in  the  province 
of  Oriente,  where  they  reach  elevations  higher  than  any  in 
the  eastern  ranges  of  the  United  States  and  only  slightly 

533 


534  PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 

lower  than  the  highest  peaks  in  Jamaica  and  Haiti.  The 
mountainous  area  in  this  province  is  greater  than  the  com- 
bined mountainous  areas  of  all  other  provinces  of  the  island. 
Its  mountains  occur  in  several  groups,  all  composed  of  differ- 
ent kinds  of  rocks  and  having  diverse  structures,  but  more 
or  less  closely  connected  one  with  another. 

The  principal  range  is  the  Sierra  Maestra,  extending  from 
Cabo  Cruz  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Puerto  de  Guantanamo,  40 
miles  east  of  Santiago  Bay.  This  range  is  continuous  and  of 
fairly  uniform  altitude,  with  the  exception  of  a  single  break 
in  the  vicinity  of  Santiago,  where  the  wide  basin  which  is 
now  partly  occupied  by  Santiago  Bay  cuts  entirely  across 
the  main  trend  of  the  range.  The  hills  back  of  Santiago 
Bay,  separating  this  basin  from  the  drainage  of  the  Rio 
Cauto,  correspond  in  structure  to  the  northern  foothills  of 
the  main  Sierra,  east  and  west  of  this  break. 

The  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Maestra  are  very  uniform  through- 
out, being  broken  only  by  cuttings  of  the  evenly  spaced 
arroyos.  In  the  western  part  of  the  range  the  mountains 
rise  abruptly  from  the  depths  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  but  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  city  of  Santiago  and  to  the  eastward  they 
are  separated  from  the  sea  by  a  narrow  coastal  plain,  which 
has  been  locally  very  much  dissected.  The  streams  which 
traverse  it  occupy  valleys  several  hundred  feet  in  depth, 
while  the  remnants  of  the  plain  appear  in  the  tops  of  the 
hills. 

East  of  Guantanamo  estuary  there  are  mountains  which 
are  structurally  distinct  from  the  Sierra  Maestra,  and  these 
continue  to  Cape  Maisi.  They  rise  at  first  abruptly  f  roni  the 
sea,  but  toward  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  island  are  bot- 
dered  by  terraced  foothills.  Toward  the  north  they  are 
continued  across  the  island  as  features  of  bold  relief  connect- 
ing with  the  Cuchillas  at  Baracoa  and  with  El  Yunque, 
which  lies  to  the  southwest  of  that  towm.  Extending  west- 
ward from  this  eastern  mass  there  are  high  plateaus  and 
mesas  forming  the  northern  side  of  the  great  amphitheater, 
which  drains  into  Guantanamo  Bay. 

The  most  prominent  feature  of  the  northern  mountains  of 
Oriente  Province  to  the  west  of  El  Yunque  is  the  range  of 
mountains  comprising  the  Sierras  Cristal  and  Nipe.  This 
range  extends  in  a  general  east  and  west  direction,  but  is 


PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE.  535 

separated  into  several  distinct  masses  by  the  northward  flow- 
ing streams,  such  as  Rio  Sagua  and  Rio  Mayari.  The  high 
country  to  the  south  of  these  mountains  has  the  character  of 
a  deeply  dissected  plateau,  the  highest  strata  being  native 
limestone.  It  is  supposed  that  all  of  the  mountains  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Cuba  have  been  carved  from  a  high  plateau, 
indications  of  which  are  seen  in  the  level  summits  of  El 
Yunque  near  Baracoa,  and  other  flat-topped  mountains 
which  have  been  observed  within  the  drainage  of  the  Mayari 
and  Sagua  rivers.  The  broad  flat  summits  of  the  Sierra 
Nipe  are  also  doubtless  a  remnant  of  this  old  plateau. 

Below  this  highest  level  others  are  distinguishable  as 
benches  or  broad  plateaus.  The  two  most  prominent  occur, 
respectively,  at  about  1,500  and  2.000  feet  above  sea  level, 
according  to  barometer  readings.  The  highest  summits  rise, 
perhaps,  800  or  1,000  feet  higher.  The  2,000-foot  plateau 
forms,  in  the  Sierra  Xipe  alone,  an  area  estimated  to  be  not 
less  than  40  square  miles  in  extent. 

Considering  the  province  of  Oriente  as  a  whole,  therefore, 
the  various  mountain  groups  described  above  form  two  mar- 
ginal ranges  which  merge  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
province  and  diverge  toward  the  west.  The  southern  range 
is  the  more  continuous,  while  the  northern  is  composed  of 
irregular  groups  separated  by  numerous  river  valleys.  Be- 
tween these  divergent  ranges  is  a  broad  undulating  plain, 
the  famous  Cauto  Valley,  which  increases  in  breadth  west- 
ward and  extends  to  the  northern  coast  between  and  beyond 
the  diminishing  mountain  groups  of  the  northern  range. 
Further  westward  it  merges  with  the  more  extended  plains 
of  Camagiiey. 

The  extremely  broken  and  precipitous  character  of  the 
country  causes  the  province  to  be  less  known  than  any  of  the 
others.  There  are  some  insignificant  lakes  in  the  interior; 
shoals,  sand  banks,  reefs,  creeks,  and  marshes  are  all  con- 
stitutents  of  the  geography  and  topography  of  Oriente. 

RIVERS.      . 

The  principal  river  is  the  Cauto.  It  is  one  of  the  deepest 
rivers  in  Cuba,  and  is  navigable  for  a  distance  of  about  50 
miles.     The  bar  carries  6  feet  of  water.     Other  principal 


536  PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 

rivers  are  the  Bayamo,  Contramaestre,  Moa,  Gibara,  Seco. 
Jauco,  and  Cautillo.  Smaller  rivers  are  Yarigua,  Cajimaya, 
Teneme  or  Tesino,  Sagiia  de  Tanamo,  Yaguaiieque,  Cabanas, 
Yamanigiiey,  Nibujon,  Juragua,  Toa,  Yumuri,  and  Mayan' 
in  the  north;  Jojo,  Sabana  la  Mar,  Yateras,  Guantanamo. 
Baconao,  Aserradores,  and  Tiirquino  in  the  south;  Sevilla, 
Tana,  Jibacoa,  Yara,  Jicoteas,  Buey,  Canto,  Birama,  and 
Jobabo  in  the  west. 

COAST  LINE. 

The  coast  about  Cape  Maisi  is  in  general  rough  and  rocky. 
Seventy  miles  from  Cape  Maisi  on  the  south  coast  the  coun- 
try flattens  out  and  the  mountains  recede  from  the  ocean, 
leaving  a  large  and  comparatively  open  plain.  At  this  point 
occurs  the  harbor  of  Guantanamo. 

The  coast  west  of  Guantanamo  is  extremely  rough  and 
mountainous.  At  a  point  25  miles  west  of  Guantanamo  the 
mountains  commence  to  recede  from  the  coast,  leaving  near 
the  sea  one  or  two  ranges  of  comparatively  low  foothills. 
Approaching  Santiago  the  mountains  recede  farther  and 
farther  from  the  coast,  leaving  another  large,  irregular  valley 
covered  with  rolling  hills. 

In  this  valley  is  situated  Santiago  de  Cuba.  The  harbor 
is  completely  landlocked  and  absolutely  safe.  West  of  San- 
tiago the  mountains  extend  down  to  the  water's  edge.  In 
fact',  from  Maisi  to  Cape  Cruz  the  mountains  at  most  points 
rise  from  the  sea  and  anchorages  are  few  and  far  between. 

At  Cape  Cruz  the  coast  bends  sharply  to  the  northward 
and  the  mountains  fall  back  from  the  sea,  and  we  come  to 
the  Bay  or  Gulf  of  Manzanillo. 

Returning  to  the  north  coast  and  starting  west  from 
Baracoa  the  shore  is  still  mountainous.  The  first  harbor 
of  importance  is  the  Bay  of  Nipe.  It  is  about  15  miles  long 
and  8  or  9  miles  wide  and  completely  sheltered  from  the 
ocean.     It  is  probably  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world. 

Commencing  at  the  Bay  of  Nipe  the  mountains  recede 
from  the  ocean  and  practically  come  to  an  end  so  far  as  their 
extension  westward  is  concerned.  They  swing  south  and 
gradually  merge  into  the  Central  Plain. 

West  of  Baracoa  we  find  the  harbors  of  Vita,  Gibara,  and 
Puerto  Padre.  These  are  the  usual  Cuban  harbors,  with 
deep,  narrow  entrances,  and  landlocked. 


PROVINCE   OF    ORIENTE.  537 

AGRICULTURE,    INDUSTRY,   AND    COMMERCE. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  are  coffee,  sugar- 
cane, tobacco,  cocoa,  wax,  honey,  cocoanuts,  bananas,  and 
lumber.  Cattle  raising  is  also  an  important  industry.  There 
are  27  sugar  mills  in  the  province  and  a  great  many  coffee 
plantations.  Cocoa  is  usually  raised  in  conjunction  with 
coffee. 

This  province  is  much  richer  in  minerals  than  any  other  in 
the  island.  The  principal  minerals  are  iron,  copper,  and 
manganese,  although  zinc,  lead,  coal,  and  gold  .mining  claims 
have  been  registered.  The  principal  mines  are  thos,e  of  the 
Spanish- American  Iron  Company  at  Daiquiri  and  Mayari, 
and  those  of  the  Juragua  Iron  Company  at  Firmeza,  for 
iron ;  the  Cobre  mines  at  Cobre  for  copper,  and  the  mines  at 
Ponupo  for  manganese.  The  manganese  mines  at  the  latter 
place  are  said  to  be  the  best  in  the  world. 

Towns  arranged  in  order  of  importance  of  export  trade  are 
Manzanillo,  Santiago,  and  Guantanamo;  in  import  trade, 
Santiago,  Manzanillo,  Guantanamo.  The  leading  export 
articles  are  sugar,  iron,  copper,  wood  and  lumber,  agricul- 
tural products.  The  leading  import  articles  are  cotton  fab- 
rics, live  stock,  leather  goods,  copper  materials. 

In  Santiago  are  a  number  of  tobacco  factories,  but  the  chief 
business  is  the  export  of  raw  materials  and  the  importation  of 
manufactured  goods  and  provisions. 

The  only  cocoanut-oil  factory  in  the  island  is  situated  at 
Baracoa. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICTS  AND  MUNICIPAL  DISTRICTS. 

Judicial  district.  Township. 

Baracoa Baracoa. 

Bayatuo Bayamo. 

Jiguani. 
Guantanamo Guantiinamo. 

Sagua  de  TSnamo. 
HolguTn Gibara. 

Holgufn. 

Mayarf. 

Puerto  Padre. 
Manzanillo Manzanillo. 


538 


PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 


Judicial  district.  Township. 

Santiago  de  Cuba Alto  Songo. 

Caney. 

Cobre. 

Pal  ma  Sorinno. 

San  Luis. 

Santiago  de  Cuba. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  BARACOA. 
Township :                                                                                                 Population. 
Baracoa 27,  852 


TOWNSHIP  OF  B.VRACOA    (CAPITAL,   BARACOA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

capital.        *'°°- 

Baracoa 

Urban .... 

Miles. 

2,131 
2,330 
1,171 

Mataciiin 

...do 

Playa 

...do.      .. 

Cabacii 

Cabacil 

Rural 

...do 

■      1 

3 

25 

10 

1,998 

Duaba 

1,434 

Gran  Tlerra 

Gran  Tierra 

...do 

1,020 

Guandao 

Guandao  

do 

2,756 

1,835 
910 

Mata. 
Barigua. 
Boca  de  Miel 

..do.      .. 

Imlas i 

Imfas 

do 

32 
24 
30.8 

17.5 

Jauco 

Jauco      

do 

*        1,986 

Monte  Cristo 

Monte  Cristo 

do 

777 

Cantilla. 
Nibuj<3n 

Nibujdn 

..do  ..  .. 

947 

Caneta. 
Moa. 
Navas. 
Quemados 

.do 

20.8 
18 

7.5 
7.5 

8.7 
22.5 

10.1 
22.5 

1,038 
743 

Maisf. 
Sabana 

Sabana 

do 

Cuesta  de  Boruga. 
Pueblo  Viejo. 
Sabanilla 

Sabanilla  .  .  . 

do 

1,776 
696 

Sitio 

Sitio 

do 

Boma. 

Toa 

do     . 

732 

Veguitas 

Veguitas 

do 

711 

Cajababo. 
Jobo. 
Jam&l 

Velazquez 

..do 

2  399 

Vertientes 

Vertientes 

do 

461 

Baracoa. — Town.  Baracoa  is  situated  on  the  north  coast, 
25  miles  west  of  Cape  Maisi.  It  is  705  miles  from  Havana 
and  167  miles  from  Santiago  de  Cuba.  There  is  a  post-office 
and  telegraph  station;  the  former  receives  its  mail  from 
Havana  and  Santiago  de  Cuba  oh  coastwise  steamers  which 
make  stops  twice  a  week,  and  the  latter  connects  by  wire  with 
Guantanamo  via  Imias  on  the  south  coast.  Cocoanut  oil  is 
manufactured  mainly  for  home  trade,  but  the  export  trade 


PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE.  539 

in  bananas,  cocoanuts,  and  cocoa  to  the  United  States  in 
steamers,  generally  twice  a  week,  is  the  industry  of  the  place. 
The  town  is  divided  into  three  wards  or  barrios,  viz :  Asun- 
cion, Matachin,  and  Playa. 

The  climate  is  pleasant  throughout  the  year,  being  cool  in 
the  summer  on  account  of  the  prevailing  winds  from  the 
northeast.  The  rainy  season  does  not  begin  until  October. 
In  this  part  of  Cuba  the  rainy  season  is  from  October  to 
January,  thus  differing  from  the  western  portion  of  the 
island.  Baracoa  has  a  small,  circular-shaped  harbor,  about 
two-third?  of  a  mile  wide,  into  which  all  ships  can  enter,  as 
there  is  60  feet  of  water  at  its  entrance ;  ships  of  great  length 
would  find  trouble  in  turning,  under  their  own  steam,  after 
entering.  The  town  is  very  healthy.  There  has  been  no 
yellow  fever  since  1878,  and  there  is  very  little  malarial  fever. 
Population,  5.633. 

The  water  for  the  town  is  obtained  from  the  Rio  Maca- 
guanigua,  about  1  mile  west  of  the  town,  where  there  is  a 
steam-pumping  station.  The  capacity  of  this  station  is  1,700 
gallons  per  hour.  From  here  the  water  is  pumped  through 
one  6- inch  pipe,  one  3-inch  pipe,  and  one  2-inch  pipe  to  a 
reservoir  on  a  near-by  hill,  which  is  about  150  feet  above  the 
river  bed.  The  pipes  leading  from  the  pumping  station  are 
all  above  the  ground.  From  the  reservoir  the  water  is 
brought  to  town  through  one  6-inch  and  one  3-inch  pipe. 
The  pumping  station  and  reservoir  can  be  reached  by  going 
west  on  calle  de  la  Playa,  crossing  a  small  stone  bridge 
(in  the  town),  following  the  same  street  to  the  northwest 
until  the  Rio  Macaguanigua  is  reached,  and  then  following 
the  river  to  the  west.     The  water  is  considered  very  pure. 

There  is  no  sewer  system.  The  streets  and  houses  are 
lighted  by  oil  lamps. 

Fort  Seboruco  and  Fort  Matachin  are  the  only  places 
where  troops  could  be  quartered  with  any  comfort.  The 
former,  situated  on  the  northern  point  of  a  ridge  overlooking 
the  town  on  three  sides  as  well  as  the  sea  and  harbor,  has 
good,  cool,  sanitary  quarters  for  200  men,  while  in  the  latter, 
situated  at  the  southern  end  of  calle  Real  on  the  beach  of 
Miel  Bay,  100  m.en  could  be  quartered.  The  water  for  these 
places  is  obtained  from  the  town  supply.    A  hot-air  pump 


540  PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 

is  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  at  Fort  Seboruco,  and  water  is 
pumped  about  225  feet  to  an  800-gallon  tank  on  a  hill  above 
the  quarters.  It  is  piped  to  the  kitchen,  officers'  quarters, 
and  the  men's  shower  and  water  closets.  These  closets  have 
five  seats,  which  are  flushed  into  a  (>-inch  pipe  draining  into 
a  bottomless  cave  at  the  foot  of  the  cliff  in  rear  of  the  closets. 
The  closets  at  Fort  Matachin  consist  of  two  seats,  which  are 
flushed  by  tide  water. 

There  are  no  stables  where  more  than  two  or  three  animals 
could  be  kept.     One  of  this  size  is  at  Fort  Seboruco. 

There  are  no  transportation  corrals.  Good  open  ground 
can  be  found  at  the  Macaguanigua  Eiver,  about  half  a  mile 
to  the  Avest  of  the  town,  and  at  the  Rio  Miel,  about  a  mile 
to  the  south.  These  points  are  good  watering  places  for  any 
number  of  animals. 

The  only  building  available  as  a  hospital  is  the  old  con- 
vent, situated  near  the  light-house,  but  it  is  in  poor  repair 
and  unsanitary  at  present.  If  thoroughly  cleaned  and  put 
in  good  repair  it  is  believed  this  building  could  accommo- 
date about  100  beds.  Water  could  be  obtained  by  connect- 
ing with  the  town  supply,  the  main  pipe  of  which  runs 
within  50  feet.  Old  dirt  closets  are  now  used,  but  modern 
closets  could  be  built  and  drained  to  the  sea  which  is  within 
a  few  feet. 

The  warehouses  of  J.  Simon  &  Co.  are  conveniently  situ- 
ated on  calle  de  la  Playa  for  use  as  commissary  and  quarter- 
master stores.  These  warehouses  are  at  the  shore  end  of  a 
long  wharf,  from  which  a  track  for  hand  cars  runs  to  all 
warehouses ;  13,630  cubic  yards  can  be  stored  in  these  houses. 
There  are  no  railroads,  sidings,  or  loading  platforms. 

The  town  hall  is  on  calle  Real,  in  the  center  of  the  town, 
opposite  the  church.  The  post-office  is  at  calle  Real,  43, 
and  the  telegraph  station  is  at  calle  Real,  75.  The  custom- 
house is  on  calle  de  la  Marina,  which  runs  on  the  edge  of  a 
small  cliff  on  th«  eastern  side  of  the  harbor. 

The  ice  machine  with,  a  capacity  of  600  pounds  per  day 
is  on  calle  de  la  Playa. 

The  only  camp  site  in  the  town  is  on  the  beach  of  Miel 
Bay,  just  east  of  the  town.  Five  or  six  hundred  men  could 
be  camped  here  and  water  for  drinking,  cooking,  and  wash- 
ing purposes  could  be  obtained  from  the  town  supply.    There 


PROVINCE  OF  OEIENTE.  541 

is  no  grazing  ground  at  this  point,  and  in  fact  there  is  none  in 
the  vicinity,  but  grass  is  grown  in  the  near-by  country  and  is 
brought  into  town  for  sale.  Wood  can  be  supplied  from  the 
country,  but  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  transporting  it  over 
bad  trails  it  is  very  dear,  and  it  has  been  found  cheaper  to 
purchase  charcoal.  Closets  could  be  built  on  the  rocks  and 
drained  into  the  sea. 

Forts  Seboruco,  Punta,  and  Matachin  are  of  old  Spanish 
construction  and  have  no  value  as  modern  defenses. 

There  are  no  railroads. 

Roads  lead  out  of  the  town  to  the  south  via  calle  Real  to 
Sabanilla,  Imias,  and  Guantanamo;  to  the  east  via  calle 
Real  along  the  beach  of  Miel  Bay  to  Boca  de  Miel,  where 
roads  branch  to  the  east  to  Mata  Bay,  Yumuri,  Sabana,  and 
Cape  Maisi,  and  to  the  south  to  Roble  and  Jamal;  to  the 
west  via  calle  de  la  Play  a  to  Rio  Macaguanigua,  where  the 
road  to  the  west  along  the  river  goes  to  El  Yunque  (Anvil 
Mountain),  and  the  one  crossing  the  river  goes  northwest 
to  Duaba  and  Xibujoii.  These  are  all  trails  of  the  worst 
class,  and  during  the  rainy  season  they  are  nearly  impassable 
even  for  native  animals. 

In  case  the  town  be  defended,  attack  should  be  made  from 
the  south,  owing  to  the  fact  that  running  in  this  direction  is 
a  long,  high  ridge  which  extends  to  Avithin  a  thousand  yards 
of  the  southern  point,  assisting  to  form  the  entrance  of  the 
harbor.  This  ridge  tends  to  make  the  town  take  the  form  of 
an  inverted  L,  with  its  eastern  side  on  the  sea  and  its  northern 
side  on  the  harbor.  The  ridge  can  be  reached  from  the 
Sabanilla  road.  Owing  to  the  commanding  hills  which  ex- 
tend for  miles  from  all  points  of  the  town,  except  to  the  east, 
it  would  be  very  hard  to  defend  it  against  trained  troops. 

Cabacu. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  a  rural  dis- 
trict adjoining  Baracoa  to  the  south.  The  village  is  1  mile 
south  of  Baracoa,  where  the  Guantanamo-Baracoa  trail 
crosses  the  Miel  River.  It  has  3  stores  and  10  houses. 
Population,  about  60. 

Duaba. — Barrio  and  village.  On  the  north  coast,  west  of 
Baracoa  and  adjoins  the  barrio  of  Toa  (Toar).  Besides  the 
village  of  its  name,  it  contains  the  fincas  Majujaba,  Boca  de 
Toa,  Sabana  de  Duaba,  Tabajo,  and  Jaitecico,  which  pro- 
duce manv  cocoanuts. 


542  PROVINCE   OF   OEIENTE. 

The  village  is  3  miles  northwest  of  Baracoa  and  contains 
2  stores,  a  school,  12  houses,  and  100  people.  It  is  on  the 
Baracoa-Nibujon  trail,  and  was  a  Spanish  outpost,  with  4 
blockhouses  commanding  the  ford  of  the  Duaba  River.  It 
it  connected  with  the  Playa  Toa  by  the  Manuel  Largo  road. 

Gran  Tierra. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  southeast 
of  Baracoa  orx  the  south  coast  of  the  island,  adjoining  the 
barrios  of  Monte  Cristo  and  Vertientes,  and  contains,  besides 
the  sitio  bearing  its  name,  the  fincas  Llanos,  La  Prieta, 
La  Asuncion,  Siches,  and  Sanguijuela.  It  is  one  of  the 
richest  districts  in  Oriente,  and  produces  cattle  and  coffee. 
Due  to  its  situation  on  a  high  table-land  it  is  very  healthy, 
and  is  said  to  be  free  from  all  the  usual  diseases. 

The  sitio  is  about  25  miles  by  road  from  Baracoa,  and 
contains  a  store  and  8  houses,  and  has  a  population  of  50. 

Guandao. — Barrio  and  village.  On  the  north  coast  south- 
east of  Baracoa,  adjoining  the  barrios  of  Sabana  and  Velaz- 
quez, and,  besides  the  village  bearing  its  name,  contains  the 
villages  of  Mata  and  Barigua. 

The  village  is  on  the  Baracoa-Sabana  trail,  on  stream  of 
same  name,  which  flows  into  Mata  Bay.  It  contains  a  bakery, 
5  stores,  and  14  houses,  and  has  a  population  of  about  175. 
It  was  a  Spanish  military  post. 

Mata. — Village.  On  Mata  Bay,  9^  miles  southeast  of 
Baracoa.  Has  a  store,  3  large  cocoanut  warehouses,  and  9 
houses.  Population,  about  70.  Is  a  port  of  some  impor- 
tance, from  which  cocoanuts  and  bananas  are  shipped. 

Barigua. — Village.  Situated  12  miles  southeast  of  Bara- 
coa.    Has  2  stores,  a  school,  and  5  houses. 

Giiiniao. — Barrio.  Situated  southeast  of  Baracoa  and  ad- 
joining the  barrios  of  Cabacii  and  Sitio.  The  only  point  in 
the  barrio  to  be  noted  is  Boca  de  Miel. 

Boca  de  Miel. — Sitio.  Situated  1  mile  southeast  of  Bara- 
coa on  the  beach  formed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Miel  River.  It 
is  also  known  as  the  Playa  Miel,  and  is  the  only  place  suit- 
able for  landing  troops  east  of  Baracoa.  Consists  of  7  or  8 
scattered  huts. 

Imias. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is  on  the  south 
coast  of  Cuba,  south  of  Baracoa.  A  coffee  and  cattle  coun- 
try, and  also  produces  hard  wood. 


PROVINCE   OF   OBIENTE.  543 

The  village  is  on  the  Baracoa-Guantanamo  trail,  32  miles 
by  road  from  Baracoa,  and  contains  a  rural  guard  post, 
telegraph  station  (the  only  one  between  Baracoa  and  Guan- 
tanamo),  school,  and  18  houses.  Population,  about  125. 
Copper  is  being  discovered  here.  It  was  a  Spanish  military 
post. 

Jauco. — Barrio  and  village.  A  rural  district  south  of 
Baracoa  and  on  the  south  coast  of  the  island,  adjoining  the 
barrio  of  Monte  Cristo. 

The  village  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  same  name,  and 
contains  4  stores,  a  school,  and  14  houses.  Population,  about 
150. 

Monte  Cristo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district  on  south 
coast  of  Cuba,  adjoining  the  barrios  of  Jauco,  Vertientes  and 
Gran  Tierra,  and  containing,  besides  the  sitio  of  its  name,  the 
village  of  Cantilla. 

The  sitio  is  at  fork  of  Gran  Tierra  and  Jauco  Arriba  trail 
and  has  5  houses.     A  good  camp  site. 

Cantilla. — Village.  Situated  40  miles  from  Baracoa  on 
trail  through  Sabana.  It  has  3  stores,  a  school,  and  7  houses, 
and  a  population  of  about  80. 

Nihujon. — Barrio  and  village.  On  north  coast  of  the 
island,  17|  miles  northwest  of  Baracoa  and  adjoining  the 
town  of  Sagua  de  Tanamo  on  the  west  and  the  barrio  of 
Duaba  on  the  east.  Besides  the  village  of  Nibujon,  it  con- 
tains the  villages  of  Caneta  and  Navas,  and  sitio  of  Moa. 

The  village  has  2  stores,  a  school,  8  houses,  and  population 
of  about  80. 

Caneta. — Village.  Situated  30  miles  from  Baracoa  on  the 
north  coast  between  Nibujon  and  Moa.  Has  2  stores  and  10 
houses.     Population  about  90. 

Moa. — Sitio.  Situated  at  mouth  of  Moa  Bay,  40  miles 
northwest  of  Baracoa.  The  location  of  a  large  tract  of  pub- 
lic land  containing  iron  ore.  It  is  populated  chiefly  by 
fishermen. 

Navas. — Village.  Situated  15  miles  northwest  of  Baracoa 
at  mouth  of  Navas  Kiver.  Has  2  stores,  7  houses,  and  a 
population  of  about  80.    The  finca  Naguaraje  is  at  this  point. 

Quemados. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Situated  at  the  extreme 
east  end  of  the  island.  The  village  of  Maisi  is  in  the  barrio. 
The  sitio  bearing  the  name  consists  of  2  or  3  houses. 


544  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Mam. — Village.  Consists  of  the  light-house  of  Cape 
Maisi,  3  coffee-cleaning  mills,  a  store,  a  school,  and  13  houses. 
Population,  about  100.  The  light-house  has  a  large  cistern 
for  rain  water  holding  40,000  gallons,  and  was  a  permanent 
garrison  for  a  company  of  Spanish  troops. 

There  is  an  anchorage  behind  the  reef  at  Cape  Maisi  for 
small  schooners  or  sloops ;  gives  protection  in  ordinary  rough 
weather.  Entrance  very  narrow.  From  Maisi  light-house, 
180  feet  above  sea  level,  a  good  view  of  the  surrounding 
country  can  be  obtained. 

There  is  a  trail  to  Jauco  joining  the  south  coast  trail  to 
Guantanamo ;  and  one  to  the  north  coast  via  Sabana. 

Sabana. — Barrio  and  village.  This  barrio  is  also  called 
Yumuri.  It  is  on  the  north  coast  of  the  island,  southeast 
of  Baracoa.  Many  bananas  raised  here.  It  also  contains 
the  sitios  Cuesta  de  Boruga  and  Pueblo  Viejo. 

The  village  of  Sabana  is  18  miles  southeast  of  Baracoa, 
and  has  5  stores,  a  school,  a  blacksmith  shop,  50  houses,  and 
a  population  of  about  350.  This  village  was  once  a  large 
town,  and  has  a  church  and  city  hall  in  ruins.  It  was  a 
Spanish  military  post. 

The  Yumuri  Fruit  Tramway  station  is  21  miles  southeast 
of  Baracoa  on  Boruga  Hill,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yumuri 
River.  From  here  bananas  are  lowered  to  the  lighters  at 
the  water's  edge  on  Yumuri  Bay  and  shipped  in  steamers 
from  Baracoa. 

Cuesta  de  Boruga. — Sitio.  Several  houses  on  a  hill  of  same 
name,  on  the  east  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Yumuri  River. 
It  is  an  important  pass  to  the  Maisi  table-land  and  was 
strongly  fortified  by  the  Spaniards. 

Puehlo  F«e_/o.— Sitio.  A  sriiall  settlement  on  the  high 
table-land  east  of  the  Yumuri  River,  near  Cape  Maisi.  Much 
coffee  and  many  bananas  are  raised  here,  and  the  locality  is 
very  healthy.  This  is  the  location  of  an  ancient  Indian  vil- 
lage and  many  interesting  caves.     There  is  a  camp  site. 

Sahdnilla. — Barrio  and  village.  Situated  south  of  Bara- 
coa adjoining  the  barrios  of  Cabacu,Veguitas,  and  Velazquez. 

The  village  is  on  the  Baracoa-Guantanamo  trail,  7^  miles 
south  of  Baracoa,  and  has  4  stores,  a  bakery,  a  school,  18 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  545 

houses,  and  a  population  of  about  150.  Was  a  Spanish  mili- 
tary post.     Is  an  excellent  camp  site. 

Sitio. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Situated  southeast  of  Baracoa 
and  extending  from  Boma  Bay  to  Mata  Bay  on  north  coast. 
Contains  settlement  bearing  its  name  and  village  of  Boma. 

The  point  bearing  the  name  consists  of  5  houses  on  the 
Jamal-Roble  trail.     Low  and  marshy. 

Boma. — Village.  Situated  on  the  east  shore  of  Boma  Bay, 
8  miles  southeast  of  Baracoa.  Contains  2  stores  and  10 
houses.  Two  hand  ferries  cross  Boma  Bay.  Population  of 
Boma  is  about  60. 

Toa  {Toar). — Barrio.  Situated  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name.  Contains  no  settlement,  but  has  a  number  of  fincas 
extending  along  the  river  from  its  mouth  upstream  for  10 
miles. 

Veguitas. — Barrio  and  village.  Situated  south  of  Bara- 
coa on  the  south  coast  and  adjoining  the  barrios  of  Jauco, 
Imias,  and  Sabanilla.  It  contains  places  named  Cajobabo 
and  Jobo,  besides  village  of  same  name. 

The  village  is  22^  miles  south  of  Baracoa.  It  has  2  stores, 
11  houses,  and  a  population  of  about  120. 

Cajohabo. — Sitio.  About  22  miles  south  of  Baracoa,  at  a 
large  canon  in  the  mountains,  through  which  runs  a  small 
stream.  The  Baracoa-Guantanamo  trail  passes  through  this 
canon. 

Joho. — Village.  About  25  miles  south  of  Baracoa  via 
Veguitas,  on  the  Jobo  River.  It  has  a  store  and  14  houses. 
Population  about  150. 

Velazquez. — Barrio.  Rural  district  south  of  Baracoa,  ad- 
joining the  barrios  of  Sitio  and  Sabanilla.  Rich  in  fruit 
and  cocoanuts.  The  village  of  Jamal  is  in  this  barrio,  but 
there  is  no  point  bearing  the  name  of  the  barrio. 

Jamal. — Village.  Situated  6  miles  southeast  of  Baracoa. 
Has  2  stores,  a  school,  14  houses,  and  a  population  of  about 
200.     It  is  near  the  Roble  River,  and  is  a  good  camp  site. 

Vertientes. — Barrio  and  village.  Southeast  of  Baracoa 
and  adjoining  the  barrios  of  Monte  Cristo  and  Gran  Tierra. 
The  village  is  22^  miles  by  road  from  Baracoa  via  Sabana. 
Has  a  store,  a  school,  8  houses,  and  a  population  of  about  90. 

492—09 35 


546 


PBOVINCE   OP   ORIENTE. 


JUDICIAL   DISTRICT   OF   BAYAMO. 
Township :  Population. 

Bayamo 26,  511 

Jiguaril 13,325 

TOWNSHIP  OF  BAYAMO  (CAPITAL,  BAYAMO). 


Town,  village,  or  sltlo. 


Bayamo 

Barrancas 

Jucabamata. 

Jucalbama. 

Humilladero. 

Beiugero. 

Palmarito. 

Sabanilla. 
Bueycito 

Palmarito. 

Tinima. 

La  Angostura. 

El  Dorado. 

Soils. 

La  Carldad. 

El  Corojo. 

Cayo  Redondo 

San  Pablo. 

Gallegos. 

Cauto 

Guamo 

Corrallto. 

Quamlto. 

Salado. 

Calabaza. 

Los  Indies. 

Bocade  Salud. 
Guisa 

Corralillo. 

Cautillo. 

Bon  Bon. 

Hoyo  de  Pipa. 

Toronja. 

Guam4. 
El  Homo 

Monjara. 

Santurio. 

Horno  Arriba. 

Saltadero. 

Monteoscuro. 

Gallardo. 

Chapala. 

La  Coaba. 

Corojo. 

Laguna  Blanca 

Veguita 


Barrio. 


Cristo 

San  Juan . . 
Barrancas. 


Bueycito. 


Cauto . . 
Guamo. 


Homos . 


Laguna  Blanca. 
Veguita 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
...do... 
Rural., 


-do. 


.do 
.do 

.do 

-do 


.do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


16 


Popula- 
tion. 


2,002 
2,100 
2,444 


3,285 


2,037 
1,235 


3,819 


2.221 
4,506 


Bayamo. — Town.  A  very  old  town,  situated  about  30  miles 
east  of  Manzanillo  and  60  miles  northwest  of  Santiago.  Di- 
vided into  2  wards  or  barrios,  viz,  Cristo  and  San  Juan. 
Most  of  the  houses  are  one  story  and  built  of  stone.  The 
population  is  4,102.  Principal  industries  are  cattle  and 
tobacco   raising.     No   sewer  system.     Kerosene  lamps  are 


PROVINCE   OP   OEIENTE.  547 

used  for  lighting.  Water  is  obtained  from  the  Bayamo 
River  by  means  of  a  pumping  station  and  tank,  which  are 
in  an  old  fort  on  the  river  bank. 

There  are  2  buildings  which  may  be  mentioned  as  suitable 
for  barracks:  (1)  The  public  school  building,  San  Juan 
street,  between  San  Vicente  and  San  Miguel  streets;  one 
story,  brick  building  with  tile  roof;  built  on  four  sides  of  a 
courtyard:  contains  12  rooms,  with  a  total  floor  space  of 
16,530  square  feet;  in  good  repair  and  has  good  ventilation; 
City  water  piped  to  center  of  courtyard.  Used  by  Spaniards 
as  hospital  in  1895-1898.  (2)  A  building  on  the  Cauto  road, 
north  edge  of  town.  One  story ;  built  of  brick ;  on  two  sides 
of  a  courtyard ;  needs  some  repairs.  Has  2  large  rooms  suit- 
able for  quarters;  capacity,  150  men.  City  water  could  be 
piped  inside  of  building. 

For  a  stable,  there  is  a  building  on  Yglesia  street  opposite 
the  plaza;  capacity,  25  animals.  There  is  a  stable  for  14 
horses,  built  along  wall  in  courtyard  of  building  described 
above  as  No.  2.  The  old  fort  at  edge  of  town  on  Jiguani 
road  would  shelter  100  animals. 

On  San  Jose  street,  two  doors  from  Comercio  street,  is 
a  one-story  brick  building  suitable  for  storehouse.  It  has 
a  large  room  20  by  60  feet,  4  rooms  10  by  20  feet,  and  a 
courtyard  100  by  40  feet.  For  a  hospital  there  is  a  two- 
story  building  on  Yglesia  street  opposite  plaza;  capacity, 
25  to  50  beds;  no  modern  closets.  Post-office  is  on  corner 
of  Comercio  and  San  Jose  streets.  Telegraph  office  is  on 
corner  of  Yglesia  and  Mercedes  streets.  There  is  no  rail- 
road and  no  telephone  system.  An  ice  plant  is  being  con- 
structed (1907). 

Across  the  river  from  the  town  is  a  good  camp  site,  on  the 
bank  of  the  river.  Water  would  have  to  be  obtained  from 
the  river.    There  is  fuel  and  grass. 

The  defenses  are  old  and  in  a  state  of  ruin.  Consist  gen- 
erally of  loopholed  walls  and  buildings,  but  there  is  an  old 
fort  at  the  south  edge  of  the  town  on  the  Jiguani  road  and 
the  bank  of  Bayamo  River. 

Two  roads  lead  from  the  town  to  Manzanillo,  one  to  Cauto, 
one  to  Juguani,  and  one  to  Holguin. 

The  east  side  of  town  would  be  hardest  to  defend.  Coun- 
try surrounding  is  generally  level.     The  Bayamo  River  is 


548  PROVINCE   OF   OKIENTE. 

subject  to  freshets,  which  cut  off  the  town  from  opposite 
side.  It  is  not  navigable.  There  is  a  ford  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  south  of  town,  but  it  is  passable  by  horses  and  ar- 
tillery in  dry  season  only. 

Barrancas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  lies  southwest 
of  the  city  of  Bayamo. 

It  is  well  watered  on  account  of  the  numerous  small  rivers 
and  arroyos  flowing  through  it.  Along  these  waterways 
there  is  a  good  supply  of  timber.  P^arming  is  carried  on, 
but  only  on  a  small  scale.  Native  fruits  are  found  in  abun- 
dance. Stock  raising  is  a  growing  industry.  The  general 
feature  of  this  section  is  a  broad  expanse  of  savanna  and 
swampy  land  through  which  flow  many  small  rivers  and 
creeks.  Besides  the  village  of  Barrancas,  the  most  important 
of  the  small  settlements  are:  Jucabamata,  Jucaibama,  Humil- 
ladero,  Bejugero,  Palmarito,  and  Sabanilla. 

The  village  is  situated  on  the  Manzanillo-Bayamo  road,  13 
miles  west  of  Bayamo  and  on  the  Buey  River.  There  are  15 
native  houses  built  on  either  side  of  the  road,  2  small  stores, 
and  a  small  sawmill  on  the  river.  Population,  125.  Water 
is  obtained  from  the  Buey  Eiver. 

Jucabamata. — Sitio.  Situated  on  the  Manzanillo-Bayamo 
road,  2  miles  east  of  Barrancas.  Small  settlement  of  15 
native  houses  and  a  schoolhouse.     Population,  50. 

Jucaibama. — Sitio.  Situated  on  the  Manzanillo-Bayamo 
road,  7  miles  northeast  of  Barrancas.  Small  settlement  of  12 
native  houses  and  a  store. 

Humilladero. — Sitio.  Small  settlement  of  about  25  people, 
situated  3  miles  northeast  of  Barrancas.  Six  scattered  houses 
and  a  store. 

Bejugero. — Village.  Small  settlement  of  about  120  inhabi- 
tants and  is  situated  4  miles  north  of  Barrancas.  It  has  20 
native  houses  and  2  stores. 

Palmarito. — Sitio.  Small  settlement  of  about  25  people, 
situated  5  miles  southeast  of  Barrancas  on  the  boundary  line 
between  Barrancas  and  Bueycitp  barrios.  It  has  5  native 
houses  and  a  store. 

Sabanilla. — Sitio.  Small  settlement  having  15  native 
houses.     Population  estimated  at  50. 

Bueycito. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  lies  14  miles 
southwest  of  the  city  of  Bayamo.    There  are  numerous  small 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  549 

villages,  and  most  of  them  are  situated  on  the  rivers.  On 
account  of  the  many  rivers  and  small  streams  it  is  well 
adapted  to  agriculture.  Agriculture  is  the  most  important 
industry,  but  it  is  retarded  considerably  by  the  poor  roads, 
the  people  having  great  difficulty  in  getting  the  products  to 
a  market.  Stock  raising  is  the  industry  next  in  importance 
to  agriculture.  Evei:y  family  owns  from  one  td  five  saddle 
horses,  and  cattle  are  scattered  throughout,  on  large  and 
small  ranches. 

In  the  mountains  to  the  south  there  is  a  copper  and  man- 
genese  mine  owned  and  operated  by  an  American  company, 
and  it  is  reported  that  there  are  large  deposits  of  these  min- 
erals in  the  mountains. 

The  most  important  of  the  rivers  which  rise  in  the  Sierra 
Maestre  Mountains  and  flow  northwest  through  this  barrio 
are  Bayamo,  Yao,  Buey,  and  Jicotea,  the  water  from  all  of 
them  being  excellent  for  drinking. 

The  most  important  points  in  the  barrio,  besides  the  village 
bearing  its  name,  are  Palmarito,  Tinima,  La  Angostura,  El 
Dorado,  Solis,  La  Caridad,  El  Corojo,  Cayo  Redondo,  San 
Pablo,  and  Gallegos. 

The  village  of  Bueycito  is  situated  about  16  miles  south- 
west of  the  city  of  Bayamo,  on  the  Buey  River.  There  are 
six  streets  running  at  right  angles.  The  place  has  6  frame 
houses  with  sheet-iron  roofs,  a  small  brick  house,  about  25 
houses  of  native  construction,  3  stores,  a  bakery,  a  school,  and 
a  post-office.  Mail  arrives  from  and  departs  to  Bayamo  once 
a  week.  Water  from  the  Buey  River ;  unlimited  supply  at 
all  seasons.     Population,  100. 

Palmarito. — Village.  Situated  on  the  Buey  River  about 
3  miles  northwest  of  Bueycito.  A  scattered  settlement  of 
about  15  families,  the  central  point  of  the  village  consisting 
of  10  houses  surrounding  a  small  store  on  the  Buey  River. 
There  is  one  other  store  in  the  village.  Water  from  Buey 
River.  There  is  a  small  settlement  on  opposite  bank  of  the 
river  which  bears  the  same  name,  but  belongs  to  barrio  of 
Barrancas.     Wagon  road  to  Barrancas  and  Bayamo. 

Tinima. — Sitio.  Situated  about  3  miles  northwest  of  the 
village  of  Bueycito.  It  has  4  palm  houses  and  a  population 
of  about  25.     Wagon  road  to  Barrancas  and  Bayamo. 


550  PROVINCE   OP  ORIENTE. 

La  Angostura. — Village.  Situated  about  3  miles  north  of 
the  village  of  Bueycito,  on  the  Yao  Eiver.  It  is  a  scattered 
settlement  of  15  families,  5  of  which  are  in  a  group.  Houses 
are  all  of  palm.  Water  from  the  Yao  River ;  unlimited  sup- 
ply at  all  seasons.  Farming  on  a  small  scale.  Wagon  road 
to  Barrancas  and  Bayamo. 

El  Dorado. — Village.  Situated  about  4  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  the  village  of  Bueycito.  Scattered  settlement 
of  about  75  houses,  all  of  palm  construction,  and  a  small 
store.  Population,  about  300.  Water  obtained  from  Arroyo 
Banatuba;  reported  to  be  good  to  drink.  Wagon  road  to 
Barrancas  and  Bayamo. 

&olis. — Sitio.  A  widely  scattered  place,  which  it  is  im- 
possible to  definitely  locate,  from  8  to  10  miles  by  road  north- 
east of  the  village  of  Bueycito,  There  is  a  small  store  on 
the  El  Dorado-Bayamo  road  2  miles  northeast  of  the  former 
point.  The  vicinity  is  densely  wooded.  Wagon  road  to 
Bayamo  and  Barrancas. 

La  Oaridad. — Village.  Settlement  of  100  native  houses 
situated  9  miles  east  of  village  of  Bueycito.  It  has  a  store 
and  a  school.  Population  about  400.  Water  from  wells  and 
from  small  arroyo  running  near. 

El  Gorojo. — Village.  Situated  on  the  Bayamo  River  about 
15  miles  east  of  the  village  of  Bueycito.  Native  settlement  of 
about  100  native  houses,  3  small  stores,  and  a  school.  Ex- 
cellent camp  site  for  a  battalion.  Unlimited  supply  of  water 
in  the  Bayamo  River.  Trail  from  El  Corojo  connecting  with 
wagon  road  to  Bayamo  and  Barrancas. 

Cayo  Redondo. — Sitio.  Consists  of  3  or  4  native  huts  and 
a  small  store  situated  6  miles  southeast  of  Bueycito.  Wagon 
road  to  Bueycito. 

San  Pahlo. — Sitio.  Consists  of  3  or  4  native  huts  and  a 
small  store  situated  7  miles  southeast  of  Bueycito. 

Gallegos. — Sitio.  Consists  of  a  few  native  houses  and  a 
store  situated  9  miles  southeast  of  Bueycito. 

Cauto. — Barrio  and  village.  A  small  village  situated  about 
17  miles  northwest  of  Bayamo.  Population  about  150, 
mostly  colored.  There  are  no  wharves,  and  the  landing 
place  is  poor.     Telegraph  station  and  telegraph  line  to  Bay- 


PROVINCE   OF   OEIENTE.  551 

amo.  Eoads  fair  in  dry  weather.  Wagon  road  connecting 
with  Bay  a  mo.    Gopd  cattle  district  and  good  pasturage. 

Guamo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  lies  northwest 
of  the  city  of  Bayamo  and  on  the  Cauto  River.  The  country 
is  not  well  developed  and  there  are  no  industries,  the  people 
raising  only  enough  vegetables  and  fruit  for  their  own  per- 
sonal use.  Stock  raising  is  a  growing  industry.  The  most 
important  settlements  besides  the  village  of  Guamo  are  Cor- 
ralito,  Guamito,  Salado,  Calabaza,  Los  Indios,  and  Boca  de 
Salud. 

The  village  of  Guamo  is  on  the  Cauto  River,  about  28  miles 
northwest  of  Bayamo.  Population,  about  325.  It  has  60 
houses,  a  school,  6  stores,  telegraph  office  having  connection 
with  Cauto  and  Bayamo,  and  a  post-office.  There  is  one 
street  running  parallel  to  the  river,  and  a  steamboat  landing, 
rudely  constructed  and  of  no  consequence,  as  the  steamer 
comes  up  to  the  bank.     "Water  from  river  and  wells. 

Corralito. — Village.  Situated  on  the  Cauto  River,  about 
5|  miles  east  of  Guamo.  It  has  a  store,  12  native  huts,  and 
a  steamboat  landing. 

Guamito. — Sitio.  Small  settlement  situated  1^  miles  south 
of  Guamo.  Consists  of  a  small  store,  6  native  houses,  and 
a  small  sawmill  belonging  to  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad. 

Salado. — Village.  Situated  about  6  miles  northeast  of 
Guamo,  on  the  Salado  River.  Consists  of  1  frame  house 
(store)  and  12  native  houses.     There  is  a  trail  to  Guamo. 

Calabaza. — Sitio.  Situated  6  miles  south  of  Guamo,  and 
has  8  native  houses. 

Los  Indios. — Sitio.  Situated  about  22  miles  northwest  of 
Bayamo  and  6  miles  south  of  Guamo,  and  consists  of  5  houses 
of  native  construction. 

Boca  de  Salud. — Sitio.  A  settlement  consisting  of  6  native 
houses,  situated  2  miles  north  of  Guamo. 

Guisa. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  lies  southeast  of 
the  city  of  Bayamo.  This  barrio  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  densely  populated  barrios  of  Bayamo.  It  lies  at  the  foot 
of  the  Sierra  Maestra  Mountains  in  the  midst  of  the  foot- 
hills, the  slopes  of  which  are  covered  with  the  most  valuable 
of  the  hard  woods  of  the  island.    According  to  the  figures  of 


552  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

the  alcalde  of  the  barrio,  there  are  6,000  cattle,  horses,  and 
sheep  registered.  Aside  from  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and 
abundance  of  timber,  it  is  reported  that  there  are  large  de- 
posits of  manganese  and  copper  in  the  mountains.  Tobacco 
growing  seems  to  be  the  largest  industry  of  the  barrio.  The 
most  important  settlements  in  the  barrio  besides  the  village 
of  Guisa  are  Corralillo,  Cautillo,  Bon  Bon,  Hoyo  de  Pipa, 
Toronja,  and  Guama. 

The  village  of  Guisa  is  situated  13  miles  southeast  of 
Bayamo.  It  contains  100  houses,  12  of  which  are  built  of 
wood  or  brick,  with  tile  roofs.  The  town  has  a  number  of 
streets,  four  running  northeast  and  southwest  and  five  run- 
ning northwest  and  southeast.  In  the  center  is  a  plaza  on 
which  stands  the  ruins  of  an  old  church,  which  was  destroyed 
in  the  revolution  of  1895.  There  are  2  bakeries  and  4  stores. 
Entirely  surrounded  by  hills  ranging  from  100  to  200  feet  in 
height,  any  one  of  which  commands  the  town  or  its  ap- 
proaches. Excellent  water  is  obtained  from  two  arroyos 
within  100  yards  of  the  town.     Population,  about  523. 

Corralillo. — Village.  Situated  2  miles  east  of  Guisa. 
Consists  of  200  scattered  houses  (4  of  which  are  of  brick), 
4  stores,  and  a  school.    Population,  about  1,000. 

Cautillo. — Village.  Situated'  5  miles  east  of  Guisa,  on  the 
river  Cautillo.  Consists  of  5  stores,  a  school,  and  200  houses, 
4  of  which  are  built  of  brick,  the  remainder  being  of  native 
construction. 

Bon  Bon. — Village.  Situated  3  miles  southeast  of  Guisa. 
Consists  of  100  native  houses,  2  stores,  and  a  school.  Popu- 
lation, about  600. 

Hoyo  de  Pipa. — Village.  Situated  1^  miles  west  of  Guisa. 
Consists  of  50  native  houses,  a  brick  house,  and  a  store. 
Population,  about  250. 

Toronja. — Village.  Small  settlement  of  about  50  people, 
situated  9  miles  southeast  of  Guisa.  Consists  of  15  native 
houses. 

Guamd. — Village.  Settlement  of  about  100  inhabitants 
surrounding  the  Guama  sugar  mill,  which  is  situated  5 
miles  south  of  Guisa,  on  the  Guisa  River.  There  are  30 
native  houses,  besides  frame  buildings  near  mill.  Sheds  for 
30  animals.     Water  obtained  from  Guisa  River. 


PROVINCE   OP   ORIENTE.  553 

Homos. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  lies  southeast 
of  Bayamo.  Truck  gardening  for  Bayamo  market  seems  to 
be  the  most  important  industry.  Native  fruits  are  found 
in  great  abundance.  The  most  important  settlements  in  the 
barrio  besides  the  village  of  El  Horno  are:  Monjara,  San- 
turio,  Horno  Arriba,  Saltadero,  Monteoscuro,  Gallardo. 
Chapala,  La  Coaba,  and  Corojo. 

The  village  is  situated  on  the  Bayamo-Guisa  road,  6  miles 
southeast  of  Bayamo.  Consists  of  15  native  houses  built 
on  both  sides  of  the  road,  1  medium-sized  mamposteria 
building,  and  2  stores. 

Monjara. — Village.  Settlement  of  about  100  inhabitants, 
situated  3  miles  southwest  of  El  Horno  and  1\  miles  south- 
east of  Bayamo.  ConsistvS  of  18  native  houses  and  1  store. 
Wagon  road  to  Bayamo  and  El  Horno. 

Santurio. — Sitio.  Small  settlement  of  about  30  people, 
situated  1  mile  north  of  El  Horno.  Consists  of  10  native 
houses.  Wagon  road  to  El  Horno  and  connecting  with 
calzada  to  Bayamo. 

Horno  Amha. — Village.  Situated  1  mile  east  of  El  Horno 
and  6^  miles  southeast  of  Bayamo.  Consists  of  36  native 
houses,  1  store,  and  1  school.  Population,  about  160.  Cart 
road  to  El  Horno. 

Saltadero. — Sitio.  Small  settlement  of  about  25  people, 
situated  1^  miles  east  of  El  Horno  and  7  miles  southeast  of 
Bayamo.  Consists  of  8  native  houses.  Cart  road  to  El 
Horno. 

Monteoscuro. — Sitio.  Situated  1|  miles  southwest  of  El 
Horno  and  6|  miles  southeast  of  Bayamo.  Consists  of  15 
native  houses.  Population,  about  75.  Wagon  road  to  El 
Horno  and  Bayamo. 

Gallardo. — Sitio.  Small  settlement  of  about  50  people, 
situated  44  miles  southeast  of  El  Horno  and  10  miles  south- 
east of  Bayamo.  Consists  of  10  native  houses.  Cart  road 
to  El  Horno. 

Chapala. — Sitio.  Small  settlement  of  about  40  inhab- 
itants, situated  2|  miles  northeast  of  El  Horno,  on  calzada  to 
Bayamo.    Ten  native  houses. 


554  PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTS. 

L€u  Codba. — Sitio.  Consists  of  15  native  houses.  Popula- 
tion, about  60. 

Corojo. — Village.  Situated  3  miles  southeast  of  El  Homo. 
Consists  of  1  store  and  20  native  houses,  which  are  somewhat 
scattered.     Population,  about  150. 

Laguna  Blanca. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  lies  north- 
east of  the  city  of  Bayamo.  The  inhabitants  are  scattered 
throughout  the  barrio  on  small  farms  or  ranches.  A  collec- 
tion of  houses  or  a  settlement  is  an  exception.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  700  buildings  of  all  kinds.  The  sitio 
consists  of  but  2  houses,  situated  6  miles  northeast  of  Bayamo 
and  three- fourths  of  a  mile  west  of  the  Bayamo-Holguin 
road.     Water  is  obtained  from  a  well. 

Veguita. — Barrio  and  town.  Situated  on  Manzanillo- 
Bayamo  road,  about  19  miles  from  Bayamo,  slightly  south 
of  east,  and  on  Buey  River.  Population,  1,012.  Water  is 
obtained  from  the  Buey  River  and  hauled  to  houses ;  quantity 
unlimited  and  the  quality  good. 

Buildings  are  mostly  one-story,  native  huts.  Few  are 
frame,  with  tile  or  corrugated-iron  roofs.  There  are  but  two 
considered  suitable  for  barracks.  They  are  as  follows:  (1) 
Corner  of  (leneral  Rabi  and  Yglesia  streets ;  one-story,  brick, 
tile  roof,  front  porch,  large  doors  and  windows;  in  good 
condition;  capacity,  about  50  men;  water  from  river.  (2) 
Quarters  now  occupied  by  rural  guard;  capacity,  about  40 
men.  There  are  several  small  dwellings  on  the  main  street 
near  rural  guard  barracks,  one  of  which  would  be  suitable 
for  hospital ;  capacity,  25  beds.  No  buildings  especially  suit- 
able for  storehouses.  Several  small  private  stables  for 
animals.  Post-office  and  telegraph  office  on  General  Rabi 
street,  near  center  of  town.  Telegraphic  communication  with 
Bayamo  and  Manzanillo.  There  is  a  good  ford  over  the 
Buey  River  at  this  point,  and  also  one  over  the  Yara  River, 
about  5  miles  south.    Barrio  contains  central  Sofia. 


6Ui 


JIGUANI     TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE   OF   OEIENTE.  555 

TOWNSHIP  OF  JIGUANi    (CAPITAL,  JIGUANI). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 


Barrio. 


«-^:-  ''ft^"  ^?P-^- 

capital. 


Jiguani 

Arroyo  Hondo. 

Cruz  Alta. 

Las  Bocas. 

Guayacan. 

El  Manantial. 

Palma. 

Paso  Viejo. 

Resbaloso. 

El  Retlro. 

Santa  Cruz. 
Babiney 

La  Campafla. 

Las  Mercedes. 

Pozo  Viejo. 

La  Yaya. 
Baire 

Los  Negros. 

Paso  Seco. 

Pedemales. 

Ratonera. 

Salada. 
Bijagual 

Comecara. 

La  Yayal. 
Maffo 

Marvlo. 

Viajacas. 
Santa  Rita 

El  Cacao. 

El  Calabazal. 

Cienfuegos. 

Cuatro  Caminos, 

Cupeisito. 

Rinc6n. 


Villa  (Jiguani). 


Urban  and 
rural. 


Babiney. 


Rural. 


Baire. 


.do. 


Bijagual... 

Maflo 

Santa  Rita. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Miles. 


3,064 


10 


2,166 
2,911 

1,122 
1,420 
2,642 


Jigumu. — Town.  The  town  is  in  Villa  barrio,  44|  miles 
northwest  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  and  14  miles  east  of  Bayamo. 
The  town  is  situated  on  a  small  plain  between  the  Jiguani 
River  and  the  Loma  del  Jiguani.  It  occupies  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  square  mile.  The  streets  were  formerly  macad- 
amized, but  are  in  bad  state  of  repair.  Many  of  the  houses 
are  one-story  brick,  tile  roof,  and  in  fair  state  of  repair. 
There  are  a  few  one-story  frame  houses  with  tin  and  corru- 
gated-iron roofs.  The  outlying  dwellings  are  thatched  huts. 
A  general  distributing  point  for  all  general  merchandise 
coming  by  way  of  Bayamo  and  Manzanillo  for  the  Jiguani 
municipality.     Population,  1,362. 

The  river  Jiguani  furnishes  the  water  supply  for  the  town. 
The  river  has  its  source  at  La  Rinconada,  about  4  miles  south 
of  Jiguani,  from  springs  at  the  base  of  the  Sierra  del  Mato. 
In  the  dry  season  it  has  a  volume  of  150  cubic  feet  per  min- 
ute, which  in  the  rainy  season  increases  from  five  to  ten  times. 
Five-sixths  of  the  volume  of  the  stream  comes  from  springs 


556  PROVINCE   OF   OEIENTE. 

which  have  a  watershed  of  forest  and  mountain.  The  rest 
of  the  watershed  through  which  the  stream  flows  is  open 
grazing  ground,  with  a  small  acreage  of  corn  and  bananas. 
This  is  one  of  the  few  streams  in  this  district  that  is  not 
saline.  The  water  for  natives  is  obtained  from  the  river, 
north  of  the  bridge  on  the  west  side  of  town,  and  distributed 
by  means  of  pack  animals.  Water  at  this  point  may  be  con- 
taminated by  fecal  matter  from  houses  in  southwest  section 
of  the  town.  Pure  water  may  be  obtained  from  a  point  on 
the  Jiguani-Baire  road.  A  small  inclosed  pasture,  70  yards 
north  of  this  point,  is  the  best  place  to  water  animals. 

No  sewer  system.  No  systematic  method  of  disposing  of 
garbage.     Lighted  by  oil. 

Rural  guard  barracks,  on  south  side  of  plaza,  is  a  building 
240  by  30  feet ;  brick,  one-story,  tile  roof,  tile  floor ;  fair  state 
of  repair;  no  water  system.  Buildings  suitable  for  barracks 
are  situated  on  the  other  three  sides  of  the  plaza ;  description 
similar  to  rural  guard  barracks;  contain  stores,  hotel,  etc. 
Sanitary  condition  of  all,  fair. 

No  stables.     Excellent  pastures  north  of  town. 

No  transportation  corrals.  Suitable  open  ground  north  of 
town  along  the  Juguani  River;  grass,  fuel,  and  water  good 
and  in  abundance. 

No  hospital  in  town.  Only  building  suitable  is  a  small 
two-story  brick  house  opposite  northwest  corner  of  plaza; 
good  condition;  sanitary  condition  fair;  capacity,  20  beds, 
with  suitable  room  for  operating  room  upstairs.  No  run- 
ning water  or  modern  closets. 

Four  large  frame  stores,  corrugated-iron  roofs,  in  excellent 
repair,  on  both  sides  of  street  leading  south  from  the  south- 
east corner  of  the  plaza,  would  furnish  suitable  buildings  for 
quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses.  No  railroad  or 
tramways. 

No  railroad  station.  Post-office  and  telegraph  office  in 
same  building,  situated  opposite  southwest  corner  of  plaza. 
Two  lines  west  to  Bayamo  and  same  number  east  to  Baire, 
Palma  Soriano,  San  Luis,  and  Sstntiago.     No  telephone. 

Camp  site  on  Jiguani  River  south  of  town,  area  about  1^ 
square  miles ;  excellent  water  in  inclosed  pasture.  One  north 
of  town  along  Jiguani  River ;  good,  except  for  water,  which 
is  contaminated  by  drainage  from  the  town;  area  about  3 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  557 

square  miles;  pasturage  excellent.  These  two  camp  sites  are 
on  level  ground,  with  no  slope  and  a  heavy  gumbo  soil. 

Stone  fort  situated  500  yards  east  of  town  on  hill  com- 
manding the  town  and  surrounding  country.  Is  an  irregular 
polygon ;  area  about  280  square  yards ;  in  bad  state  of  repair. 
Walls  about  3  feet  thick.     No  water  inside. 

There  are  five  roads  leading  out  of  town :  (1)  The  Jiguani- 
Holguin  road  leaves  town  to  the  north.  (2)  The  Jiguani- 
Dos  Rios  road  leads  to  the  northeast  and  passes  around  north 
side  of  stone  fort;  suitable  for  ox  carts.  The  same  road 
branching  north  of  stone  fort  leads  east  to  Venta  de  Casa- 
nova. This  is  the  old  Santiago-Bay amo  road  and  is  in  very 
bad  repair,  being  suitable  only  for  pack  animals.  (3)  To 
the  south  leads  the  Jiguani-Baire-Palma  Soriano-San  Luis- 
Santiago  road,  from  the  southeast  corner  of  the  plaza.  This 
road  is  called  the  new  Santiago-Bayamo  road  and  is  in  ex- 
cellent repair;  suitable  for  wheel  transportation.  (4)  From 
the  southwest  end  of  the  plaza  and  crossing  the  Jiguani 
River  over  a  wooden  bridge  leads  the  main  road  to  Bayamo ; 
suitable  for  ox  carts.  (5)  From  the  northwest  corner  of 
town  leads  the  road  to  Babiney ;  good  earth  road  and  suitable 
for  wheel  transportation  in  dry  season,  but  bad  in  wet  season 
and  suitable  only  for  pack  transportation. 

The  best  line  of  approach  is  by  way  of  the  Dos  Rios- 
Jiguani  road  from  the  northeast.  This  road  passes  over 
broken  and  irregular  ground  that  is  very  nearly  the  same 
level  as  that  upon  which  the  stone  fort  stands.  The  brick 
buildings  around  the  plaza  form  an  excellent  supplementary 
defense  west  of  the  fort  and  are  commanded  by  it.  The 
Jiguani  River  west  of  town  is  impassable  in  time  of  flood. 

Villa  barrio  contains,  besides  tlie  municipal  capital,  a 
number  of  unimportant  points.  The  following  list  contains 
the  names  of  most  of  them :  Arroyo  Hondo,  Cruz  Alta,  Las 
Bocas,  Guayacan,  El  Manantial,  Palma,  Paso  Viejo,  Resba- 
loso,  El  Retiro,  Santa  Cruz,  Julia  Gonzalez,  Guaranal  Jutal, 
La  Loma,  San  Rafael,  San  Francisco,  Rosal,  and  part  of 
Ventas.  Descriptions  are  given  below  of  the  first  ten  named. 
Those  not  described  are  farms  or  localities  having  but  a  few 
scattered  huts. 

Arroyo  Hondo. — Sitio.  Situated  4^  miles  southwest  of 
Jiguani   on   the   wagon    road   connecting   Santa   Rita    and 


558  PEOVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Bayamo.  It  consists  of  5  native  houses  and  has  an  estimated 
population  of  40. 

Cruz  Alta. — Village.  Situated  1^  miles  southeast  of 
Jiguani  and  consists  of  12  native  houses;  estimated  popula- 
tion 90. 

Las  Bocas. — Sitio.  Situated  13  miles  northeast  of  Jiguani 
and  consists  of  4  native  houses. 

Guayacdn. — Sitio.  Situated  14  miles  almost  due  north  of 
Jiguani  and  connected  therewith  by  calzada,  which  at  this 
place  forms  a  junction  with  the  calzada  skirting  the  Kio 
Cauto.  The  place  consists  of  3  native  houses  and  has  an 
estimated  population  of  12. 

El  Manantial. — Village.  Situated  3  miles  north  of  Jiguani 
and  consists  of  20  guano  houses  and  a  store ;  estimated  popu- 
lation of  170. 

Palm^a. — Sitio.  Situated  8  miles  northeast  of  Jiguani. 
Consists  of  3  guano  houses. 

Paso  Viejo. — Sitio.  Situated  20  miles  by  road  northwest 
of  Jiguani  on  the  calzada  skirting  the  Rio  Cauto.  The 
calzada  at  this  point  turns  south,  running  to  Jiguani.  The 
place  consists  of  2  guano  houses. 

Reshaloso. — Village.  Situated  12  miles  east  of  Jiguani, 
near  Contramaestre  River.  Consists  of  40  guano  houses 
and  2  stores;  estimated  population,  300. 

El  Retiro. — Sitio.  Situated  1  mile  west  of  Jiguani  and 
consists  of  2  guano  houses. 

Santa  Cruz. — Sitio.  Situated  6  miles  north  of  Jiguani,  on 
wagon  road  running  from  the  latter  place  to  the  Rio  Cauto 
road.    It  consists  of  8  guano  huts ;  about  60  inhabitants. 

Babiney. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  of  the 
same  name  the  barrio  includes  the  sitios  La  Campaiia,  Las 
Mercedes,  Pozo  Viejo,  and  La  Yaya. 

The  village  of  Babiney  is  situated  10  miles  northwest  of 
Jiguani  and  13  miles  northeast  of  Bayamo.  It  consists  of 
about  15  houses.  Wagon  road  north  to  Paso  Viejo  and 
Cauto  Cristo,  and  southwest  to  Bayamo,  connecting  with 
wagon  road  to  Jiguani. 

La  Gampana. — Sitio.  Consists  of  one  house  situated  5 
miles  northwest  of  Jiguani  and  5  miles  southeast  of  Babiney. 
Water  obtained  from  well.  Wagon  roads  to  Jardin,  La 
Concepcion,  El  Pozo,  and  Jiguani. 


PROVINCE   OF   OEIENTE.  559 

Las  Mercedes. — Sitio.  Consists  of  2  houses  situated  1^ 
miles  southwest  of  Babiney.  Wagon  roads  northeast  to 
Babiney  and  southwest  to  Bayamo. 

Pozo  Viejo. — Sitio.  Consists  of  a  house  situated  3^  miles 
north  of  Babiney.  Wagon  road  south  to  Babiney  and  one 
north  to  Cauto  Cristo. 

La  Yaya. — Sitio.  Consists  of  several  houses,  situated  6 
miles  northeast  of  Babiney.  Wagon  roads  west  to  Pozo 
Viejo,  south  to  Jiguani,  and  east  to  Dos  Bocas. 

Baire. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  contains,  besides 
the  town  of  the  same  name,  the  following  sitios :  Los  Negros, 
Paso  Seco,  Pedernales,  Ratonera,  and  Salada. 

The  town  is  situated  8  miles  southeast  of  Jiguani  and  54 
miles  northwest  of  Santiago.  Population,  900.  Water  is 
obtained  from  Arroyo  Baire,  one-half  mile  southeast  of 
town  and  carried  to  the  town  on  pack  animals;  quality  poor 
and  quantity  limited.  Most  of  the  buildings  are  huts  having 
thatched  roofs;  about  one  dozen  one-story  frame  buildings 
with  corrugated-iron  roofs.  About  one  platoon  could  find 
quarters.  No  good  camp  sites  near  the  town  owing  to  poor 
water.  Public  telephone  and  post-office.  Most  easily  reached 
from  Santiago  via  San  Luis  and  Palma  Soriano.  Earth 
road  from  San  Luis  passable  by  wagons  in  dry  season.  Also 
reached  from  Bayamo  via  Jiguani  by  earth  road  passable  by 
wagons  in  dry  season. 

Los  Negros. — Village.  Consists  of  about  20  houses  situ- 
ated 6  miles  south  of  Baire.  Cart  roads  lead  to  Baire, 
Purial,  Paso  Seco,  La  Alegria,  and  Manacas. 

Paso  Seco. — Sitio.  Consists  of  2  houses  situated  about  5 
miles  southeast  of  Baire.  Cart  roads  lead  to  Mailo  and 
Baire. 

Pedernales. — Sitio.  Consists  of  several  houses  situated  1 
mile  southeast  of  Baire.    Wagon  road  to  Baire  and  Ratonera. 

Ratonera. — Sitio.  Consists  of  several  houses  situated  2^ 
miles  southeast  of  Baire.  Wagon  roads  lead  to  Baire, 
Marvio,  and  Maffo. 

Salada. — Sitio.  Consists  of  a  house  situated  2  miles 
northwest  of  Baire.  Calzada  to  Baire  and  calzada  connect- 
ing with  wagon  road  to  Jiguani. 

Bijagual. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  situated  about 
9  miles  southeast  of  Baire,  and  contains  also  the  sitios  Yayal 


560  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

and  Comecara.  The  sitio  of  Bijagual  consists  of  a  few 
houses. 

Comscara. — Sitio.  A  store  situated  10  miles  southeast  of 
Baire,  on  cart  road  from  Yayal  and  Los  Negros, 

La  Yayal. — Sitio.  Consists  of  a  house  situated  about  8 
miles  southeast  of  Baire.  Cart  road  to  Los  Negros  and 
Comecara. 

Maffo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  of  the  same 
name,  the  barrio  contains  the  sitios  Viajacas  and  Marvio. 
Much  tobacco  cultivated  in  the  barrio.  The  sitio  Maffo  con- 
sists of  several  houses  situated  about  9  miles  southeast  of 
Baire  on  the  wagon  road  to  Palma  Soriano  and  15  miles 
southeast  of  Jiguani. 

Marvio. — Sitio.  Consists  of  several  houses  situated  about 
3  miles  northeast  of  Maffo.     Wagon  road  to  Baire  and  Lajas. 

Viajacas. — Sitio.  Consists  of  2  houses  situated  5  miles 
southeast  of  Baire.  Cart  roads  to  Baire,  Los  Negros,  Marvio, 
and  Maffo. 

Santa  Rita. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  of 
the  same  name,  the  barrio  contains  the  sitios  El  Cacao,  El 
Calabazal,  Cienfuegos,  Cuatro  Caminos,  Cupeisito,  and 
Rincon. 

The  village  of  Santa  Rita  is  situated  about  5  miles  south- 
west of  Jiguani.  Population,  about  400.  There  is  a  wagon 
road  connecting  with  calzada  to  Bayamo,  wagon  road  to 
Jiguani,  and  another  south  from  Santa  Rita,  branching  west 
to  Guisa. 

El  Cacao. — Sitio.  Situated  7  miles  south  of  Jiguani  and 
consists  of  2  houses.  Cart  road  east  to  Purial,  and  one  west 
connecting  with  wagon  road  to  Santa  Rita. 

El  Calabazal. — Sitio.  Situated  3  miles  south  of  Santa 
Rita  and  consists  of  about  10  houses.  There  is  a  wagon  road 
north  to  Santa  Rita  and  one  southwest  to  Guisa. 

Cienfuegos. — Sitio.  Situated  about  3  miles  southwest  of 
Santa  Rita,  and  consists  of  several  houses.  Cart  road  to 
Calabazal,  trail  to  Santa  Rita,  and  cart  road  north  to  wagon 
road,  one  mile  from  and  connecting  with  calzada  to  Bayamo. 

Cuatro  Caminos. — Sitio.  Situated  about  6  miles  southeast 
of  Santa  Rita,  and  consists  of  3  houses.  Cart  road  east  to 
Cacao  and  one  west  connecting  with  wagon  road  to  Santa 
Rita. 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 


561 


Cupeisito. — Sitio.  Situated  3^  miles  northwest  of  Santa 
Rita,  and  consists  of  2  houses.  Water  obtained  from  a  well. 
Wagon  road  to  Santa  Rita. 

Rincon. — Sitio.  Situated  about  1^  miles  northwest  of 
Santa  Rita,  and  consists  of  5  houses.  Water  obtained  from 
a  well.  There  is  a  cemetery  just  south  of  the  place.  Cart 
road  connecting  with  wagon  road  to  Santa  Rita. 

JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  OF  GUANTANAMO. 
Township :  Population. 

Guantdnamo 43,  3(K3 

Sagua  de  Tana  mo ^ 8,  .398 

TOWNSHIP  OF  GUANTAnAMO    (CAPITAL,  GUANtAnAMO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Guantanamo. 


Arroyo  Hondo..... 

Baitiquirl 

Caimanera 

Camarones 

Casimba  Abajo 

Casimba  Arriba 

Casisey  Abajo 

Casisey  Arriba 

Corralillo 

Cuatro  Camtnos 

Guaso 

Mata  Abajo 

Jaibo  Abajo 

Jaibo  Arriba 

Jamaica 

San  Vicente. 
San  Pre 

Santa  Fe. 

San  Jos6. 

Santa  Maria. 
Macuriges 

Belona. 

Corralillo. 
Ocujal 

Boquer6n. 

Glorieta. 

Palmar 

Palma  de  San  Juan . 

Maguecillo. 

RIoSeco 

Sigual  Abajo 

Sigual  Arriba. 
Tiguabos 

Cunuera. 

Yateras 


Casisey  Abajo... 
Casisey  Arriba.. 

Corralillo 

Cuatro  Caminos. 

Guaso 

Indios 

Isleta 

Jaibo  Abajo 

Jaibo  Arriba 

Jamaica 


Lajas. 


Macuriges. 
Ocujal 


Palmar 

Palma  de  San  Juan . 


RfoSeco. 
Sigual 


Tiguabos. 

Vinculo.. 
Yateras.. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Baiio Urban. 

Caridad do. . . 

Glorieta do. . . 

Gobiemo do. . . 

Hospital do. .. 

Mercado do. . . 

Parr6quia do . . . 

Rastro do. .. 

Arroyo  Hondo Rural. . 

Baitiquiri do. . . 

Caimanera i . . .  do . . . 

Camarones do.. . 

Casimbas do... 


.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do.... 


.do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Miles. 


7 
40 
12 

3 

7.5 

5 
10 
10 

4 

7 

2 

2.3 

1 

4 

5.5 

9.3 


18 


10.5 
12 


12.3 
18 


2,197 
1,154 
3,503 
1,217 
2,085 
1,564 
2,332 

507 
1,517 

311 
1,012 

822 

927 

582 
659 
818 
300 

1,544 
406 
247 
861 
219 

2,391 

2,054 


1,016 


254 


1,134 
1,043 

1,915 
1,124 

3,518 

1,773 
2,294 


492—09- 


-36 


562  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Guantdnamo. — Town.  The  town  is  situated  8  miles  north 
of  Joa  Bay  (the  northern  portion  of  Guantanamo  Bay)  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Guaso  River  and  about  52  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  Santiago.  The  north  side  of  town  reaches 
nearly  to  the  junction  of  the  Bano  and  Guaso  rivers.  The 
most  important  town  of  the  Guantanamo  Valley.  Its  sea- 
ports are  Boqueron,  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Cuba  East- 
ern Railroad  on  the  east  side  of  Guantanamo  Bay,  and 
Caimanera,  on  the  west  side  of  Guantanamo  Bay,  which  is 
the  southern  terminus  of  the  Guantanamo  Railroad.  It  is 
regularly  laid  out  in  square  blocks  with  broader  streets 
than  usually  prevail  in  Spanish  cities,  and  is  divided  into 
8  wards  or  barrios.  The  site  is  generally  level,  though 
sufficiently  rolling  to  give  good  drainage;  the  level  of  the 
town  is  20  to  30  feet  above  the  normal  height  of  water  in 
the  river.  About  one-quarter  of  the  streets  are  macadamized. 
Those  that  are  not  are  apt  to  become  impassable  for  wheel 
transportation.  The  buildings  wath  few  exceptions  are  of 
wood,  about  half  of  the  principal  business  buildings  being 
covered  with  tile  and  all  of  the  other  buildings  covered 
with  corrugated  iron,  except  those  around  the  outskirts  of 
the  town,  which  have  thatched  roofs.  By  far  the  greater 
portion  of  the  buildings  are  one  story,  though  two-story 
buildings  are  common  in  the  heart  of  the  business  section. 
The  principal  industry  of  the  surrounding  country  is  the 
manufacture  of  sugar. 

The  population  consists  of  merchants  and  laborers  who 
depend  upon  the  surrounding  count/y.  The  town  is  the 
headquarters  of  two  railroad  systems;  the  Guantanamo 
Railroad,  which  has  its  shops  and  offices  in  the  town,  and  the 
Cuba  Eastern  Railroad,  which  has  its  headquarters  office  in 
the  town,  but  not  its  shops.  Here  are  situated  also  the  head- 
quarters office  of  the  Guantanamo  Sugar  Company  and 
various  other  small  sugar  companies'  offices. 

Population,  14,559.  The  town  has  almost  doubled  in 
size  in  the  last  five  years.  The  negro  population  forms  a 
very  large  percentage  of  the  total. 

Water  supply:  Obtained  from  the  Guaso  River,  about  9 
miles  north  of  the  city,  near  the  place  where  the  river  comes 
out  of  an  underground  channel  like  an  enormous  spring. 
There  being  practically  no  watershed  where  animal  or  vege- 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  563 

table  impurities  can  find  their  way  to  the  water  supply  it 
is  consequently  pure — undoubtedly  one  of  the  purest  sources 
in  the  island.  It  is  of  excellent  quality  and  is  brought  to  the 
town  through  a  12-inch  iron  main  which  follows  in  general 
the  course  of  the  Guaso  River;  is  distributed  to  all  parts  of 
the  town  by  smaller  mains  and  leads.  The  sj^stem  was  put 
in  by  the  Americans  during  the  first  intervention.  Quantity : 
All  that  will  flow  through  a  12-inch  pipe  with  a  fall  of  about 
200  feet  in  9  miles.  Animals  may  be  watered  at  the  rural 
guard  stables  or  at  the  crossing  of  the  river  on  east  side  of 
town.    Fire  plugs  are  distributed  throughout  the  town. 

Sewerage  and  lighting :  No  sewer  system  exists ;  fecal  mat- 
ter is  drawn  from  cesspools  by  odorless  excavators  and  dis- 
posed of  in  river  below  town.  Street  sweepings  are  carried 
out  by  wagons  and  deposited  by  roadside  or  thrown  into  river 
below  town.  Town  is  lighted  by  electricity,  plant  being  at 
corner  of  Bernabe  de  Varona  and  Don  Cada  streets,  the  latter 
being  on  the  main  line-  of  the  Guantanamo  Railroad,  which 
has  spur  running  into  electric-light  plant.  The  plant  has  a 
power  of  90  kilowatts  at  present ;  another  dynamo  is  en  route 
and  when  installed  will  double  present  capacity  (1907). 

Barracks:  On  Cuartel  street,  in  the  extreme  northwest  part 
of  the  city,  are  the  rural  guard  barracks.  The  buildings 
are  brick,  with  corrugated  iron  roofing;  formerl}^  the  old 
Spanish  barracks.  They  have  been  overhauled  and  put  in 
excellent  sanitary  condition.  There  are  living  quarters  for 
about  100  men.  Offices  for  a  regiment.  Officers'  quarters  for 
about  one  company.  Stable  for  about  25  horses.  Shower 
baths  for  officers  and  men,  modern  water-closets,  kitchen, 
and  storerooms.  Running  water  to  all  parts  of  buildings. 
The  whole  inclosed  in  a  quadrangle,  150  by  150  feet,  of 
which  the  walls  of  the  south  and  north  buildings  form 
two  sides,  the  east  and  west  sides  being  formed  by  joining 
the  ends  of  the  buildings  with  a  stonewall  about  10  feet 
high  and  3  feet  thick.  Interior  court  for  most  part  paved 
with  cobblestone.  Bathing  place  for  horses  in  the  court  near 
stable;  also  water  for  horses  in  trough  therein.  In  emer- 
gency two  companies  could  be  quartered  in  the  buildings. 
They  would  be  well  suited  for  headquarters,  offices,  and 
guards.  Sanitary  condition  of  surroundings  fair.  Could 
be  made  excellent.     Private  buildings  in  the  town  could  be 


564  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

seized  or  rented  in  sufficient  numbers  to  quarter  one  or  two 
regiments. 

Stables :  No  buildings  worthy  of  mention  for  stables. 

Transportation  corrals:  Could  be  established  in  open  lots 
near  barracks;  sufficient  room  for  20  teams  and  wagons. 
Other  open  lots  in  vicinity  could  accommodate  ten  times  as 
many. 

Hospitals:  There  are  2  hospitals  in  the  city.  First,  the 
Centro  Benefico,  on  the  corner  of  Aguilera  and  Carlos  Man- 
uel de  Cespedes  streets ;  capacity,  25  beds ;  water  supply  from 
city  works;  locality  healthy;  under  auspices  of  the  Sisters  of 
Charity;  maintained  for  the  Spanish  colony.  Second,  the 
Civil  Hospital,  a  one-story  brick  building  at  corner  of 
Maximo  Gomez  and  Bernabe  de  Varona  streets;  capacity, 
100  beds;  water  from  city  works;  locality  healthy;  munici- 
pal hospital;  mostly  charity  cases;  always  full.  The  club 
building  at  northeast  corner  of  Prado  and  Marti  streets 
would  make  a  fair  hospital ;  a  two-story  building,  with  run- 
ning water  and  modern  closets ;  capacity,  about  25  beds ;  loca- 
tion healthful;  sanitation  good. 

Storehouses:  No  buildings  particularly  suitable  for  quar- 
termaster and  commissary  storehouses  for  large  command. 
For  small  command  (one  company)  rural  guard  barracks 
and  storerooms  connected  therewith  would  be  plenty.  For 
larger  command  it  would  be  necessary  to  construct  shelter 
or  seize  or  rent  some  of  the  larger  warehouses  near  the 
Guantanamo  Railroad  depot.  One  long,  one-story  brick 
building  immediately  west  of  the  depot  could  be  easily  con- 
verted into  such  storehouses. 

Important  offices :  There  are  two  railroad  stations,  viz,  the 
Guantanamo  Railroad,  in  southeast  part  of  town  on  Pinto 
and  Maceo  streets,  and  the  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad,  on  east 
side  of  Guaso  River,  about  300  yards  from  wagon  bridge 
at  east  end  of  Aguilera  street.  Post-office  and  telegraph 
office  in  one  building,  on  corner  of  P.  A.  Perez  and  Bernabe 
de  Varona  streets,  4  blocks  south  of  plaza.  Telephone  cen- 
tral on  Aguilera  street,  north  side,  and  opposite  plaza. 
French  cable  office  on  west  side  of  Calixto  Garcia  street, 
two  doors  from  Aguilera  street,  near  northeast  corner  of 
plaza.     City  Hall  on  west  side  of   Calixto  Garcia  street, 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  565 

corner  of  Independencia  street.  Municipal  jail  on  south 
side  of  Prado  street,  corner  of  Marti  street. 

Ice  machine:  In  same  building  with  electric-light  plant. 
Capacity  about  10  tons  per  day.  Cold-storage  rooms,  ca- 
pacity about  200  quarters  of  beef.  The  cold-storage  rooms 
are  chilled  by  means  of  refrigerating  pipes. 

Camp  sites:  Temporary  camp  site  in  open  lot,  near  rural 
guard  quarters,  for  one  battalion;  water  from  city  works; 
grazing  convenient ;  wood  would  have  to  be  hauled  from  near 
plantations.  If  large  force  were  to  be  camped  for  a  con- 
siderable time  at  Guantanamo,  the  elevated  ground  south- 
west of  the  town  would  seem  to  be  best  locality;  large 
enough  for  a  brigade ;  good  drainage ;  grazing  and  fuel  con- 
venient, but  arrangements  would  have  to  be  made  to  pipe 
city  water  to  the  vicinity;  1  mile  of  small  pipe  required. 
From  the  nature  of  the  valley  and  the  numerous  good  camp 
sites  along  the  line  of  the  railroads,  such  a  position  would 
probably  never  need  to  be  occupied.  Nearly  every  planta- 
tion affords  one  or  more  good  camp  sites,  varying  in  size 
from  a  battalion  to  a  brigade. 

Defenses :  No  fortifications  of  any  note  left  standing.  The 
above  described  barrack  buildings,  with  stone  wall  inclosure, 
are  the  nearest  approach  to  a  fortification.  The  old  ceme- 
tery is  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall  that  would  be  proof 
against  small-arms  fire. 

The  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  has  no  building  suitable  for 
military  use,  other  than  temporary  storage  of  limited  quan- 
tities of  supplies  at  depot,  which  is  a  two-story  frame  build- 
ing; upper  story  cut  into  offices,  and  lower  floor  consists  of 
baggage  room,  freight  room,  ticket  office,  lunch  room,  and 
superintendent's  office.  There  are  two  spurs  about  650  yards 
long  at  railroad  station;  ramps  for  loading  and  unloading 
stock ;  platform  level  with  floors  of  cars  for  loading  and  un- 
loading freight. 

Guantanamo  Railroad  yards  are  near  the  depot;  4  spurs 
and  sidings  at  depot  and  more  in  the  railroad  yards;  track- 
age probably  2,200  yards.  Depot  is  a  temporary  frame 
building  erected  on  site  of  permanent  building  which  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  Building  contains  general  offices  of  the 
railroad. 


566  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Both  depots  have  telephone;  public  service  to  all  parts  of 
city  and  private  service  to  all  points  along  railroad.  The 
Guantanamo  shops,  consisting  of  roundhouse,  turntable, 
foundry,  cranes,  etc.,  were  destroyed  by  fire,  together  with 
the  depot.  They  are  to  be  rebuilt  immediately  north  of 
town  and  south  of  Bano  River.  The  repair  shops  of  the 
Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  are  not  here  but  at  Glorieta,  13 
miles  south  of  Guantanamo.     They  are  not  very  extensive. 

Roads:  The  principal  roads  leading  out  of  the  town  are 
eight  in  number,  and  are  described  as  follows:  (1)  The 
Camino  Real  de  Cuba,  which  leaves  the  town  in  a  generally 
northwesterly  direction  from  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
town.  (2)  The  Camino  de  Esperanza,  which  leaves  the 
town  about  the  center  of  the  north  side  in  a  northerly  direc- 
tion. (3)  Camino  de  Santa  Maria  and  San  Miguel  leaves 
town  across  bridge  over  Guaso  River  and  follows  the  east 
bank  of  the  river.  (4)  The  Camino  de  Jamaica  leaves  the 
town  past  the  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  station;  continues  in 
a  northeasterly  direction,  and  leaves  the  road  to  San  Carlos 
and  San  Antonio  to  the  right,  about  1  mile  from  the  bridge. 
(5)  Road  to  San  Carlos  and  San  Antonio  leaves  the  town 
over  the  Guaso  River  bridge,  passes  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad 
station,  and  leaves  road  to  Jamaica  to  the  left  about  1  mile 
from  bridge,  from  which  point  it  continues  in  a  generally 
easterly  direction.  (6)  Camino  de  Baracoa  leaves  town  over 
Guaso  bridge,  passes  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  to  the  right, 
enters  gate  about  150  yards  beyond  railroad  station,  and,  con- 
tinuing in  an  easterly  direction  about  2  miles,  turns  to  the 
south  and  west,  leaving  road  to  Santa  Cecilia  to  the  left 
at  this  point.  (7)  Camino  de  Los  Canos  leaves  town  at 
southern  extremity  and  crosses  Guantanamo  Railroad  and 
the  Guaso  River.  (8)  Camino  de  Limones  leaves  town  from 
southwest  corner;  first  turns  south  then  shortly  afterwards 
turns  west.  All  of  these  roads  permit  travel  by  wheel  trans- 
portation the  greater  portion  of  the  year ;  being  earth  roads, 
they  become  impassable  during  the  rainy  season,  which  is 
usually  October  and  November. 

Best  line  of  approach  for  attack  would  be  from  the  east 
or  north,  or  both  combined.  While  this  would  necessitate 
crossing  the  Guaso  River  before  actually  occupying  the  city, 
the  valley  to  the  east  of  Guantanamo  contains  more  roads 


^  PROVINCE   OF   OBIENTE.  567 

and  railroads,  affording  better  facilities  for  moving  troops 
and  changing  point  of  attack  if  desired,  and  permitting  turn- 
ing movements,  while  at  the  same  time  opposing  fewer  con- 
spicuous elevations  on  which  the  defenders  could  command  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  terrain.  In  other  words,  it  would 
require  many  more  soldiers  on  the  defensive  to  protect  the 
city  from  the  east  and  north  than  from  the  west  and  south. 
The  Guaso  River,  except  in  flood  season,  which  is  in  the 
months  of  October  and  November  generally,  is  fordable  at 
almost  any  point  by  infantry.  There  is  a  wagon  bridge 
across  this  river  on  the  east  side  of  the  town;  a  railroad 
bridge  under  construction  about  400  yards  above  the  wagon 
bridge ;  a  wagon  bridge  across  it  to  the  Confluente  sugar  mill, 
north  side  of  town ;  a  railroad  bridge  at  Santa  Maria,  2  miles 
north,  and  another  at  Cuatro  Caminos,  3  miles  north.  The 
Bano  River  is  also  fordable  by  infantry  at  almost  any  point 
except  during  flood  season.  There  is  a  railroad  bridge  over 
it  at  the  north  edge  of  town  near  the  Confluente  mill.  Rivers 
may  be  expected  to  rise  15  to  20  feet.  With  a  naval  station 
on  Guantanamo  Bay,  the  question  of  securing  the  city  of 
Guantanamo  should  never  be  a  complicated  one. 

Arroyo  Hondo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  made  up 
of  level  country,  well  watered,  though  water  is  not  of  good 
quality.  Cane  and  pasture  lands  prevail.  The  sugar  mills 
Santa  Cecilia  and  Los  Cahos  are  within  its  borders.  The 
sitio  is  about  7  miles  southeast  of  Guantanamo  on  the  trail 
to  Boqueron  and  on  the  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad.  Consists 
of  five  houses  in  one  group,  and  the  railroad  station  with  one 
or  two  houses  in  another.  The  station  is  a  mere  stopping 
place. 

Baitiquiri. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  terrain  in  this  barrio 
is  rough  and  Lparsely  settled.  The  sitio  is  about  40  miles 
southeast  of  Guantanamo,  on  the  trail  to  Baracoa,  and  near 
the  south  coast.  It  consists  of  3  or  4  houses  near  an  old 
Spanish  fort.  This  fort  is  at  the  mouth  of  a  large  canon 
through  which  water  once  flowed,  but  it  is  now  dry.  The 
place  was  at  one  time  a  Spanish  military  post,  and  its  east 
and  west  flanks  are  protected  by  stone  walls  running  from 
the  mountains  which  approach  very  closely  to  the  sea.  There 
was  formerly  a  telegraph  station. 


568  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Caimanera. — Barrio  and  town.  Barrio  situated  south  of 
the  capital.  Country  low  and  level ;  very  sparsely  inhabited ; 
almost  no  cultivation. 

The  town  is  about  12  miles  south  of  Guantanamo,  at  the 
southern  terminus  of  the  Guantanamo  Railroad,  and  on  west 
side  of  Guantanamo  Bay.  It  consists  of  about  150  frame 
houses  with  corrugated-iron  roofs  and  30  or  40  thatched 
huts.  Population,  about  1,000.  The  houses  are  scattered 
about  on  irregular  lines,  and  many  of  them  are  built  out  over 
the  water's  edge  on  piles.  There  is  a  railroad  station  with 
a  large  baggage  and  waiting  room,  and  near  the  station  there 
is  a  sugar  warehouse  which  would  furnish  quarters  for  200 
men.  There  is  a  wooden  pier  about  350  to  400  feet  long 
reaching  water  18  feet  deep.  It  is  in  good  condition,  and 
has  two  railroad  tracks  extending  onto  it.  There  is  a  similar 
pier  running  into  30  feet  of  water  at  Deseo  Point,  1  mile 
south  of  Caimanera ;  berths  for  two  large  steamers  and  a 
warehouse  100  by  100  feet,  frame,  corrugated-iron  roof. 
There  is  no  settlement  at  the  point ;  only  a  house  or  two  for 
employees  of  the  Guantanamo  Railroad.  No  fresh  water  in 
vicinity.  Supply  is  received  in  tank  cars  by  rail;  usually 
enough  on  hand  for  the  needs  of  the  inhabitants  for  tAvo  or 
three  days  at  a  time.  Camp  sites  for  small  detachments  on 
sides  of  hills,  which  are  on  each  side  of  the  wharf  at  Caima- 
nera. These  hills  rise  about  30  feet  above  water.  Town 
can  not  be  reached  by  wagon  transportation. 

Camarones. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  in  rough,  rolling 
country  northwest  of  Guantanamo,  and  contains  a  number 
of  scattered  houses.  Sitio  is  3  miles  from  Guantanamo  on 
cart  road  leading  northwest,  parallel  with  Rio  Jaibo,  and 
consists  of  but  a  few  huts. 

Casimhas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  northeast  of  Guan- 
tanamo. Country  is  well  watered;  rolling  near  mountains; 
cane  grown  in  most  part.  There  are  two  places  bearing  the 
name — Casimba  Arriba  and  Casimba  Aba  jo. 

Casimba  Aha  jo. — Sitio.  Six  hquses,  situated  about  9  miles 
northeast  of  Guantanamo.  It  is  connected  with  Jamaica, 
3  miles  distant,  by  calzada.  From  Jamaica,  Guantanamo 
can  be  reached  by  railroad  and  wagon  road. 

Casimha  Arriba. — Sitio.  Two  houses,  about  12  miles 
northeast  of  Guantanamo  and  connected  therewith  by  road, 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  569 

part  of  which  is  a  calzada  and  part  wagon  road.  Road 
passes  through  Jamaica.  From  Jamaica,  Guantanamo  can 
be  reached  by  railroad. 

Casisey  Aha  jo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Situated  northeast  of 
capital,  in  cane  and  pasture  country;  well  watered  and  roll- 
ing, Sitio  consists  of  3  houses,  about  5  miles  east  of  Guan- 
tanamo on  a  branch  of  the  Guantanamo  Railroad.  It  is 
connected  with  the  capital  by  cart  road. 

Casisey  Arriba. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  northeast 
of  Guantanamo,  in  cane  country ;  terrain  rolling  and  well 
watered.  Sitio  is  about  10  miles  from  Guantanamo  and  4 
miles  northeast  of  the  village  of  Jamaica,  with  which  point 
it  is  connected  by  calzada  and  wagon  road.  Consists  of  3 
houses. 

Corralillo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  southwest  of  cap- 
ital, and  includes  territory  south  of  Guantanamo  River  to 
coast;  rough  and  wooded  country,  mostly  devoted  to  stock 
raising ;  some  large  estates  but  few  houses.  Sitio  is  on  trail 
to  Filipinas,  west  of  and  near  Guantanamo  River,  10  miles 
from  Guantanamo.     Consists  of  3  houses. 

Cuatro  Caminos. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  contains 
one  sugar  mill,  ingenio  Santa  Maria.  Sitio  is  4  miles  north 
of  Guantanamo  on  the  Guantanamo  Railroad.  Consists  of 
railroad  station  and  4  houses.  Cart  road  to  Guantanamo. 
Surrounding  country  is  cane  and  pasture  land. 

Guaso. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  is  in  country  which 
varies  from  rolling  to  rough  and  mountainous;  southern 
portion  grows  cane  and  northern  part  runs  into  foothills  of 
the  sierra ;  land  not  growing  cane  is  in  pasture  land ;  water 
plentiful.     The  Esperanza  sugar  mill  is  in  the  barrio. 

The  village  is  7  miles  north  of  Guantanamo  and  1^  miles 
north  of  Esperanza  mill.  Consists  of  about  40  or  50  houses, 
somewhat  scattered,  and  2  general  stores;  about  400  people. 
Water  obtained  from  streams  and  wells.  No  building  of  any 
import^ce.  Trails  north  into  the  hills  and  cart  roads  to 
the  south  connecting  with  wagon  road  to  Esperanza  and 
Guantanamo. 

Indios. — Barrio.  Situated  south  of  capital,  between  Jaibo 
and  Guaso  rivers,  in  fairly  level  country;  mostly  pasture 
land.  No  point  bearing  its  name.  There  are  some  scattered 
houses  and  a  sitio,  Mata  Aba  jo,  which  consists  of  7  or  8 


570  PROVINCE   OP   ORIENTE. 

houses.  There  is  also  a  station  on  the  Guantanamo  Rail- 
road called  Mata  Aba  jo. 

Isleta. — Barrio.  Southeast  of  and  adjoining  the  capital. 
Cane  and  pasture  country.     No  point  bearing  name. 

Jaibo  Aha  jo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  southwest 
of  Guantanamo  on  west  side  of  Jaibo  River  and,  except  the 
scattered  settlement  of  the  same  name,  contains  no  villages. 
Cane  and  pasture  country;  rolling  and  well  watered.  The 
sitio  is  about  1  mile  west  of  Guantanamo,  on  the  Jaibo 
River;  3  houses. 

Jaibo  Arriba. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  is  west  of 
Guantanamo  and,  except  the  point  bearing  its  name,  contains 
no  villages;  rolling  pasture  country.  The  sitio  is  about  4 
miles  from  Guantanamo  on  cart  road  leading  west.  At 
least  7  houses. 

Jamaica. — Barrio  and  town.  Barrio  is  made  up  entirely 
of  rolling  cane  lands;  well  watered.  Wagon  roads  leading 
through  it  are  good  in  dry  season.  Besides  the  town  of 
Jamaica  it  contains  the  sugar  mills  San  Miguel,  San  Carlos, 
Santa  Maria,  and  Isabel  and  the  colonia  San  Vicente. 

The  town  is  5^  miles  northeast  of  Guantanamo,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Arroyo  Hondo  and  on  the  northeast  branch  of  the 
Guantanamo  Railroad.  The  principal  street  is  about  1  mile 
long,  running  generally  north  and  south.  All  the  business 
houses  are  on  this  street.  Another  street,  east  of  and  paral- 
lel to  the  principal  street,  is  about  the  same  length  and  is 
lined  for  the  most  part  with  thatched-roof  houses.  The  town 
contains  about  300  houses,  most  of  which  are  frame  with  cor- 
rugated iron  roofs;  a  few  are  two  stories  high  and  perhaps 
20  have  tile  roofs.  Beginning  at  the  bridge  across  the  Ar- 
royo Hondo,  at  the  south  end  of  the  town,  the  main  street  and 
the  road,  for  a  distance  of  4  miles  north  of  town,  are  mac- 
adamized. The  town  appears  to  be  kept  clean  and  has  a 
prosperous  appearance.     Population,  1,400. 

Water  supplj'^  is  obtained  from  Arroyo  Hondo  •  carried 
by  hand  or  in  carts ;  abundant  supply ;  should  be  boiled 
before  drinking;  no  sewer  system;  lighted  by  oil- 
No  barracks  or  buildings  particularly  suited  for  such.  A 
small  one-story  brick  schoolhouse  on  south  side  of  railroad, 
about  100  yards  east  of  the  main  street,  and  formerly  used 
as  General  Torral's  headquarters,  would  accommodate  about 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  571 

20  men.  Several  of  the  business  houses  on  the  main  street, 
near  the  south  end,  could  accommodate  40  or  50  men  by  dis- 
placing occupants. 

No  stables.  A  shed  with  corrugated-iron  roof,  wooden 
frame,  no  sides,  near  and  north  of  railroad  bridge,  would 
accommodate  about  30  horses. 

No  transportation  corrals,  but  east  of  and  immediately 
adjoining  town  is  a  large  open  pasture  of  200  acres;  good 
drainage ;  abundant  grazing  and  fuel ;  would  answer  for 
transportation  corral  or  both  corral  and  camp  site.  Water 
on  both  sides  of  pasture. 

No  hospital.  No  buildings  particularly  suited  for  such 
use.  Would  be  necessary  to  seize  or  rent  dwellings  or  use 
tents. 

No  buildings  suitable  for  quartermaster  or  commissary 
storehouses  except  buildings  now  used  as  stores  which  might 
be  seized  or  rented  in  sufficient  number  to  accommodate  a 
brigade. 

Railroad  station  is  on  west  side  of  Arroyo  Hondo,  about 
one-eighth  of  a  mile  from  the  town ;  one-story  frame  building 
in  good  condition;  baggage  and  storeroom  about  40  by  25 
feet ;  siding  and  platform  for  loading  stock  and  baggage.  No 
telegraph  office.  No  telephone  system  for  the  town.  Tele- 
phone office  for  Guantanamo  Railroad  at  depot. 

Camp  site  east  of  and  immediately  adjoining  town ;  good 
drainage;  water,  wood,  and  grass  abundant  and  convenient. 
Ground  sufficient  for  a  brigade.    Location  healthful. 

Guantanamo  Railroad  runs  through  south  end  of  town 
with  siding  at  depot  on  west  side  of  river;  also  siding  on 
east  side  of  river  in  south  end  of  town.  Facilities  at  depot 
for  loading  and  unloading  two  cars  at  a  time. 

There  are  roads  and  trails  out  of  the  town  as  follows: 
(1)  The  road  to  Guantanamo  is  passable  most  of  the  year  for 
wagons.  Leaves  south  end  of  town  across  steel  bridge  over 
the  Arroyo  Hondo.  (2)  Road  to  all  points  north  along  the 
Arroyo  Hondo  leaves  town  at  the  north  end,  following  the 
east  bank  of  the  river.  (3)  Road  to  central  Isabel  leaves 
town  at  north  end  turning  to  northeast  on  first  road  leading 
to  right.  (4)  Road  to  La  Luisa  leaves  town  to  the  east  at 
a  point  about  200  yards  north  of  railroad.  (5)  Road  to 
Romelie  and  San  Antonio  leaves  in  a  southeasterly  direction 


572  PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE. 

from  the  south  end  of  town  near  railroad  crossing.  (6)  Trail 
to  San  Miguel  leaves  to  west  from  a  point  about  midway 
between  the  north  and  south  ends  of  the  town. 

The  best  line  of  approach  in  attacking  would  be  along  the 
Guantanamo  Railroad  or  the  main  wagon  road  from  Guan- 
tanamo,  or  both.  The  town  would  be  hard  to  defend  against 
artillery  unless  the  defenders  were  in  force  and  also  had  artil- 
lery at  advanced  positions.  Hills  on  every  side,  within  field 
artillery  range,  command- the  town.  The  most  conspicuous 
elevation  on  the  road  from  Guantanamo  is  a  little  south  of 
west  of  San  Vicente,  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  distant  from 
the  latter.  This  hill  commands  the  entire  country  within 
range  of  artillery.  Both  the  Arrc^yo  Hondo  and  the  Rio 
Casisey  are  fordable  by  infantry  at  any  point,  except  in  flood 
season,  which  occurs  in  October  and  November,  and  by  cav- 
alry at  numerous  fords.  Field  artillery  could  only  cross  by 
means  of  bridges  or  prepared  fords. 

San  Vicente. — Sitio.  Situated  5  miles  by  wagon  road 
northeast  of  Guantanamo  and  1  mile  south  of  Jamaica,  on 
main  line  of  Guantanamo  Railroad.  The  estate  on  which  it 
is  situated  is  a  colonia  owned  by  the  Guantanamo  Sugar 
Company.  It  consists  of  a  dismantled  sugar  mill,  two  or 
three  dwellings,  barracks  for  laborers,  blacksmith  shop,  re- 
pair shop,  and  store;  all  one-story  frame  buildings,  with 
corrugated-iron  roofs,  and  in  good  condition. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  two  small  streams — the 
Arroyo  Hondo  and  Arroyo  Casisey ;  quantity  abundant,  but 
quality  very  poor.     Pumped  by  windmill  into  a  service  tank. 

Buildings  would  accommodate  about  200  men.  No  shelter 
for  animals. 

Good  camp  site  on  hills  near  buildings  and  railroad. 
Water  and  grass  abundant ;  fuel  obtainable  by  railroad  from 
San  Carlos.  Accommodations  for  a  brigade.  Locality 
healthful. 

Lajas. — Barrio.  Situated  northwest  of  Guantanamo. 
Terrain  very  rolling,  well  watered,  and  mostly  in  growing 
cane.  Contains  village  of  San  Pre,  sugar  mill  Soledad,  and 
the  sitios  of  Santa  Fe,  San  Jose,  and  Santa  Maria. 

San  Pre. — Village.  Situated  7|  miles  northwest  of  Guan- 
tanamo, on  the  road  to  Santiago.     It  is  a  station  on  the  Cuba 


PEOVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  573 

Eastern  Railroad,  and  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Guan- 
tanamo  Railroad,  In  the  center  of  a  rich  valley,  which  is 
being  cleared  of  timber  and  converted  into  cane  land.  Popu- 
lation about  300.  About  30  one-story  frame  houses,  mostly 
new  and  in  good  condition,  and  about  same  number  of  huts. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  the  Rio  Bano ;  quality  good  and 
quantity  abundant.  Could  quarter  one  platoon  of  troops. 
Post-office;  railroad  telephone  from  both  Cuba  Eastern  and 
Guantanamo  Railroad  stations  to  Guantanamo.  Most  easily 
reached  by  either  Guantanamo  or  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad 
from  Guantanamo  and  by  an  unimproved  wagon  road  leav- 
ing northwest  corner  of  rural  guard  barracks  at  Guantanamo. 
Surrounding  country  is  rolling,  with  mountains  near  on 
north  and  hill  to  south.  Cane  and  open  pasture  land  in 
valley.  Locality  healthful.  Numerous  good  camp  sites  in 
vicinity.  Village  in  a  prosperous  condition  and  growing 
rapidly. 

Santa  Fe. — Sitio.  Situated  8  miles  by  road  and  trail 
north  of  Guantanamo,  on  the  side  of  a  hill.  Consists  of  a 
few  houses.  Water  from  branch  of  Rio  Bano.  Camp  site 
for  a  brigade.  One-half  mile  to  southeast,  on  trail  to  Guan- 
tanamo, is  the  location  of  an  old  Spanish  redoubt. 

San  Jose. — Sitio.  Situated  1  mile  north  of  San  Pre,  on 
cart  road  connecting  therewith,  and  at  end  of  a  branch  of  the 
Guantanamo  Railroad.  Consists  of  a  few  houses  on  sugar- 
cane plantation. 

Santa  Maria. — Sitio.  Situated  7^  miles  by  road  and  trail 
northwest  of  Guantanamo,  on  a  branch  of  the  Guantanamo 
Railroad  running  from  ingenio  Soledad.  It  is  2^  miles 
northeast  of  San  Pre,  by  road.  Several  houses ;  property  of 
the  colonia.     Water  from  Rio  Bano. 

Macuriges. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  is  situated  in  a 
heavily  wooded  district;  rolling  and  well  watered.  Some 
new  ground  in  cane.  Besides  the  settlement  bearing  the 
name  it  contains  Belona  and  Corralillo. 

The  village  is  24  miles  northwest  of  Guantanamo,  on  the 
road  to  Santiago.  There  is  also  a  railroad  station  by  the 
same  name  south  of  the  village  about  1  mile,  on  the  Cuba 
Eastern  Railroad.     The  settlement  consists  of  a  general  store 


574  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

and  a  number  of  houses  divided  into  two  groups  about  one- 
half  mile  apart,  the  main  group  being  on  the  banks  of  the 
Macuriges  River.  The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  the 
river. 

Belona. — Village.  Situated  on  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad,  on 
east  bank  of  Corralillo  River,  about  21  miles  from  Guan- 
tanamo.  Population,  about  40.  About  8  new,  one-story, 
frame  houses;  sawmill;  blacksmith  shop  and  cart  shed. 
Additional  buildings  are  being  erected.  Headquarters  of 
the  Cuba  Hardwood  Company,  one  of  the  allied  companies 
of  the  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  Company.  Water  supply 
from  mountain  stream  near  by ;  quality  good ;  quantity  suffi- 
cient for  all  needs.  Could  shelter  one  company  under  saw- 
mill shed  and  cart  shed.  Telephone  to  Guantanamo  and  all 
other  points  along  the  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad.  Cart  road 
north  connecting  with  Santiago-Guantanamo  wagon  road 
near  Macuriges,  and  a  trail  south  which  leads  to  Guantanamo. 
Surrounding  country  rolling  and  wooded.  Good  camp  site 
for  a  regiment.     Locality  not  believed  to  be  very  healthful. 

Corralillo. — Sitio.  About  19  miles  west  of  Guantanamo 
on  Santiago-Guantanamo  wagon  road ;  8  or  10  houses ;  water 
from  creeks. 

Ocujal. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  east  of  Guantanamo 
Bay,  in  a  district  that  is  extremely  level  in  some  parts  and 
hilly  and  rough  in  others;  very  little  fresh  water.  Besides 
the  sitio  bearing  its  name  the  barrio  contains  Boqueron  and 
Glorieta.  The  sitio  is  18  miles  southeast  of  Guantanamo  in  a 
direct  line  and  10  miles  by  trail  from  Boqueron.  Consists 
of  2  or  3  huts;  water  from  a  spring. 

Boqueron. — Village.  On  east  side  of  Guantanamo  Bay 
opposite  Caimanera,  and  11|  miles  in  direct  line  southeast 
of  Guantanamo  city.  Population  about  50.  Terminus  of 
Cuba  Eastern  Railroad.  Water  brought  in  tank  cars  and 
stored  in  small  tank,  which  holds  sufficient  for  needs  of 
natives  for  two  or  three  days.  There  is  a  pier  about  400 
feet  long  reaching  20  feet  of  water.  Three  tracks  run  to 
end  of  pier  and  three  large  steamers  can  berth.  Railroad 
buildings  consist  of  railroad  station,  with  warehouse  150  by 
30  feet,  and  a  few  poorer  houses  for  the  employees  of  the 


PROVINCE   OF   OEIENTE.  575 

railroad.  About  100  men  could  be  quartered  about  the  rail- 
road station  if  space  is  not  needed  for  stores.  No  camp  sites 
in  vicinity;  ground  low,  almost  sea  level. 

Glorieta. — Sitio.  Situated  13  miles  by  trail  southeast  of 
Guantanamo  and  6  miles  by  railroad  from  Boqueron.  Con- 
sists of  shops  of  the  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  and  a  few  houses 
for  employees.  Water  from  tank  which  is  filled  from  tank 
cars. 

Palmar. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  is  in  a  mountainous 
district,  the  products  of  which  consist  principally  of  coffee 
and  cacao.  There  are  numerous  scattered  houses.  The  vil- 
lage is  10  miles  northeast  of  the  capital;  14^  miles  by  best 
road  via  Jamaica  and  Casimba  Arriba.  Consists  of  4  stores 
and  15  or  20  houses. 

Palma  de  San  Juan. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  is 
west  of  the  capital.  Terrain  rolling,  well  watered,  and  de- 
voted to  pasture  and  cane  raising.  Besides  point  bearing  its 
name,  it  contains  Maguecillo  and  some  sugar  colonias.  The 
village  is  5  miles  west  of  Guantanamo  on  wagon  road  con- 
necting it  therewith.  Small  settlement  with  one  general 
store. 

Maguecillo. — Village.  A  small  settlement  with  one  gen- 
eral store,  situated  4^  miles  west  of  Guantanamo  at  junction 
of  two  cart  roads  and  a  trail,  all  of  which  lead  westward  out 
of  Guantanamo. 

Rio  Seco  {San  Antonio). — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  is 
situated  in  cane-growing  country,  and  contains  the  sugar 
mills  San  Antonio  and  Romelie  and  colonias  San  Rafael  and 
La  Luisa.  The  village  is  10^  miles  by  road  from  Guan- 
tanamo, slightly  north  of  east,  on  the  Rio  Seco,  near  the 
San  Antonio  mill,  and  at  the  foot  of  a  high  ridge  which  runs 
north  and  south,  forming  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Guan- 
tanamo valley.  Consists  of  about  100  houses  and  a  few 
stores.  Population  about  800;  mostly  laborers  in  surround- 
ing cane  fields.  Water  supply  obtained  from  the  river; 
quality  not  very  good. 

Signal. — Barrio  and  sitios.  Barrio  is  northeast  of  capital 
in  mountainous  country ;  some  cane  fields.  Contains  two  set- 
tlements bearing  its  name,  i.  e.,  Signal  Aba  jo,  situated  11 


576  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

miles  by  road  northeast  of  Guantanamo,  and  Signal  Arriba, 
13  miles  distant  on  same  road.  They  are  small  settlements, 
with  no  buildings  which  could  be  put  to  any  military  use. 
The  cart  road  on  which  they  are  situated  connects  at  both 
ingenio  Isabel  and  central  Romelie  with  wagon  roads  to 
Guantanamo. 

Tiguahos. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  is  in  a  rough  and 
rolling  district  which  has  a  general  elevation  of  300  or  400 
feet  above  sea  level;  mostly  wooded;  some  ground  in  cane; 
well  watered ;  traversed  by  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad.  Besides 
village  bearing  its  name  it  contains  Cunuera  and  the  estate 
of  Marco  Sanchez. 

The  village  is  about  13  miles  northwest  of  Guantanamo  on 
the  Guantanamo-Santiago  road  and  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Jaibo  River.  Population  about  250.  About  25  one-story 
frame  houses,  including  schoolhouse  and  3  general  stores. 
Water  supply  from  Jaibo  River;  quality  good,  quantity 
abundant.  Could  quarter  one  company.  Post-office  and 
Cuba  Eastern  telephone  line  to  Guantanamo.  Most  easily 
reached  by  cart  road  from  Guantanamo  via  San  Pre,  or  by 
Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  to  Jaibo  station,  thence  by  trail  to 
Tiguabos.  Surrounding  country  rough  and  timbered.  Lo- 
cality healthful.  Good  camp  site  between  village  and  river 
for  one  battalion.     Camp  site  for  a  regiment  in  vicinity. 

Cunuera. — Sitio.  A  railroad  station  on  Cuba  Eastern 
Railroad  1  mile  south  of  a  point  on  Guantanamo-Santiago 
wagon  road,  14^  miles  from  Guantanamo;  on  branch  of 
Rio  Jaibo.  One  building.  Water  from  creek.  Telephone 
to  Guantanamo  and  other  points  on  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad. 

Vinculo. — Barrio.  Situated  southwest  of  capital  in  heav- 
ily wooded  country;  partly  mountainous.  No  villages;  no 
point  bearing  name  of  barrio;  few  inhabitants.  Products 
are  hard  wood  and  stock. 

Yateras. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  northeast  of  the 
capital  in  rough  and  mountainous  country.  Traversed  by 
Yateras  River;  good  water.  Principal  products  are  coffee 
and  cacao.  The  sitio  is  a  small  settlement  about  18  miles 
by  trail  northeast  of  Guantanamo  and  near  the  Yateras 
River. 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  577 

TOWNSHIP  OF  SAGUA  DE  TANAMO   (CAPITAL,  SAGUA  DE  tAnAMO). 


Town,  village,  or  silio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Sagua  de  T&namo 

Pueblo  (Sagua  de  T&namo) . . .  Rural  and 

Miles. 

1,222 

1,288 
1,018 

1,042 
2,411 

Bazan 

Ester6n 

Cayo  Mambl. 

Hato  Viejo. 

Boca  de  Ttoamo. 

urban. 

Rural 

...do 

4.6 
5.6 

3 
10 

.7 

Ester6n 

...do 

Arroyo  Blanco 

Castro. 

La  Catalina. 

EI  Coco. 

Miguel  Arriba. 

Santa  Catalina  Reyna. 
Z&bala 

Cebollas. 

El  Sitio. 

...do 

Z4bala 

...do 

1,417 

Sagua  de  Tdnamo. — Town.  The  town  is  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Sagua  River,  about  12  miles  from  its  mouth  and  8 
miles  from  Esteron,  which  is  on  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Tanamo  Bay.  This  bay  reaches  to  within  200  yards  of  the 
Sagua  River.  The  town  is  small  and  is  regularly  laid  out  in 
squares,  but  has  no  sidewalks  or  metaled  streets.  There  are 
about  100  one-story  houses,  a  few  being  of  stone.  Most  of 
the  stores  and  principal  dwellings  are  frame,  with  tile  roofs. 
The  western  part  of  the  town  contains  mostly  thatched  roof 
huts.  It  has  10  general  stores,  a  drug  store,  and  a  black- 
smith shop.  The  whole  town  is  on  an  elevation  which  rises 
abruptly  on  the  south  and  east  sides  60  feet  above  the  general 
level  of  the  valley  and  slopes  to  the  north  and  northwest. 
The  surrounding  country  is  hilly ;  becomes  level  a  short  dis- 
tance north,  and  is  mountainous  immediately  to  the  south- 
east and  west.  Mail  is  brought  overland  from  Guantanamo 
and  by  boat  from  Esteron. 

The  principal  business  men  handle  general  merchandise. 
The  small  farmers  grow  tobacco,  while  two  large  companies 
(the  Simon  Fruit  Company  and  the  Tanamo  Agricola)  own 
large  tracts  of  land  and  are  devoted  to  the  exportation  of 
fruits,  coffee,  and  cacao.  This  is  one  of  the  very  few  places 
in  Cuba  in  which  no  Americans  reside  or  carry  on  business. 

Population  of  town,  1.222. 

492—09 37 


578  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

The  water  for  the  city  is  obtained  from  the  Sagua  River 
and  is  distributed  by  means  of  carts  to  those  who  are  willing 
to  pay  for  the  service.  The  water  should  be  boiled  before 
ilrinking,  as  probably  one-fourth  of  the  population  of  the 
valley  lives  along  the  banks  of  this  stream  and  its  tributaries; 
quantity  unlimited. 

There  is  no  sewer  system  and  apparently  no  street  cleaning. 
The  city  is  lighted  by  oil. 

There  is  a  rural  guard  barracks,  which  is  a  small  one-story 
brick  building ;  corrugated  iron  roof ;  condition  good ;  capac- 
ity about  20  men ;  on  east  side  of  Plaza  de  Armas.  A  school- 
house,  100  by  20  feet,  one  story,  frame,  zinc  roof ;  good  con- 
dition; one  block  southwest  of  Catholic  Church.  Neither 
building  has  water  system.     Locations  healthful. 

There  are  no  stables.  Transportation  corral  could  be  es- 
tablished at  foot  of  hill,  between  town  and  river  on  south 
side  of  town ;  open  ground ;  animals  could  be  watered  at  ford 
near  by ;  capacity  sufficient  for  any  possible  needs. 

No  hospital ;  most  suitable  building  would  be  schoolhouse 
mentioned  above. 

No  buildings  suitable  for  quartermaster  or  connnissary 
storehouses  except  small  private  residences  which  might  be 
seized  or  rented. 

No  railroad.  Post-office  and  telegraph  office  in  same 
building,  on  east  side  of  Plaza  de  Armas.  Private  telephone 
line  from  this  office  to  Cayo  Mambi  and  Esteron.  Line  be- 
longs to  the  Simon  Fruit  Company. 

Best  camp  site  is  Plaza  de  Armas ;  capacity,  one  battalion ; 
good  drainage ;  water  from  river  near  by ;  fuel  and  grass  con- 
venient. 

No  fortifications  now  in  existence,  but  the  town  was  sur- 
rounded by  blockhouses  connected  by  earthworks  during 
Spanish  regime. 

Trail  to  Mayarf  leaves  west  end  of  town  in  a  northwesterly 
direction  to  Bazan,  where  it  turns  westward  to  Mayari;  the 
same  trail,  if  followed  to  the  north  from  Bazan,  leads  to 
Esteron,  8  miles;  1  mile  north  of  Bazan  a  branch  trail  to 
the  east  leads  to  Juan  Diaz,  and  2  miles  north  of  Bazan,  at 
a  point  called  Guaygenal,  a  branch  trail  to  the  west  leads  to 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  579 

Cayo  Mambi.  A  trail  leaving  the  town  to  the  south  and 
crossing  the  river  about  300  yards  from  the  town,  leads  to 
Guantanamo  and  intermediate  points  along  the  Sagua  and 
Catalina  rivers ;  turning  to  the  right  off  of  this  trail,  at  first 
opportunity  before  crossing  river,  is  a  trail  which  leads  to 
points  along  the  valley  of  the  Miguel  River;  turning  to  the 
east  instead  of  the  south,  on  crossing  the  river,  is  the  trail 
to  Aguacate,  Puerto  Rico,  and  other  eastern  points. 

The  town  is  defended  naturally  on  the  south  by  mountain 
ranges.  It  is  commanded  by  hills  to  the  west  and  southwest, 
and  also  on  the  east  side  of  the  river. 

General  information :  The  valley  of  Sagua  de  Tanamo  is 
isolated  from  the  remainder  of  the  island  by  almost  impass- 
able trails.  It  is  fertile,  but  small.  In  event  of  insurrection 
it  would  doubtless  be  a  hiding  place  for  insurgents  unless 
occupied  by  American  troops.  The  headwaters  of  the  Sagua 
River  lead  to  grounds  which  were  formerly  in  the  hands  of 
the  insurgent  forces  and  where  they  were  never  molested. 
There  is  not  a  road  in  the  valley.  The  most  important  line  of 
communication  from  the  town,  the  trail  to  Esteron,  is  imprac- 
ticable at  the  best  season  of  the  year  for  any  wheel  transpor- 
tation excepting  ox  carts,  and  the  loads  carried  by  these  are 
extremely  small.  The  trail  to  Guantanamo  is  almost  im- 
passable for  man  or  beast,  and  for  a  great  portion  of  the  year 
is  totally  impassable.  The  trail  to  Baracoa  and  intermediate 
points  is,  according  to  reports,  no  better  and  possibly  worse. 
The  trail  to  Mayari  is  very  little  better.  The  supply  of 
troops  at  Sagua  de  Tanamo  by  pack  train  from  any  other 
point  than  somewhere  on  Tanamo  Bay  would  be  difficult. 
If  it  ever  should  become  necessary  to  occupy  this  town  the 
immediate  construction  of  a  wagon  road  from  Sagua  de  Ta- 
namo is  recommended,  or  else  the  extension  of  the  Simon 
Fruit  Company's  railroad  from  Cayo  Mambi  to  Sagua  de 
Tanamo. 

Bazdn. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  south  of  Esteron 
on  the  road  to  Sagua,  about  4  miles  north  of  Sagua.  It  has 
10  houses.  Tobacco  raising  district.  The  sitio  also  has  a 
blacksmith  shop  and  a  general  store,  and  there  are  4  general 
stores  between  Bazan  and  Sagua  de  Tanamo. 


580  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Esteron. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  of  Es- 
teron,  the  barrio  contains  the  villages  of  Cayo  Mambi,  Hato 
Vie  jo,  and  Boca  de  Tananio. 

The  village  is  at  the  extreme  eastern  point  of  Tanamo  Bay, 
about  5  miles  northwest  of  Sagua  de  Tanamo.  There  is  a 
government  pier  and  a  storehouse  at  this  point  which  are 
rented  by  the  Simon  Fruit  Company.  Both  the  pier  and  the 
storehouse  are  constructed  of  wood  and  are  in  a  bad  state  of 
repair.  The  place  can  not  be  reached  by  seagoing  vessels, 
although  there  is  9  feet  of  water  at  the  pier.  Vessels  anchor 
just  inside  of  the  mouth  of  Tanamo  Bay,  the  cargo  being 
taken  to  Esteron  by  lighters.  There  are  16  of  these  at  Cayo 
Mambi.  The  village  has  a  general  store  and  a  population 
of  about  40. 

A  bar  at  the  entrance  of  the  channel  leading  to  Esteron 
and  Cayo  Mambi,  with  only  5  feet  of  water,  prevents  en- 
trance of  steamers.  A  tramway  leads  from  the  pier  to  the 
bank  of  the  Sagua  River,  150  yards  distant,  and  a  branch 
1^  miles  long  extends  into  the  banana  fields  north  of  Esteron. 
The  only  rolling  stock  is  6  small  flat  cars,  each  about  10 
feet  long. 

Freight  for  Sagua  de  Tanamo  is  unloaded  at  Esteron  and 
transported  by  means  of  bull  carts  when  the  roads  are  good, 
and  by  flat-bottom  boats  up  the  Sagvia  River  at  other  times. 
This  river  is  not  navigable ;  it  is  simply  a  series  of  pools,  and 
the  boats  have  to  be  hauled  from  one  to  the  other  by  oxen. 
The  place  is  infested  with  mosquitoes.  There  is  a  telephone 
to  Sagua  de  Tanamo  via  Cayo  Mambi. 

Cayo  Mambi. — Village.  On  Tanamo  Bay,  6  miles  north- 
west of  Sagua  de  Tanamo.  There  is  a  wharf  with  8  feet 
of  water  and  a  frame  storehouse  about  50  by  25  feet.  Both 
are  in  bad  state  of  repair.  There  is  a  narrow-gauge  road 
running  from  the  end  of  the  pier  to  various  parts  of  the 
banana  fields  and  to  the  Sagua  River.  Considering  all  the 
spurs,  there  is  not  sufficient  material  on  hand  to  extend  track 
to  Sagua  de  Tanamo.  Track  is, in  bad  state  of  repair,  and 
the  material  poor.  There  is  in  the  village  a  branch  oflSce 
of  the  Simon  Fruit  Company,  the  main  office  being  at  Bara- 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  581 

coa.  Around  Cayo  Mambi,  scattered  irregularly  over  the 
country,  this  company  has  about  2,000  acres  of  bananas 
under  cultivation  and  contemplates  opening  up  2,000  more. 
A  fruit  steamer  plies  regularly  between  this  village  and 
Philadelphia,  the  cargo  being  transferred  at  the  anchorage 
south  of  Cayo  Juanillo  from  a  barge  sent  out  from  Cayo 
Mambi.     Population,  about  100. 

Drinking  water  is  obtained  from  wells  and  rain  water. 
A  pipe  line  1^  miles  long  brings  water  from  a  small  stream 
when  it  contains  water.  The  railroad  reaching  to  Sagua 
River  could  carry  water  to  any  point  along  the  line. 

There  is  a  telephone  line,  about  20  miles  in  all,  leading  to 
Esteron,  Guaygenal,  Rio  Grande,  and  to  telegraph  office  at 
Sagua  de  Tanamo.  The  office  is  at  the  house  of  the  Simon 
Fruit  Company  on  top  of  the  hill,  about  1  mile  from  the 
wharf. 

There  are  from  15  to  20  frame  buildings  used  for  offices 
and  dwellings  of  the  above-named  company.  They  would 
accommodate  about  two  companies  of  infantry. 

There  is  no  good  camp  site  near  at  hand.  High  ground 
exists,  but  is  too  steep  and  rocky  to  make  a  good  site.  Level 
ground  also  exists,  but  is  too  low  or  wanting  in  other  respects 
to  be  suitable.     The  locality  is  not  healthful. 

Hato  Viejo. — Village.  The  village  is  about  5  miles  north 
of  Sagua  de  Tanamo.  It  consists  of  15  to  20  houses  along 
a  single  street. 

Boca  de  Tanamo. — Village.  A  settlement  of  fishermen 
situated  within  the  entrance  to  Tanamo  Bay  on  the  east  side. 
The  water  is  very  deep  up  to  the  shore  and  large  vessels  can 
anchor  by  attaching  lines  to  the  shore.  There  is  no  wharf. 
There  are  about  30  houses.  This  was  a  Spanish  outpost  and 
there  was  a  blockhouse  and  earthworks  to  prevent  landing. 
It  was  connected  by  telephone  with  Sagua  de  Tanamo,  but 
the  line  is  no  longer  in  working  condition.  There  is  a  trail 
to  Esteron. 

Jvan  Diaz. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  3 
miles  northeast  of  Sagua  de  Tanamo  and  has  50  inhabitants. 
Tobacco  growing  is  the  only  industry.     There  is  a  general 


582  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

store  and  schoolhouse  at  the  sitio.  The  inhabitants  live  in 
huts  scattered  along  the  river  road  for  1  mile. 

Miguel. — Barrio.  Contains  the  settlements  of  Arroyo 
Blanco,  Castro,  La  Catalina,  El  Coco,  Miguel  Arriba,  and 
Santa  Catalina  Keyna.  All  are  unimportant  places.  The 
inhabitants  raise  tobacco. 

Arroyo  Blanco. — Sitio.  Situated  about  18  miles  by  road 
south  of  Sagua  de  Tanamo  and  consists  of  a  few  scattered 
houses  and  fincas. 

Castro. — Sitio.  Situated  8  miles  east-southeast  of  Sagua 
de  Tanamo  and  consists  of  a  few  scattered  houses  and  fincas. 

La  Catalina. — Sitio.  Situated  9  miles  southeast  of  Sagua 
de  Tanamo  and  consists  of  a  few  scattered  houses  and  fincas. 

El  Coco. — Sitio.  Situated  about  4  miles  southeast  of 
Sagua  de  Tanamo  and  consists  of  a  few  scattered  houses  and 
fincas. 

Miguel  Arriba. — Sitio.  Situated  about  4  miles  southwest 
of  Sagua  de  Tanamo  and  consists  of  a  few  scattered  houses 
and  fincas. 

Santa  Catalina  Reyna. — Sitio.  Situated  22  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Sagua  de  Tanamo  and  consists  of  a  few  scat- 
tered houses  and  fincas. 

Zdbala. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  contains  the  settle- 
ments of  Cebollas  and  El  Sitio  besides  the  sitio  bearing  its 
name.  The  sitio  is  a  small  settlement  of  not  more  than  10 
houses  and  is  situated  f  of  a  mile  east  of  Sagua  de  Tanamo. 

Cebollas. — Sitio.  Situated  G  miles  northeast  of  Sagua  de 
Tanamo,  on  the  Sagua  de  Tanamo-Nibujon  trail,  and  con- 
sists of  7  houses. 

El  Sitio. — Sitio.  Situated  4  miles  east  of  Sagua  de 
Tanamo  and  consists  of  a  few  scattered  houses  and  fincas. 

JUDICAL  DISTRK^T  OF  HOLGUIN. 

Township :  Topulation. 

Gibara 39,  343 

Holguin ^ 50,  224 

Mayarl  i 17,  628 

Puerto  Padre 34,061 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  583 

TOWNSHIP  OP  GIBARA   (CAPITAL,  GIBARA). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Oibara. 


Arroyo  Blanco 

Cupeycillo. 

Embarcadero. 

Vigia. 
Flores 

Berros. 
Banes 

Antilla. 

Durrati. 

Rmbarcadero. 

Tasajeros. 

La  Giiira. 

Los  Angeles. 

Los  Negritos. 

V'eguita. 
Bocas 

BlanquIzaL 

Hatlco. 

Las  Nasas. 

Llmones. 

Recreo. 
Cafladdn 

Boca  de  Sama. 
Candelaria  Afuera. . 

Munilla. 

Contimplora 

Fray  Benito 

Junicum. 

Rab6n. 

Mulas 

Potrerillo 

Jagiieyes. 

Pahnarito". 

Santa  Rosalia. 

Rio  Seco 

Sam&  Arriba 

La  Juba. 

Retrete. 

Vega. 
Santa  Lucia 

Bariav. 

Vita. ' 
Yabaz<5n 

LaCaridad. 

Demajagua. 
Yaguajay 


Norte  de  Gibara Rural  and 

i      urban. 

Sur  de  Gibara | . .  .do 

Arrovo  Blanco i  Rural 


Miles. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Arroy<5n  de  Flores i . .  .do. 

Banes I . .  .do 


Bocas. 


Canaddn 

Candelaria . . . 

Contimplora. 
Frav  Benito. 


Mulas 

Potrerillo. 


Rio  Seco 

Sam4  Arriba. 


Santa  Lucia . 

Yabaz<5n 

Yaguajay... 


.do 


3,868 


2.870 
1,028 


2,984 
7,523 


2.215 


do 

33.7 

1,320 

do 

8.5 

•i21 

do 

do 

7 
7.5 

39fi 
2,739 

do 

do 

42 
5 

1,627 
2,194 

do 

do 

39 
32 

681 
2.479 

do 

12.5 

4,589 

.do 

10  5 

1.572 

.do 

27 

637 

Gibara. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  of  Gibara  is  sit- 
uated on  the  north  coast  of  Oriente  Province,  21.3  miles 
northeast  of  Holgiiin,  on  a  kind  of  triangular  point  or  cape 
formed  by  the  sea  and  the  Bay  of  Gibara.  A  line  from  the 
extreme  eastern  point  (Point  San  Fernando)  to  the  middle 
of  the  base  of  the  triangle  would  lie  nearly  due  east  and 
wast.  Back  of  the  town  (that  is,  to  the  west)  lies  a  ridge 
probably  250  feet  high  commanding  the  town  and  extending 


584  PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 

from  the  bay  on  the  south  to  within  600  yards  of  the  sea 
on  the  north.  This  ridge  is  a  curve  (concave  toward  the 
town)  and  the  chord  of  the  curve  would  lie  almost  due  north 
and  south.  From  San  Fernando  Point,  the  extreme  eastern 
point,  to  the  top  of  this  ridge  is  probably  three-quarters  of 
a  mile.  The  town  lies  entirely  to  tl)e  east  of  the  ridge.  Dur- 
ing the  Spanish  regime  a  stone  wall  8  feet  high  and  15  inches 
thick  extended  along  the  top  of  this  ridge  from  the  bay  to 
the  sea.  This  wall  is  practically  all  destroyed.  Crowning 
this  ridge  there  were  also  7  stone  blockhouses.  These  have 
all  disappeared  except  2 — one  at  the  north  end  of  the  ridge 
and  one  at  the  south  end  at  the  Gibara  and  Holguin  Kailroad 
depot.  The  one  to  the  north  is  a  round  stone  house  about  20 
feet  in  diameter,  walls  2  feet  thick,  and  is  pierced  for  two  tiers 
of  fire.  The  one  at  the  south  end  is  octagonal  in  shape,  about 
20  feet  on  a  side,  walls  2  feet  thick,  and  is  pierced  for  8 
tiers  of  fire.  Both  are  in  fair  condition.  The  old  Spanish 
barracks  was  situated  at  about  the  center  of  this  ridge.  This 
barracks  is  now  in  ruins.  The  only  seacoast  fortification 
is  a  small  fort  (Fort  San  Fernando)  situated  on  San  Fer- 
nando Point.  Gibara  is  divided  into  two  wards  or  barrios, 
viz,  Norte  and  Sur. 

It  is  principally  a  commercial  town.  Derives  its  support 
from  its  port  and  the  surrounding  country,  which  includes 
the  sugar  estates  of  Santa  Lucia  and  Chaparra. 

There  are  several  large  importing  and  exporting  houses. 
Principal  exports  are  sugar  and  fruit.  It  has  a  saw^mill,  ice 
plant,  and  electric-light  plant.  Fishing  is  one  of  the  princi- 
pal industries.  There  is  a  board  of  education,  board  of 
charity  and  a  board  of  health.     Population,  6,170. 

The  city  has  no  waterworks.  All  drinking  water  is  ob- 
tained from  cisterns.     All  well  water  is  salty. 

There  is  a  sewer  system,  but  pits  and  cesspools  are  prin- 
cipally used.  Lighted  by  electricity;  plant  is  at  the  north 
edge  of  the  town  near  the  beach. 

Barracks  and  buildings  suitable  for  same:  The  houses  in 
Gibara  are  nearly  all  of  stone.  There  are  no  public  build- 
ings except  the  custom-house  and  an  old  Spanish  barracks 
which  is  now  used  for  a  public  school.  The  custom-house  is 
a  small  one-story  wooden  building,  33  by  63  feet.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  bay ;  that  is,  on  the  south  side  of  the  town.     The 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  585 

Spanish  barracks  referred  to  is  of  stone,  but  it  is  also  small. 
It  has  three  squad  rooms — two  20  by  35  feet  and  one  20  by 
95  feet.  Inside  the  courtyard  there  is  a  well  and  a  cistern. 
The  largest  building  in  Gibara  for  troops  is  the  old  Spanish 
Military  Hospital,  which  now  belongs  to  the  municipality. 
This  building  is  rectangular  in  shape,  with  a  rectangular  court 
inside.  The  outside  dimensions  are  185  by  370  feet,  inside 
dimensions  85  by  225  feet.  It  is  of  stone,  except  the  east 
side,  which  is  of  wood.  It  is  not  in  good  condition,  but 
could  be  easily  repaired  and  would  then  accommodate  a  bat- 
talion. It  has  a  well  and  cistern  in  the  court.  Part  of  the 
building  is  used  as  a  city  infirmary  and  part  as  a  police  sta- 
tion. A  stone  building  called  the  "  Lazareto,"  belonging  to 
the  municipality,  and  situated  at  the  northern  end  of  the 
above-mentioned  ridge,  is  a  quarantine  hospital,  but  it  is 
not  in  very  good  condition  and  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
fixed  up  for  the  above  purpose.  The  Ayuntamiento  is  in  a 
private  building.  The  town  has  one  Catholic  Church,  a 
stone  building  in  good  condition,  situated  on  north  side  of 
plaza  Calixto  Garcia;  size,  70  by  115  feet.  One  Quaker 
Church,  stone,  30  by  35  feet.  A  public  theater,  a  stone  build- 
ing 50  by  75  feet.  Ten  public  schools;  all  in  private  build- 
ings, except  one  in  old  Spanish  barracks.  In  addition  to 
those  named  the  Cuban  Club  and  the  building  occupied  by 
the  Ayuntamiento,  situated  next  to  each  other  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Calixto  Garcia  plaza,  might  be  serviceable. 
Club  has  modern  water-closet.  These  buildings  are  in  good 
repair  and  could  accommodate  about  200  men.  The  hotel 
and  Spanish  Club,  one  block  west  of  the  plaza,  could  also 
accommodate  200  men.  These  buildings  are  also  in  good  re- 
pair.    Both  have  modern  water-closets. 

There  are  no  stables  nor  is  there  suitable  ground  anywhere 
near  the  town  for  corrals. 

In  addition  to  above-mentioned  hospital  the  theater  and 
church  could  also  be  used  for  the  sick.  There  is  also  an 
infirmary,  an  asylum  for  old  men. 

There  are  a  number  of  private  warehouses  that  could  be 
used  for  quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses.  They 
are  situated  on  or  near  the  water  front  at  the  south  edge  of 
the  town,  and  a  tramway  funs  to  all  of  them.  No  unloading 
platforms. 


586  PEOVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  station  are  in  adjacent  buildings 
on  south  side  of  plaza  Calixto  Garcia.    No  telephone  central. 

The  ice  plant  is  at  the  north  edge  of  the  town  near  the 
beach. 

The  Gibara  and  Holguin  Eailroad,  36-inch  gauge,  has  ter- 
minal here. 

There  are  only  two  roads  leading  out  of  town.  One  leads 
south  to  Holguin  and  one  northwest,  near  the  beach.  A 
trail  leads  around  the  bay  to  Santa  Rosalia.  A  number  of 
roads  branch  off  from  the  Holguin  road  after  it  gets  out 
some  distance  from  the  town. 

If  the  town  were  well  defended  it  could  not  be  taken  from 
the  land  side.  The  best  way  to  take  it  would  be  from  the 
sea.  There  are  only  two  lines  of  approach  into  the  town 
by  land,  i.  e.,  the  two  roads  mentioned  above.  The  Holguin 
road  is  practically  a  defile  lying  between  the  Cacuyuquin 
River  and  a  ridge.  It  runs  along  the  foot  of  and  parallel 
to  this  ridge  which  commands  it.  An  attack  along  it  would 
be  impossible.  If  an  attack  had  to  be  made  by  land,  the 
best  line  of  approach  would  be  along  the  beach  from  the 
northwest.     This  might  succeed. 

Arroyo  Blanco. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  situated 
on  Gibara-Holguin  road,  6  miles  from  Gibara,  and  consists 
of  15  or  20  native  houses. 

Cupeycillo,  Embarcadero,  and  Vigia  are  small  villages  in 
Arroyo  Blanco  barrio,  each  consisting  of  one  or  two  stores 
and  a  few  houses. 

Arroyon  de  Flores. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  Flores 
is  situated  29  miles  southeast  of  Gibara  and  consists  of  8 
native  houses. 

Berros  is  a  sitio  also  situated  in  Arroyon  de  Flores  barrio 
and  consists  of  only  a  few  houses. 

Banes. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  contains,  besides 
the  town  of  Banes,  the  small  villages  of  Antilla,  Durrnti. 
Embarcadero,  Tasajeras,  La  Giiira,  Los  Angeles,  Los  Negri- 
tos, and  Veguita  and  the  central  Boston. 

The  town  is  situated  37  miles  by  road  east  of  Gibara  and 
3|  miles  west  of  Banes  Bay.  It  is  small  and  inhabited  mostly 
by  laborers  of  the  United  Fruit  Company's  estate.  There 
are,  however,  a  number  of  stores  and  the  usual  small  dealers, 
who  make  their  living  mostly  from  the  employees  of  the 


PBOVTNCE   OF   ORIENTE.  587 

afore-mentioned  estate.  The  principal  buildings  belong  to 
the  United  Fruit  Company,  the  offices  of  their  headquarters 
and  their  railroad  shops  and  offices  being  situated  here. 

Population,  3,788. 

Water  supply  obtained  from  cisterns  and  a  small  stream. 
There  is,  however,  a  small  supply  of  good  water  for  the 
employees  of  the  United  Fruit  Company  and  their  engines, 
taken  from  a  small  stream  that  flows  through  the  town.  The 
water  is  taken  from  above  the  town  and  is  piped  into  tanks 
at  Banes  and  at  points  along  the  railroad  line.  If  the  sup- 
ply at  Banes  ran  short,  water  could  be  hauled  in  tank  cars 
from  other  points  of  the  property. 

No  sewer  system.     Lighted  by  oil. 

No  buildings  especially  suitable  for  barracks.  Some  of 
the  company's  buildings  could  be  converted  into  barracks  and 
storehouses;  would  furnish  shelter  for  300  or  400  men.  So 
far  as  the  town  proper  is  concerned,  there  would  be  accom- 
modations for  no  more  than  a  small  detachment. 

No  stables.  Barricones  of  the  company  scattered  about 
over  the  property  could  be  used  for  shelter.  They  are  suffi- 
ciently large  to  shelter  25  to  50  animals.  Material  usually  at 
hand  for  hastily  constructing  enough  shelter  for  200  animals. 
There  is  a  sawmill. 

No  transportation  corrals. 

A  hospital  belonging  to  the  United  Fruit  Company  is  sit- 
uated north  of  town.  Frame  building;  50  beds;  running 
water;  operating  room;  one  isolation  ward  for  infectious 
diseases. 

United  Fruit  Company's  storehouses  contain  supplies  that 
would  be  useful  to  commissary  and  quartermaster,  and  the 
same  buildings  could  be  used  for  army  purposes  if  necessary. 
Others  could  be  built  to  better  advantage  probably.  The 
company's  railroad  leads  to  all  of  their  principal  buildings. 

Railroad  station  on  east  side  of  town.  No  telegraph. 
Telephone  communication  over  company's  lines  from  all  of 
their  offices.  Connection  with  all  neighboring  plantations 
and  towns. 

No  ice  machine  in  town  but  there  is  one  at  the  mill  on  the 
bay  (central  Boston). 

The  best  camp  site  is  near  the  town  and  just  north  of  it; 
room  for  one  regiment:  good  drainage:  clean  open  ground; 


588  PROVINCE   OP   ORIENTE. 

good  water  supply  close  at  hand ;  fuel  not  abundant  in  imme- 
diate vicinity  but  could  be  secured  on  the  property  of  central 
Boston  and  delivered  by  railroad;  plenty  of  grass.  A  bat- 
talion could  be  encamped  at  the  embarcadero  and  another  at 
central  Boston ;  all  requisites,  except  grazing,  at  both  places. 
Camp  site  at  station  called  Naranjo,  on  railroad;  one  bat- 
talion ;  all  requisites  for  a  good  camp  site. 

No  defences. 

The  only  railroad  in  the  vicinity  is  the  one  belonging  to 
central  Boston. 

No  roads  passable  by  wagons  in  wet  season  except  the  one 
leading  to  Sama  Bay. 

To  attack,  troops  should  land  at  the  central  Boston  or  the 
embarcadero,  or  both,  and  approach  town  from  the  east. 
\^Tiile  this  side  would  be  the  easiest  to  defend,  it  would  be 
the  only  practicable  way  of  reaching  the  place  except  to  come 
in  from  Sama  Bay.  Detours  could  be  made  from  the  points 
named  so  as  to  approach  the  town  from  any  direction.  The 
highest  ground  in  the  vicinity  is  west  of  the  town  and  com- 
mands it. 

Antilla. — Village.  On  the  west  side  of  Nipe  Bay;  north- 
ern terminus  of  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad.  Is  a  port  of 
entry  and  has  a  custom-house.  Population,  about  100.  Con- 
tains about  12  one-story  frame  houses,  the  property  of  the 
railroad  company,  and  about  15  native  shacks;  3  large  corru- 
gated iron  warehouses,  one  200  by  50  feet,  two  about  100  by 
80  feet;  sawmill;  railroad  pier  reaching  to  18  feet  of  water. 
Four  sidetracks.  Water  supply  obtained  from  Bio  River,  2 
miles  south  of  Alto  Cedro;  carried  to  Antilla  in  tank  cars; 
quality  good;  quantity  limited.  Could  quarter  three  com- 
panies. .  Railroad  telegraph  to  all  points  along  line.  Private 
telephone  to  Preston,  Banes,  and  other  points  around  Nipe 
Bay.  No  camp  sites  in  vicinity  for  more  than  a  few  squads. 
Low  ground;  surrounding  country  mostly  lagoons  and 
bayous.  Can  be  reached  only  by  railroad  and  sea.  Two 
small  boats  of  about  4  feet  draft,  capacity  30  passengers, 
make  daily  trips  to  Preston  and  lilayari. 

Bocas. — Barrio  and  village.  A  small,  unimportant  village 
of  about  400  inhabitants;  situated  on  Velasco  branch  of 
(libara  and  Holguin  Railroad,  about  5  miles  west  of  Iberia 
and   12 J   miles  southwast  of  Gibara.     Houses  are  of  stone, 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  589 

brick,  and  wood,  and  native  shacks.  Has  a  post-office  and 
railroad  station.  Name  of  railroad  station  is  Hermosa.  One 
church ;  stone  building,  30  by  50  feet.  Railroad  depot  is  new, 
wooden  building.  No  public  or  municipal  buildings.  No 
good  camp  sites. 

Blanquizal,  Hatico,  Las  Nasas,  Limones,  and  Recreo  are 
sitios  in  Bocas  barrio ;  each  consists  of  one  or  two  stores  and 
a  few  houses. 

Canadon. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  consists  of  10  or 
12  houses. 

Boca  de  Sama  is  another  small  sitio  situated  in  Cafiadon 
barrio  and  consists  of  a  few  houses. 

CandelaHa. — Barrio.  The  barrio  is  situated  southwest  of 
Gibara  and  contains  two  sitios  called  Candelaria  Afuera 
and  Munilla ;  each  consists  of  2  or  3  native  shacks. 

C ontimplora. — Barrio  and  village.  A  small  unimportant 
village  of  probably  150  inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Gibara  and  Holguin  Railroad  about  6^  miles  southwest  of 
Gibara.  Buildings  are  of  wood,  bark,  and  mud.  Water 
obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns.  Railroad  has  water  tank. 
Depot  is  wooden  building,  35  by  70  feet.  There  is  one  siding 
250  yards  long.    No  camp  sites. 

Fj'ay  Benito. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated 
7^  miles  southeast  of  Gibara  and  contains  35  or  40  houses. 
There  are  2  small  stone  blockhouses. 

Junicum  and  Rabon  are  sitios  also  situated  in  Fray  Benito 
barrio ;  each  consists  of  a  few  native  shacks. 

Mulas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  42  miles 
east  of  Gibara  and  contains  6  houses. 

Potreinllo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated 
5  miles  southeast  of  Gibara  and  contains  20  or  25  houses. 
There  is  also  a  small  stone  blockhouse  in  fair  condition. 

Jagiieyes,  Palmarito,  and  Santa  Rosalia  are  sitios  also 
situated  in  Potrerillo  barrio;  each  consists  of  1  or  2  stores 
and  a  few  native  shacks. 

Rio  Seco. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  39  miles 
east  of  Gibara  and  contains  6  houses. 

Sam/i  A^Tiba. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  32 
miles  east  of  Gibara  and  contains  5  houses. 

La  Juba.  Retrete,  and  Vega  de  Sama  are  sitios  also  sit- 
uated in  Sama  Arriba  barrio :  each  contains  2  or  3  houses. 


590 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 


Sa7ita  Lucia. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  of  Santa  Lucia 
is  situated  at  sugar  mill  of  same  name,  12^  miles  southeast 
of  (xibara,  and  is  inhabited  by  laborers  who  work  at  the  mill 
and  on  the  colonias.    Population,  1,183. 

Bariay  and  Vita  are  sitios  also  situated  in  Santa  Lucia 
barrio,  the  latter  being  a  port  and  shipping  point  for  the 
sugar  mill. 

Yahazon. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  bearing  it«? 
name  the  barrio  contains  the  sitio  of  La  Demajagua  and 
village  of  La  Caridad.  The  sitio  of  Yabazon  is  situated 
10^  miles  southwest  of  Gibara  and  contains  6  houses. 

La  Caridad. — Village.  About  12  miles  northeast  of  Hol- 
guin  and  7  miles  south  of  Gibara.  It  consists  of  a  large 
office  building,  several  stores,  and  between  50  and  60  dwell- 
ings. It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Railroad,  and 
there  are  good  roads  from  Holguin  via  Auras.  Good  camp 
site  for  a  large  number  of  troops ;  water  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Santa  Lucia  Sugar  Company's  plant. 

La  DeTnajagna. — A  sitio  in  Yabazon  barrio  consisting  of 
two  or  three  houses. 

Yaguajay. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  27 
miles  east  of  Gibara  and  contains  6  houses. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  HOLCnilN    (CAPITAL,   HOLGUlN). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Holguin 

Aguada 

Aguas  Claras 

AlcalA 

Auras 

Bijan'i 

San  Pedro  do  Cacoci'un 
C'alabazas 

[ya  Caridad. 

('aldor(5n 

('amas£n 

Rioja 

Mir. 

Corralito 

LasCruces 

La  Cuaba 

Damito 

Guabasiabo 

Ouayabal 

Uaticos 


Barrio. 


Norte  de  llolguin . 
Surde  Holguin... 

Aguada 

AguarAs 

Aguas  Claras 

AlcaW. 

Auras 

BAguano 

BijariS 

Cabezuela 

Cacocilm 

Calabazas 


Calder6n 

CamasAn 

Ciego  de  la  Rioja. 


Corralito 

Cruoes  de  Pumio. 

Cuaba 

Dami&n 

Guabasiabo*. 

Guayabal 

Ouirabo 

Hatioos 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
..do... 
Rural. 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


6.5 
16.2 

5 
20 

9.5 
22 
30 

8.7 
12 
17 

18 
11 
25 

8.5 
8.5 
6 

9.5 
12.5 
4 

2.7 
8 


Popula- 
tion. 


3,447 
4,145 
1,006 

215 
1,112 
1,024 
1.258 

253 
4.326 

532 
2,630 
1,161 

1,603 

266 

1,376 

1,316 
297 
576 
710 
793 
646 
714 
3% 


PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 


591 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Managuaco 

Pedregoso. 

Melones 

Rinc<5n  de  la  Palma 

Piimio 

San  Agustin 

San  Andr6s 

San  Juan 

San  Lorenzo 

Sao  Arriba 

Tacajo 

Deleite. 

Tacdmara 

Uflas 

Velasco 

Yareyal 

Yayal 


Barrio. 


Managuaco . 


Rnralor 
urban. 


Rural. 


Melones .do. 

Palma,  La do. 

Pumio do. 

San  Agustin ;...do. 

San  Andr6s i. . .do. 

San  Juan I... do. 

San  Lorenzo .do. 

Sao  Arriba ...do. 

Tacaj6 1... do. 

TacAmara ' . .  .do. 

Uflas I . .  .do . 

Unitas | . .  .do. 

Velasco .do . 

Yareyal i . .  .do . 

Yayal |...do. 


Distance 

from 

capital. 


Miles. 
11.2 

17.5 
10 

7 
25 
12.5 
22 
22.5 

4.2 
25 

20 
12 
12.7 
17 

6.2 

3 


Popula- 
tion. 


744 

1,029 
891 
954 

3,343 

2,810 
822 
782 

2,765 
846 

656 
1,408 

554 
1,551 

844 

363 


Holgutn. — Town.  The  town  is  situated  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  the  Gibara  and  Holguin  Railroad  and  at  the 
northern  extremity  of  a  branch  of  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road, which  runs  out  from  Cacocum,  12  miles  distant.  It  is 
174  miles  northwest  of  Santiago,  20  miles  south  of  Gibara,  the 
nearest  seaport,  and  fiO  miles  west  of  Banes  Bay.  Capital  of 
judicial  district  of  same  name.  Rectangular  in  shape;  about 
1  mile  long  and  one-half  mile  wide,  the  longest  dimensions 
running  north  and  south.  It  is  diA^ded  into  two  wards  or 
barrios,  viz,  Norte  and  Sur. 

The  town  is  principally  supported  by  cattle  raising  in  sur- 
rounding country  and  the  sugar  mills  of  Chaparra,  San 
Manuel,  and  Santa  Lucia.  Other  industries  in  the  town 
proper  consist  of  several  tanneries,  a  number  of  saddle  fac- 
tories, ice  plant,  sawmill,  brickyard,  and  tile  factory.  The 
town  has  a  civil  and  military  hospital,  market  place,  plaza, 
park,  and  three  churches.  Had  under  Spanish  regime  a 
garrison  of  3,000  men;  during  this  time  a  military  governor 
resided  in  the  town. 

Population,  7,592. 

Water  supply :  Nearly  all  houses  are  provided  with  under- 
ground cement  cisterns  and  wells.  AVater  in  the  wells  is 
good.  The  Gibara  and  Holguin  Railroad  has  a  small  water 
tank  200  yards  east  of  the  station ;  capacity,  about  4,500  gal- 
lons; water  pumped  by  windmill  and  by  hand.     Another 


592  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

windmill,  with  a  reservoir  having  capacity  of  about  7,500 
gallons,  is  situated  200  yards  northwest  of  the  "  Quinta ;  " 
windmill  out  of  order,  but  could  be  easily  repaired.  On  the 
east  side  of  the  plaza,  in  front  of  the  old  Spanish  barracks, 
are  the  remains  of  an  old  windmill.  A  cement  trough  100 
feet  long,  2  feet  deep,  and  2  feet  wide  is  connected  with  it 
and  was  formerly  used  for  watering  animals.  After  repairs 
made  during  the  second  intervention  water  was  piped  to  the 
"  Quinta  "  (then  occupied  by  the  American  troops)  and  into 
a  tank  by  a  small  alcohol  engine. 

There  is  no  sewer  system,  pits  and  cesspools  being  used. 
No  electric-light  plant. 

Barracks :  In  time  of  war  the  Catholic  churches  were  used 
by  the  Spaniards  for  quartering  troops.  The  church  at  the 
plaza  San  Jose  would  accommodate  100  men.  San  Isidro 
Church,  at  plaza  Marti,  would  accommodate  250  men.  The 
Quaker  Church,  on  the  northeast  corner  of  plaza  San  Jose, 
would  hold  75  men.  The  railroad  station  (Gibara  and  Hol- 
guin),  situated  at  the  northeast  end  of  town,  is  an  excellent 
new  brick  building,  which  would  accommodate  100  men  or 
would  make  an  excellent  storehouse.  The  only  government 
building  in  the  town  is  the  old  Spanish  barracks;  it  quar- 
tered 800  men,  but  its  present  condition  is  little  better  than 
a  ruin,  and  it  can  not  be  repaired.  The  "  Quinta,"  used  as  the 
town's  main  school  building,  situated  at  the  north  end  of 
town,  250  yards  west  of  the  railroad  and  same  distance  north- 
east of  old  barracks,  w^ill  accommodate  275  men;  was  for- 
merly a  Spanish  hospital.  It  is  in  fair  state  of  repair. 
Ayuntamiento,  largest  building  in  towm,  faces  the  main  plaza 
and  is  private  property;  300  men  have  been  quartered  on 
the  upper  floor. 

There  are  no  stables.  Plenty  of  open  ground  both  to  the 
east  and  west  of  town  which  would  make  suitable  sites  for 
corrals.  Just  east  of  town  would  be  most  suitable  location, 
as  the  Maranon  Creek  runs  along  the  east  edge  of  town  and 
would  be  nearest  watering  place. 

The  city  hospital,  situated  at  the  southeast  end  of  town, 
has  a  capacity  of  100  beds  and  is  the  only  one  in  town. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses:  None,  except 
private  buildings.  A  number  of  these  buildings  which 
would  be  suitable  for  storehouses  could  be  procured  in  case 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  593 

of  emergency.  There  are  no  tramways  or  railroad  sidings 
to  any  of  these  buildings  and  none  of  them  have  unloading 
platforms.  The  building  occupied  during  the  second  inter- 
vention as  a  storehouse  is  a  very  good  building  for  the  pur- 
pose and  is  situated  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  plaza 
San  Jose.     It  is  about  50  feet  wide  by  125  feet  long. 

There  is  no  telephone  central.  The  telegraph  and  post- 
offices  are  on  Freixas  street,  one  block  west  of  main  plaza. 

The  ice  plant  is  at  the  east  edge  and  opposite  the  center 
of  the  town,  on  the  Maraiion  Creek.  A  saw  mill  is  also  run 
in  connection  with  the  ice  plant. 

Camp  sites:  There  is  plenty  of  open  ground  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  town  but  water  is  scarce.  A  brigade 
could  possibly  be  camped  to  the  east,  within  half  a  mile  of 
town,  and  water  could  be  procured  from  the  Maranon  Creek. 
This  stream  rises  just  northeast  of  the  town  and  never  runs 
dry.  Drinking  water  would  have  to  be  obtained  well  up 
toward  its  source  in  order  to  avoid  the  drainage  from  the 
town.  Half  a  mile  west  of  the  north  end  of  the  town  an- 
other brigade  could  be  camped.  A  small  stream  which 
flows  along  the  west  edge  of  town  rises  in  this  vicinity,  but 
this  stream  probably  goes  dry  in  the  dry  season  and  the 
water  is  not  very  good.  The  sanitary  features  are  good  and 
there  is  fair  grazing,  but  wood  is  scarce.  The  best  camp 
site  is  about  2  miles  northwest  of  the  town  (beyond  the 
hills)  on  the  road  leading  to  Damian;  suitable  for  nearly 
any  sized  command.  Water  would  be  obtained  from  the 
Matamoros  River,  which  flows  along  here  from  east  to  south- 
west, and  is  an  excellent  stream  and  never  nms  dry.  Sani- 
tary features,  good;  grazing,  fair;  wood  scarce.  About  2 J 
miles  west  of  the  town  on  the  road  to  Yareyal,  and  on  the 
same  river,  a  brigade  could  be  camped.  Conditions  the  same 
as  for  the  other  location. 

Defenses:  The  town  is  surrounded  on  all  sides,  except  the 
east,  by  hills  ranging  in  height  from  100  to  200  feet  and  on 
all  of  these  hills  are  trenches  and  earthworks  guarding  the 
approaches.     These  works  are  as  follows: 

On  a  round  knoll  three-fourths  of  a  mile  west  of  the  town 
is  a  circular  earthwork.  40  feet  in  diameter,  which  commands 
the  Yareyal  road  and  the  town  and  is  about  200  yards  from 

492—09 38 


594  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

the  road;  artillery  was  probably  mounted  in  this  position. 
On  a  hill  three-fourths  of  a  mile  southwest  of  the  above 
knoll  is  a  wall  of  loose  stones,  3^  feet  high  by  2  feet  thick, 
running  entirely  around  the  crest  of  the  hill  (except  for  a 
short  distance  on  the  west  end)  ;  the  entire  length  is  about 
700  or  800  yards;  commands  the  Yareyal  road  and  a  trail 
which  branches  off  from  the  Yareyal  road  and  leads  south- 
west. 

Five  hundred  yards  southeast  of  above-named  hill,  on  an- 
other hill  (very  high),  is  a  short  piece  of  stone  wall,  ^  feet 
high  by  2  feet  thick,  which  commands  the  above-mentioned 
trail  to  the  southwest.  Half  a  mile  west  and  southwest  of 
the  town  is  a  ridge  of  hills  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long, 
running  from  southeast  to  northwest.  At  the  northwest  end 
of  this  ridge  is  a  semicircular  trench,  150  feet  long,  which 
commands  the  Yareyal  road.  On  the  southwest  crest  of  this 
ridge,  guarding  the  approaches  to  the  town  from  this  direc- 
tion, are  4  or  5  short  separate  trenches  which  are  within  sup- 
porting distance  of  each  other;  the  total  length  of  all  of 
them  is  not  over  300  yards;  they  average  about  3  feet  in 
depth. 

A  chain  of  hills  begins  about  1  mile  northeast  of  the  town 
and  runs  north  of  the  town,  the  general  direction  being 
slightly  north  of  west.  On  the  most  eastern  or  southeastern 
hill  is  a  stone  parapet,  75  feet  long,  facing  southeast  and 
commanding  the  Sao  Arriba  and  Santa  Lucia  roads.  Parapet 
is  about  3^  feet  high.  On  the  south  crest  is  another  50  feet 
long,  and  another  on  the  north  crest  is  also  50  feet  long; 
400  yards  to  the  west,  on  the  south  crest,  is  another  25  feet 
long,  and  on  the  north  crest  another  one  50  feet  long. 

Three  hundred  yards  farther  west  is  an  inclosed  work, 
built  of  loose  stones,  oblong  in  shape  and  about  35  feet 
long  by  15  wide.  Adjoining  this  on  the  north  is  another 
small  triangular  work.  The  walls  of  these  works  are  about  3 
feet  thick  by  3|^  feet  high.  These  works  are  on  a  very  high 
peak  and  command  the  country  both  to  the  north  and  south. 
Seventy -five  yards  below  this  work  on  the  southern  crest  is 
a  trench  100  feet  long.  Four  hundred  yards  farther  west, 
across  a  depression  and  on  another  hill,  are  several  intrench- 
ments.  One  on  southeast  crest  is  semicircular  in  shape  and 
75  yards  long.     On  southwest  crest  there  are  two;  one  30 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE,  595 

yards  long  and  the  other  20.  On  the  northeast  crest  is 
another  150  yards  long  and  on  northwest  crest  another  75 
yards  long. 

Due  north  of  the  town  on  a  high  hill  is  an  old  square 
brick  blockhouse;  not  in  good  condition;  roof  is  torn  off, 
but  walls  are  in  fair  condition.  Surrounding  this  block- 
house is  an  old  circular  earthwork,  50  feet  in  diameter. 
Parapet  is  of  loose  stones  and  earth.  This  work  is  500  yards 
north  of  building  occupied  by  the  American  troops  dur- 
ing the  second  intervention.  One  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
farther  west  are  the  ruins  of  an  old  loose-stone  blockhouse 
8  feet  in  diameter  and  walls  3  feet  high.  Fifty  yards  below 
this,  on  the  crest,  is  a  trench  from  2  to  3^  feet  deep,  extend- 
ing around  crest  of  hill  from  the  east  to  west  and  south 
(200  yards  long).  At  the  south  end  of  this  trench  is  an  old 
wall  of  loose  stones,  75  feet  long.  On  another  hill,  300  yards 
farther  west,  is  another  trench,  34  feet  deep  and  30  yards 
long,  running  from  northeast  and  curving  around  to  the  west 
and  south.  Three  hundred  yards  farther  west,  on  crest  of 
another  hill,  is  a  broad  trench,  4  feet  deep  and  75  yards  long, 
which  curves  around  from  northeast  to  west  and  south ;  com- 
mands ground  to  northwest  and  west.  Four  hundred  yards 
farther  west,  on  the  northwest  crest  of  another  hill,  is  a 
short  trench,  25  yards  long  and  3  feet  deep,  commanding  the 
San  Andres  road,  which  runs  out  by  the  foot  of  this  hill 
(on  the  west).  On  a  low  hill  three-quarters  of  a  mile  east  of 
the  town  is  an  old  earthwork,  75  yards  long,  guarding  ap- 
proaches from  the  east.  Half  a  mile  south  of  the  town  is  a 
low  ridge  of  hills  running  slightly  ncn-th  of  west  and  south 
of  east.  On  the  second  knoll  from  Cuba  Company  Railroad 
is  a  short  parapet,  40  feet  long,  facing  southwest.  Thirty 
yards  below  this,  facing  in  the  same  direction,  is  a  short 
trench  3^  feet  deep.  One  hundred  yards  farther  east,  on 
southern  crest,  is  another  trench  50  yards  long.  Thirty  yards 
farther  east,  on  southern  crest,  is  a  short  parapet  (50  feet  long. 
One  hundred  yards  farther  east  is  another  parapet  50  feet 
long,  and  50  yards  farther  on,  on  the  southwest  crest,  is 
another  trench  80  feet  long. 

Thirty  yards  away  and  near  the  rear  of  this  latter  trench 
is  a  parapet  60  feet  long  facing  in  the  same  direction  (south- 
west).    Seventy-five  yards  farther  on,  on  the  extreme  east 


596  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

end  of  the  ridge,  is  a  semicircular  earthwork,  100  feet  long, 
facing  southeast.  Fifty  feet  below  this  work,  on  the  crest, 
is  a  semicircular  trench,  75  yards  long,  commanding  ap- 
proaches from  the  southeast.  Thirty  yards  to  the  north  of 
this  is  a  short  trench,  50  feet  long,  facing  east.  All  of  these 
trenches  vary  from  2  to  3|  feet  deep.  At  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  town,  200  yards  west  of  the  north  end  of  the  old 
Spanish  barracks,  is  a  circular  stone  blockhouse.  It  is  in 
good  repair  and  has  12  loopholes. 

Railroads:  Station  of  Gibara  and  Holguin  Railroad  is 
situated  at  the  north  edge  of  the  town  at  the  thirty-first  kilo- 
meter post  of  the  road.  It  is  a  one-story  brick  building, 
42  by  140  feet,  with  a  shed  25  feet  wide  extending  over  the 
track  for  the  entire  length  of  the  building,  and  one  12  feet 
wide  on  opposite  side  of  building.  Building  is  new.  Cuba 
Company  Railroad  has  not  yet  built  a  station.  When  built 
it  will  be  situated  at  south  edge  of  town.  A  new  water  tank 
has  just  been  completed  near  the  site  for  the  station.  It  is 
about  1  mile  from  one  station  to  the  other.  Each  railroad 
has  one  siding.  Siding  of  Gibara  and  Holguin  Railroad  is 
275  yards  long,  and  there  is  a  75-yard  spur  to  a  turntable. 
Length  of  Cuba  Company  Railroad  siding  is  about  300  yards. 
No  special  facilities  for  entraining  and  detraining  or  loading 
and  unloading  supplies. 

Roads:  Nine  roads  lead  out  of  town,  going  in  all  direc- 
tions, viz,  one  goes  north  to  Gibara  and  points  north;  one 
northwest  to  Puerto  Padre  and  points  northwest;  one  west 
to  Las  Tunas  and  points  west ;  one  southwest  to  Las  Giiiras 
and  points  southwest;*  one  south  to  Cacociim  and  points 
south;  one  southeast  to  Tacamara  and  points  southeast;  one 
east  to  Banes  and  points  east ;  one  northwest  to  Sao  Arriba ; 
and  another  northwest  to  Santa  Lucia  and  points  northwest. 
Nearly  all  of  these  roads  branch  into  two  or  more  roads 
shortly  after  leaving  the  town. 

The  only  line  of  approach  not  protected  by  hills  with  in- 
trenchments  is  from  the  east.  An  attack  from  this  direction 
would  have  to  pass  over  a  good  stretch  of  fairly  level  and 
open  ground.  Probably  the  town  itself  could  be  taken  from 
this  direction  with  the  least  loss ;  but  before  the  town  would 


PROVINCE   OF    OKIENTE.  597 

be  tenable  the  surrounding  hills  would  have  to  be  taken. 
It  is  a  question  whether  it  would  be  best  to  first  take  the 
town  from  the  east  and  then  take  the  hills  from  the  town 
side,  or  to  take  the  hills  in  the  first  place. 

On  account  of  the  great  height  and  steepness  of  the  hills 
to  the  north  and  northeast  it  would  not  be  advisable  to  attack 
from  those  directions.  An  approach  from  the  west  develops 
a  succession  of  hills,  the  outer  ones  commanding  the  inner, 
and  while  some  of  these  hill  are  also  very  high,  steep,  and 
rocky,  an  attack  from  this  direction  is  the  one  most  likely  to 
succeed,  as  the  outer  hills  are  very  lightly  fortified,  and  once 
taken  they  command  the  nearer  hills;  when  these  hills  to  the 
west  are  once  taken  the  town  is  untenable. 

Aguada. — Barrio  and  village.  Point  so  called  consists  of 
2  stores  and  several  houses,  and  is  situated  on  the  Holgufn- 
Tacajo  road,  6^  miles  east  of  Holguin. 

Aguards. — Barrio.  A  locality  situated  about  30  miles  a 
little  north  of  west  of  Holguin  and  contains  no  settlement. 

Aguas  Claras. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Holguin-Gibara  Kailroad,  5  miles  north  of  Hol- 
guin, and  consists  of  2  stores  and  5  houses.  The  station  is 
an  old  wooden  building,  one-story,  25  by  60  feet ;  not  in  good 
repair.  There  is  a  shed  25  feet  wide  over  track  for  entire 
length  of  building.  Sidetrack  at  this  point  is  175  yards 
long. 

Alcald. — Barrio  and  village.  Point  so  called  is  situated 
20  miles  slightly  south  of  east  of  Holguin  and  consists  of  a 
store  and  ten  or  twelve  houses. 

Auras. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated  on 
the  Gibara  and  Holguin  Railroad,  about  9|  miles  slightly 
east  of  north  of  Holguin.  Nearly  all  houses  are  of  brick 
or  stone,  but  the  village  is  old  and  most  of  the  houses  are  in 
bad  repair.     Surrounding  country  is  very  hilly. 

Population,  about  400.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and 
cisterns.  No  sewer  system,  and  pits  and  cesspools  are  used. 
No  lighting  plants. 

Buildings  suitable  for  barracks  are:  A  stone  building,  30 
by  120  feet,  situated  south  of  plaza;  originally  built  by  a 
sugar  planter   for   his   employees;    now   used    for   private 


598  PROVINCE   OF    ORIENTE. 

dwellings;  not  in  good  condition.  A  churchy  40  by  75  feet, 
built  of  stone,  situated  east  of  plaza  and  about  30  yards  east 
of  railroad.  No  other  buildings  except  private  houses. 
There  are  no  public  or  municipal  buildings  in  the  village. 

No  stables  and  no  suitable  place  for  corral  nearer  than  a 
mile  and  a  half,  and  this  would  not  be  large  or  very  desir- 
able. Nearest  water  is  a  small  stream  1^  miles  to  the  west. 
The  Yabazon  River  is  2  miles  to  the  east ;  this  is  an  excellent 
stream. 

No  hospital  or  building  suitable  for  same.  No  warehouses ; 
private  houses  and  railroad  depot  (a  wooden  building,  25 
bj"^  150  feet)  would  have  to  be  used.  Post-office  is  about  in 
center  of  town.  Railroad  station  at  north  end  of  town. 
There  is  a  railroad  telephone  in  depot,  but  no  telegraph 
office.     No  camp  sites  for  any  large  force. 

The  village  is  surrounded  by  hills,  and  5  stone  blockhouses 
occupy  these  hills.  At  the  south  edge  of  the  town  are  3  of 
them  in  line.  One  lies  400  yards  east  of  railroad  track,  an- 
other 100  yards  west  of  railroad  track,  and  the  third  300 
yards  west  of  the  second.  Another  is  situated  at  the  north 
end  of  the  town  on  a  hill  150  yards  east  of  the  depot.  The 
fifth  occupies  a  hill  to  the  west  of  the  town.  These  block- 
houses, especially  the  walls,  are  in  fairly  good  repair. 

Gibara  and  Holguin  Railroad  passes  through  the  village. 
There  is  one  siding  175  yards  long.  Depot  is  a  wooden  build- 
ing, 25  by  100  feet.  No  special  facilities  for  entraining  and 
detraining  troops  or  loading  and  unloading  supplies. 

Road  from  Holguin  to  Gibara  passes  through  village  from 
south  to  north.  A  road  leads  west  to  Las  Bocas  and  Velasco, 
another  slightly  southwest  to  Uiias,  and  one  east  to  Yabazon 
and  Caridad. 

The  town  lies  in  a  kind  of  hollow  and  in  case  of  attack 
the  surrounding  hills  would  first  have  to  be  taken.  More 
cover  would  probably  be  afforded  in  an  attack  from  the 
north. 

lidguano. — Barrio.  A  locality  containing  no  settlement 
and  situated  about  12^  miles  southeast  of  Holguin. 

Bijaru. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  situated  30 
miles  east  of  Holguin  and  consists  of  1  or  2  stores  and  several 
native  houses. 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  599 

Cahezuela. — Barrio.  A  locality  situated  12|  miles  south- 
west of  Holguin  and  containing  no  settlement. 

Cacocum. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  known  as 
San  Pedro  de  Cacocum.  It  consists  of  about  50  palm  and 
5  wooden  houses  situated  on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  12 
miles  south  of  Holguin.  Its  only  importance  lies  in  the  fact 
that  it  is  the  nearest  railroad  point  for  the  Bayamo  country, 
and  from  it  a  branch  of  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  runs 
out  to  Holguin. 

Population  about  350.  Water  obtained  from  wells  and 
cisterns.  No  buildings  suitable  for  barracks  or  •  stables. 
Suitable  ground  for  small  corrals  could  be  found  north  and 
west  on  Holguin  River;  water  would  be  procured  from 
Holguin  River,  but  this  stream  gets  verj^  low  in  dry  season. 
There  are  no  buildings  suitable  for  a  hospital.  No  ware- 
houses except  railroad  station,  which  is  a  small,  wooden  build- 
ing, 30  by  40  feet,  and  is  situated  about  the  center  of  the 
north  side  of  town.  Post-office  is  opposite  railroad  station 
and  50  yards  distant.  No  telegraph  office  other  than  railroad 
telegi"aph.  No  camp  site  for  any  good-sized  command 
and  no  defenses.  Cuba  Company  Railroad  has  one  sidetrack 
probably  400  yards  long  and  also  a  Y,  where  Holguin  line 
branches  off;  no  loading  platform,  but  sufficient  open  space 
for  loading  and  unloading  just  east  of  depot ;  sufficient  open 
space  on  south  side  of  track  for  entraining  and  detraining  a 
brigade,  but  there  is  only  one  siding. 

There  is  a  road  leading  north  to  Holguin  and  one  south  to 
Bayamo;  no  others  of  importance. 

Best  direction  of  attack  is  from  the  north  or  northeast. 

Calahazas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  a  district  lying 
west  of  Holguin  and  contains  the  sitio  La  Caridad,  besides 
the  sitio  bearing  its  name.  The  sitio  is  17  miles  from  Hol- 
guin on  road  to  Las  Tunas.  It  consists  of  a  general  store, 
a  schoolhouse,  and  two  or  three  dwellings  in  the  immediate 
vicinity.  About  one-fourth  of  a  mile  to  the  east  there  is  a 
cemetery. 

La  Caridad. — Sitio. '  A  settlement  consisting  of  a  general 
store  and  7  or  8  houses  and  situated  on  Holguin-Tunas  road, 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  west  of  Calabazas.    Water  from  well. 


600  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

Calcleron. — Barrio  and  village.  Point  so  called  is  situated 
18  miles  northwest  of  Holguin,  and  consists  of  a  store  and 
several  houses. 

Cmnasdn. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  so  called  is  situated  11 
miles  southeast  of  Holguin,  and  consists  of  a  store  and  2  or 
8  houses. 

Ciego  de  la  Rioja. — Barrio.  Contains  2  small  stations, 
Rioja  and  Mir,  on  Cuba  Company  Railroad;  about  2  miles 
apart. 

Rioja. — Village.  Situated  about  25  miles  by  road  south- 
Avest  of  Holguin,  on  Cuba  Company  Railroad.  Consists  of  a 
large  sawmill,  a  restaurant,  a  store,  8  houses,  section  house, 
and  water  tank. 

Mir. — Village.  Situated  about  27  miles  by  road  southwest 
of  Holguin,  on  Cuba  Company  Raib'oad.  Has  railroad  tele- 
graph office,  a  church,  3  stores,  and  10  houses. 

Corralito. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  so  called  is  '^\  miles 
northeast  of  Holguin,  and  consists  of  a  few  native  huts  in  two 
groups  about  one-half  mile  apart.     Has  schoolhouse. 

Cruces  de  Purnio. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is 
known  as  Las  Cruces  and  is  8^  miles  northwest  of  Holguin 
on  branch  of  road  to  Velasco,  and  2^  miles  south  of  Uiias.  It 
consists  of  2  general  stores  and  a  number  of  scattered  houses. 
There  is  a  camp  site  about  1  mile  west. 

Cudba. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  consists  of  about  8 
native  huts  situated  6  miles  southeast  of  Holguin.  A  camp 
site  near. 

Damidn. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  9^  miles  by  road 
west  of  Holguin.  Consists  of  3  general  stores,  a  dance  hall, 
and  about  6  native  houses. 

Guahasidbo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  so  called  consists 
of  2  stores  and  several  houses,  and  is  on  the  Uiias-San  Andres 
road  12^  miles  northeast  of  Holguin. 

Guaydbal. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  so  called  consists  of 
a  store  and  a  few  houses,  and  is  situated  8  miles  east  of 
Holguin. 

Guiraho. — Barrio.     A  locality  containing  no  settlement. 

Haticos. — Barrio  and  village.  Point  so  called  is  situated 
8  miles  southeast  of  Holguin,  and  consists  of  a  store  and  a 
few  houses  scattered  about. 


PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTK.  601 

Managuaco.— Barrio  and  village.  Point  so  called  is  situ- 
ated 11^  miles  northwest  of  Holgiiin,  and  consists  of  a  tienda 
and  about  10  houses. 

Pedregoso. — Village.  On  the  Auras-Uiias  road  about  4 
miles  west  of  Auras.     Consists  of  8  houses. 

Melones. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  17^  miles 
south  of  Holguin  by  road  and  4  miles  south  of  San  Pedro 
de  Cacocum ;  near  a  large  lake.    It  consists  of  about  3  houses. 

La  Palma. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  10  miles  north- 
east of  Holguin  and  is  known  as  Rincon  de  la  Palma.  It 
consists  of  a  few  native  huts;  there  is  a  large  camp  site  near. 

Piimio. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Sitio  is  7  miles  northwest  of 
Holguin  at  a  crossroads  on  road  to  Chaparra.  It  consists 
of  a  general  store  and  about  6  scattered  houses. 

San  Agustin  {de  A  guards). — Barrio  and  village.  The 
village  is  situated  on  the  San  Andres-Las  Tunas  road,  25 
miles  slightly  north  of  west  of  Holguin,  and  contains  20  or  25 
houses.     AVater  obtained  from  a  well. 

San  Andres. — Barrio  and  town.  This  is  a  town  of  about 
1,000  inhabitants,  situated  12|  miles  northwest  of  Holguin 
on  Holguin-Puerto  Padre  road.  It  has  a  telegraph  oifice 
and  post-office.  Is  of  no  particular  importance.  Has  no 
defenses  and  no  good  camp  sites  in  vicinity. 

San  Juan. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  so  called  is  situated 
22  miles  southwest  of  Holguin,  and  consists  of  a  store  and 
3  houses. 

San  Lorenzo. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Point  so  called  consists 
of  a  store  and  3  houses,  situated  on  Holguin-Las  Tunas  road, 
22^  miles  from  Holguin. 

Sao  Arriba. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  4^ 
miles  northeast  of  Holguin  and  consists  of  4  stores  and  about 
20  scattered  houses,  none  of  which  are  suitable  for  military 
purposes. 

Tacajo. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  contains  the  vil- 
lages of  Tacajo  and  Deleite.  The  village  is  situated  25  miles 
southeast  of  Holguin  and  consists  of  about  15  scattered  houses 
and  a  post-office.  It  is  the  headquarters  for  the  Tacajo 
Sugar  .Company.  There  is  a  camp  site  in  the  vicinity  for  a 
brigade;  water  from  Tacajo  River. 


602  PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 

Deleite. — Village.  Situated  8^  miles  by  railroad  from 
Antilla,  the  Nipe  Bay  terminus  of  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road. The  population  is  about  60.  It  has  about  15  one-story 
frame  buildings,  a  post-office,  and  a  private  telephone  line 
connecting  with  the  United  Fruit  Company,  Nipe  Bay  Com- 
pany, and  Saetia.  A  camp  site  for  one  battalion.  There  is 
some  malaria  here. 

Tacdmara. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  consists  of 
one  or  two  stores  and  a  few  shacks;  situated  20  miles  south- 
east of  Holguiri. 

Unas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  has  a  post-office 
and  30  houses ;  situated  on  the  Holguin-Velasco  road,  12  miles 
northwest  of  Holguin. 

C^mYfl^.— Barrio.     This  barrio  has  no  settlements. 

Velasco. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  small  and  of  but 
little  importance.  It  is  situated  17  miles  northwest  of  Hol- 
guin at  the  end  of  the  Velasco  branch  of  the  Gibara-Holguin 
Railroad.  At  this  place  the  Chaparra  Railroad  connects 
with  this  branch.  No  industries  other  than  agriculture. 
Population  about  1,000.  There  is  an  old  church  in  ruins. 
Water  is  obtained  from  wells,  cisterns,  and  the  Mano  River. 
This  is  a  good  stream  that  never  runs  dry.  Regimental  camp 
site  west  of  town  in  an  open  space  along  Mano  River. 

Gibara-Holguin  Railroad  depot  is  a  new  two-story  frame 
building  and  is  in  good  condition.  Size,  30  by  60  feet. 
There  is  a  railroad  telephone  office  at  the  depot.  The  two 
railroads  that  enter  here  use  the  same  depot.  There  is  a 
siding  125  yards  long,  and  a  Y  formed  by  the  branch  road 
with  the  main  line. 

Roads  run  south  to  Holguin ;  east  to  Gibara ;  north  to  Las 
Vegas;  also  north  to  Chaparra. 

Yareyal. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  consists  of  2 
general  stores,  a  schoolhouse,  and  about  15  houses.  It  is  situ- 
ated 6|  miles  west  of  Holguin  on  the  Holguin-Tunas  road. 

Yayal. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  situated  about  3 
miles  southeast  of  Holguin  oh  the  Holguin-Santa  Cruz  road. 
It  consists  of  about  5  houses. 


PROVINCE   OF   OBIENTE. 
TOWNSHIP  OF  MAYARi   (CAPITAL    MAYARl). 


603 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Mayari 

San  Gregorio 

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

Milen. 

4  04(i 

Cocal. 

Juan  Vicente. 
Guaro. 
Barajagua 

2() 

1  717 

Jagiieyes. 
Guira  (La). 
Mejias. 
Palmarito. 
Santa  Isabel. 
Bir&n 

Bir&n 

Cabonico 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

16 
14.5 
1.8 

2.5 

1.8 

12.5 

2,280 

Buenaventura. 
Sabanilla. 
Sojo. 
Cabonico.. 

Barradoras. 

Quemado. 

T6neme. 

2  4'Ki 

Chucho. 
Granadillo. 
Guayabo. 
Sabaneta. 
Arroyito 

...do.... 

1,859 

Piedra  Gorda. 
Rio  Arriba. 
Seboruco. 
Seboruquito. 
Preston 

Mateo  S&nchez  

.do.... 

3.512 

Botija. 
Chucho. 
Guava. 
Manglito. 
Playa  de  Manteca. 
Punta  Tabaco. 
Saetia 

Saetfa 

.do.... 

1.172 

Arroyo  Blanco. 

'  Mayari. — Town.  The  town  is  in  San  Gregorio  barrio  and 
on  the  west  bank  of  Mayari  River,  12  miles  from  its  mouth. 
It  is  7  miles  by  road  south  of  central  Preston  on  Nipe  Bay 
and  about  55  miles  by  road  and  trail  north  of  Santiago.  It 
is  about  1  mile  long  and  only  two  streets  wide.  It  is  built 
along  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  consists  in  great  part  of 
thatched-roof  palm  huts,  though  the  newer  houses  are  mostly 
frame,  with  corrugated  iron  roofs.  Prior  to  the  Spanish- 
American  war  it  was  a  mere  village  of  practically  no  impor- 
tance. At  present  it  is  in  a  very  prosperous  condition  and 
in  the  heart  of  a  rich  and  rapidly  developing  community.  It 
is  difficult  to  reach,  being  accessible  only  by  means  of  boats 
up  the  river  and  by  muddy  trails.  The  surrounding  country 
for  a  radius  of  5  or  6  miles  is  very  thickly  settled.     The 


604  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

principal  products  are  cane  and  tobacco.  Tne  seaport  for 
the  town  is  Antilla,  north  terminus  of  the  Nipe  branch  of  the 
Cuba  Company  Railroad,  and  21  miles  distant  on  west  side  of 
Nipe  Bay.  At  Antilla  vessels  of  18-feet  draft  may  approach 
the  wharf  Communications  with  Antilla  and  other  points 
on  Nipe  Bay  are  had  by  means  of  light-draft  boats  (3  to  4 
feet),  which  ply  between  Antilla  and  Mayari  via  the  river. 
The  river  is  full  of  bars,  which  make  navigation  difficult  for 
anyone  not  familiar  with  them.  Its  head  of  navigation  is  at 
Mayari.  Two  small  steam  yachts  carrying  passengers  and 
small  freight  make  daily  trips  to  Antilla.  Sailboats  (4  to 
10  tons)  also  ascend  the  river  to  Mayari. 

Population  of  town  is  2,746. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  the  Mayari  River.  Quan- 
tity unlimited  and  quality  excellent  if  obtained  above  city. 
Liable  to  pollution  from  residences  along  banks  of  the  stream. 
Distributed,  as  a  rule,  by  means  of  carts  or  mud  sledges, 
though  a  few  private  houses  are  supplied  from  a  tank  which 
is  filled  from  the  river  by  means  of  a  windmill.  Animals 
may  be  watered  in  the  river  at  the  ford  near  north  end  of 
town,  and  at  numerous  other  places  and  streams  in  that 
locality. 

There  are  three  frame  buildings  in  the  north  end  of  town 
which  served  as  barracks  for  Spanish  troops  and  are  now 
occupied  by  the  rural  guard;  one-story,  corrugated  iron 
roofs;  in  bad  state  of  repair;  no  modern  closets;  capacity, 
50  men  each.    No  other  buildings  suitable  for  use  as  barracks. 

There  are  no  stables  and  no  storehouses  except  private 
buildings.  No  transportation  corrals,  but  there  is  open  pas- 
ture west  of  and  immediately  adjoining  town.  No  hospital 
and  no  building  suitable. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office  in  the  same  building,  situ- 
ated on  west  side  of  principal  street  (calle  Real)  opposite 
north  end  of  plaza.  Telegraph  to  all  parts  of  the  island. 
Telephone  to  Punta  Tabaco,  Banes,  and  Saetia. 

Good  camp  site  for  a  brigade  in  open  pasture  on  rolling 
ground  west  of  town.  Water  for  men  and  animals  from 
Mayari  River,  one-eighth  of  a  mile  distant.  Fuel  and  grass 
near  by. 

On  top  of  hill  about  150  feet  high,  just  west  of  town,  is 
an  old  Spanish  redoubt  about  40  feet  in  diameter;  no  water 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  605 

supply ;  no  buildings.  It  commands  the  town  and  surround- 
ing country. 

There  are  no  roads  that  army  wagons  could  be  taken  over 
during  wet  seasons.  During  dry  seasons  the  road  leaving 
town  on  west  past  cemetery  (commonly  calle^  '' Camino  de 
Holguin"),  could  be  traveled  as  far  as  Santa  Isabel,  about 
12  miles  west,  and  by  bull  carts  to  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road at  Barajagua  (railroad  name  Cauto  or  station  No.  3), 
about  20  miles  west  of  Mayan'.  This  road  crosses  the  Nipe 
Bay  Company's  railroad  about  3  miles  west  of  Mayari;  to 
this  point  it  is  in  fair  condition  most  of  the  year. 

The  Cuba  road  is  passable  by  bull  carts  in  dry  season  for 
about  6  miles  from  Mayari,  and  with  slight  expense  could  be 
made  passable  for  bull  carts  to  San  Luis.  It  leaves  the  town 
at  the  south  end  and  bears  to  southwest  at  Cocal.  This  trail 
is  broad,  but  would  be  impracticable  for,  anything  but  pack 
trains.  It  follows  the  telegraph  line  to  San  Luis,  from  which 
point  to  Santiago  there  is  a  macadamized  road.  Bull  carts 
can  be  taken  a  short  distance  (2  miles)  east  of  Mayari  on 
the  Sagua  trail.  This  trail  soon  becomes  impassable  except 
for  pack  trains,  and  even  these  in  the  very  best  of  weather 
would  have  great  difficulty  in  getting  through. 

There  are  no  metaled  roads  in  the  valley.  Mud  sledges 
are  the  common  transports  for  loads,  though  many  planta- 
tion trails  permit  use  of  carts  in  dry  season. 

Town  if  defended  could  best  be  approached  by  land  from 
Punta  Tabaco  (Preston)  via  Nipe  Bay  Railroad,  turning  east 
just  before  reaching  Holguin  trail  and  securing  heights  that 
command  town.  These  heights  can  best  be  secured  by  ap- 
proach from  west-northwest.  This  would  be  the  most  direct 
and  feasible  approach,  using  Preston  as  a  base,  which  point 
could  be  easily  secured  b}'^  fleet.  Railroad  could  transport 
artillery  if  necessary  to  point  where  its  service  would  be 
needed.  To  approach  from  any  other  direction  would  re- 
quire more  time  and  labor,  limit  the  operation  to  infantry, 
with  possibly  some  mountain  batteries,  and  make  problem  of 
attacking  force  that  of  passing  through  narrow  defile. 

San  Gregorio  barrio  contains,  besides  the  municipal  capi- 
tal, the  village  of  Juan  Vicente  and  sitios  Cocal  and  Guaro. 

Juan  Vicente. — Village.  A  small  village  situated  3  miles 
northwest  of  Mayari  and  1  mile  south  of  Nipe  Bay  on  the 


606  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Nipe  Bay  Company  Railroad.  Cart  road  connecting  with 
wagon  road  to  Mayari. 

Gocal. — Sitio.  Situated  1^  miles  south  of  Mayari  and 
consists  of  a  number  of  scattered  houses  on  the  road  from 
Mayari.  , 

Guaro. — Sitio.  A  number  of  houses  situated  on  the  co- 
lonia  Guaro,  7  miles  west  of  Mayari  and  3  miles  south  of 
Nipe  Bay.  Water  obtained  from  Guaro  River.  The  Nipe 
Bay  Company  Railroad  connects  with  Guaro,  and  a  branch 
extends  north  2  miles  to  Guaro  Embarcadero  on  the  Nipe 
River.     Wagon  road  to  Mayari, 

Barajagua. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  of  the 
same  name,  the  barrio  contains  the  following  sitios:  La 
(Uiira,  Jagiieyes,  Mejias,  Palmarito,  and  Santa  Isabel. 

The  sitio  of  Barajagua  is  situated  20  miles  southwest  of 
Mayari  on  the  wagon  road  from  Mayari  to  Holguin,  It  con- 
sists of  a  general  store  and  several  scattered  houses. 

La  Giiira. — Sitio.  Consists  of  2  or  3  scattered  houses  situ- 
ated about  1  mile  south  of  Barajagua.     Trail  to  Barajagua. 

Jagiieyes. — Sitio.  Situated  3^  miles  northeast  of  Bara- 
jagua on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  and  on  the  wagon  road 
from  Mayari  to  Holguin.    Consists  of  3  houses. 

Mejias. — Sitio.  Situated  3  miles  west  of  Barajagua  and 
consists  of  about  a  dozen  houses.  Water  is  obtained  from 
Mejias  River.  Large  camp  site  north  of  the  sitio.  Wagon 
road  runs  east,  crossing  Cuba  Company  Railroad  at  Jagiieyes, 
and  extends  to  Mayari.  A  wagon  road  runs  northwest  to 
Holguin  and  one  southwest  to  San  German,  on  Cuba  Com- 
pany Railroad. 

Palmarito. — Sitio.  Situated  (5  miles  northwest  of  Bara- 
jagua on  wagon  road  from  Holguin  to  Mayari.  Consists  of 
a  number  of  scattered  houses. 

Santa  Isabel. — Sitio.  Situated  10  miles  west  of  Mayari  on 
the  wagon  road  from  Mayari  to  Holguin.  Consists  of  7 
houses  and  ruins  of  2  forts. 

Birdn. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  of  the 
same  name,  the  barrio  contains  the  villages  of  Sabanilla  and 
Sojo  and  the  sitio  Buenaventura. 

The  village  of  Biran  is  situated  IG  miles  southwest  of 
Mayari  on  trail  extending  south  to  Palmarito.  Consists  of 
a  store  and  6  houses. 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  607 

Buenaventura. — Sitio.  Situated  5  miles  northeast  of 
Biran  on  trail  to  Mayari.  Consists  of  about  9  houses.  Water 
obtained  from  Buenaventura  River;  quality  good. 

Sahanilla. — Sitio.  Situated  2|  miles  south  of  Biran  on 
trail  to  Mayari.  Consists  of  a  store  and  8  houses.  Water 
obtained  from  Sabanilla  River;  quality  good. 

Sojo. — Village.  Situated  3  miles  north  of  Biran  on  trail 
to  Mayari  and  is  a  village  of  20  or  30  shacks.  Water  ob- 
tained from  Sojo  River;  abundant  and  plentiful.  Good 
camp  site  for  a  regiment. 

6'a&6>n^V«.— ^Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  of  the 
same  name,  the  barrio  contains  the  following  sitios:  Barra- 
doras,  Quemado,  and  Teneme. 

The  village  is  situated  14^  miles  east  of  Mayari  on  trail 
from  Mayari  to  Sagua  de  Tanamo.  Consists  of  5  houses,  2 
general  stores,  a  schoolhouse,  and  a  blacksmith  shop,  and  has 
about  30  inhabitants.  Water  obtainable  from  San  Jose 
River,  a  stream  18  to  20  feet  wide  and  12  to  18  inches  deep ; 
water  clear  and  running.  Good  camp  site  in  vicinity,  with 
grazing,  wood,  and  water. 

Barradoras. — Sitio.  Situated  7  miles  northeast  of  Ca- 
bonico  on  Tanamo  Bay.     Consists  of  2  houses. 

Quemado. — Sitio.  Situated  2  miles  east  of  Cabonico  on 
the  trail  to  Tanamo.  Consists  of  3  houses.  Camp  site  for 
1  battalion,  with  wood,  water,  and  grass  near  by;  in  dry  sea- 
son there  is  no  water. 

Teneme. — Sitio.  Situated  4  miles  east  of  Cabonico  on  the 
trail  to  Tanamo.  Consists  of  4  houses.  AVater  obtained 
from  branch  of  Teneme  River. 

Cliavaleta. — Barrio.  The  barrio  is  east  of  Mayari  and 
includes  Cajimaya,  Chucho,  Guayabo,  Granadillo,  and 
Sabaneta,  all  small  places  along  trail  east  of  Mayari.  Each 
consists  of  1  or  2  houses.     Xo  point  named  Chavaleta. 

Guayaho. — Barrio.  Tlie  barrio  is  situated  south  of  Mayari 
and  includes  Seboruco,  Seboruquito,  Arroyito,  Piedra  Gorda, 
and  Rio  Arriba,  all  small  places  scattered  along  trail  south 
of  Mayari.  Each  consists  of  2  or  3  houses.  No  point  named 
Guayabo. 

Mateo  Sanchez. — Barrio.  Situated  north  of  Mayari  and 
contains  the  town  of  Preston  and  the  following  sitios:  Botija, 
Chuco,   Guava,   Manglito,    Playa    de   Manteca,   and   Punta 


608 


PROVINCE   OP   ORIENTE. 


Tabaco;  '^ach  consists  of  a  few  huts  situated  on  trails  lead- 
ing from  Mayari  to  the  coast.    Of  no  military  importance. 

Preston. — Town.  Situated  7  miles  north  of  Mayari  and 
on  Nipe  Bay.  It  is  made  up  of  the  Preston  sugar  mill,  with 
its  employees  and  dependents.  It  occupies  the  site  of  a 
small  settlement  formerly  known  as  Punta  de  Tabaco  on 
the  point  of  land  bearing  that  name.  Population  about 
3,000,  which  varies.  Water  is  pumped  from  Mayari  Kiver 
and  stored  in  8  steel  tanks.  There  is  a  sawmill,  ice  machine, 
cold  storage,  roundhouse,  post-office,  telegraph  station,  and 
machine  shop. 

Saetia. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  of  the 
same  name,  the  barrio  contains  the  sitio  Arroyo  Blanco. 

The  village  of  Saetia  is  situated  about  12  miles  northeast 
of  Mayari  at  Punta  Carenero,  on  the  coast  at  the  entrance 
to  Nipe  Bay.  It  consists  of  about  15  houses.  Telegraph  to 
all  parts  of  the  island. 

Arroyo  Blanco. — Sitio.  Situated  6  miles  east  of  Mayari 
on  trail  to  Tanamo.  It  consists  of  2  huts.  Water  is  ob- 
tained from  Arroyo  Blanco. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  PUERTO  PADRE  (CAPITAL,  PUERTO  PADRE). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Norte 

Urban 

Miles. 

922 

Sur 

...do 

1,251 

Alfonsos 

Alfonsos 

Rural 

...do 

13 
40 
30 
50 
9 

32.5 

38 

21 

7 
42 
28 
24 
24 
63.7 

5 

9 
15 

2,243 

896 

Cerro  Caisimu 

Caisimu 

...do 

706 

Cauto  del  Paso 

Cauto  del  Paso 

...do 

984 

...do 

4,069 

Canal. 
San  Juan. 
Guaranal. 
Tejacfin. 
Vega  de  Manos. 
La  Cuaba 

Cuaba 

.  .do. 

1,543 

Curana 

Curana 

...do 

2,500 

Manati 

Manati 

...do 

519 

San  Miguel. 
Maniab(5n 

Maniab<5n 

...do 

792 

Ojo  de  Agua  de  Melones. . . 
Oriente 

Ojo  de  Agua  de  Melones 

Oriente 

...do 

...do 

1,123 
1,24() 

Palmarito 

Palmarito.        

...do 

890 

Playuelas 

Playuelas 

...do 

907 

Plata 

San  Jos6  de  La  Platai 

.do 

897 

San  Manuel 

San  Manuel .                  .... 

...do 

3,771 

Santa  B&rbara. 
San  Pedro. 
Santa  Maria 

Santa  Maria.  .        

.  .do 

1,275 

Vedado 

Vedado 

...do 

1,889 

Victoria  de  las  Tunas 

Urban 

997 

Segundo  do  Tunas 

...do 

33 
11 
15 

1.150 

Yarey 

La  Yaya 

Yarev.  . 

Rnral 

.  .do 

839 

Yava .... 

2,652 

PUERTO    PADRE 
TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE  OF  OKIENTE.  609 

Puerto  Padre. — Town.  Town  is  situated  on  north  coast 
of  Oriente  Province,  about  38  milas  by  road  northeast  of 
Holguin,  135  miles  by  road  northeast  of  Santiago,  and  40 
miles  by  water  from  Gibara.  It  is  divided  into  two  wards 
or  barrios,  viz,  Norte  and  Sur.  It  is  the  port  for  Chaparra 
and  San  Manuel  sugar  mills.  Town  is  supported  by  these 
mills.  Chaparra  is  10  miles  east  and  San  Manuel  is  5  miles 
south.  A  private  railroad  runs  to  the  San  Manuel  mill  and 
another  one  connects  San  Manuel  mill  with  Chaparra  mill. 
The  former  is  owned  by  Francisco  Pla,  w^ho  is  the  principal 
stockholder  in  the  San  Manuel  Sugar  Company,  and  owns 
the  land  on  which  Puerto  Padre  is  situated,  as  well  as  all  of 
the  principal  buildings  and  many  of  the  less  important  ones. 
No  public  or  municipal  buildings  in  the  town.  Population, 
2,173. 

Water  obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns.  No  sewer  sys- 
tem; pits  and  cesspools  used  for  waste.  No  lighting  plant. 
One  regiment  might  find  shelter  in  private  houses  in  case  of 
emergency.  No  stables  or  corrals  and  no  places  suitable  for 
latter.  One  hospital,  owned  and  maintained  by  munici- 
pality ;  capacity,  50  beds ;  situated  500  yards  south  of  wharf. 
One  large  storehouse  at  wharf;  dimensions,  50  by  150  feet; 
sidings  of  San  Manuel  Sugar  Company's  railroad  near  it. 
Custom-house  is  a  rented  building  situated  on  town  plaza 
100  yards  east  of  wharf;  on  railroad  line;  new  building  in 
good  repair;  size,  20  by  100  feet;  tram  cai-s  pulled  by  horses 
connect  it  with  wharf.  The  dimensions  of  the  wharf  are 
20  by  100  feet,  and  it  reaches  8  feet  of  water  at  low  tide. 
The  San  Manuel  Railroad  extends  onto  it.  Ships  anchor 
2  to  3  miles  out  and  cargoes  are  lightered.  The  San  Manuel 
Sugar  Company  has  a  tug  and  3  lighters  in  the  harbor ; 
others  at  Cascarero  owned  by  the  Chaparra  Company. 

Telegraph  and  post-office  in  same  building,  200  yards  south 
of  wharf.  Government  telegraph  line,  connected  with  all 
points.     No  railroad  station. 

No  camp  site  near  by,  but  10  miles  southwest,  at  Vasquez, 
is  a  fine  site  which  would  accommodate  a  command  of  any 
size  up  to  a  division.  Good  water,  sufficient  for  men  and 
animals,  obtained  from  a  small  lake,  evidently  supplied  by 

492—09 39 


610  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

springs;  never  dries.  The  grass  is  exceptionally  fine,  there 
being  7,000  acres  of  pasturage  in  immediate  vicinity. 

The  ruins  of  an  old  fort  are  on  a  hill  to  the  south  of  town. 
The  fort  could  be  easily  rebuilt  at  small  cost,  as  the  necessary 
material  is  near  at  hand.  It  could  be  made  to  accommodate 
two  companies.  The  approaches  to  the  town  are  commanded 
by  the  hill  on  which  the  ruins  stand  and  another  hill  600 
yards  east  of  it. 

The  following  roads  lead  out  of  town:  One  west  to 
Manati;  one  southwest  to  Las  Tunas;  one  south  and  east  to 
Chaparra ;  and  one  southeast  to  Holguin. 

Town  could  best  be  taken  from  the  sea.  On  the  land  side 
the  hills  above  referred  to  protect  the  town. 

Alfvnsos. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  situated  13 
miles  from  Puerto  Padre  on  the  Holguin -Puerto  Padre  road 
and  consists  of  15  or  20  houses. 

Arenas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  Las  Arenas  is  about 
40  miles  southwest  of  Puerto  Padre  on  the  wagon  road  run- 
ning from  Victoria  de  las  Tunas  to  Bay  a  mo,  the  road  con- 
tinuing to  Puerto  Padre;  it  is  also  on  the  Rio  Palmillas. 
It  consists  of  about  10  native  houses. 

Caisimu. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Sitio  called  Cerro  Caisimii 
consists  of  8  native  houses. 

Cauto  del  Paso. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  50 
miles  slightly  west  of  south  of  Puerto  Padre  and  is  con- 
nected therewith  by  wagon  road.  It  consists  of  3  stores  and 
about  8  native  houses. 

Chaparra. — Barrio  and  town.  Besides  the  town  of  Cha- 
paiTa  the  barrio  contains  Canal,  Guaranal,  San  Juan,  Teja- 
con,  and  Vega  de  Manos. 

The  town  is  9  miles  east  of  Puerto  Padre  and  31  miles 
northwest  of  Holguin.  It  is  made  up  of  the  buildings  of 
the  Chaparra  sugar  mill  and  homes  of  the  employees.  All 
buildings  are  of  frame  and  the  streets  are  laid  out  from  east 
to  w^e«t  and  north  to  south. 

Population,  about  3.000,  which  varies. 

Drinking  water  is  obtained  from  five  wells,  four  of  which 
are  supplied  with  windmills  and  elevated  tanks ;  quality  ex- 
cellent; quantity  ample.  Water  for  general  use  pumped 
from  Chaparra  River  to  an  elevated  water  tower  and  piped 
to  buildings;  quality  good  and  quantity  unlimited. 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  611 

All  buildings  which  would  be  of  military  service  are  prop- 
erty of  the  Chaparra  Company  and  pertain  to  the  mill.  The 
company  maintains  a  hotel,  and  there  are  about  75  houses  for 
employees.  The  state  of  repair  and  sanitary  condition  of  all 
buildings  are  good. 

Immediately  north  of  the  mill  there  is  suitable  ground  for 
a  corral ;  water  from  Chaparra  River  on  east  side  of  niill. 

The  railroad  and  telephone  offices  are  at  the  mill.  Post 
and  telegraph  office,  500  yards  west  of  mill. 

Five  miles  southeast,  just  north  of  San  Cristobal,  is  a 
camp  site  for  a  brigade.  Good  water  and  grass  available, 
and  wood  can  be  obtained  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  east 
of  the  site. 

Railroad  facilities  for  entraining  and  detraining  a  divi- 
sion on  the  Chaparra  Railroad,  which  connects  with  the 
Gibara-Holguin  Railroad  at  Velasco. 

Roads  lead  from  town  west  to  Puerto  Padre ;  southeast,  via 
Velasco  and  Uiias,  to  Holguin;  and  south,  via  San  Andres, 
to  Holguin. 

All  immediately  surrounding  country  is  flat  and,  excepting 
sugar-cane  fields,  open.  No  choice  for  direction  of  an  attack, 
except  that  on  east  side  the  Chaparra  River  would  furnish 
somewhat  of  an  obstacle  for  cavalry  and  artillery. 

Canal. — Village.  Situated  11  miles  southeast  of  Puerto 
Padre  and  about  1  mile  southeast  of  Chaparra,  on  the  Hol- 
guin-Chaparra  road.     It  consists  of  about  15  houses. 

San  Juan. — Village.  Situated  about  14  miles  southeast  of 
Puerto  Padre,  on  the  Gibara  and  Holguin  Railroad  and  on 
the  Chaparra-Holguin  road.     It  consists  of  about  30  houses. 

Guaranal. — Village.  Situated  about  15  miles  south  of  east 
of  Puerto  Padre,  on  a  branch  of  Gibara  and  Holguin  Rail- 
road, and  is  connected  with  Chaparra  by  Avagon  road.  It 
consists  of  about  15  houses. 

Tejacon  is  a  sitio,  with  about  3  houses,  and  Vega  de  Manos 
contains  about  12  houses. 

Cuaha. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  consists  of  about  15 
houses. 

Curana. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  is  a  farming  district 
lying  southwest  of  the  capital.  The  sitio  is  on  the  wagon 
road  leading  south  from  Victoria  de  las  Tunas  and  5  miles 
distant  therefrom.     Consists  of  2  houses. 


612  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Manati. — Barrio  and  village.  A  fishing  settlement  con- 
sisting of  2  stores  and  8  houses;  situated  on  Manati  Bay  21 
miles  northwest  of  Puerto  Padre  and  connected  therewith  by 
wagon  road.  At  the  southeast  entrance  to  settlement  is  an 
old  earthwork,  65  feet  square,  with  bastioned  corners,  com- 
manding the  principal  road  into  the  place.  At  the  north- 
west edge  are  the  ruins  of  an  old  stone  fort. 

San  Miguel. — Sitio.  Situated  about  8  miles  south  of  Ma- 
nati and  about  20  miles  west  of  Puerto  Padre.  It  is  on  the 
wagon  road  running  from  Victoria  de  las  Tunas  to  Manati 
Bay.     It  consists  of  about  5  houses. 

Maniahon. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  situated  7 
miles  southwest  of  Puerto  Padre,  on  the  Puerto  Padre-Las 
Tunas  road  and  on  the  Maniabon  River.  Consists  of  15  or 
20  houses.  At  this  point  was  established  an  old  Spanish 
hospital  which  is  made  up  of  nine  separate  wooden  buildings, 
all  the  same  size — 15  by  50  feet.  They  have  galvanized-iron 
roofs  and  are  raised  well  off  the  ground.  They  are  not 
occupied  and  are  not  in  good  repair,  as  the  natives  are  de- 
stroying them  piecemeal.  At  the  west  end  of  this  hospital, 
near  the  river  and  commanding  the  road,  is  an  old  earthwork. 

Ojo  de  Agua  de  Melones. — Barrio  and  village.  The  vil- 
lage is  about  42  miles  southwest  of  Puerto  Padre  and  11 
miles  west  of  Victoria  de  las  Tunai^,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  wagon  road.     It  consists  of  about  20  houses. 

Oriente. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  about  28 
miles  southwest  of  Puerto  Padre;  consists  of  3  stores  and  15 
houses. 

Palmarito. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  24  miles 
southwest  of  Puerto  Padre  and  is  on  the  wagon  road  run- 
ning from  Puerto  Padre  to  Victoria  de  las  Tunas;  consists 
of  3  or  4  luitive  shacks. 

Playuelas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  13  miles 
east  of  Victoria  de  las  Tunas  and  about  24  miles  southwest 
of  Puerto  Padre,  on  the  Tunas-Holguin  wagon  road ;  consists 
of  one  or 'two  stores  and  sevei'aL  houses. 

San  Jose  de  la  Plata. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio,  called 
Plata,  consists  of  about  12  houses. 

San  Manuel. — Barrio  and  town.  Besides  the  town  tlu' 
barrio  contains  the  settlements  of  Santa  Barbara  and  San 
Pedro.     The  town  is  5  miles  south  of  Puerto  Padre  and  is 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  613 

connected  therewith  by  the  San  Manuel  Railroad  and  by 
cart  road.  It  is  made  up  of  the  buildings  of  the  San  Manuel 
sugar  mill  and  the  homes  of  its  employees.  Population, 
about  1,000.  Water  from  wells  and  a  spring;  pumped  from 
latter  source  into  an  iron  tank.  Xo  buildings  suitable  for 
use  by  troops.  No  camp  sites  in  vicinity.  A  regiment  could 
camp  in  immediate  vicinity  of  mill  in  dry  season,  but  ground 
is  low  and  flat.  Telephone  to  Puerto  Padre  and  to  Cha- 
parra.  Besides  the  road  to  Puerto  Padre  a  cart  road  leads 
northeast  to  Chaparra,  one  southeast  to  road  to  Holguin,  and 
one  southeast  to  connect  with  the  wagon  road  to  Victoria 
de  las  Tunas. 

Santa  Barbara. — Sitio  in  San  Manuel  barrio  consisting  of 
3  or  4  houses. 

San  Pedro. — Village.  About  12  miles  by  cart  road  south 
of  Puerto  Padre.  It  is  a  small  settlement  with  2  general 
stores.     Water  from  wells. 

Santa  Maria. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  9  miles 
south  of  Puerto  Padre  on  the  Holguin-Puerto  Padre  road  and 
on  the  Santa  Maria  River.     Consists  of  15  or  20  houses. 

Victoria  de  las  Tunas. — Town.  On  the  Cuba  Company 
Railroad,  about  33  miles  by  road  southwest  of  Puerto  Padre 
and  50  miles  due  west  of  Holguin.  Divided  into  two  urban 
barrios,  Primero  and  Segundo.  Houses  are  principally  of 
brick  and  stone ;  some  wooden  ones  and  a  number  of  thatched 
huts.  There  is  a  church  building,  wood,  30  by  75  feet,  and 
there  are  4  schools.  Town  was  totally  destroyed  by  General 
Garcia  in  1897  after  a  siege,  and,  as  a  consequence,  there  are 
no  public  or  municipal  buildings.  Principal  industries  are 
exportation  of  cattle  and  lumber.  There  are  2  brickyards  on 
southeast  outskirts  of  town.    Population,  2,147. 

Water  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns  and 
streams.  A  small  stream  rises  from  an  excellent  spring  about 
500  yards  east  of  Cuba  Company  Railroad  depot.  There  is 
also  an  excellent  stream,  Rio  las  Tunas,  coming  from  the 
northwest,  which  flows  west  and  south  of  the  town.  There  is 
no  sewer  system;  cesspools  or  pits  are  used.  No  lighting 
plant.  There  are  no  buildings  in  the  town  that  would  be 
suitable  for  barracks,  except,  possibly,  some  of  the  stores  and 
the  church  building.  All  buildings  in  the  town  are  private 
property  and  were  built  for  private  use.    There  are  no  stables 


614  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTS. 

and  no  corrals.  Plenty  of  open  ground  both  north  and  west. 
Good  stream  just  west  of  town  and  spring  one-half  mile 
northeast  where  water  could  be  obtained. 

There  is  one  small  civil  hospital,  which  is  in  a  private 
building.  A, large  stone  hotel  has  just  been  completed  by  an 
American  company ;  situated  250  yards  north  of  depot ;  would 
make  excellent  hospital;  water  procured  from  well  and  cis- 
tern; modern  water  closets. 

No  warehouses.  Railroad  station,  one-half  mile  northeast 
of  toAvn.  Telegraph  and  post-offices  are  in  same  building  on 
Colon  street  near  center  of  town. 

North  and  west  of  town  the  country  is  open  and  practically 
level,  with  good  camp  sites  for  any  command  up  to  a  division. 
To  the  west  is  a  good  stream.  To  the  northeast  a  good 
spring.  Some  water  could  also  be  procured  from  railroad 
tank.  This  is  pumped  from  a  well  by  steam  pump.  Suffi- 
cient wood  could  be  procured  from  surrounding  country, 
(irazing  is  good. 

There  are  some  low  hills  from  1,500  to  2,000  yards  east 
and  south  of  the  town.  Earthworks  on  these  hills  command 
the  town,  and  it  was  here  the  Cubans  placed  their  guns  when 
they  took  the  town  in  1897 ;  no  other  defenses. 

Cuba  Company  Railroad  runs  one-half  mile  north.  Sid- 
ings are  at  depot,  one-half  mile  northeast.  There  are  prob- 
ably 600  yards  of  siding  all  told.  The  depot  is  a  wooden 
building,  30  by  150  feet.  Very  little  platform  space  for 
handling  supplies,  but  there  is  ample  open  gi'ound  for  en- 
training or  detraining.  There  is  a  cattle  chute  which  could 
be  used  for  loading  or  unloading  stock. 

Roads  lead  out  of  town  as  follows :  North  to  Puerto  Padre 
and  Manati;  east  to  Holguin;  south  to  Bayamo;  and  west 
and  southwest  to  points  of  less  importance. 

If  the  hills  above  referred  to  were  occupied  by  the  defense, 
the  best  line  of  attack  would  be  from  the  north  and  north- 
west. However,  the  country  in  this  direction  is  open  and 
nearly  level,  thus  offering  little  cover.  From  the  west  or 
southwest  the  Las  Tunas  River  would  form  a  formidable 
obstacle  for  cavalry  or  artillery,  but  not  for  infantry.  A 
stone  bridge  over  this  stream,  built  during  the  first  American 
intervention,  leads  into  the  town  from  the  southwest  and  is 
the  only  bridge  over  the  stream. 


PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 


615 


Vedado. — Barrio  and  village.  The  settlement  is  situated 
15  miles  southeast  of  Puerto  Padre  on  the  Holguin-Puerto 
Padre  road  and  on  a  small  stream.  Consists  of  8  or  10 
native  houses.     Water  from  wells. 

Yarey. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  situated  on  a  small 
creek  of  the  same  name,  11  miles  southwest  of  Puerto  Padre, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  wagon  road  via  Maniabon; 
consists  of  15  or  20  houses. 

Yaya. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  15  miles  south- 
east of  Puerto  Padre  on  Chaparra-Velasco  wagon  road ;  con- 
sists of  about  15  houses. 


JUDICIAL   DISTRICT  OF   MANZANILLO. 
Township :  Population. 

Manzanillo 54,000 

TOWNSHIP  OF  MANZANILLO    (CAPITAL,  MANZANILLO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Manzanillo 

Calicito 

La  Ceiba. 

Cuatro  Esquinas. 

Los  Letreros. 

Troya. 

Valerino. 
Campechuela 

Ceiba  Hueca. 

Las  Muchaehas. 

San  Francisco. 

San  Ram6n. 

Tana. 
Ingenio  Esperanza 

Blanquizal. 

El  Cano. 

Palmas  Altas. 
Jibacoa 

Orillas. 

Palmarito. 

La  Piedra. 

Poz6n.        I 

Los  Puercos. 

Purial. 
Media  Luna 

Los  Guayos. 

Vicana. 
Niquero 

Cabo  Cruz. 

Cuchillo. 

Sevilla  Abajo. 

Velic. 
Pil(5n 

Ensenada  de  Mora 

Portillo. 

Rani6n  Portillo. 
Vara 

Zarzal. 


Primero Urban . 

Segundo do.... 

...do.... 

...do... 

...do... 

...do... 

Rural.. 


Tercero . 

Cuarto 

Quinto 

Sexto 

Calicito-Congo. 


Campechuela. 


Ingenio  Esperanza. 


Jibacoa. 


Media  Luna- Vicana. 
Niquero 


PUdn. 


Yara-Zarzal. 


.do. 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 


.do. 


Mila. 


18 


36.5 
52 


36 


2,269 
2,272 
2,689 
3,314 
1,436 
3,839 
3,083 


8,095 

5,965 
2,406 

5,859 
6,387 

2,690 
4,596 


616  PROVINCE   OF   ORTENTE. 

Manzanillo. — Town.  Situated  on  Manzanillo  Bay,  lati- 
tude 20°  19'  north,  longitude  77°  16'  west.  Built  on  flat 
ground  at  the  foot  of  a  low  range  of  hills  which  runs  along 
the  coast  in  a  northwesterly  direction  for  about  9  miles. 
Streets  are  straight  and  run  at  right  angles,  averaging  about 
40  feet  in  width  and  forming  blocks  of  4  lots  each ;  in  very 
poor  condition.  It  is  divided  into  six  wards  or  barrios. 
Houses  are  built  of  brick,  covered  OA^er  with  a  sort  of  plaster ; 
some  frame  houses.  The  usual  native  shacks  are  found  on 
the  outskirts.  There  are  several  modern,  fireproof,  cement, 
two-story  buildings.  The  plaza  is  centrally  situated;  is 
known  as  Cespedes  Park  and  covers  about  4  acres. 

This  town  ranks  sixth  on  the  island  in  the  value  of  its 
exports  and  imports.  It  exports  sugar,  tobacco,  Avood,  and 
honey  and  imports  foodstuffs,  building  material,  and,  in  fact, 
nearly  all  the  commodities  of  life. 

It  supports  an  ice  plant,  10  cafes,  8  hotels  (very  small),  a 
brickyard,  2  sawmills  (one  of  them  very  small),  4  leather 
shops,  2  tanneries,  8  bakeries  (many  grocery  stores  have 
small  bakeries  in  connection),  8  blacksmith  shops,  8  found- 
ries, 2  machine  shops,  4  large  hardware  stores,  and  a  market, 
which  is  a  quadrangular  building  covering  nearly  one  city 
block. 

The  whole  business  transacted  is  practically  in  the  hands 
of  five  large  business  concerns.  These  firms  own  warehouses, 
wharves,  tugs,  and  nearly  all  transportation  by  means  of 
which  trade  is  carried  on  with  interior  points  and  points 
along  the  coast  of  this  district. 

The  population  is  15,819. 

AVater  supply :  There  is  no  water  system,  the  supply  being 
obtained  from  wells  and  cisterns  and  from  the  Yara  River. 
The  water  from  these  wells  and  cisterns,  on  account  of  their 
shallow  depth,  the  proximity  of  cesspools,  and  the  nature  of 
the  ground,  is  unfit  for  drinking  purposes  and  in  many  places 
unfit  for  any  use.  A  great  many  of  the  houses  are  supplied 
with  large  tanks  in  which  rain  water  is  caught  and  stored 
during  the  rainy  season ;  therefore  during  the  dry  season,  and 
to  a  great  extent  during  the  rainy  season,  the  city  is  depend- 
ent upon  the  supply  obtained  from  the  Yara  River,  which  is 
controlled  by  one  individual.  One  mile  and  a  half  northeast 
of  town,  on  the  Yara  River,  there  is  a  small  pumping  station, 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  61*7 

from  which  the  water  is  pumped  to  the  outskirts  of  town 
through  a  2-inch  pipe  and  stored  in  large  tanks.  It  is  then 
drawn  off  into  jars  and  peddled  through  th3  town  in  carts. 
A  project  is  being  considered  for  the  construction  of  a  mod- 
ern water-supply  system. 

Sewerage :  There  is  no  sewer  system.  All  houses  are  sup- 
plied with  cesspools  and  in  only  a  very  few  instances  are 
modern  water-closets  installed.  These  cesspools  are  invari- 
ably allowed  to  fill  up  and  are  in  a  frightful  state  at  all 
times.  This  condition  is  worse  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town 
among  the  poorer  classes.  Here  the  cesspools  are  only  shal- 
low trenches  and  when  full  a  light  covering  of  earth  is 
thrown  over  them  and  a  new  trench  is  dug.  There  is  a 
block  of  buildings  under  construction  near  the  sea  in  which 
a  modern  system  of  sewers  will  be  installed,  but  for  the 
buildings  of  this  block  only. 

Lighting:  The  city  is  lighted  by  electricity.  The  plaza 
and  the  streets  adjoining  it  are  lighted  by  arc  lamps  on  street 
corners  and  the  remainder  of  the  streets  by  32  candle-power 
incandescent  lamps.  The  electric-light  plant  is  situated  at 
the  corner  of  Joaquin  Oro  street  and  Camino  de  la 
Caimanera. 

Barracks:  Besides  the  warehouses  on  the  water  front, 
which  are  described  below  as  quartermaster  and  commissary 
storehouses,  and  the  two  old  forts  described  as  fortifications, 
there  are  two  buildings  which  could  be  converted  into  bar- 
racks to  accommodate  250  men.  They  are  situated  and  de- 
scribed as  follows: 

Building  used  by  United  States  troops  during  first  inter- 
vention ;  at  foot  of  Concepcion  street,  between  Marina  street 
and  sea.  Frame  building  200  feet  long,  44  feet  wide.  Con- 
structed by  Spaniards  for  barracks  and  now  used  for  school. 
Covered  porch  on  the  two  long  sides.  Built  2  feet  from  the 
ground ;  board  floors.  At  present  partitioned  into  rooms  42 
feet  by  45  feet.  Well  lighted;  windows  large  and  3  feet 
from  floor.  Tile  roof;  17  feet  from  floor  to  eaves.  In  good 
repair  and  sanitary  condition.  Well  lighted  and  ventilated 
water-closets  over  sea.  Open  lots  on  both  sides  along  Marina 
street,  75  feet  from  building.  No  water  fit  for  drinking 
purposes.  One  large  well  near  building.  Capacity,  150 
men. 


618  PROVINCE    OF    ORIEISTTE. 

Building  at  the  head  of  Bateria  street  on  hill  overlooking 
the  city.  Frame  building  130  feet  long,  35  feet  wide. 
Originally  used  as  a  civil  hospital.  Partitioned  into  6  rooms. 
Height  off  ground,  2  feet.  Ten  windows  in  long  side;  2 
windows  and  door  in  front  and  rear.  Corrugated  sheet-iron 
roof.  Condition  of  repair  poor;  sanitary  condition  good. 
Situated  on  hill;  M^ell  lighted  and  ventilated.  One  water- 
closet  in  building  emptying  into  cesspool.  No  water  in 
immediate  vicinity.     Capacity,  100  men. 

No  stables  in  the  town.  Individuals  who  have  horses  gen- 
erally keep  them  in  sheds  built  in  their  yards. 

There  are  no  transportation  corrals.  Most  suitable  sites 
for  same  are  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town,  one  northeast  and 
the  other  southeast.  Water  for  former  could  be  obtained 
from  the  pipe  from  the  Yara  River  and  for  latter  by  boring 
well  15  to  30  feet  deep. 

Hospitals :  There  are  two — the  Civil  Hospital  and  Hospital 
Colonia  Espanola.     Aggregate  capacity,  300  beds. 

The  Civil  Hospital  is  on  a  hill  south  of  town  and  on  the 
Manzanillo-Jibacoa  road.  It  consists  of  two  buildings,  one 
built  of  brick  and  the  other  frame.  The  brick  building  is 
195  by  40  feet;  tile  roof.  Three-quarters  of  the  building  is 
divided  into  eight  rooms,  six  of  which  are  private  rooms 
containing  2  beds  each;  board  floors.  A  corridor  8  feet 
wide  runs  the  length  of  the  building,  and  one  crosses  at 
center,  12  feet  wide.  The  remainder  of  the  building  con- 
tains a  room  and  a  large  ward  on  each  side  of  the  corridor. 
Building  also  contains  the  office,  operating  room,  and  dis- 
pensary, and  is  well  ventilated  and  lighted.  It  is  in  good 
repair.  The  frame  building  has  same  dimensions  as  other; 
contains  women's  ward  with  capacity  for  24  beds;  parti- 
tioned into  four  rooms  on  one  side,  and  has  four  cells  for 
insane ;  in  poor  state  of  repair;  used  only  in  cases  of  necessity. 
There  are  3  modern  water-closets  in  brick  building  and  2 
in  the  frame  one.  Cistern  of  rain  water  in  center  of  court ; 
capacity,  1,200  barrels.  Kitchen  and  small  dining  room  in 
a  small  building  in  rear.  Capacity  of  the  hospital  in  emer- 
gency, 300. 

The  Hospital  Colonia  Espanola  was  built  and  is  main- 
tained by  the  members  of  the  Spanish  Club  of  the  town 
exclusively  for  their  use.     It  is  situated  in  southeast  part 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  61^ 

of  town  and  is  100  feet  above  sea  level.  It  occupies  the 
block  bounded  by  San  Francisco,  San  Nicolas  and  Joaquin 
Oro  streets  and  faces  northwest.  It  is  a  quadrangular  brick 
building,  96  by  69  feet,  with  a  porch  13  feet  wide,  an  inte- 
rior court  and  a  flat,  brick  roof  surrounded  by  a  concrete 
railing.  There  are  13  rooms,  besides  the  kitchen,  operating 
room,  and  2  bathrooms,  all  well  ventilated  and  lighted.  Con- 
dition of  building  is  excellent.  Capacity  about  35  beds. 
Drinking  water  is  obtained  from  a  large  cistern,  which  is 
supplied  with  rain  water  from  roof ;  capacity,  10,000  gallons. 
Water  for  general  use  obtained  from  well  90  feet  deep,  which 
furnishes  unlimited  supply.  Modern  water-closets  are  in- 
stalled, and  the  water  from  these  and  the  baths  empties  into 
a  large  cesspool  outside  of  building. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses:  There  are 
6  warehouses  on  the  water  front  which  could  be  used  for  stor- 
ing large  quantities  of  stores  or  for  temporary  quartering  of 
troops.     Their  descriptions  are  as  follows: 

No.  1.  Marina  street,  at  foot  of  Maceo.  Steel  frame  build- 
ing; fireproof;  corrugated  iron  roof;  cement  walls;  board 
floors;  divided  into  2  large  storerooms,  with  tramway  from 
wharf  running  between.  Front,  175  feet  on  Marina  street; 
breadth,  45  feet.  Tramway  from  wharf;  one  track  running 
through  building  and  another  along  end.  Unloading  plat- 
forms on  Marina  street;  175  feet  long,  4  feet  wide.  Plat- 
form at  one  end,  5  by  45  feet.     Good  repair. 

No.  2.  Directly  across  street  from  No.  1.  Brick,  plastered 
over.  Quadrangular,  with  small  yard  in  center;  tile  roof: 
two  stories;  second  story  used  as  offices;  board  floors.  One 
hundred  feet  on  Marina  street,  180  feet  on  Maceo  street. 
Contains  two  large  storerooms  into  each  of  which  runs  tram- 
way connecting  with  all  wharves  along  water  fro"nt.  In  fair 
state  of  repair. 

No.  3.  On  Marina  street,  between  Maceo  and  Saco  streets; 
takes  up  whole  block.  Brick,  plastered  over.  Board  floors; 
tile  roof.  Tramway  along  Marina  street;  unloading  plat- 
form 15  feet  wide.     Good  repair. 

No.  4.  Faces  Marina  street  and  includes  the  block,  Marina, 
Saco,  Sariol,  and  Comercio  streets.  Brick,  plastered  over. 
Quadrangular,  small  yard  in  center.     Board  floors;  tile  roof. 


620  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

Tramway  running  into  each  of  two  large  storerooms  and  con- 
necting all  wharves.     In  fair  state  of  repair. 

No.  5.  At  foot  of  San  Pedro  street.  Fireproof ;  steel  skele- 
ton; corrugated  sheet-iron  roof  and  walls;  board  floor;  one 
large  storeroom.  One  hundred  and  forty-two  feet  on  Marina 
street  by  86  feet  deep.  Unloading  platform  northeast  end 
of  building;  roofed;  86  by  32  feet.  Tramway  from  wharf 
and  running  to  all  other  wharves  and  warehouses.  State  of 
repair,  good. 

No.  6.  On  Marina  street,  corner  of  San  Juan.  J^ew  two- 
story  brick  building;  plastered  over;  tile  roof;  cement  floor; 
one  large  storeroom  on  ground  floor;  divided  into  compart- 
ments; second  floor  used  as  habitation.  Seventy-eight  feet 
on  Marina  street  by  82  feet  on  San  Juan  street.  Tramway 
from  all  wharves  and  other  warehouses ;  imloading  platform 
on  Marina  street,  15  by  78  feet.     In  good  state  of  repair. 

Important  offices  situated  as  follows :  City  hall,  containing 
police  headquarters  and  municipal  court,  Parque  de  Ces- 
pedes ;  post-office  and  telegraph  office,  in  one  building,  Maceo 
street,  corner  of  Santa  Ana ;  cable  office,  Saco  street,  between 
Merchante  and  Santa  Ana ;  telephone  central,  Inglesia  street, 
between  Maso  and  Pedro  Figueredo ;  custom-house  and  steam- 
ship office,  in  one  building,  Marina  street,  corner  Maceo, 
second  floor. 

The  ice  machine  is  on  Adelaide  street  between  the  Camino 
de  la  Caimanera  and  Sustegin  street. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  town  there  are  three 
camp  sites  to  be  considered.  (1)  South  of  town  on  hills, 
one-fourth  of  a  mile  distant.  Excellent  sanitary  features; 
suitable  for  two  battalions;  no  water  at  present,  but  water 
can  be  struck  30  to  50  feet  from  surface;  no  wood.  (2) 
Southwest* of  town  at  foot  of  hills;  level  plain  2,000  yards 
long  by  800  wide,  facing  the  sea ;  good  camp  site  in  dry  sea- 
son; no  water  at  present;  could  be  struck  at  about  15  feet 
below  surface,  but  not  fit  for  drinking  unless  boiled  or  steril- 
ized; no  wood;  good  grazing  in  hills  back  of  site.  (3)  Just 
beyond  town  and  to  the  east,  at  foot  of  hills;  a  site  suitable 
for  two  companies.  Sanitary  features,  fair;  no  water  at 
present,  but  can  be  struck  by  boring  15  to  90  feet;  no  wood : 
grazing  in  hills.     In  addition  to  these,  excellent  sites  may  be 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  621 

found  south  of  the  town,  from  1  to  6  miles  distant,  suitable 
for  from  one  company  to  eight  companies,  but  water  is  scarce. 

Fortifications :  Two  old  forts,  one  on  the  southeast  edge  of 
town  and  the  other  on  the  water  front,  the  descriptions  of 
which  are  as  follows: 

No.  1.  At  the  head  of  Maso  street,  overlooking  the  city ;  80 
feet  above  sea  level;  100  feet  wide  by  150  feet  long;  two 
prominent  salients  facing  city.  Wall  entirely  surrounding, 
ranging  in  thickness  from  3  to  5  feet,  excepting  front,  where 
the  wall  is  10  feet  thick.  In  rear  the  wall  is  loopholed.  En- 
tirely surrounded  by  moat  ranging  in  depth  from  10  to  15 
feet  and  7  feet  wide.  The  building  is  constructed  of  lime- 
stone and  brick.  Of  no  practical  use  as  a  fort ;  commanded 
by  hills  east  and  west.  This  fort  incloses  a  brick  building, 
quadrangular  in  form,  100  by  84  feet;  used  as  rural  guard 
barracks.  Two  rooms,  22  by  36  feet,  and  twelve  smaller 
ones.  Building  is  in  fair  repair;  sanitary  condition  fair. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  well  outside  of  wall ;  pumped 
to  barracks  by  windmill  and  stored  in  tanks;  quantity,  un- 
limited; quality,  fair.  Capacity  of  buildings,  75.  Water- 
closets  empty  into  cesspool  outside  of  wall. 

No.  2.  P'oot  of  Bateria  street,  between  Marina  street  and 
sea;  100  by  120  feet;  entirely  surrounded  by  brick  Avail,  ex- 
cept side  facing  sea,  which  consists  of  tw  o  walls  filled  in  with 
earth.  Brick  walls  on  other  three  sides;  2  feet  thick,  8  feet 
high,  loopholed  every  2  feet.  Two  prominent  salients  face 
the  town.  A  moat  10  feet  wide  and  ranging  from  5  to  10 
feet  in  depth  entirely  surrounds  this  fort,  except  on  the  sea 
side.  It  incloses  two  frame  buildings.  The  smaller  and 
larger  together  are  90  feet  long,  51  feet  wide,  and  15  feet 
high.  The  large  building  has  a  corrugated  iron  roof,  the 
smaller  one  a  tile  roof.  Divided  into  three  rooms ;  good  ven- 
tilation by  means  of  double  doors  and  10  windows..  In  poor 
repair;  sanitary  condition  good.  Water  supply  for  drinking 
jjurposes  carried  in  carts  from  other  end  of  town,  where  it  is 
pumped  from  Yara  River;  for  bathing  and  washing  pur- 
poses obtained  from  well  underneath  building;  supply  from 
this  source  imlimited.  Capacity  of  building,  75.  Within 
the  walled  inclosure  there  are  two  brick  buildings ;  the  larger, 
14  by  15  by  12  feet,  one  story  high,  one  room,  tile  roof;  the 
smaller,  9  by  14  by  18  feet,  tile  roof.     Outside  of  wall  in- 


622  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

closure  there  is  a  kitchen  building,  one  story,  frame,  12  by  34 
feet,  wood  roof  covered  with  tar  paper.  Bath  house,  6  by  6 
by  10  feet;  two  showers. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town:  East,  Camino  Real  to  Cafio, 
Blanquizal,  Veguita,  Barrancas,  Bayamo,  and  other  interior 
points;  south,  Manzanillo-Ceiba  road  to  Ceiba,  Las  Cuatro 
Esquinas,  San  Francisco,  and  other  points  south  of  town ; 
southeast,  Manzanillo-Jibacoa  road  to  Jibacoa;  southwest, 
coast  road  to  Tranquilidad,  Salvador,  Calicito,  Campe- 
chuela,  Ceiba  Hueca,  San  Ramon,  Media  Luna,  and  Niquero. 

The  hardest  points  to  defend  would  be  the  south  and  south- 
east portions  of  the  town. 

Calicito-Congo. — Barrio.  This  barrio  lies  southwest  of 
the  city  of  Manzanillo. 

The  two  sugar  mills,  Tranquilidad  and  Salvador,  situated, 
respectively,  on  the  northern  and  southern  boundary  of  the 
barrio,  furnish  employment  for  practically  the  whole  male 
population  during  the  cane  season.  The  manufacture  of 
sugar  is  practically  the  only  industry  of  the  barrio,  and  dur- 
ing the  months  in  which  the  mills  are  not  in  operation  little 
work  goes  on  except  on  small  farms  scattered  about  the 
barrio. 

The  most  important  settlements  are  Calicito,  La  Ceiba, 
Cuatro  Esquinas,  Los  Letreros,  Troya,  and  Valerino. 

Calicito. — Village.  About  10  miles  by  road  southwest  of 
Manzanillo,  3  miles  south  of  central  Salvador  on  the  coast, 
and  about  500  yards  from  the  Jibacoa  and  Gua  rivers.  Four 
small  stores.  Houses  are  all  huts  with  no  floors.  About  300 
people.     Telephone  to  Manzanillo;  no  telegraph. 

La  Ceiha. — Small  settlement  situated  4|  miles  south  of 
Manzanillo  on  the  Manzanillo-Ceiba  road;  20  houses,  5  of 
which  are  frame  with  tile  roofs;  remainder  native.  Two 
stores  at  the  center  of  village  and  a  school.  Center  of  vil- 
lage at  a  crossroads  where  there  are  11  houses,  4  of  which  are 
frame.    Water  from  wells. 

Cuatro  Esquinas. — Village.  About  6  miles  south  of  Man- 
zanillo on  the  Manzanillo-Cuatro  Esquinas  road  at  the  point 
of  the  intersection  of  the  Calicito-Cuatro  Esquinas  road. 
One  store  at  the  intersection  of  the  roads  and  about  10  scat- 
tered houses.     Population,  about  70.     Water  from  wells. 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  623 

Los  Letreros. — Village.  Small  settlement,  central  point  of 
which  lies  1^  miles  west  of  Cuatro  Esquinas  on  the  road  to 
Calicito.  Twenty-five  native  houses ;  1  store,  frame,  with  tile 
roof ;  1  school.     Population,  about  200.     Water  from  wells. 

Troya. — Village.  Near  the  Salvador  sugar  mill,  8  miles 
southwest  of  Manzanillo.  It  is  made  up  almost  entirely  of 
palm  huts.  Two  principal  streets  parallel  to  the  coast. 
Three  stores  built  of  wood;  one  is  about  70  feet  long,  and 
could  be  used  as  barracks.  Inhabitants  are  mostly  negroes — 
cane  cutters  and  other  employees  of  the  Salvador  mill. 
Water  supply  obtained  from  well  at  mill.  Camp  site  near 
for  large  force.  Wharf  about  300  feet  long  and  reaching 
13  feet  of  water. 

Valerino. — Village.  Situated  2  miles  southwest  of  Man- 
zanillo on  road  to  central  Salvador.  It  consists  of  about  50 
houses  in  vicinity  of  Tranquilidad  sugar  mill ;  homes  of  the 
laborers.  There  is  a  store  at  the  mill  and  a  bakery.  Water 
for  drinking  is  obtained  from  tanks  of  rain  water  at  mill. 
There  is  also,  a  well  with  steam  pump,  but  the  water  tastes  of 
salt.  Camp  site  near  for  large  force.  There  is  a  wharf  300 
feet  long  reaching  11  feet  of  water  at  low  tide;  a  large  store- 
house is  near  it.     Track  rans  from  storehouse  to  wharf. 

Campechuela. — Barrio  and  town.  Besides  the  town  the 
barrio  contains  the  sugar  mills  Teresa,  San  Ramon,  and  Dos 
Amigos  and  the  villages  Ceiba  Hueca,  San  Francisco,  Las 
Muchachas,  San  Ramon,  and  Tana. 

The  town  is  18  miles  by  road  southwest  of  Manzanillo,  on 
the  coa^t.  It  is  the  largest  town  south  of  Manzanillo ;  3,933 
inhabitants.  Twelve  streets  parallel  to  coast,  and  11  at 
right  angles  to  these.  Five  schools ;  10  stores,  3  of  which  are 
quite  large  and  sell  general  merchandise;  a  restaurant;  and 
a  store  at  the  Dos  Amigos  mill  at  edge  of  town.  The  houses 
are  all  one-story ;  a  few  built  of  masonry  with  tile  roofs,  but 
most  of  them  built  of  palm.  Location  is  not  healthful,  as  it 
is  too  low  and  the  drainage  is  bad.  Water  supply  obtained 
from  tanks  of  rain  Avater.  There  is  a  well  with  steam  pump 
at  sugar  mill,  but  water  is  not  good  for  drinking.  Telephone 
to  Manzanillo  and  other  points;  no  telegraph.  Camp  site 
for  large  force  on  high  ground  back  of  town. 

Two  wharves,  about  200  yards  long,  reaching  11  feet  of 
water  at  low  tide.     Each  has  single-track  tramway  running 


624  PROVTNCE   OF   OBIENTE. 

onto  it.  One  is  the  property  of  central  Dos  Amigos;  the 
other  is  connected  by  its  tramway  with  a  small  storehouse 
near  by.  Wagon  roads  northeast  to  Manzanillo,  southeast 
to  Ojo  de  Auga,  and  southwest  to  San  Ramon. 

Ceiba  Hueca. — Town.  About  20f  miles  by  road  south- 
west of  Manzanillo  and  2f  miles  from  Campechuela,  on  the 
coast.  Near  it  is  the  central  Teresa,  in  which  most  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  town  are  employed.  Town  has  about  450 
houses,  some  frame  and  the  remainder  thatched  palm;  one 
school,  10  stores,  and  a  large  restaurant,  which  is  property 
of  the  mill.  Population,  about  1,000.  Water  obtained  from 
wells  and  cisterns.  Telephone  to  Manzanillo  and  surround- 
ing sugar  mills;  no  telegraph.  Wagon  roads  to  San  Ramon, 
Campechuela,  and  Ceiba  Hueca  Arriba. 

Las  Muchachas. — Village.  A  small  settlement  situated  7 
miles  by  cart  road  southwest  of  San  Ramon,  1\  miles  east 
of  Tana  (terminus  of  narrow-gauge  railroad  from  San 
Ramon)  and  on  the  Rio  Jo.  It  is  connected  by  wagon  road 
with  Media  Luna  and  with  Manzanillo  via  Calicito.  There 
are  2  general  stores.  Water  from  the  river.  Camp  site  near 
for  battalion. 

San  Francisco. — Village.  A  settlement  of  about  25  native 
houses  on  the  coast,  21|  miles  by  road  southwest  of  Manza- 
nillo and  1  mile  from  Ceiba  Hueca.  Population  estimated 
at  100.     One  school  and  a  small  store. 

San  Rainon. — Village.  On  the  coast,  23^  miles  by  road 
southwest  of  Manzanillo  and  5|  miles  from  Campechuela; 
near  San  Ramon  sugar  mill.  Consists  of  about  100  small 
houses.  Six  stores.  Water  from  well,  raised  by  steam  pump 
for  the  mill.  Rain  water  for  drinking  purposes  can  be 
obtained  at  mill.  Inhabitants  are  all  employed  in  mill  or 
on  its  colonias.  Telephone  to  Manzanillo  and  other  points; 
no  telegraph.  Camp  site  in  vicinity  for  large  force.  Wharf, 
])roperty  of  mill,  about  140  yards  long;  reaches  19  feet  of 
water  at  high  tide;  single-track  tramway  to  mill. 

Tana. — Village.  A  small  settlement  on  a  colonia  10  miles 
southeast  of  San  Ramon.  Twenty  native  houses  and  a  small 
store.  Water  from  well  and  the  Tana  River.  Cane  railroad 
to  Ceiba  Hueca  and  to  wharf  at  San  Ramon ;  36-inch  gauge. 
Telephone  to  Ceiba  Hueca  and  San  Ramon.  Camp  site  for 
a  battalion,  1\  miles  northeast.    Wagon  road  to  Media  Luna. 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  625 

Ingenio  Esperanza. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio 
bearing  its  name,  the  barrio  contains  the  villages  of  Blan- 
quizal,  El  Cano,  and  Palmas  Altas.  The  sitio  is  4  miles  by 
road  northeast  of  Manzanillo.  Consists  of  the  ruins  of  a 
mill,  destroyed  many  years  ago,  and  two  huts. 

Blanqu'tzal. — Village.  A  small  settlement  3  miles  east  of 
Manzanillo  on  the  calzada  and  a  narrow-gauge  cane  railroad 
to  Palmas  Altas.  Water  supply  from  cisterns  and  a  branch 
of  the  Yara  River. 

El  Cano. — Village.  A  small  settlement  situated  on  the 
calzada  3  miles  northeast  of  Manzanillo.  Water  from  Yara 
River;  some  rain  water  in  cisterns.  Camp  site  in  vicinity  for 
one  company. 

Palmas  Altas. — Village.  A  small  settlement  on  the  cal- 
zada leading  southeast  from  Manzanillo;  4^  miles  distant 
and  at  end  of  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  from  the  same  town. 
Water  from  branch  of  Yara  River. 

Jibacoa. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  includes  points 
known  as  Orillas,  Palmarito,  La  Piedra,  Pozon,  Los  Puercos, 
and  Purial.  That  which  is  referred  to  as  the  town  of  Jiba- 
coa is  made  up  of  the  three  scattered  districts  Palmarito, 
Pozon,  and  Los  Puercos,  which  are  described  separately,  and 
its  center  is  about  the  center  of  the  barrio;  about  12  miles 
southeast  of  Manzanillo.  All  of  the  names  of  points  in  this 
barrio  are  applied  to  districts  containing  houses  which  are 
very  much  scattered.  The  distances  given  are  estimated  to 
the  largest  group  of  houses  covered  by  the  name.  Rain 
water  constitutes  the  principal  water  supply  of  the  barrio. 

PuHal. — Village.  Situated  6^  miles  south  of  center  of 
barrio  and  on  the  Jibacoa  River.  Population  estimated  at 
400.  Central  settlement  consists  of  3  stores  and  14  native 
huts. 

La  Piedra. — Village.  Situated  4|  miles  south  of  west  of 
center  of  barrio.  Population  estimated  at  150.  One  store, 
2  schoolhouses  (one  in  use),  and  many  small  scattered  native 
huts. 

Palmarito. — Village.  Situated  1  mile  south  of  center  of 
barrio  on  road  to  Purial.  Population  estimated  at  200.  Two 
stores  and  8  small,  native  huts  on  road ;  other  huts  back  from 
road. 

492— 0!> 40 


626  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

Pozon. — Sitio.  -Situated  1^  miles  west  of  center  of  barrio. 
Population,  permanent,  estimated  at  50.  Dairy,  2  large 
ranch  houses,  a  small  store,  and  2  small,  native  huts.  Water 
obtained  from  wells. 

Orillas. — Sitio.  Situated  on  north  bank  of  Jibacoa  River 
directly  across  from  Jibacoa.  District  consists  of  7  farms, 
all  of  which  are  named.  Was  originally  the  town  of  Jibacoa. 
In  1878  and  1898  was  a  camp  for  Spanish  volunteers  num- 
bering from  200  to  1,000  men. 

Los  Puercos. — Village.  Situated  6ne-half  mile  from  center 
of  barrio.  Population  estimated  at  150.  Scattered  native 
huts. 

Media  Luna-Vicana. — Barrio.  Southwest  of  Manzanillo. 
Contains  the  town  of  Media  Luna,  the  villages  of  Los 
(xuayos  and  Vicana,  and  the  Isabel  sugar  mill. 

Media  Luna. — Town.  Situated  southwest  of  Manzanillo; 
36^  miles  distant  by  road ;  near  the  coast  and  on  the  Vicana 
River.  It  is  made  up  of  three  small  settlements  that  were 
formerly  known  as  El  Carmen,  Pueblo  Nuevo,  and  Pueblo 
Viejo;  laid  out  in  parallel  streets  and  contains  about  800 
houses.  Some  of  these  houses  are  built  of  brick,  plastered 
over,  and  have  tile  roofs,  some  of  wood  with  thatched 
roofs,  and  the  remainder  are  thatched  huts.  There  is  one 
two-story  building,  property  of  the  owners  of  the  Isabel 
sugar  mill,  which  contains  a  large  store  and  restaurant, 
and  there  are  10  other  stores,  a  school,  and  a  brickyard. 
Population,  about  3,500,  which  varies.  The  central  Isabel, 
with  its  principal  buildings,  is  east  of  the  town  and  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  Water  supply  is  obtained 
from  river.  Telephone  connection  with  all  mills  along  the 
coast;  no  telegraph.  Camp  site  in  vicinity  for  regiment. 
Wharf  on  coast  for  central  Isabel;  165  yards  long;  14  feet 
of  water;  connected  with  town  and  surrounding  cane  fields 
by  36-inch,  single-track  railroad.  A  small  steamer  arrives 
daily  from  Manzanillo. 

Los  Guayos. — Village.  Situated  at  end  of  a  narrow-gauge 
railroad,  2|  miles  east  of  Media'Luna.  It  is  a  colonia  of  the 
Isabel  sugar  mill,  to  which  a  great  number  of  laborers  are 
brought  each  year  during  the  sugar  season  from  other  points 
in  the  island.  About  50  houses;  water  from  wells;  telephone 
and  cart  road  to  Media  Luna. 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  627 

Vicana. — Village.  About  2  miles  by  road  from  Media 
Luna,  slightly  east  of  south;  near  the  Vicana  River.  Laid 
out  in  streets ;  about  100  houses,  2  stores,  and  a  school.  Tele- 
phone to  Media  Luna  and  other  points ;  no  telegraph. 

Niquero. — Barrio  and  town.  Besides  the  town,  the  barrio 
contains  the  Niquero  sugar  mill  and  the  villages  of  Cabo 
Cruz,  Cuchillo,  Sevilla  Abajo,  and  Velic. 

The  town  is  on  Niquero  Bay,  southwest  of  Manzanillo; 
about  52  miles  distant  by  road.  About  250  one-story  native 
houses,  6  general  stores,  and  a  small  drug  store.  Population, 
1,584.  The  central  Niquero  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  town. 
Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  the  mill  during  the 
sugar  season.  Rains  furnish  water  supply,  but  there  is  a 
good  well  at  mill  and  a  large  iron  tank  to  which  water  is 
raised  by  a  steam  pump.  Streets  are  impassable  in  wet 
weather,  and  sanitary  conditions  are  bad.  Telephone  con- 
nection with  all  sugar  mills  along  the  coast  and  with  Man- 
zanillo. No  telegraph.  Camp  site  in  vicinity  for  battalion. 
Two  wharves;  one  about  200  yards  long,  in  good  condition, 
reaches  12  feet  of  water  at  high  tide;  the  other,  about  50 
yards  long,  in  bad  condition,  reaches  8  feet  of  water  at  high 
tide.  Single-track  tramway  runs  from  each  wharf  to  the 
sugar  mill. 

Caho  Cruz. — Village.  At  extreme  southwest  point  of  Ori- 
ente  Province,  near  Cabo  Cruz  light,  and  24  miles  by  trail 
southeast  of  Niquero.  Consists  of  20  huts,  a  store,  and  a 
schoolhouse.  People  are  engaged  in  turtle  fishing.  Water 
from  wells. 

Cuchillo. — Village.  About  8  miles  by  road  northeast  of 
Niquero;  25  palm  huts,  a  school,  and  a  store.  Water  from 
Manaca  River. 

Sevilla  Ahajo. — Village.  Situated  4|  miles  by  trail  north- 
east of  Niquero ;  25  palm  houses,  a  store,  and  a  school.  Water 
from  Sevilla  River. 

Velic. — Village.  Situated  southeast  of  Niquero;  9  miles 
distant  by  trail.  Laid  out  in  streets;  35  houses,  3  small 
stores,  and  a  school.  Water  from  cisterns  and  wells.  Tele- 
phone to  Niquero;  no  telegraph.  People  engaged  in  turtle 
fishing.  Was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1893,  at  which  time  it 
was  a  much  larger  village. 


628  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Pilon. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  contains,  besides  the 
village  bearing  its  name,  the  central  Cabo  Cruz  and  the 
villages  of  Ensenada  de  Mora,  Portillo,  and  Ramon  Portillo. 
The  sitio  is  situated  at  the  base  of  a  mountain,  and  is  about 
36  miles  by  road  and  trail  southwest  of  Manzanillo ;  12  houses 
and  a  store.  Water  from  a  stream.  The  name  "Pilon  "  is 
frequently  applied  to  the  Cabo  Cruz  mill  and  also  to  the 
village  of  Ensenada  de  Mora. 

Ensenada  de  Mora. — Village.  Situated  on  south  coast, 
about  40  miles  by  road  and  trail  southwest  of  Manzanillo, 
which  is  its  port  of  entry.  It  is  made  up  of  the  Cabo  Cruz 
sugar  mill,  with  its  buildings  and  employees.  The  permanent 
population  is  about  500,  which  is  increased  to  1,800  or  more 
during  the  grinding  season.  Water  is  piped  from  near-by 
mountain  streams;  quality  excellent,  and  quantity  unlimited. 
Five  thousand  troops  could  be  quartered  in  emergency. 
Camp  site  for  large  force;  water  piped  from  dam  near  site; 
good  grazing.  Wharf,  30  by  1,200  feet;  22  feet  of  water; 
traversed  by  double  track.  Port  is  visited  by  steamers  of  the 
Trujillo  Steamship  Line.  Wagon  road  east  to  Portillo  and 
trail  west  along  the  coast. 

Portillo. — Village.  On  the  south  coast,  11  miles  by  road 
east  of  Cabo  Cruz  sugar  mill,  at  Ensenada  de  Mora.  A  small 
place  owned  by  an  American,  who  started  a  lumber  camp  and 
later  bought  machinery  and  took  some  steps  to  build  a  sugar 
mill;  finally  abandoned  both  projects. 

One  two-story  building  intended  for  hotel;  16  rooms,  mess 
hall,  large  kitchen  with  range,  and  a  woodhouse ;  new  and  in 
excellent  condition;  capacity  120  men.  A  one-story  building 
in  rear  of  the  hotel  is  suitable  for  barracks  for  80  men. 
Besides  these  buildings  there  is  a  general  store,  a  small  store- 
house near  the  wharf  (15  by  20  by  10  feet),  a  stable  for  about 
12  animals,  and  about  12  native  huts.  Water  obtained  from 
two  wells  about  12  feet  deep;  quality  doubtful.  Good  supply 
could  be  obtained  from  river,  3  miles  distant.  Remains  of 
an  old  fort  on  west  of  entrance  to  bay.  A  small  wharf 
reaching  20  feet  of  water.  No  telephone  or  telegraph.  Trail 
north  to  Media  Luna  and  San  Ramon ;  one  east  along  coast 
which  leads  north  at  Rio  Macio  to  Manzanillo;  road  west 
along  coast  to  central  Cabo  Cruz.     Steamers  of  the  Trujillo 


ALTO  50NG0    TOWNSHIP 


PROVTNOE   OF   ORIENTE. 


629 


Steamship  Line  touch  here.  Smuggling  point  for  arms  and 
ammunition  during  war  with  Spain. 

Ramon  Portillo. — Sitio.  A  small  settlement  situated  in 
the  mountains  8|  miles  by  trail  and  road  northeast  of  central 
Cabo  Cruz.     Small  camp  site  near. 

Yara-Zarzal. — Barrio  and  villages.  The  village  of  Yara 
is  situated  13  miles  by  road  southeast  of  Manzanillo  near  the 
Yara  River.  Population,  about  300.  Water  supply  obtained 
from  the  river.  Road  to  ingenio  Sofia.  The  village  of 
Zarzal  is  about  5  miles  south  of  Yara  on  same  road  from 
Manzanillo. 

JUDICIAL   DISTRICT   OF   SANTIAGO  DE    CUBA. 
Township :  Population. 

Alto    Songo 20,  5.5:5 

Caney 16,215 

Cobre ^ 14,  715 

Palma  Soriano 20,235 

San  Luis 14,212 

Santiago  de  Cuba 53,614 

TOWNSHIP  OF  ALTO  SONGO  (CAPITAL,  ALTO  SONGO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Barrio. 


Alto  Songo Norte  de  Songo. 


I  Surde  Songo... 

Florida  Blanca ;  Florida  Blanca. 

Jarahueca i  Jarahueca 

Camelo. 

Jarahueca  Abajo. 

Jarahueca  Arriba. 

Lunonada. 

La  Lumbruis. 

Monteoscuro. 

Seboruco. 
Loma  del  Gato 

Santa  Ana. 
La  Maya 

Deseo. 

Sabanilla. 

Mayari  Arriba 

Mor6n 

El  Palenque 

Cuatro  Caminos. 

Jurisdicci6n. 

Socorro 

TI-Arriba 

Yerba  de  Guinea. 


Loma  del  Gato. 
Maya,  La 


Mayari  Arriba. 

Mor6n 

Palenque,  KL. 


Socorro... 
Ti- Arriba. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Rural  and 
urban. 

..do 

Rural 

..do 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


3.7 
3.5 


L25 
9.5 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,733 
1,851 
1,226 


1,055 
3,072 


1,464 
1,086 
2,898 


1,359 

2,861 


Alto  Songo. — Town.  The  town  is  15  miles  from  Santiago 
on  the  Sabanilla  branch  of  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad. 
Most  of  the  town  is  in  barrio  Sur  de  Songo.     Population. 


630  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

1,310.  About  200  houses,  mostly  one-story  frame;  some  have 
tile  roofs,  some  have  corrugated  iron  or  zinc  roofs,  others 
thatched  roofs.  Water  supply  from  stream  north  of  town, 
about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  distant ;  quality,  fair ;  quantity, 
abundant ;  slightly  saline  to  the  taste ;  delivered  in  carts  and 
by  pack  animals.  Post-office  in  center  of  town.  Cuba  Com- 
pany Railroad  has  railroad  station  and  telegraph  office  about 
one-half  mile  south.  Telephone  from  riiral  guard  quarters 
to  Santiago,  Town  could  quarter  about  one  company.  Most 
easily  reached  by  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  or  the  San- 
tiago-Cristo  pike  to  Cristo  and  the  Guantanamo  cart  road 
from  Cristo  to  Songo.  The  town  is  on  the  top  of  a  promi- 
nent hill,  and  the  surrounding  country  is  devoted  to  raising 
of  cacao,  coffee,  fruits,  and  live  stock.  Location  healthful. 
On  account  of  lack  of  water,  town  would  be  unsuitable  for 
quartering  a  large  number  of  troops.  Best  location  for  camp 
site  is  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  town  on  Plat- 
anilla  River;  water  excellent  and  abundant. 

Florida  Blanca. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  18 
miles  by  trail  north  of  Alto  Songo ;  a  finca  with  a  couple  of 
huts. 

Jarahueca. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  bearing 
its  name  the  barrio  contains  Seboruco,  Jarahueca  Aba  jo.  La 
Lumbruis,  Carnelo,  Monteoscuro,  Jarahueca  Arriba,  and  Li- 
monada,  all  small  settlements  of  from  1  to  15  or  20  huts,  and 
scattered  along  the  trail  running  south  from  Mayari  Arriba 
and  connecting  with  the  Santiago-Guantanamo  road  near 
the  Macuriges  River. 

The  sitio  is  situated  about  15  miles,  by  road,  northeast  of 
Alto  Songo,  on  the  trail  south  from  Mayari  Arriba,  and  on  a 
stream  of  fairly  good  water.  Sawmill  and  a  coffee  planta- 
tion. Camp  site  for  a  company.  Water  from  spring:  qual- 
ity good,  but  slightly  alkaline.     Grazing  good. 

Loma  del  Gato. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  includes  Santa 
Ana.  The  sitio  is  situated  on  the  Cristo-Guantanamo  trail 
3f  miles  southeast  of  Alto  Songo  and  5;^  miles  east  of  Cristo; 
a  few  scattered  houses. 

Santa  Ana. — Sitio.  A  schoolhouse,  situated  44  miles 
southeast  of  Alto  Songo. 

La  Maya. — Barrio  and  town.  Besides  the  town  the  barrio 
contains  Deseo  and  Sabanilla.     The  town  is  about  18^  miles 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  631 

northeast  of  Santiago,  being  the  eastern  terminus  of  the 
Sabanilla  branch  of  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad.  Popula- 
tion, about  1,000.  About  300  houses,  mostly  one-story  frame 
buildings  with  zinc  and  corrugated-iron  roofs.  Water  sup- 
ply from  small  stream  about  2  miles  south  of  the  town; 
brought  to  town  on  pack  animals;  quality  fair,  quantity 
limited.  Pump  and  water  works  soon  to  be  installed.  Town 
would  accommodate  about  one  company  of  troops;  not  suit- 
able for  troops  at  present  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of 
water.  Nearest  good  camp  site  is  about  2  miles  southeast 
on  the  Ti-Abajo  River;  sufficient  ground  for  one  regiment. 
Post-office  and  railroad  telegraph  office.  There  are  about 
aOO  yards  of  railroad  siding.  A  standard-gauge  track,  which 
connects  here  w4th  the  Cuba  Company's  branch,  runs  south- 
east to  the  Ponupo  iron  mines ;  length,  2  miles.  Most  easily 
reached  by  railroad  and  by  wagon  road  via  Cristo  from 
Santiago.  The  Camino  Real  de  Guantanamo,  which  leaves 
the  town  to  the  northeast,  has  a  branch  running  to  the  south- 
east through  Cuatro  Caminos  and  Yerba  de  Guinea;  both 
roads  permit  cart  transportation  the  greater  portion  of  the 
year.  The  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  passes  within  1  mile  of  the 
town  on  the  north  side  and  will  have  a  station  near  this  point. 
The  town  is  situated  on  top  of  a  prominent  hill,  making  it 
necessary  to  ascend  in  approaching  from  any  direction.  Lo- 
cation healthful.  This  place  was  practically  destroyed  by 
hre  on  April  1,  1909. 

Deseo. — Sitio.  A  small  group  of  houses  on  the  Santiago- 
Guantanamo  road  about  4  miles  from  La  Maya,  slightly 
north  of  east. 

Sabanilla. — Sitio.  Situated  4  miles  by  road  northeast  of 
La  Maya  on  cart  road  leading  north  from  Santiago-Guan- 
tanamo  road.  A  small  settlement  around  the  ruins  of  an 
old  sugar  mill. 

Mayari  Arriba. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  30 
miles  by  trail  northeast  of  Alto  Songo  on  the  Mayari  River. 
Consists  of  a  store  and  2  or  3  houses. 

Moron. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Central  San  Sebastian  is  situ- 
ated in  the  barrio.  The  sitio  is  on  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road 5  miles  southwest  of  Alto  Songo ;  a  few  scattered  houses. 

El  Palengue. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  bearing 
its  name  the  barrio  contains  Cuatro  Caminos  and  Jurisdic- 


632  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

cion.  The  sitio  consists  of  a  small  group  of  houses  and  is 
about  12  miles  east  of  Alto  Songo  on  a  trail  which  branches 
northeast  from  the  La  Maya-Guantanamo  road  at  Cuatro 
Caminos. 

Cuatro  Caminos. — Village.  About  25  miles  northeast  of 
Santiago  and  10  miles  from  Alto  Songo  on  the  southern  trail 
to  Guantanamo.  Population,  about  200.  About  30  one-story 
frame  houses.  Water  supply  from  a  stream  called  La  Taul, 
which  passes  through  the  village,  but  contains  no  water  above 
the  village  except  in  rainy  season.  About  100  yards  below 
the  village  is  a  good  spring  in  the  bed  of  the  stream;  flow^s 
the  entire  year  and  furnishes  an  abundant  supply  of  good 
water;  quality  apparently  excellent.  Village  could  quarter 
about  one  platoon  of  troops.  Country  to  the  south  moun- 
tainous; to  the  north  and  west  rolling.  Principal  products 
coffee,  cacao,  and  cattle.  Locality  healthful.  No  good  camp 
site  at  village,  but  a  good  camp  site  for  any  number  of  troops 
exists  between  that  point,  and  La  Maya. 

Jurisdiccion. — A  small  settlement  on  the  Santiago-Guan- 
tanamo  road  about  12  miles  slightly  north  of  east  of  Alto 
Songo  and  2  miles  west  of  the  Macuriges  River. 

Socorro. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  about  19^  miles 
northeast  of  Santiago,  on  the  Sabanilla  branch  of  the  Cuba 
Company  Railroad.  Population,  about  150.  About  40 
houses,  mostly  shacks.  Water  from  stream  about  one- fourth 
of  a  mile  south ;  quality  fair ;  quantity  limited.  Could  quar- 
ter a  platoon  of  troops.  Railroad  station  on  south  edge  of 
village.  Most  easily  reached  by  railroad  from  Santiago  or  by 
road  via  Cristo  and  Songo.  Village  is  on  a  ridge  running 
east  and  west,  which  the  Santiago-Guantanamo  road  follows. 
Locality  healthful. 

Ti-Arriha. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  bear- 
ing its  name,  the  barrio  contains  the  settlement  of  Yerba  de 
Guinea.  The  village  is  about  9.5  miles  southeast  of  La  Maya, 
near  the  west  base  of  Loma  de  Cuchilla.  Population,  about 
100.  About  28  one-story  frame  houses.  Water  supply  from 
stream  in  Ti- Arriba  Pass  near  by;  quality  good;  quantity 
abundant.  Quarters  for  about  two  squads  of  troops.  Post- 
office.  No  good  camp  sites  in  vicinity.  Most  easily  reached 
from  La  Maya  by  cart  road  to  Cuatro  Caminos,  thence  by 
trail,  or  by  trail  via  Ponupo.     Trail  to  south  through  Ti- 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 


633 


Arriba  leads  through  pass  into  mountain  region  south.  Sur- 
rounding country  to  the  south  mountainous;  to  the  north 
broken. 

Yerba  de  Guinea. — Village.  About  33  miles  northeast  of 
Santiago  and  16|  miles  from  Alto  Songo  on  the  southern 
trail  to  Guantanamo.  Population,  about  50.  About  12  one- 
story  frame  houses.  Water  supply  from  Rio  Yerba  de 
Guinea;  quality  fair;  quantity  abundant.  Would  accommo- 
date a  squad  of  troops.  Surrounding  country  rough,  but  not 
mountainous,  and  containing  numerous  plantations  of  coffee 
and  cacao  and  much  grazing  land.  Locality  healthful. 
Good  camp  site  in  vicinity  for  a  regiment. 


TOWNSHIP    OF    CANEY    (CAPITAL,    CANEY). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 


ElCaney 

ElCristo 

Daiquiri 

Vinent. 

Berraco. 
Demajayabo 

Firmeza. 

Siboney. 
Dos  Bocas 

San  Vicente. 
El  Carmen 

Ram<5n  de  las  Yaguas 
SevUla 


Barrio. 


Caney 

Biu^jEigua. 

Cristo 

Daiquiri. . 


Demajayabo do 


Dos  Bocas. 


Ram6n  de  las  Yaguas. 

Sevilla 

Zacatecas 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Urban. 
Rural.. 
Urban. 
Rural.. 


.do. 


Guaniniciin do. 

Naranjo do. 

~  ---  ^Q 

.do. 
.do. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Miles. 


5 
5 
15.5 


5 

5.2 
20 
4.5 
2.1 


Popula- 
tion. 


1,067 

327 

1,679 

2.198 


2,723 


2,189 

1,308 
315 

3,137 
576 
696 


El  Caney. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  5  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  on  one  of  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Maestra  and  overlooking  the  valley  surrounding  San- 
tiago de  Cuba  Bay.  It  contains  abqut  300  buildings,  prac- 
tically all  of  them  being  one-story  frame  structures.  About 
one-half  of  the  more  important  ones  have  tile  roofs,  the  other 
half  having  zinc  or  corrugated-iron  roofs.  The  only  busi- 
ness carried  on  is  the  sale  of  general  merchandise  to  the  in- 
habitants of  the  town  and  surrounding  country.  In  the  hills 
to  the  north  coffee  and  cacao  are  the  principal  products, 
while  in  the  valley  to  the  south  the  country  is  principally  in 
pasture. 

Population,  1,067. 


634  PROVINCE   OF    ORTENTE. 

Water  supply  is  taken  from  El  Caney  River  or  Creek, 
which  flows  through  the  east  side  of  the  town.  Distributed 
by  carts  or  carried  by  hand  from  the  river.  Quality  of  water 
excellent,  if  taken  from  river  above  town.  Quantity  suiR- 
cient  to  supply  needs  of  a  regiment.  Stream  comes  from  the 
mountains  and  flows  the  entire  year.  Water  was  taken  from 
this  stream,  above  the  town,  for  use  of  the  American  troops 
during  the  first  occupation  of  the  island.  The  pumping  sta- 
tion they  had  in  use  has  since  been  carried  away  by  flood. 

There  is  no  sewer  system.     Town  lighted  by  oil. 

There  are  no  barracks.  On  east  side  of  street  nearest  the 
river  and  near  the  ford  across  the  river  is  a  one-story  frame 
house  with  tile  roof,  in  good  condition ;  would  accommodate 
about  20  men.  Occupied  by  detachment  of  rural  guard ; 
water  carried  from  river ;  no  modern  closets ;  sanitation  fair. 
No  other  buildings  suitable  for  use  as  barracks  except  small 
private  houses,  which  would  accommodate  one  battalion. 

There  are  no  stables  and  no  transportation  corrals.  Best 
ground  for  corrals  is  in  pasture  land  just  south  of  town  on 
both  sides  of  the  macadamized  road.  Animals  could  be 
watered  at  the  stream. 

The  only  buildings  suitable  for  use  as  hospitals  are  private 
buildings.  The  one  most  suitable  is  on  the  south  side  of  the 
plaza  and  is  equipped  with  private  water  system;  capacity 
about  25  beds ;  location  healthful. 

No  buildings  suitable  for  quartermaister  or  commissary 
storehouses  except  private  residences  or  stores,  of  which  there 
are  enough  to  answer  any  possible  needs  if  seized  or  rented. 

There  is  no  railroad  to  this  town.  Post-office  and  tele- 
graph office  in  the  same  building  on  Cuba  street,  opposite 
the  northwest  corner  of  the  plaza.  Government  telephone 
from  rural  guard  quarters  to  Santiago. 

On  both  east  and  west  sides  of  town  is  open  ground  suffi- 
cient for  a  regimental  camp.  Good  drainage;  water,  grass, 
and  fuel  convenient ;  location  healthful.  Hills  would  pre- 
vent camps  being  laid  out  with  any  regularity.  In  dry 
weather  troops  could  camp  at  almost  any  point  along  the 
road  from  El  Caney  to  Santiago. 

There  are  no  defenses. 

Principal  road  is  a  macadamized  road  leading  to  Santiago 
which  leaves  the  town  at  the  south  end  of  Cuba  street.     A 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  635 

trail  leaves  the  town  from  the  east  side,  crosses  El  Caney 
Creek  about  halfway  between  the  north  and  south  ends  of 
town,  and,  continuing  in  a  general  northeasterly  direction, 
passes  over  the  Sierra  Maestra  Mountains  to  Ramon  de  las 
Yaguas.  Another  trail  leaves  the  town  to  the  west,  at  a 
point  about  midway  between  the  north  and  south  ends  of 
town,  and  strikes  the  Santiago-Cristo  road  at  Cubitas. 

Town  would  be  most  difficult  to  defend  against  an  enemy 
advancing  from  the  west.  It  could  be  most  easily  ap- 
proached along  the  Santiago- Caney  highway  but  this  would 
be  dangerous,  because  the  road  for  the  greater  part  of  the 
distance  is  commanded  by  the  hills  on  which  the  town  is 
situated.  The  town  would  be  untenable  if  the  attacking 
force  could  secure  the  hills  to  the  north  of  town.  An  ad- 
vance from  the  west  would  enable  the  attacking  force  to 
advance,  for  the  most  part,  under  cover,  with  their  lines 
extended  parallel  to  the  ridges  and  ravines,  and  would  fur- 
nish positions  equal  in  strength  to  those  in  and  about  the 
town. 

Barajagua. — Barrio.     Contains  no  settlement. 

Cristo. — Barrio  and  town.  The  town  is  10  miles  from 
Santiago,  slightly  east  of  north,  on  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road. Population  about  1,316.  About  100  one-story  frame 
houses  and  as  many  more  native  huts.  Water  supply  from 
the  Guaniniciin  River ;  quality  excellent ;  quantity  abundant. 
The  drinking  water  is  taken  from  concrete  wells  sunk  in 
the  bed  of  the  river,  through  which  the  water  filters.  Post- 
office;  railroad  telegraph  office;  telephone  in  rural  guard 
barracks  to  Santiago ;  and  railroad  water  tank.  Most  easily 
reached  by  Cuba  Company  Railroad  from  Santiago  and  by 
pike  from  Santiago  and  San  Luis.  Town  is  situated  at  the 
north  end  of  the  Cristo  pass,  the  country  to  the  north  spread- 
ing out  into  the  valley  of  the  Guaniniciin  and  Cauto  rivers. 
Immediately  to  the  south  is  the  Sierra  Maestra  Mountain 
range  which  is  lower  here  than  at  any  other  point  between 
Guantanamo  Bay  and  Cape  Cruz.  The  products  are  cane, 
coffee,  cacao,  fruits,  and  cattle.  Locality  healthful.  Good 
camp  sites  in  immediate  vicinity  for  one  regiment.  A  lum- 
ber shed,  60  by  100  feet,  just  east  of  where  the  railroad 
crosses  the  main  street,  is  large  enough  to  shelter  one  com- 
pany.   On  main  street  just  north  of  railroad  crossing  is  a 


636  PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 

Baptist  church  and  schoolhouse  which  could  quarter  one- 
half  of  a  company.  Catholic  church  on  main  street,  about 
center  of  town,  would  quarter  about  one  platoon.  Baptist 
college,  a  two-story  stone  building  fitted  with  private  water 
system,  is  near  the  north  edge  of  town ;  would  accommodate 
one  company  or  would  be  suitable  for  a  hospital.  The  rail- 
road depot  could  quarter  one  company.  The  Cuba  Company 
R.  R.  has  two  parallel  sidings,  each  250  yards  long,  on  east 
side  of  station,  and  two  tracks  of  100  yards  each,  forming  a  Y 
toward  the  east.  Good  camp  site  for  a  regiment  on  north 
side  of  the  Guaniniciin  River  near  ford.  A  quantity  of 
lumber  is  usually  kept  on  hand  in  the  lumber  shed. 

Daiquiri. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  bear- 
ing its  name  the  barrio  contains  Vinent  and  Berraco.  The 
\dllage  is  on  the  coast  21  miles  east  of  Santiago  Bay.  It  is 
the  shipping  point  for  the  Daiquiri  iron  mines,  and  the 
buildings  belong  to  the  Spanish- American  Iron  Company 
and  are  occupied  by  employees  of  that  company.  Popula- 
tion, about  150.  About  20  one-story  frame  houses  and  the 
railroad  shops  of  the  Daiquiri  Railroad.  Water  supply  is 
received  from  the  Magdalena  River  by  gravity  through 
3-inch  iron  pipe ;  quality  excellent ;  quantity  sufficient  for  all 
needs.  Could  quarter  2  squads  of  troops.  The  company's 
hospital  is  on  the  railroad  about  1  mile  north.  It  is  equipped 
with  operating  table,  surgical  instruments,  well-stocked  dis- 
pensary, running  water  and  shower  baths,  and  has  space  for 
100  beds.  No  good  camp  sites  near,  but  by  small  amount  of 
labor  a  good  site  could  be  prepared  at  junction  of  standard 
and  narrow  gauge  roads  between  the  village  and  Vinent; 
wood,  water,  and  grass  in  abundance.  Most  easily  reached 
by  boat  from  Santiago;  Spanish-American  Iron  Company 
has  a  tugboat  which  makes  the  trip  three  times  a  week.  Also 
reached  by  trail  from  Santiago.  Carts  with  light  loads  can 
get  over  this  trail  in  favorable  season.  Surrounding  country 
extremely  rough ;  almost  no  cultivation  and  very  little  stock. 
Locality  fairly  healthful.  Telephone  to  Santiago.  There  is 
a  wooden  pier  reaching  to  about  12  feet  of  water;  track  to 
the  end  of  the  pier. 

Vinent. — Village.  Situated  3  miles  northeast  of  Daiquiri, 
and  15  miles  in  direct  line  southeast  of  El  Caney.  It  is  the 
headquarters  of  the  Spanish-American  Iron  Company  and 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  637 

the  location  of  the  most  important  of  the  Daiquiri  iron  mines. 
The  buildings  consist  of  offices,  storehouses,  and  employees' 
quarters;  all  one-story,  frame,  in  good  condition,  and  most 
of  them  have  corrugated  iron  roofs.  Lighted  with  acetylene 
gas  and  oil.  Water  supply  from  same  source  as  for  Daiquiri ; 
piped  to  all  houses.  Could  shelter  a  regiment  comfortably. 
Telephone  connection  with  Santiago,  Daiquiri,  and  Berraco. 
Connected  by  wagon  road  with  Santiago,  Siboney,  and  Ber- 
raco, and  by  railroad  with  Daiquiri  and  Berraco. 

Berraco. — Village.  About  6|  miles  by  road  northeast  of 
Daiquiri  on  Spanish-American  Iron  Company  Railroad.  It 
is  a  mining  village,  and  all  of  the  buildings  are  property  of 
the  company.  There  are  office  buildings  and  quarters  suffi- 
cient to  shelter  250  men.  Water  piped  to  all  houses  by 
gravity;  quality  good,  but  quantity  limited;  supply  has  to 
be  augmented  in  dry  season  by  supply  brought  from  Daiquiri 
in  tank  cars.  Telephone  to  Vinent,  Daiquiri,  and  Santiago; 
wagon  road  to  same  points;  connected  by  railroad  with 
Daiquiri  and  Vinent. 

Demajayaho. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  the 
barrio  contains  Siboney  and  Firmeza.  The  sitio  is  on  the 
wagon  road  running  east,  parallel  with  the  coast,  from 
Santiago  to  Surgidero  de  Baconao  and  near  crossing  of  Rio 
Demajayabo;  13  miles  in  direct  line  southeast  of  El  Caney 
and  6  miles  east  of  Siboney ;  one  house. 

Fiiyneza. — Village.  On  the  railroad  of  the  Juragua  Iron 
Mines  Company,  13  miles  in  direct  line  southeast  of  Santiago 
and  12  miles  by  road  and  trail  southeast  of  El  Caney.  The 
most  important  of  the  Juragua  iron  mines  are  at  this  point. 
The  buildings  consist  of  quarters  for  heads  of  the  depart- 
ments and  the  laborers  of  the  Juragua  iron  mines.  They  are 
principally  one-story  frame  buildings  with  corrugated  iron 
roofs;  all  in  good  condition.  Water  obtained  from  the  Be- 
nevolencia  River,  which  would  supply  about  1,000  gallons  per 
hour  in  dry  season  and  6,000  gallons  per  hour  in  wet  season. 
Water  is  piped  to  all  buildings  by  gravity.  Quarters  for 
about  600  men  in  emergency.  Stables  for  about  14  horses. 
There  is  a  hospital  situated  on  high  ground  west  of  the  rail- 
road. It  has  23  cots ;  is  equipped  with  surgical  instruments, 
operating  room,  dispensary,  running  water,  and  modem 
water-closets.     Location  is  healthful,  and  good  state  of  sani- 


638  PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE. 

tation  can  be  easily  maintained  in  immediate  vicinity.  Post- 
office  and  telephone.  No  camp  sites  in  vicinity  and  no 
defenses. 

Siboney. — Village.  Situated  on  the  property  of  the  Jii- 
ragua  Iron  Mines  Company,  11  miles  southeast  of  Santiago 
and  12  miles  slightly  east  of  south  of  El  Caney.  The  popu- 
lation consists  mostly  of  miners  working  for  Juragua  Iron 
Mines  Company.  The  buildings  are  one-story  frame  with 
corrugated  iron  roofs;  all  in  good  condition.  Water  is  ob- 
tained from  the  Juragua  River  and  distributed  by  means  of 
pipe  line.  The  buildings  would  accommodate  about  250  men 
in  emergency.  There  are  no  good  camp  sites  in  vicinity  and 
no  defenses.  Locality  healthful.  Has  telephone  connection 
Avith  Spanish-American  iron  mines,  Firmeza,  and  Santiago. 

Dos  Bocas. — Barrio  and  village.  Barrio  also  contains  San 
Vicente. 

The  village  is  8  miles  northeast  of  Santiago  on  the  Cuba 
Company  Eailroad  and  4  miles  north  of  El  Caney.  Popu- 
lation, about  200.  About  40  to  50  one-story  frame  houses. 
Water  supply  from  a  branch  of  the  Rio  Purgatorio ;  quality, 
excellent;  quantity,  abundant.  The  stream  flows  through 
the  edge  of  the  village.  Could  accommodate  about  3  pla- 
toons of  troops.  Post-office.  Most  easily  reached  by  th(> 
Cuba  Company  Railroad  or  by  the  Santiago-Cristo  pike, 
which  passes  through  the  village.  Surrounding  country 
hilly.  Village  lies  in  a  narrow  valley  with  hills  rising  to 
several  hundred  feet  on  all  sides.     Location  healthful. 

San  Vicente. — Village.  Situated  6^  miles  north  of  San- 
tiago on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  and  on  the  calzada 
to  Cristo.  Population,  about  200.  About  40  to  50  one-story 
frame  houses.  Water  supply  from  branch  of  the  Rio  Piii-- 
gatorio,  which  flows  through  the  edge  of  the  village;  quality, 
excellent;  quantity,  abundant.  Could  accommodate  about 
one  company.     No  good  camp  sites. 

Guaninicun. — Barrio.  Situated  northeast  of  El  Caney. 
Traversed  by  the  Rio  Guaninicun.  Contains  but  one  settle- 
ment, a  sitio  named  El  Carmen.'  There  are  the  ruins  of  an 
old  mill,  bearing  same  name  as  this  barrio,  to  the  west  of  the 
western  boundary. 

El  Carmen. — Sitio.  About  7  miles  northeast  of  El  Caney. 
Population,   about  40.     About    10   one-story   frame  houses. 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  639 

Water  supply  from  a  branch  of  the  Guaninicun  River,  about 
150  yards  distant ;  quality  good ;  quantity  abundant  during 
the  greater  portion  of  the  year.  Would  accommodate  a 
squad  of  troops.  Most  easily  reached  from  Santiago  by 
trail  via  Caney,  Escandel,  and  Villalon.  Surrounding  coun- 
try is  mountainous,  the  produce  being  coffee  and  cacao. 
Very  little  stock.  Locality  healthful.  Good  camp  site  for 
one  company  near  sitio. 

Naranjo. — Barrio.  Name  of  barrio  only.  Contains  no 
settlement. 

Ramon  de  las  Yaguas. — Barrio  and  village.  Situated  east 
of  El  Caney;  20  miles  distant  in  direct  line  and  about  25 
miles  by  most  direct  trail ;  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Baconao 
River  and  at  the  southeast  end  of  La  Juba  Mountain.  Popu- 
lation, about  100;  about  15  one-story  frame  houses,  including 
4  stores.  Water  supply  from  Baconao  River ;  quality  good ; 
quantity  abundant.  A  spring  gushes  from  the  side  of  the 
mountain  about  6  feet  above  the  general  level  of  the  trail, 
one-quarter  of  a  mile  distant  up  the  east  bank  of  the  Baconao 
River,  and  would  make  a  good  water  supply  for  a  town  of 
8,000  population ;  quality  excellent.  Could  quarter  one  squad 
of  troops.  May  be  reached  from  Santiago  by  several  trails ; 
the  best  way  is  to  follow  the  macadamized  road  to  Cristo, 
cart  road  from  Cristo  via  Socorro,  La  Maya,  Cuarto  Ca- 
minos,  Yerba  de  Guinea  and  trail  from  Yerba  de  Guinea 
through  La  Juba  and  Palmarita.  Another  trail  leads  via 
Caney,  Escandel,  Villalon,  Mata  Yagua,  Carmen,  Provi- 
dencia,  and  Yaguas.  Another  trail  via  Daiquiri,  Berraco. 
Chalia,  Alta  Gracia,  and  La  Cristina.  It  may  be  reached 
from  Guantanamo  by  trail  via  Limones,  Iguanabana,  Fili- 
pinas,  and  Casimba.  Surrounding  country  extremely  moun- 
tainous; cut  up  by  mountain  streams.  Principal  industry 
is  cultivation  of  coffee  and  cacao.  Not  very  many  head  of 
stock.  Locality  healthful.  Camp  site  in  immediate  vicin- 
ity of  village  for  one  battalion.  Post-office  for  this  village 
is  called  Palmarita,  and  is  distant  1  mile  to  the  northeast. 

This  place  is  important  on  account  of  the  great  number  of 
important  trails  that  intersect. 

Sevilla. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  6  miles  east  of 
Santiago  and  4r|  miles  southeast  of  El  Caney  on  the  Santiago- 


640 


PROVINCE    OF    ORIENTE. 


Daiquiri  cart  road;  about  6  huts.     A  number  of  dairies  in 
the  vicinity. 

Zacatecas. — Barrio.     Contains  no  settlement. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  COBRE  (CAPITAL,  COBRE). 


Town,  village,  or  sitlo. 


Cobre 

Aserradero . . . 
Botija 

Dos  Palmas. . 
Hongolosongo 


Barrio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Central Urban  and 

rural. 

Aserradero !  Rural 

Botija .do 

Brazo  del  Cauto do 

Caimanes do 

Dos  Palmas , . .  .do 

Ermitaiio do 

Hongolosongo ' . .  .do 

Manacas i ...  do 

Nima-Nima ' . .  .do 

Rio  Frio L..do 

Santa  Rita .do 


Miles. 


18 

2.5 
15.2 

6 
12.5 

3 

5 
16 

6 

6 
10.5 


Popula- 
tion. 


2,140 

9(>4 

533 

758 

1,243 

919 

367 

1,878 

2,738 

645 

1,270 

1,260 


Cohre. — Town.  Situated  in  Central  barrio  10  miles  west 
of  Santiago  on  the  Cobre  River.  Town  is  on  both  sides  of 
the  Cobre  River,  which  is  a  small  stream  flowing  in  a  gener- 
ally easterly  direction  through  a  narrow  valley  between  two 
ranges  of  the  Sierra  Maestra  Mountains  and  emptying  into 
Santiago  Bay  at  Punta  de  Sal.  Mountains  rise  on  both  sides 
of  the  valley  at  Cobre  to  a  height  of  1,000  feet. 

Heavy  rains  have  frequently  swollen  the  river  so  as  to  in- 
undate the  greater  portion  of  the  town.  The  town  is  lighted 
by  petroleum  and  has  one  small  plaza.  Chief  products  of 
the  vicinity  are  coffee,  cacao,  and  cattle.  The  Cobre  mines 
(copper)  furnish  employment  for  about  250  men.  They 
have  their  own.  power  plants,  electric  lights,  foundry,  and, 
in  fact,  a  complete  outfit  for  carrying  on  extensive  mining 
operations. 

Population,  1,781. 

Water  supply  for  the  town  comes  from  the  wells,  cisterns, 
and  Cobre  River.  River  water  liable  to  pollution  from  resi- 
dences in  watershed  above  town.     No  sewer  system. 

The  Cobre  mines  have  a  private  water  supply  from  a 
ravine  on  mountain  side  about  one-half  mile  southwest  of 
church;  4  to  5  gallons  per  minute;  used  only  by  employees 
of  the  company  for  drinking  and  household  purposes;  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  mines  by  iron  pipes  varying  in  size. 


PROVINCE   OF    ORIENTE.  .  641 

Quality  of  water  excellent.  Water  for  boilers  and  engines 
pumped  from  the  Cobre  River  near  plant. 

No  buildings  in  town  intended  expressly  for  military  use. 

On  north  side  of  plaza  near  bank  of  Cobre  River  is  the 
city  hall,  a  one-story  brick  building,  about  80  by  80  feet, 
interior  court;  capacity  about  125  men;  water  from  cistern; 
no  sewer ;  government  phone  to  Santiago ;  condition  of  build- 
ing excellent.  Location  undesirable,  particularly  during 
rainy  season.  This  building  and  all  others  at  the  foot  of  the 
hill  have  been  under  water  for  a  depth  of  almost  10  to  12 
feet.  About  two  years  ago  a  great  landslide  from  one  of 
the  mountains  a  few  hundred  yards  below  Cobre  almost 
blocked  the  Cobre  River;  the  gorge  is  still  very  narrow  and 
in  excessive  rains  would  cause  an  overflow  in  the  town.  As 
further  slides  from  the  mountain  might  be  expected  in  any 
rainy  season,  still  further  narrowing  the  outlet  for  the  river, 
it  would  be  unwise  to  use  for  military  purposes  any  of  the 
low  ground  in  Cobre. 

The  convent  is  property  of  Catholic  Church  and  used  as 
residence  for  priests.  It  is  on  top  of  Cobre  Hill,  near  ruins 
of  the  old  church ;  frame  buildings,  one-story,  35  by  70  feet ; 
no  interior  courts;  capacity  about  65  men;  condition,  good; 
water  from  neighboring  cistern;  water  pipes  from  Cobre 
mines  system  within  a  few  feet  of  the  buildings;  location 
healthful. 

No  stables  of  any  size  and  no  corrals,  though  open  fields  on 
north  side  of  river  could  be  used. 

The  Cobre  Mines  Company  has  a  hospital ;  one-story  build- 
ing; about  30  by  15  feet;  on  hill  south  of  church;  capacity 
about  10  beds;  location  healthful;  water  from  Cobre  mines 
system. 

No  buildings  suitable  for  storehouses  for  a  command  larger 
than  a  battalion.  A  number  of  private  buildings  could  be 
rented  for  use  as  quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses; 
of  sufficient  capacity  to  cover  all  commissaries  and'  quarter- 
master supplies  except  forage  and  transportation. 

Railroad  station  is  on  the  Cobre  River  just  east  of  the 
mines  and  about  300  yards  from  the  plaza;  not  easily  acces- 
sible by  teams. 

492—09 41 


642  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

Post-office  is  near  the  Plaza.  Telephone  office  (government) 
in  city  hall;  connects  with  government  lines  of  Santiago. 
Private  telephone  in  main  office  of  headquarters  of  Cobre 
mines,  which  is  on  hill  just  east  of  church;  connects  various 
offices  of  the  Cobre  mines  and  also  with  the  offices  at  Punta 
de  Sal  and  Santiago. 

There  is  no  telegraph  connection  and  no  ice  factory. 

Private  property  northwest  of  town  is  available  for  camp 
site;  consists  of  an  extensive  grass  plot  on  rolling  ground; 
apparently  healthful;  good  drainage;  water  from  Cobre 
River;  grass  in  abundance  and  wood  near  at  hand;  capacity 
about  one  regiment.  Temporary  camp  sites  for  small  bodies 
of  troops  are  numerous. 

There  are  no  defenses. 

Cobre  is  connected  with  Punta  de  Sal,  8|  miles  distant  on 
west  shore  of  Santiago  Bay,  "by  the  Cobre  Mines  Railroad. 
This  road  is  narrow  guage,  4  feet  wide;  weight  of  rails,  35 
pounds  per  yard ;  is  intended  solely  for  transportation  of  ore 
from  the  Cobre  mines  to  the  company's  pier  at  Punta  de  Sal. 

The  only  road  worthy  of  name  is  the  one  leading  to  Santi- 
ago, and  it  is  barely  passable  by  wagons  in  good  weather. 
Appropriations  have  been  made  for  improving  the  road,  and 
it  is  expected  to  be  macadamized  throughout  in  the  course 
of  a  year  (1907).  There  are  trails  from  Cobre  leading  to 
the  south,  west,  and  nortli,  and  connecting  it  with  neighbor- 
ing towns. 

In  the  town  is  kept  the  "  Virgin  of  Cobre,"  and  its  pres- 
ence adds  considerably  to  the  importance  of  the  place,  as  the 
Virgin  is  the  one  most  venerated  in  Cuba. 

Aserradero. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  of  Aser- 
radero  is  the  only  one  in  the  barrio.  It  consists  of  about 
half  a  dozen  wooden  huts,  situated  18  miles  from  Cobre  on 
Santiago-Manzanillo  coast  trail.  The  principal  business  in 
this  neighborhood  is  the  taking  out  of  hard  wood.  Char- 
coal is  also  made  and  shipped  to  Santiago.  There  is  a  cattle 
ranch  near  the  village. 

Botija. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Sitio  is  situated  about  2|  miles 
north  of  Cobre  and  consists  of  one  house. 

Brazo  del  Cauto. — Barrio.  Contains  no  villages  or  towns, 
although  isolated  huts  are  sometimes  found  and  small  fincas 
are  frequently  encountered. 


PALMA  SORIANO 
TOWNSHIP 


4r 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 


643 


Caimanes. — Barrio.     A  rural  district  east  of  Cobre. 

Dos  Palmas. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  small 
and  the  only  one  in  the  barrio.  It  has  a  few  stores,  and  is 
situated  12^  miles  from  Cobre  on  Camino  Real  to  Manacas 
and  on  the  Cauto  River.  The  industries  of  the  vicinity  are 
the  raising  of  stock,  coffee,  and  cacao. 

Eiinitano. — Barrio.  Contains  no  villages  or  towns, 
although  isolated  huts  are  sometimes  found  and  small  fincas 
are  frequently  encountered. 

Hongolosongo. — Barrio  and  village.  Contains  but  one  vil- 
lage, Hongolosongo,  which  is  situated  5  miles  southwest  of 
Cobre,  on  a  cart  road  connecting  with  Cobre.  A  good-sized 
place,  having  a  number  of  stores.  In  the  barrio  are  a  number 
of  stock  farms  and  fincas  raising  coffee  and  cacao. 

Manacas. — Barrio.  Situated  about  20  miles  northwest  of 
Cobre  and  contains  no  villages  or  towns,  although  isolated 
huts  are  sometimes  found  and  small  fincas  are  frequently 
encountered. 

Nima-Nima. — Barrio.  Contains  no  villages  or  towns,  al- 
though isolated  huts  are  sometimes  found  and  small  fincas 
frequently  encountered. 

Rio  Frio. — Barrio.  Contains  no  villages  or  towns,  al- 
though isolated  huts  are  sometimes  found  and  small  fincas 
are  frequently  encountered. 

Santa  Rita. — Barrio.  Situated  about  12|  miles  northwest 
of  Cobre  and  contains  no  villages  or  towns,  although  isolated 
huts  are  sometimes  found  and  small  fincas  are  frequenth' 
encountered. 


TOWNSHIP  OF  PALMA  SORIANO  (CAPITAL,  PALMA  SORIANO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 


Rural  or 
urban. 


Distance 

from 
capital. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Palma  Soriano Norte  del  Poblado 

Surdel  Poblado.. 

AltoCedro 

Caney 

Cuchillas,  Las 

Dorados,  Los 

Guaninao 

Juan  Bar<5n 

Lajas 


AltoCedro 

Caney 

Las  Cuchillas 

Melillas 

Guaninao 

Juan  Bar6n 

La  Coneepci6n 

El  Parafso. 

Palmarito 

Remanganaguas 

San  Leandro 

Yarayabo. 
Santa  Filomena Santa  Filomena 


Urban. 
..do... 
Rural.. 
..do... 
..do... 
...do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do.. 


Palmarito ■ do. 

Remanganaguas i...do. 

San  Leandro .do. 

.do. 


Miles. 


35 
5 

3.1 
3.3 

14 
7.5 
1.25 

25 
13 


9.5 


1,247 
1,086 
1.621 
2,593 
2,222 
1,972 
1,060 
1,532 
2,702 

1,097 
1,175 
1,072 

856 


644  PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 

Palma  Soriano. — Town.  The  town  is  situated  30  miles 
northwest  of  Santiago  and  10  miles  west  of  San  Luis.  Pop- 
ulation, 2,333.  Houses  mostly  one-story  frame;  a  few  have 
tile  roofs  and  the  remainder  corrugated  iron  or  thatched 
roofs.  There  are  two  or  three  stone  buildings  which  were 
formerly  used  for  Spanish  troops;  now  used  as  an  electric 
light  plant  and  cotfee  warehouse.  They  form  a  letter  "  L," 
the  long  arm  being  123  by  40  feet ;  walls  about  2^  feet  thick. 
For  these  buildings  water  is  pumped  from  the  Cauto  River, 
one-half  mile  distant.  For  the  remainder  of  the  town  water 
is  carried  from  the  same  place  by  pack  animals;  quality  ex- 
cellent ;  quantity  limited.  Sanitation  of  town  bad.  Locality 
healthful.  Could  quarter  about  two  companies.  Has  post- 
office  and  private  telegraph  line.  The  latter  runs  to  San  Luis 
and  to  Baire.  Good  camp  site  on  west  side  of  town  large 
enough  for  a  brigade.  Most  easily  reached  from  Santiago 
via  San  Luis.  Earth  road  from  San  Luis  passable  by  wag- 
ons in  dry  season. 

Alto  Gedro. — Barrio  and  village.  Village  is  35  miles  north 
of  the  capital  on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  at  its  junction 
with  its  branch  to  Antilla.  It  is  a  railroad  village  and  con- 
sists of  15  houses,  railroad  station,  restaurant,  water  tank  and 
tool  house.  Connected  by  wagon  road  with  all  points  of  im- 
portance in  the  province. 

Caney. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  village  the  barrio 
contains  a  number  of  fincas,  some  of  which  bear  names.  The 
village  Caney  is  situated  about  5  miles  from  Palma  Soriano 
on  wagon  road  leading  southwest.  Has  about  20  houses. 
Water  from  Caney  River. 

Las  CuchiUas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  3.1  miles 
from  Palma  Soriano  on  road  northwest  to  Jiguani  and  Baire ; 
a  general  store  and  two  or  three  houses. 

Los  Dorados. — Barrio.  North  of  Palma  Soriano  and  trav- 
ersed by  the  Cauto  River.  Contains  one  small  settlement, 
Melillas,  situated  4|  miles  from  Palma  Soriano. 

Guaninao. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Besides  the  sitio  bearing  its 
name,  the  barrio  contains  fincas  known  as  Caridad  de  Guani- 
nao and  Ramon  de  Guaninao,  and  a  number  of  other  fincas, 
which  also  bear  names.  The  sitio  is  situated  about  14  miles 
west  of  Palma  Soriano  on  southern  road  to  Baire.  Consists 
of  about  4  houses;  water  from  the  Lajas  River. 


PROVINCE   OF   ORTENTE.  645 

Juan  Baron. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  7^  miles 
northwest  of  Palma  Soriano  on  the  wagon  road  to  Jiguani; 
one  store  and  several  houses. 

Lajas. — Barrio.  A  rural  district  adjoining  the  town  of 
Palma  Soriano.  It  contains  village  of  La  Concepcion,  sitio 
El  Paraiso  and  ingenio  Hatillo. 

La  Concepcion. — Village.  Situated  1\  miles  from  Palma 
Soriano,  on  the  road  leading  southeast  to  San  Luis.  Consists 
of  10  houses  and  a  store. 

El  Paraiso. — Sitio.  About  4  miles  southeast  of  Palma 
Soriano,  on  wagon  road  to  San  Luis ;  a  general  store  and  two 
houses. 

Palmarito. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  barrio  contains  the 
sitio  of  the  same  name  and  a  number  of  fincas  situated  on 
the  Contramaestre  River,  northwest  of  Palma  Soriano.  The 
sitio  consists  of  a  store,  situated  about  25  miles  by  road  north- 
west of  Palma  Soriano,  on  a  trail  that  leads  off  of  the  old 
Camino  Real  de  la  Isla. 

Remanganaguas. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  contains  a 
number  of  fincas  which  bear  names,  besides  the  sitio.  The 
sitio  is  about  13  miles  northeast  of  Palma  Soriano,  on  the 
wagon  road  known  as  the  old  Camino  Real  de  la  Isla.  It 
consists  of  a  general  store  and  two  houses. 

San  Leandro. — Barrio  and  sitio.  Barrio  also  contains 
Yarayabo.  The  sitio  is  6  miles  southeast  of  Palma  Soriano, 
on  the  wagon  road  to  San  Luis  and  near  crossing  of  Yar- 
ayabo River;  two  houses;  water  from  river;  camp  site  near 
for  a  battalion. 

Yarayabo. — Sitio.  Situated  4^  miles  southeast  of  Palma 
Soriano,  on  the  wagon  road  to  San  Luis,  and  about  one-half 
mile  from  Yarayabo  River.  Consists  of  a  store  and  a  few 
houses  near  the  ruins  of  an  old  sugar  mill. 

Santa  Filoraena. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is 
about  9^  miles  southeast  of  Palma  Soriano,  on  trail  leading 
south  to  Santiago,  which  is  known  as  the  old  Santiago- 
Bayamo  road.  It  is  near  the  headwaters  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
Good  water,  forage,  and  good  camping  place  for  a  regiment. 
Several  native  pack  trains  are  kept  in  the  vicinity.  Consists 
of  about  30  houses  and  one  large  general  store. 


646  PROVINCE   OF   ORTENTE. 

TOWNSHIP  OP  SAN   LUIS    (CAl'ITAL,   SAN   LUIS). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

San  Luis           

Rural  and 
urban. 

Rural 

...do 

Miles. 

6,98C 

La  Uni6n. 
Dagame. 
Fruta  de  Pan. 
Junate. 
La  Caridad. 
La  Guadalupe. 
San  Felipe. 
San  Agustin. 
Vega  Botuda. 

4 

3 
'7.5 

4,229 

Arroyo  de  Agua. 
Banacoa. 
La  Cubana. 
La  Trinidad. 
Majayabo. 
Puerto  Boniato. 
San  Miguel. 
San  Pedro. 

854 

Corralillo. 
El  Bongo. 
El  Tablon. 
Guineo  Morado. 
La  Dolorita. 
La  Yaya. 
Monte  Dos  I>eguas 

Monte  Dos  Leguas 

...do 

2,143 

Santa  Ana. 
Palmarito. 
San  Nicolas. 
Fosforesa. 
La  Adelaida. 
La  Cruz. 
Loma  Pica. 
Mogote. 
San  Sim6n. 
Santa  Isabel. 

San  Lvis. — Barrio  and  town.  The  barrio  includes  the 
village  of  La  Union  and  other  small  places  known  as  fol- 
lows: Dagame,  Fruta  de  Pan,  Junate,  La  Caridad,  La  Gua- 
dalupe, San  Felipe,  San  Agustin,  and  Vega  Botuda. 

The  town  is  13  miles  west  of  north  of  Santiago  and  one- 
half  mile  w^est  of  the  main  line  of  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  spur.  It  is  situated  on 
the  south  side  of  a  gently  sloping  hill.  Some  of  the  streets 
are  macadamized,  but  not  in  good  repair.  About  one-half 
of  the  business  houses  are  tile  roofed;  the  remainder  have 
tin  and  corrugated-iron  roofs.  -  Nearly  all  buildings  are  one- 
story  frame.  Thatched  huts  line  the  outskirts.  Population, 
3,441. 

Water  is  obtained  from  the  Arroyo  San  Luis,  west  and 
south  of  town;  distributed  by  means  of  pack  animals  and 


SAN  LUIS  TOWNSHIP 

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PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  647 

carts.  Water  is  of  good  quality,  but  should  be  boiled  before 
drinking.  Quantity  sufficient  for  needs  of  a  town  several 
times  as  large. 

No  sewer  system.  No  regular  method  of  disposing  of  gar- 
bage.    Receptacles  provided.     Town  lighted  by  oil  lamps. 

The  old  barracks  are  in  a  square,  one-story  brick  building, 
120  feet  on  a  side,  with  interior  courts;  tile  roofs.  Three 
sides  are  now  used  by  rural  guard  as  barracks  and  one  side 
as  stables.  Court  used  as  corral  and  north  side  as  stables 
during  the  first  intervention.  No  running  water ;  no  cistern ; 
no  modern  closets;  building  in  fair  condition;  sanitary  con- 
dition fair. 

Schoolhouse  is  in  southeast  part  of  town ;  one-story  frame, 
120  by  40  feet,  tin  roof,  wood  floor;  building  in  good  condi- 
tion except  floor;  used  as  post-office  and  telegraph  office;  no 
water. 

Stables  for  about  20  horses  at  rural  guard  quarters. 

No  transportation  corrals,  but  open  ground  and  fields  are 
available,  and  ground  along  the  San  Luis  Creek  south  of 
town  affords  grass,  fuel,  and  water  in  abundance. 

No  hospitals.     No  buildings  particularly  suited  for  such. 

No  quartermaster  or  commissary  storehouses.  No  build- 
ings particularly  suited  for  such,  except  the  rural  guard  bar- 
racks and  private  buildings,  which  might  be  seized  or  rented ; 
sufficient  for  all  possible  needs. 

Eailroad  station  of  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  situ- 
ated in  the  southeast  part  of  town,  where  the  macadamized 
road  from  Santiago  and  a  spur  from  the  main  line  of  the 
Cuba  Company  Railroad  enter. 

Post-office  and  telegraph  office,  both  in  same  building,  are 
situated  in  east  side  of  town,  in  building  now  used  as  school- 
house;  formerly  used  as  Spanish  barracks.  There  is  also 
a  private  telephone  line  from  this  office  to  central  La  Union. 

Good  camp  sites  may  be  found  in  almost  any  part  of  the 
surrounding  country.  The  most  suitable  place  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  San  Luis  would  be  along  the  banks  of  the 
San  Luis  Creek,  on  either  or  both  sides. 

There  are  no  defenses. 

The  Cuba  Company  Railroad  passes  about  one-half  mile 
to  the  east.     A  spur  leaves  the  main  line  at  San  Luis  June- 


648  ,  PROVINCE   OF   ORTENTE. 

tion  (Entronque  San  Luis)  gind  runs  to  the  town.  There 
is  a  depot,  which  is  a  one-story  frame  building,  about  80  by  25 
feet;  baggage  room  capable  of  quartering  20  or  30  men  or 
being  used  temporarily  as  a  quartermaster  or  commissary 
storehouse.  There  are  two  side  tracks,  a  turntable,  and  places 
for  loading  and  unloading  animals.  This  town  will  soon 
be  the  western  terminus,  or  one  of  the  stations  on  the  main 
line,  of  the  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad,  now  building  from  Guan- 
tanamo  Bay  westward.  The  grading  of  this  railroad  is 
now  complete  to  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  at  a  point 
about  1:^  miles  from  San  Luis  and  near  central  Union  (1907). 

The  principal  roads  leading  out  of  San  Luis  are:  The 
macadamized  road  to  Santiago,  which  leaves  south  end  of 
town  near  the  depot  and  follows  the  Cuba  Company  Rail- 
road to  Dos  Caminos.  Road  to  Santa  Ana  leaves  town  from 
the  northeast  corner  and  follows,  in  general,  the  Cuba  Com- 
pany Railroad.  This  is  an  unimproved  earth  road,  but  it 
is  passable  the  greater  portion  of  the  year  by  all  kinds  of 
wheel  transportation.  Road  to  Palma  Soriano  leaves  town 
on  west  side,  starting  from  rural  guard  barracks;  passable 
good  part  of  the  year  by  wagons. 

The  town  could  most  easily  be  approached  from  the  south- 
east; that  is,  along  the  Santiago-San  Luis  wagon  road  and 
the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  and  it  would  be  as  difficult 
to  defend  on  this  side  as  on  any  other.  If,  however,  the 
mountain  passes  between  Santiago  and  San  Luis  were  in 
the  hands  of  the  forces  holding  San  Luis,  while  the  country 
to  the  north  was  not  in  their  hands,  an  attack  could  be  made 
with  equal  certainty  of  success  from  the  north  along  the 
Cuba  Company  Railroad  line,  keeping  to  the  west  of  the 
railroad  before  coming  in  range  of  the  town  and  thus  ap- 
proaching the  town  from  ground  which  commands  it. 

La  Union. — Village.  Situated  on  the  sugar  plantation  of 
the  same  name,  about  1  mile  northeast  of  San  Luis.  The  vil- 
lage consists  of  about  25  wooden  houses  built  up  around  the 
sugar  mill.  Cart  roads  to  San  Jjuis,  Dos  Caminos,  and  Alto 
Songo.  The  Cuba  Company  and  the  Cuba  Eastern  Railroads 
touch  at  La  Union  plantation. 

Dagame,  Fruta  de  Pan,  Junate,  La  Caridad,  La  Guada- 
lupe, San  Felipe,  San  Agustin,  and  Vega  Botuda  are  simply 
localities  consisting  of  solitary  huts. 


PROVINCE  OP  ORIENTE.  649 

Dos  Caminos. — Barrio  and  village.  The  barrio  contains 
the  following  localities:  Arroyo  de  Agua,  Banacoa,  La  Cu- 
bana,  La  Trinidad,  Majayabo,  Puerto  Boniato,  San  Miguel, 
and  San  Pedro. 

The  village  is  on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad,  about  13 
miles  north  of  Santiago.  Population  about  GOO.  It  has 
about  100  one-story  frame  houses;  about  one-half  of  them 
have  tile  roofs,  one-quarter  corrugated-iron  roofs,  and  the 
remainder  thatched  roofs.  There  is  a  plaza  in  center  of  vil- 
lage. There  is  a  Catholic  and  a  Protestant  church,  school- 
house,  and  railroad  station.  Water  supply  from  Guaninicun 
River,  about  one-half  mile  northeast  of  the  town;  quality 
good;  quantity  abundant.  Could  quarter  two  companies. 
Has  post-office  and  railroad  telegraph.  Most  easily  reached 
from  Santiago  by  Cuba  Company  Railroad  or  by  Santiago- 
San  Luis  pike,  which  passes  through  the  village.  Surround- 
ing country  is  rolling,  the  products  being  cane  and  cattle. 
Locality  healthful.    Numerous  good  camp  sites  in  vicinity. 

Puerto  Boniato. — Sitio.    Consists  of  a  store  and  two  huts. 

La  Luz. — Barrio  and  sitio.  The  sitio  is  about  3  miles  south- 
east of  San  Luis,  on  trail  leading  to  the  Santiago  calzada,  and 
consists  of  2  houses.  The  following  are  names  of  localities 
within  the  barrio:  Corralillo,  El  Bongo,  El  Tablon,  Guineo 
Morado,  La  Dolorita,  and  La  Yaya. 

Monte  Dos  Leguas. — Barrio  and  village.  Besides  the  vil- 
lage of  Monte  Dos  Leguas,  the  barrio  contains  the  villages  of 
Santa  Ana,  Palmarito,  San  Nicolas,  and  ingenio  Santa  Ana. 
The  following  places  in  the  barrio  are  merely  names  of  local- 
ities: Fosforesa,  La  Adelaida,  La  Cruz,  Loma  Pica,  Mogote, 
San  Simon,  and  Santa  Isabel. 

The  village  of  Monte  Dos  Leguas  consists  of  20  houses,  sit- 
uated 7^  miles  northwest  of  San  Luis.  It  has  a  public  school 
and  two  stores. 

Santa  Ana  (or  San^ana) . — Village.  Situated  on  the  sugar 
plantation  of  the  same  name  5f  miles  northwest  of  San  Luis, 
on  the  San  Luis-Mayari  cart  road  and  the  Cuba  Company 
Railroad.  The  village  consists  of  about  40  wooden  buildings 
built  around  the  sugar  mill.  It  has  a  store  and  a  public 
school. 

Palmarito. — Village.  Situated  32^  miles  north  of  Santi- 
ago on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  and  12  miles  north  of 


650 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 


San  Luis,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Cauto  River.  Population, 
about  100.  Contains  about  15  one-story  frame  houses  and  a 
few  shacks.  Water  supply  from  the  Cauto  River;  quality 
fair;  quantity  abundant.  Could  accommodate  one  squad. 
Post-office.  Most  easily  reached  by  Cuba  Company  Railroad 
from  Santiago,  and  by  pike  from  Santiago  to  San  Luis  and 
cart  road  from  San  Luis  to  Palmarito  via  Santa  Ana  on  west 
side  of  Cauto  River.  There  is  a  trail  up  east  side  of  Cauto 
River  from  Santa  Ana,  but  it  is  not  as  good  as  the  one  on  the 
west  side.  Surrounding  country  wooded.  To  the  south 
considerable  cultivation.  Good  camp  site  on  west  side  of 
Cauto  River. 

San  Nicolas. — Village.  Situated  27^  miles  north  of  San- 
tiago on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  and  8  miles  northwest 
of  San  Luis.  Population,  about  40.  Contains  about  7  good 
one-story  frame  houses,  built  for  railroad  employees.  Water 
supply  from  railroad  water  tank,  water  being  pumped  from 
Cauto  River;  quality  good;  quantity  unlimited.  Railroad 
telegraph  station.  Could  quarter  one  squad.  Surrounding 
country  rolling  and  cultivated  principally  in  cane.  Location 
healthful.  It  is  connected  with  Monte  Dos  Leguas  by  a  cart 
road. 

TOWNSHIP  OF  SANTIAGO    (CAPITAL,   SANTIAGO). 


Town,  village,  or  sitio. 

Barrio. 

Rural  or 
urban. 

Distance 

from 
capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

BeMn 

Urban 

Miles. 

7  643 

Catedral 

do  .  . 

5,621 
5,650 
10  031 

Cristo 

do.... 

Dolores 

.do 

Santo  Tomas 

do 

7,748 

Trinidad 

...do 

8,589 

Dos  Caminos 

Caimanes 

Rural 

do.... 

3 

5 
5 

2 

615 

Cayo  Smith 

Cayo  Smith 

290 

Dajao 

Dajao 

do.... 

3,464 
3,775 

Cuabitas. 
Boniato. 
Morro  Barracks 

Lagunas 

do 

Santiago  de  Cuba. — Town.  The  city  is  situated  in  lati- 
tude, north,  20°  00'  16",  longitude,  west,  75°  50'  30",  on 
northeast  extremity  of  Santiago  Bay  (Bahia  de  Santiago) ; 
4i^  miles  from  entrance  to  bay ;  120  miles  west  of  Cape  Maisi; 
540  miles  from  Havana  by  railroad  and  810  miles  by  water. 
It  is  the  capital  of  Oriente  Province  and  of  the  municipality 


SANTIAGO  DE  CUBA 
TOWNSHIP 


PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  651 

(termino  municipal)  of  Santiago;  both  executive  offices  are 
in  the  same  building  on  north  side  of  Plaza  de  Armas,  op- 
posite cathedral.  This  termino  municipal  is  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  province,  but  covers  less  territory  than  any  of 
the  others.  It  is  approximately  8  miles  long  and  3  miles 
wide,  and  has  a  very  irregular  and  ill-defined  boundary. 
Divided  into  six  wards  or  barrios. 

The  town  is  situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill  sloping  down- 
ward to  the  west  of  the  bay.  From  the  heart  of  the  city  the 
hill  slopes  also  to  the  north  and  south.     All  house  numbers 

are  designated  as  upper  (alto)  or  lower  (baja)  street. 

(Example:  Marina,  Baja,  No.  25 — No.  25  Lower  Marina 
street.)  There  are  43  streets  running  north  and  south  and 
35  running  east  and  west.  They  are  all  narrow ;  two  wagons 
side  by  side  would  completely  block  the  street. 

A  street  or  road,  formerly  intended  for  military  purposes, 
starts  from  the  bay  front  on  the  north  and  passes  around  the 
city  to  the  east  and  back  again  to  the  bay  front  on  south 
side  of  city.  It  is  still  called  the  "  Trocha  "  or  "  Camino 
Militar."  Practically  the  entire  city  lies  within  the  cir- 
cumference described  by  this  road  and  the  bay  front,  though 
poorer  people  are  beginning  to  build  houses  outside  of  it. 

There  is  a  museum  and  a  library  with  about  2,000  bound 
volumes.  The  town  also  has  14  newspapers  and  periodicals ; 
a  market  square,  the  property  of  the  city;  a  slaughter  pen 
where  about  9,000  beeves,  2,000  swine,  800  sheep  and  goats 
are  killed  annually;  5  parks;  2  theaters;  15  churches  (12 
Catholic,  2  Methodist,  and  1  Baptist);  an  observatory;  23 
public  schoolhouses  with  80  rooms ;  Institute  of  Santiago  de 
Cuba;  a  surveyors'  school;  3  eleemosynary  institutions,  one 
for  poor  girls  and  foundlings,  one  for  the  old  people,  and  one 
for  girls  (reformatory  in  character)  ;  6,072  estates  valued  at 
$7,942,000;  124  rural  estates  valued  at  $349,000;  a  fire 
brigade  equipped  with  steam  fire  engine,  hook  and  ladder 
wagon,  hose  cart,  4  horses,  and  260  men. 

Headquarters  of  the  rural  guard  of  the  province  is  here 
with  a  detachment  varying  from  100  to  200  men.  The  city 
police  force  consists  of  a  chief,  a  captain,  6  sergeants,  and  10 
mounted  and  90  foot  police.  ' 

The  United  States  officials  in  the  town  are  consul,  vice- 
consul,  and  marine-hospital  surgeon. 


652  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

Next  to  Havana,  Santiago  is  the  most  important  seaport  in 
the  island  and  ranks  second  in  trade  with  the  United  States. 
Iron  and  copper  ore,  vegetables,  hard  wood,  aijd  lumber 
are  the  principal  exports. 

The  harbor  is  visited  seven  times  per  month  by  boats  of  the 
Herrera  Line,  engaged  in  coast  trade,  and  once  per  month  by 
boat  to  Porto  Rico  and  Santo  Domingo.  The  Gallego,  Messa 
&  Co.  boat  makes  four  round  trips  per  week  between  Santiago 
and  Caimanera  (in  Guantanamo  Bay).  The  Menendez &  Co. 
boats  make  trips  to  Havana  and  Batabano  bi-weekly.  The 
New  York  and  Cuba  Mail  Steamship  Company  and  Munson 
Line  have  freight  boats  to  New  York  weekly,  and  passenger 
boats  monthly.  Besides  these  there  are  regular  lines  to 
Spain,  England,  and  Jamaica  and  numerous  tramp  steamers 
touch  at  the  port. 

Coal  can  be  had  for  $8  to  $10  per  ton.  Large  quantities 
at  Cinco  Reales  on  east  side  of  bay.  Charcoal  is  principally 
used  for  cooking.  Wood  is  sold  by  the  stick  at  about  $1  per 
hundred;  1,100  to  1,200  sticks  required  to  make  a  cord. 
Troops  should  arrange  early  for  w^ood  supply,  as  any  quan- 
tity of  seasoned  wood  on  hand  would  soon  be  exhausted. 

Population,  45,470. 

Water  supply:  Two  sources,  new  and  old.  Old  source 
wholly  inadequate.  Water  more  or  less  unwholesome.  Com- 
puted supply  of  3  gallons  per  day  per  head.  Watershed 
contains  dwellings  and  is  open  to  grazing  stock.  Dam  is  at 
Boniato,  5  miles  north  of  the  town  on  the  Paso  de  la  Virgen 
River.  Connected  with  distributing  reservoir  with  10-inch 
main.  Ne\v  system  just  completed;  capacity,  75  gallons  per 
head  per  day  for  population  of  50,000.  Dam  is  at  Dajao, 
about  5  miles  north  of  town  and  connected  with  distributing 
reservoir  by  20-inch  main.  Sufficient  rainfall  to  fill  the  new 
reservoir  has  not  yet  occurred  (1907).  No  reason  to  doubt 
that  system  will  meet  expectations.  Both  new  and  old  sys- 
tems will  be  operated  and  both  use  the  distributing  reservoir 
in  the  lot  south  of  the  Civil  Hospital,  which  is  on  top  of  the 
hill  in  the  east  part  of  town.  Watershed  of  new  system  sim- 
ilar to  and  near  old  one.  Animals  may  be  watered  at  old 
Concha  Barracks  (now  the  stables  for  street-cleaning  depart- 
ment), situated  in  east  part  of  town.  On  street  leading  to 
El  Caney,  near  where  it  leaves  town,  there  are  a  number  of 


PROVINCE    OF   ORIENTE.  653 

public  fountains,  not  now  in  use,  which  could  be  readily 
converted  into  watering  places  for  animals.  Nearest  fresh- 
water stream  is  San  Juan  River,  about  1^  miles  east  of  the 
trocha ;  in  dry  season  it  contains  very  little  water. 

Sewerage:  Work  on  sewer  system  is  being  carried  on  at 
present  and  when  completed  town  should  have  excellent  sewer 
and  water  system  (1907). 

Lighting:  Streets  are  lighted  by  electricity.  An  electric 
plant  supplies  streets  and  most  residences  with  light  and  fur- 
nishes power  for  electric  street  railway. 

Barracks :  Within  the  limits  of  the  city  there  are  barracks, 
warehouses,  and  public  buildings  that  could  readily  be  con- 
verted into  barracks  for  3,000  men.  Besides  these  there  are 
a  great  number  of  private  buildings  suitable  for  barracks 
or  quarters  that  could  be  secured  if  necessary,  all  connected 
with  city  water  supply. 

Descriptions  of  these  available  barracks  and  buildings  are 
as  follows: 

Cuartel  Reina  Mercedes.  Situated  on  high  ground  in 
northeast  part  of  city,  inside  trocha;  now  used  by  rural 
guard;  is  a  two-story  brick  building,  200  by  470  feet,  with 
large  interior  court.  Capacity,  500  men  and  20  officers. 
LoAver  floor  for  storerooms,  guard  rooms,  and  bath.  Upper 
floor  for  quarters.  Water  from  city  works.  There  is  also 
a  supply  from  a  cistern,  with  force  pump  to  put  water  in 
tanks  on  level  with  upper  story.  Government  telephone. 
Private  sewer  system.     In  bad  repair. 

Cuartel  Dolores,  Parque  Artilleria,  and  Obras  Publicas. 
Three  buildings  adjoining  each  other  and  occupying  the 
greater  portion  of  the  block  lying  between  Enramadas,  Here- 
dia,  San  Felix,  and  Carniceria  streets.  The  first,  a  single- 
story  brick  building,  entrance  on  Carniceria  street,  is  used  as 
a  barracks  by  the  municipal  police ;  capacity,  if  converted  into 
barracks,  250  men ;  stables  for  50  horses.  The  second,  a  two- 
story  brick  building,  entrance  on  San  Felix  street,  is  used  for 
public  offices;  capacity,  250  men;  sometimes  called  the 
"  arsenal."  The  third,  part  one-story  and  part  two-story  brick 
building,  entrance  on  Enramadas  street,  at  corner  of  Carni- 
ceria street;  used  as  offices  for  department  of  public  works; 
capacity,  125  men.  All  connected  by  government  phones. 
Water  from  city  works.  Good  condition.  Location  healthful. 


654  PROVINCE   OF   ORIENTE. 

City  hall  (ayuntamiento) .  On  Marina  street  opposite  Plaza 
de  Armas,  and  now  used  for  municipal  and  provincial  offices. 
Could  be  converted  into  suitable  barracks  for  200  men,  or 
would  be  well  adapted  for  headquarters'  offices.  Water  from 
city  works.    City  and  government  phones. 

A  model  schoolhouse,  situated  on  high  ground  in  eastern 
part  of  city  between  Civil  Hospital  and  cemetery ;  capacity, 
200  men ;  water  from  city  works. 

Three  freight  warehouses  on  bay  front;  open  sides,  corru- 
gated-iron roofing;  excellent  for  temporary  quarters;  water 
from  near-by  hydrants ;  refuse  could  be  thrown  in  bay ;  would 
shelter  1,500  men;  should  not  be  occupied  except  in  emer- 
gency warranting  obstruction  of  commerce. 

A  great  number  of  private  buildings  suitable  for  barracks 
or  quarters  could  be  secured  if  necessary.  All  connected  with 
water  supply  of  city. 

Morro  barracks :  Situated  5  miles  south  of  town  overlook- 
ing sea ;  on  top  of  ridge  200  feet  high,  of  which  Morro  Castle 
occupies  the  western  extremity  at  mouth  of  bay.  Koad  from 
town  suitable  for  automobiles.  Water  supply  from  its  own 
system.  Pump  situated  on  San  Juan  River,  5  miles  from  bar- 
racks; capacity  of  pump,  150  gallons  per  minute.  Water 
drawn  from  filtration  wells.  Pipe  line  to  post;  first  two 
miles  4-inch,  remainder  3-inch.  Three-inch  distributing 
mains  throughout  post.  Three  wooden  tanks,  total  capacity 
75,000  gallons,  at  post.  This  system  is  also  connected  with 
the  pipe  line  from  the  Juragua  iron  mines  which  follows 
their  railroad.  If  the  post  system  failed,  water  could  be  ob- 
tained from  the  Juragua  mines,  19  miles  distant,  in  limited 
quantities.  Water  from  both  sources  good.  Place  would  be 
untenable  with  active  enemy  to  destroy  pipe  line.  Location 
healthful.  Capacity  of  barracks,  600  men  and  quota  of  offi- 
cers' quarters.  Frame  buildings.  Good  condition.  Tele- 
phone to  town. 

Stables :  There  is  shelter  that  would  be  immediately  avail- 
able for  over  400  animals  in  the  following-described  phi ces : 

Cuartel  de  Concha,  in  east  part  of  city  inside  trocha. 
One-story  brick  building,  350  by  470  feet,  with  large  in- 
terior courts.  Stalls  for  70  animals.  Has  a  granary,  and 
blacksmith,  carpenter,  harness,  and  paint  shops.  Storerooms 
for  various  classes  of  material.     At  present  used  by  street- 


PEOVINCE   OF   ORIENTE.  655 

cleaning  department.  Well  equipped  and  in  good  condition. 
Cement  water  troughs  conveniently  situated.  Water  from 
city  works.  Vacant  space  on  east  side  suitable  for  animals 
and  transportation  corrals;  about  50O  animals  could  be  put 
on  picket  lines. 

Cuartel  Dolores,  described  above,  50  horses. 

A  stable,  which  is  an  open  frame  structure  with  corru- 
gated-iron roof,  and  in  excellent  condition,  capacity  52  ani- 
mals, is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  cuartel  Reina  Mercedes. 

Morro  Barracks  stables,  at  Morro  Barracks.  Four  stables, 
frame,  open  structures,  corrugated-iron  roofs.  Three  in 
good  condition.  Total  capacity,  280  animals.  Water  supply 
same  as  for  troops. 

Transportation  corrals :  Open  lot,  325  by  500  feet,  on  east 
side  of  Concha  Barracks  (described  above)  ;  no  cover  for 
animals  or  wagons;  ground  well  drained;  water  conven- 
ient. Baseball  park,  about  300  by  500  feet,  is  situated  on 
trocha  at  foot  of  Santo  Tomas  street ;  no  cover  for  animals 
or  wagons  except  under  grand  stand,  which  would  cover 
about  24  animals;  water  from  hydrants  150  yards  distant. 
Morro  Barracks  has  wagon  sheds  for  20  wagons. 

Hospitals:  The  city  has  3  hospitals,  with  an  aggregate 
capacity  for  over  1,000  beds,  and  a  great  many  private  resi- 
dences that  could  be  used  for  the  sick.  The  hospitals  are  as 
follows : 

Civil  Hospital.  One-story  brick  building;  on  hill  in 
east  part  of  city ;  470  by  490  feet,  with  large  interior  courts. 
Present  capacity,  350  beds ;  could  be  increased  to  500  or  even 
1,000  in  case  of  emergency  by  placing  canvas  over  interior 
courts.  Location,  healthful.  Water  from  city  works.  Now 
used  for  indigent  sick  of  province.    Pay  cases  also  admitted. 

Siinatorio  de  Cuba.  Two-story  building  situated  north 
of  city,  outside  of  trocha,  on  road  to  Dajao;  capacity,  30 
beds.  Private  hospital;  pay  cases  only.  Does  not  appear 
to  be  healthful  location ;  swampy  ground  close  at  hand. 

Sanatorio  Espanol.  Small  building  south  of  city,  outside 
of  trocha.  Entrance  near  Calvario  street.  Capacity,  20 
beds.  Formerly  used  as  officers'  hospital.  Location  ap- 
parently healthful.     Water  from  city  works. 

Quartermaster  and  commissary  storehouses:  A  railroad 
warehouse  near  railroad  station;  formerly  used  by  Ameri- 


656  PROVINCE   OF   OEIENTE. 

can  troops  as  forage  storehouse;  frame  building,  300  by  30 
feet;  condition  good.  Reina  Mercedes  Barracks  has  store- 
rooms for  limited  supply  of  quartermaster  and  commissary 
stores.  Morro  Barracks  has  quartermaster  and  commissary 
storehouses  ample  for  needs  of  troops  that  can  be  quartered 
there.  Private  warehouses  plentiful  if  needed  in  case  of 
emergency.    Rent  would  be  exorbitant. 

Location  of  important  offices :  Railroad  station  is  at  north 
end  of  Gristina  street  on  bay  front.  Post-office  on  Heredia 
street,  corner  of  San  Juan  Nepomuceno.  Telephone  offices: 
(a)  Government,  on  San  Felix  street,  baja,  in  same  entrance 
as  arsenal;  no  number;  connects  government  offices  only. 
(h)  Private,  public  service,  "Red  Telefonica;"  San  Felix, 
baja,  No.  12.  Lines  to  Dos  Caminos,  Cubitas,  and  to  Boni- 
ato.  There  is  only  one  telegraph  office,  and  it  is  in  same 
office  as  government  telephone  and  connected  by  telephone 
with  French  and  British  cable  offices. 

Ice  factories:  (a)  Santiago  ice  factory,  situated  at  No.  15 
General  La  Hera  street,  on  bay  front,  near  south  end  of  Gris- 
tina street,  (b)  Gompaiiia  Gubana  de  Hielo,  near  electric- 
light  plant  in  south  part  of  city ;  on  bay  front ;  no  street  or 
number.  Gapacity  of  first,  45  tons  daily;  of  the  second,  25 
tons  daily.    Ice  pure  and  of  good  quality. 

Gamp  site :  The  open  lot  around  cuartel  Reina  Mercedes  is 
the  only  place  suitable  in  or  very  near  the  city.  Ground  slopes 
so  as  to  permit  good  drainage.  Location  healthful.  On  both 
east  and  west  sides  of  barracks  there  is  a  plot  300  by  500  feet. 
By  using  latrines  of  barracks  this  would  permit  two  battal- 
ions, war  strength,  to  camp  in  the  lot  around  the  barracks. 
Total,  1,200  men.  Fuel  in  limited  quantities  near  at  hand. 
Water  from  city  works.  Grass  plentiful  within  radius  of  1 
mile. 

Railroads :  The  town  is  the  terminus  of  three  railroads;  one 
public  and  two  private.    These  railroads  are : 

Guba  Gompany  Railroad,  of  which  Santiago  is  eastern  ter- 
minus. A  standard-gauge  road  which  with  connecting  lines 
reaches  to  Havana.  Gonsequently,  all  places  in  Guba  reached 
by  this  trunk  line  and  its  feeders  are  accessible  by  rail  from 
Santiago. 

The  Juragua  Iron  Gompany's  railroad.  A  narrow-gauge 
road  running  from  pier,  1  mile  south  of  city  on  bay,  to  mines 


PROVINCE   OF   OEIENTE.  657 

at  Firmeza,  19  miles  distant  to  the  east ;  used  only  for  carry- 
ing ore.  No  station  in  city.  Road  skirts  seacoast  from 
mouth  of  San  Juan  River  to  Siboney.  This  road  is  not  pro- 
vided with  accommodations  for  public  service,  except  for  a 
few  local  passengers. 

Cobre  Railroad.  A  narrow-gauge  railroad  connecting  the 
mines  of  Cobre,  8  miles  distant,  with  west  side  of  bay  at 
Punta  de  Sal,  where  there  is  a  smelter  and  pier  for  loading 
ore.  This  road  is  not  provided  with  accommodations  for  pub- 
lic service. 

Roads  leading  out  of  town :  To  Cobre ;  good  wagon  road 
only  as  far  as  Dos  Caminos,  1^  miles  from  Santiago;  road 
passable  for  ox  carts  from  Dos  Caminos  to  Cobre,  though 
wagons  lightly  loaded  may  get  through.  To  Caney,  3^  miles ; 
calzada  entire  distance.  To  Morro  Barracks,  5  miles;  good 
earth  road.  To  San  Luis,  20  miles  to  the  north;  calzada. 
From  this  calzada  a  wagon  road  branches  at  Cristo  and  goes 
to  La  Maya,  22  miles  from  Santiago. 

Best  line  of  approach  to  attack:  As  the  town  is  now  de- 
fended there  appears  to  be  no  reason  why  war  ships  might  not 
readily  enter  Santiago  Bay  and  land  troops  in  the  town  under 
protection  of  their  guns.  Should  the  fortifications  now  exist- 
ing be  more  strongly  armed  and  torpedoes  block  the  channel 
the  best  plan  would  be  to  land  at  Daiquiri  or  Siboney  and 
make  a  dash  for  the  town. 

Caimanes. — Barrio.  Situated  west  of  Santiago  and  con- 
tains the  village  of  Dos  Caminos. 

Dos  Caminos. — Village.  On  the  Santiago-Cobre  road 
about  1  mile  west  of  Santiago.  This  village  is  of  no  mili- 
tary interest,  being  practically  a  continuati(m  of  a  street  of 
Santiago.  The  street  is  macadamized  from  the  trocha  to 
the  western  limits  of  the  village. 

Cayo  Smith. — Barrio  and  village.  The  village  is  on  a 
small  island  in  Santiago  Harbor,  near  entrance;  about  5  miles 
by  water  from  Santiago.  It  has  about  200  inhabitants, 
mostly  fishermen,  and  a  station  for  pilots. 

Dajao. — Barrio  and  sitio.  A  rural  district  north  of  Santi- 
ago and  containing  the  sitio  of  Dajao  and  the  villages  of 
Cuabitas  and  Boniato.  The  sitio  of  Dajao  is  about  5  miles 
north  of  Santiago  near  the  dam  which  has  been  built  in  con- 

492—09 42 


658  PROVINCE   OF   OKIENTE. 

nection  with  the  water  supply  of  that  city.  It  consists  of  a 
few  houses. 

Cuahitas. — Village.  About  3^  miles  north  of  Santiago  on 
the  Cuba  Company  Railroad  and  Santiago-San  Luis  highway. 
Consists  of  about  40  to  50  one-story  frame  houses,  most  of 
them  of  recent  construction  and  containing  among  them  some 
pretty  summer  homes  of  Santiago  families.  Population, 
about  200.  Water  supply  same  as  for  Santiago,  the  water- 
works being  situated  near  the  village.  Shelter  for  one 
platoon.  Post-office,  railroad  station,  and  public-service  tele- 
phone connecting  with  Santiago  are  at  the  rural  guard  quar- 
ters. Village  most  easily  reached  by  railroad  or  by  macad- 
amized road  from  Santiago.  Country  to  the  south  of  village 
rolling  and  of  same  general  level  as  village ;  to  the  north  in- 
creases in  altitude.  Land  principally  in  pasture.  Location 
healthful.     Camp  site  in  vicinity  for  a  battalion. 

Boniato. — Village.  About  4|  miles  north  of  Santiago,  be- 
ing the  second  station  on  the  Cuba  Company  Railroad.  Pop- 
ulation, about  150.  About  20  one-story  frame  houses. 
Water  supply  same  as  for  city  of  Santiago.  Could  quarter 
about  one  platoon.  Post-office  and  railroad  telegraph  and 
public  telephone  to  Santiago.  Most  easily  reached  from 
Santiago  by  Cuba  Company  Railroad  or  by  the  calzada, 
which  forks  here,  one  branch  going  to  San  Luis,  the  other  to 
Cristo.  Situated  in  a  valley  between  hills  several  hundred 
feet  high  on  both  east  and  west  sides.  Land  of  surrounding 
country  devoted  to  pasture  and  the  raising  of  fruits.  Good 
camp  site  south  of  village  for  a  battalion. 

Lagunas. — Barrio.  Contains  Morro  Barracks  and  a  num- 
ber of  fincas. 


CIMAGA  DE  ZAPATA. 


659 


CIENAGA  DE  ZAPATA. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

The  swamp  lies  in  the  southern  part  of  Matanzas  and 
Santa  Clara  Provinces.  It  is  continuous,  but  by  common 
consent  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  known  as  Occidental  and 
Oriental.  The  imaginary  dividing  line  runs  northeast  from 
the  head  of  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos.  Along  the  northern  and 
eastern  edges  of  the  swamp  there  is  a  heavy  strip  of  timber 
ranging  from  one-half  of  a  mile  to  8  or  9  miles  in  width. 
The  strip  is  in  places  high  and  dry  and  in  others  low  and 
exceedingly  difficult  to  cross. 

This  part  of  Cuba  has  always  played  a  most  important 
part  in  the  various  uprisings  and  will  from  its  very  nature 
continue  to  do  so  in  any  uprisings  which  may  occur  in  the 
future.  The  Spaniards  never  succeeded  in  penetrating  the 
Cienaga  to  any  great  extent.  They  contented  themselves 
with  remaining  along  the  highlands  beyond  the  swamp  and 
occasionally  sent  in  raiding  parties  to  fire  upon  supposed 
insurgent  camps. 

In  1898  several  Spanish  columns  operated  along  the  south 
coast  and  although  they  drove  the  insurgents  back  from  the 
high  ground  of  the  Peninsula  de  Zapata  they  did  not  suc- 
ceed in  penetrating  the  swamp  proper,  and  contented  them- 
selves with  controlling  the  coast.  These  columns  operating 
on  the  peninsula  and  along  the  edge  of  the  cienaga  proper 
killed  all  the  animals  that  could  be  found,  but  this  was 
merely  a  waste  of  energy  as  in  the  cienaga  there  is  an  inex- 
haustible supply  of  fish  (principally  biajaca  and  manjuari), 
an  unlimited  number  of  wild  fowl  and  turtles  and  a  vast 
number  of  crocodiles.  They  also  burned  that  part  of  the 
peninsula  which  lies  on  high  ground  but  the  cienaga  proper 
can  not  be  burned  except  that  part  covered  by  dry  grass. 

661 


662  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

Strong  Spanish  forces  were  maintained  along  the  northern 
part  of  the  cienaga  at  various  places  and  at  one  time  several 
posts  were  established  along  the  southern  coast,  but  these 
latter  were  only  temporary. 

The  Jocuma-Orbea  Trocha  along  the  northeastern  part 
of  the  cienaga  controlled  that  region  and  Spanish  columns 
stationed  at  or  near  Zarabanda,  Torriente,  Jicarita,  and 
other  points  farther  north  controlled  the  country  which  lies 
along  the  swamp. 

The  Cubans  divided  the  swamp  into  several  zones,  each 
under  the  command  of  a  general.  One  district  extended 
from  Jicarita  west  to  the  peninsula ;  a  second,  from  Jicarita 
to  Torriente  and  to  the  peninsula ;  a  third,  from  Torriente 
to  Zarabanda  and  to  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos;  a  fourth,  from 
Zarabanda  to  Orbea  and  to  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos;  a  fifth, 
from  Bahia  de  Cochinos  to  the  east,  and  the  sixth,  known 
as  Ensenada,  embraced  the  Peninsula  de  Zapata  and  as  far 
east  on  the  mainland  as  La  Ceiba  in  Santa  Clara  Province. 

Their  method  of  warfare  was  to  establish  permanent  camps 
in  the  cayos  and  montes  in  the  open  swamp  and  temporary 
camps  in  the  broad  band  of  timber.  From  these  vantage 
points  expeditions  would  attack  and  harass  the  Spaniards 
in  the  vicinity.  When  pushed  back  by  the  Spaniards  they 
retreated  to  the  open  cienaga  and  with  one  or  two  exceptions 
were  never  pursued  seriously.  When  insurgents  in  force  met 
Spaniards  in  force  the  former  invariably  scattered  by  the 
numerous  trails  to  the  swamp,  after  inflicting  such  damage 
as  they  could.  If  the  Spaniards  pursued  they  would  double 
back  by  well  established  trails  and  deliver  a  blow  from  the 
flanks  and  rear. 

The  insurgents  operating  in  the  cienaga  lived  on  fish,  fowl, 
and  turtles  and,  when  nothing  else  could  be  obtained,  on  the 
flesh  from  the  tail  and  lower  part  of  the  body  of  the  croco- 
dile; this  latter  meat  furnished  the  bulk  of  the  food  of  the 
insurgents  and  while  rather  strong  is  quite  palatable. 

A  large  part  of  the  swamp  is  covered  with  a  floating 
growth  of  moss  which  is  very  poisonous  and  creates  ulcers 
on  the  legs.  This  plant  is  especially  poisonous  while  the 
sun  is  shining  on  it  and  therefore  crossings  of  the  cienaga 
should  be  so  planned  that  the  portions  covered  with  moss 
can  be  traveled  early  in  the  morning  or  late  in  the  evening. 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  663 

If  it  is  necessary  to  cross  during  the  day,  members  of  the 
party  should  be  cautioned  to  keep  in  the  same  path,  as  in 
this  case  the  contact  with  the  moss  is  only  felt  to  its  fullest 
extent  by  the  first  two  or  three  men. 

In  the  center  of  the  Cienaga  Occidental  there  is  a  large 
mangrove  growth  (mangle  grande)  and  in  this  camps  can 
be  made  as  follows :  The  roots  of  the  mangle  are  very  strong 
and  grow  to  about  10  feet  above  the  ground.  They  are  cut 
off  and  the  tops  of  the  trees  are  spread  over  them,  thus 
making  an  excellent  platform  which  affords  a  safe  retreat 
from  crocodiles. 

South  of  the  cienaga  proper  the  ground  is  very  rough  and 
is  covered  with  rocks  in  Avhich  there  are  many  holes  and  they 
cut  and  bruise  the  feet  of  animals.  These  rocks  are  known 
as  "  Dientes  de.Perro"  (dog's  teeth).  In  crossing  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  cienaga  various  methods  must  be  used. 
It  is  essential  to  avoid  grasping  the  various  grasses,  as  most 
of  them  cut  very  severely,  and  there  are  vines  which  poison 
the  hands.  In  places  it  is  necessary  to  stand  up,  extend  the 
hands  over  the  head,  and  fall  full  length  forward,  thus 
breaking  a  way  through  the  thick  grass.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal things  to  be  avoided  in  crossing  the  swamp  is  the  "  fish 
cave"  or  " biajaca  hole."  These  holes  are  from  3  or  4  inches 
to  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  6  or  8  inches  to  8  or 
10  feet  in  depth.  Where  the  swamp  is  covered  with  water 
they  can  not  be  detected  and  they  are  liable  to  be  fallen 
into  unexpectedly.  In  traveling  over  territory. of  this  de- 
scription the  arms  should  be  kept  partially  extended  so  that 
if  a  hole  is  dropped  into  the  arms  may  strike  the  sides  of 
the  hole  and  prevent  complete  submersion.  Wherever  it  can 
be  done  it  is  advisable  to  burn  the  dry  grass  in  the  swamp, 
as  this  materially  aids  progress. 

Four-footed  animals  can  not  get  into  the  swamp  proper 
and  pack  outfits  are  absolutely  useless  there.  In  spite  of  the 
difficulties,  it  is  believed  that  a  determined  body  of  troops 
operating  from  various  points  in  and  along  the  cienaga, 
both  to  the  north  and  south,  could  clear  it  of  all  active 
enemies. 

Careful  attention  should  invariably  be  given  to  the  selec- 
tion of  men  for  service  in  the  swamp.    Those  subject  to  fever 


664  CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA. 

should  never  be  taken  to  this  locality,  and  quinine  should  be 
regularly  taken  by  all  men  serving  therein. 

Pack  animals  would  be  of  but  little  or  no  service.  The 
men  should  be  furnished  with  heavy  shoes  and  well-fitting 
canvas  trousers.  Average  shoes  and  trousers  will  last  but  a 
short  tipie  in  the  swamp. 

VEGETATION  OF  THE  CIENAGA. 

The  vegetation  of  the  cienaga  is  varied  and  consists  of 
grass,  plants,  vines,  bushes,  and  trees.  They  are  used  for 
various  purposes,  and  many  have  medicinal  properties  and 
furnish  about  all  the  medicine  used  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
surrounding  country.  Lumber  and  charcoal  are  the  chief 
exports  from  the  Cienaga  district  and  most  of  it  goes  from 
the  Bahia  de  Cochinos.  There  are  no  sawmills,  however, 
the  lumber  being  shipped  in  the  rough. 

The  following  are  the  principal  bushes,  vines,  grasses,  and 
plants : 

Ajencon. — A  bush  growing  to  a  height  of  about  3  feet ;  has 
no  uses ;  found  all  over  Cuba,  but  especially  in  the  cienaga. 

Alacrancillo. — A  small  plant.  It  is  crushed  when  green  or 
dry  and  applied  to  ulcers  as  a  salve.  This  salve  will  kill 
worms  which  infest  sores  on  animals  in  Cuba.  Found 
throughout  Cuba  and  especially  along  the  edges  of  the 
cienaga. 

Bagd. — A  bush  growing  to  a  height  of  about  6  feet.  Has 
edible  fruit,*  about  3  inches  in  diameter,  which  is  ripe  in 
August  and  September.     Quite  plentiful  around  the  cienaga. 

Bejuco  de  parra. — A  vine  which  when  green  is  very  strong 
and  can  not  be  broken;  must  be  cut.  Pieces  are  cut  and 
sucked  to  secure  water;  fruit  is  crushed  and  produces  a  fair 
quality  of  vinegar;  vine  has  no  thorns.  Is  found  all  over 
Cuba,  including  the  cienaga,  where  it  is  much  in  evidence  and 
renders  progress  very  difficult. 

Bejuco  ubi. — A  vine  which  forms  a  most  serious  obstacle 
to  passage  through  the  woods ;  it  is  very  strong  and  must  be 
cut ;  suitable  for  making  baskets. 

■   Camagua. — A  bush  growing  to  a  height  of  12  feet ;  berries 
are  eaten  by  hogs,  but  man  can  also  eat  them,  and  they  will 


CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA.  665 

sustain  life  for  a  number  of  days;  very  plentiful  along  the 
edge  of  the  cienaga. 

Ceholleta  or  cehollin. — A  grass  which  groVvs  to  a  height  of 
about  2  feet ;  bulbs  furnish  excellent  food  for  hogs ;  very  plen- 
tiful in  the  cienaga. 

Cortadera. — A  grass  which  cuts  very  severely  and  renders 
progress  exceedingly  difficult.  Has  saw-like  edgas,  the  teeth 
being  stiff  and  short.  Each  tooth  has,  in  turn,  teeth  along 
its  edges.  Cuts  from  this  grass  fester  and  do  not  heal 
readily ;  persons  traversing  the  open  cienaga  are  apt  to  sink 
in  the  holes  common  to  the  cienaga  and  then  catch  at  this 
grass  to  save  themselves ;  found  in  the  cienaga,  where  it  is  the 
chief  growth. 

Doradilla. — A  plant  belonging  to  the  fern  family  and 
growing  on  trees  well  toward  the  top;  appears  dry  and  dead, 
but  will  freshen  up  and  become  green  when  placed  in  water ; 
liquid  obtained  by  boiling  the  plant  in  water  for  about  two 
hours  used  as  a  remedy  in  case  of  kidney  complaints;  found 
throughout  Cuba,  but  principally  in  and  around  the  cienaga. 

Horiguilla. — A  poisonous  vine  which  irritates  the  skin; 
effects  of  poison  lost  in  about  two  hours;  found  very  gen- 
erally in  the  cienaga. 

Jihd. — A  bush  which  grows  about  6  feet  in  height.  The 
liquid  made  by  boiling  the  bark  and  leaves  in  water  for  about 
two  hours  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  internal  bruises  and  strains ; 
the  dose  is  one  large  cup  the  first  thing  in  the  morning; 
found  very  generally  in  Cuba,  and  especially  along  the  edges 
of  the  cienaga. 

J  unco  de  cienaga. — A  grass  about  3  feet  in  height;  ex- 
tensively used  in  making  mats;  good  fodder  for  animals; 
found  in  the  cienaga  only. 

Liana. — A  bush  which  grows  to  a  height  of  about  15  feet; 
spreads  over  a  large  area ;  furnishes  the  best  material  for 
charcoal ;  found  in  great  quantities  in  the  cienaga. 

Lengua  de  vaca. — A.  plant  growing  to  a  height  of  about 
lOJ  feet;  fiber  is  extensively  used  for  making  rope  and  in 
weaving  cloths;  is  of  a  very  fine  quality;  found  on  high 
ground,  especially  in  rocky  localities. 

Mate. — A  species  of  leguminous  bejuco.  During  the  dry 
season  withers,  dries  up,  and  becomes  brittle ;  has  no  thorns ; 
grows  on  trees  and  is  found  along  the  edges  of  the  cienaga. 


666  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

Malva-te. — A  bush  which  grows  to  a  height  of  about  3 
feet.  The  decoction  obtained  by  boiling  roots,  bark,  and 
leaves  in  water  for  about  two  hours  and  then  adding  sugar 
is  used  in  lieu  of  drinking  water  in  all  cases  of  stomach 
trouble.  Found  on  high  ground,  including  high  places  in 
the  cienaga. 

Mangle  rojo. — A  bush  which  grows  to  a  height  of  about 
15  feet ;  the  bark  is  used  in  all  tanneries  in  Cuba ;  'used  also 
in  the  treatment  of  leprosy  at  the  Leper  Hospital  in  Havana. 

Maceo. — A  reed  which  reaches  a  height  of  about  6  feet; 
roots  used  as  food  for  hogs;  leaves  used  in  making  mats  for 
the  underside  of  saddle  pads;  blossoms  dried  and  used  for 
stuffing  pillows,  etc.  Found  in  great  abundance  in  the 
cienaga ;  similar  to  the  cat  o'  nine  tails  of  the  United  States. 

Mangle  Colorado  or  de  una. — A  small  stubble  having  no 
leaves  and  growing  to  a  height  of  1^  or  2  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  cienaga ;  principally  found  where  the  water  is 
salty. 

Platanillo  de  Cuba. — A  bush  reaching  a  height  of  about  6 
feet;  liquid  secured  by  boiling  leaves,  branches,  and  fruit 
in  water  for  two  hours  is  applied  to  ulcers  and  similar  sores. 
The  powder  secured  by  pulverizing  the  leaves  after  they  have 
been  thoroughly  dried  over  a  fire  is  sprinkled  over  the  sore 
after  it  has  been  treated  with  the  decoction.  Found  on  high 
ground  along  the  cienaga. 

Pitajaya. — Grows  on  trees,  large  bushes,  rocks,  fences,  etc. ; 
similar  to  the  cactus ;  fruit  at  base  of  flower  is  considered  a 
great  delicacy  and  commands  a  good  price  in  the  market. 
The  thorns  of  this  vine  cause  festering  wherever  they  enter 
the  skin  and  are  exceedingly  hard  to  extract  on  account  of 
their  small  size  and  the  great  depth  to  which  they  penetrate. 
Found  throughout  Cuba,  especially  in  the  cienaga. 

Tocino. — A  vine  which  makes  progress  over  land  where  it 
grows  exceedingly  difficult;  is  very  strong,  and  the  prick  of 
its  curved  thorns  is  very  irritating.  Liquid  obtained  by 
boiling  the  roots  in  water  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  colic  and 
kindred  complaints;  dose,  three  cups  a  day.  Is  found  in 
rocky  localities  along  the  cienaga. 

Yamaguey. — A  bush  which  grows  to  a  height  of  about  15 
feet.  The  wood  is  very  hard  and  durable  and  is  much  used 
for  fence  posts ;  will  not  rot  in  water. 


CIENAGA   DE    ZAPATA.  667 

Yerba  hrujas,  or  yerha  parand. — A  grass  which  is  excellent 
feed  for  stock ;  found  in  wet  places,  especially  around  springs 
and  lagunas  in  the.  cienaga. 

Yerba  de  la  sangre. — A  bush  which  reaches  a  height  of 
about  4  feet ;  liquid,  obtained  by  steeping  leaves  in  hot  water, 
used  as  a  remedy  in  cases  of  rash  and  other  impurities  of  the 
blood.  There  is  another  variety  having  the  same  common 
name  which  has  astringent  properties  and  is  used  to  stop 
bleeding,  hemorrhage,  etc. 

Zarza. — A  vine  growing  on  trees  and  along  the  ground  and 
which  renders  progress  very  difficult;  very  strong  and  has 
long  thorns.  From  these  thorns  other  thorns  grow  in  all 
directions.  In  the  swamp  the  vine  is  found  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  water  and  makes  walking  difficult  and  painful. 
Found  very  generally  throughout  Cuba. 

The  following  fruits  are  found  in  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  swamp:  Naranjo  (orange)  ;  mango;  ciruela  (large plum)  ; 
aguacate  (alligator  pear)  ;  guayaba  (guava)  ;  guanabana,  the 
"  sour  sop  "  of  the  Southern  States ;  uva  caleta  (creek  grape)  ; 
chirimoya,  a  species  of  sugar  plum,  sweet,  with  slightly  acid 
taste ;  lima,  a  species  of  small  yellow  orange,  has  a  tart  taste ; 
anon;  hicaco  bianco,  a  small  berry  somewhat  like  a  plum, 
having  a  large  stone  and  clear  yellow  meat  with  little  or  no 
taste,  usually  found  in  swampy  places,  has  white  or  yellow 
skin;  hicaco  Colorado,  same  as  above,  except  that  the  skin  is 
a  dark  blue. 

In  the  wooded  portions  of  the  swamp  is  found  nearly  every 
variety  of  tree  that  the  island  contains. 

THE  CIIENAGA  OCCIDENTAL. 

That  part  of  the  Cienaga  de  Zapata  lying  west  of  a  line 
running  northeast  from  the  head  of  Cochinos  Bay  is  known 
as  the  Cienaga  Occidental. 

LAGUNAS. 

There  are  a  great  many  lagunas  or  lakes  in  the  Cienaga 
Occidental.  One  of  their  chief  characteristics  in  this  part 
of  the  cienaga  is  that  they  are  subject  to  a  very  remark- 
able shrinkage  during  the  dry  season,  although  as  a  whole 
they  are  very  much  larger  than  the  lakes  in  the  Cienaga 


668  CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA. 

Oriental.  They  are  also  more  apt  to  be  muddy  and  to  con- 
tain poorer  water  than  those  of  Cienaga  Oriental,  and  this 
applies  more  especially  to  the  lakes  in  the  belt  of  woods 
along  the  edge  of  the  cienaga. 

In  describing  the  principal  lakes,  those  lying  on  the  high 
cultivated  ground  to  the  east  and  north  have  also  been  in- 
cluded, as  they  drain  into  the  cienaga  and  would  be  one  of 
the  chief  supplies  of  water  for  camps  situated  along  the 
cienaga. 

Pato. — About  a  mile  southeast  of  Manjuari.  In  the  dry 
season  this  laguna  becomes  very  small,  but  during  the  wet 
season  it  is  about  400  yards  square.  The  water  from  the 
laguna  can  not  be  used  for  drinking  purposes  by  men,  but 
it  would,  with  the  Lagunas  El  Baga  and  Bruno,  furnish  an 
excellent  supply  o:&  water  for  the  animals  of  a  mounted  com- 
mand. The  approaches  to  all  three  of  these  lagunas  are 
good  and  horses  can  be  taken  to  them  at  all  times.  They 
are  close  together,  and  there  is  an  abundance  of  good  grazing 
near  at  hand. 

La  Ceiha. — Situated  in  the  Europa  pastures  not  far  from 
the  heavy  woods.  Small  in  the  dry  season,  but  much  larger 
during  the  wet  months.  Principally  surface  water;  not  fit 
for  drinking;  animals  from  all  the  surrounding  country 
water  at  this  place. 

Hicacos. — Excellent  water.  In  the  dry  season  this  laguna 
practically  disappears,  but  an  abundance  of  excellent  water 
can  be  secured  by  sinking  temporary  wells  in  the  dry  bed. 

Bono. — A  small  laguna  which  contains  a  constant  supply 
of  water  for  animals  only.  It  is  in  a  small  clearing  in  the 
heavy  woods  and  can  be  reached  by  horse  at  all  times. 

Arroz. — Small  laguna;  excellent  water;  in  heavy  woods; 
good  approaches  and  high  ground.     Camp  site  of  insurgents. 

Guamajal. — Small  laguna  about  1^  miles  southwest  of 
Jicarita.  Excellent  water;  the  Spanish  General  Molino 
established  an  arsenal  and  camp  at  this  point. 

La  Damn. — Large  laguna  with  bubbling  spring  in  center; 
about  1^  miles  southeast  of  San  Joaquin  de  Pedroso;  in 
heavy  woods;  excellent  water. 

Pato. — This  laguna  is  extremely  difficult  to  locate.  It  is 
in  the  open  swamp  and  is  almost  entirely  covered  with  the 
tall  swamp  grass.     The  only  difference  between  the  laguna 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA,  669 

and  the  surrounding  cienaga  is  in  the  depth  of  water.  In 
crossing  the  cienaga  at  this  point  the  greatest  care  must  be 
taken  in  order  to  avoid  getting  well  into  this  laguna.  When 
the  insurgents  were  driven  back  into  the  cienaga,  near  the 
close  of  the  insurrection,  some  of  them  while  crossing  the 
open  cienaga  at  this  point  were  lost  in  the  laguna.  Some 
of  the  inhabitants  living  along  the  edge  of  the  cienaga  claim 
that  they  were  killed  by  crocodiles,  which  are  found  in  the 
laguna  in  great  numbers,  some  of  them  being  very  large. 
The  Avater  is  better  than  that  in  the  open  cienaga,  but  it  is 
not  very  good.     There  are  fish  and  turtles  in  the  laguna. 

Yanan. — This  laguna  is  in  the  open  cienaga.  It  contains 
excellent  water  and  an  abundance  of  fish  and  turtles.  Croco- 
diles are  also  found  here  in  large  numbers. 

El  Martillo^  Estacada^  Mujer,  El  Toro,  La  Querida,  Faldi- 
quero. — These  lagimas  are  all  near  the  finca  Entrada  and 
have  outlets  which  eventually  flow  into  the  Laguna  Salchicha. 
The  water  is  of  excellent  quality  and  could  be  used  for  drink- 
ing or  for  animals.  The  vicinity  affords  abundant  camp 
sites  for  large  bodies  of  mounted  or  foot  troops. 

Jucardl. — Near  the  finca  Dagama.  It  is  about  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  in  diameter  and  is  a  hollow  in  the  ground;  water  is 
good  for  animals  but  not  for  drinking  purposes.  It  abounds 
in  fish  and  turtles.  From  this  laguna  there  is  an  outlet  to 
the  Laguna  Corojal  and  Laguna  las  Cuevitas. 

Los  Azules,  Milpa,  Ojo  de  Morales. — These  lagunas  are 
south  of  the  finca  Porvenir ;  all  contain  excellent  water  and 
have  outlets  to  the  south.  North  of  the  finca  Porvenir  there 
are  also  two  small  lagunas  containing  fairly  good  water 
which  is  used  for  animals  only. 

Milyan^  Los  Corrales. — These  two  lagunas  are  west  of  the 
colonia  BiajaCa  in  the  open  fields.  Both  contain  excellent 
water,  and  in  the  vicinity  there  are  good  camp  sites. 

Domingo  Garcia. — This  laguna  is  to  the  east  of  the  En- 
trada-Jagiiey  Grande  Camino  Real  and  near  the  finca  San 
Luis.  It  is  a  deep  hole  surrounded  by  heavy  woods  and, 
although  quite  near  the  road,  could  be^  easily  passed  by.  It  is 
very  deep  and  contains  excellent  water.  It  was  a  constant 
camping  place  for  the  insurgents  during  the  insurrection  of 
1895-1898. 


670  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

Don  Flores. — A  small  laguna  near  the  finca  Las  Piedras; 
contains  excellent  water  and  an  abundance  of  fish  and  turtles. 

El  Pato. — South  of  the  sugar  mill  Australia  about  2^  miles. 
This  laguna  is  about  200  yards  wide  and  about  450  yards 
long.  In  the  center  is  a  very  deep  cave  about  50  yards  in 
diameter.  Along  the  edges  of  the  laguna  the  ground  is  high 
and  affords  a  good  camp  site  which  was  used  by  the  insur- 
gents. This  laguna  contains  excellent  drinking  water  and  an 
abundance  of  good  fish. 

Tierra  Prieta. — This  laguna  is  about  half  a  mile  south  of 
the  Laguna  El  Pato.  There  is  a  well  near  by.  Both  con- 
tain excellent  water  which  was  used  by  the  insurgents  camp- 
ing in  the  vicinity. 

Patabanal. — Near  the  finca  Los  Alpes ;  contains  poor  water. 

La  Miscelanea. — To  the  northwest  of  the  Laguna  Pata- 
banal ;  this  laguna  is  very  deep  and  about  250  yards  wide  and 
500  yards  long.  It  was  a  permanent  camp  site  of  the  insur- 
gents; water  good. 

Poma  Rosa^  Las  Avispas. — These  lagunas  are  both  on  the 
finca  Yuca  and  contain  excellent  drinking  water. 

Blanquisales. — Near  the  Cayo  Verde  in  the  open  cienaga ; 
contains  excellent  drinking  water  and  an  abundance  of  fish, 
turtles,  and  ducks. 

Carocola. — Near  Murga,  on  the  Jagiiey  Grande-Murga 
Railroad;  this  laguna  is  crossed  by  the  railroad  track,  and 
where  the  track  crosses  the  laguna  it  has  been  filled  in,  leav- 
ing only  a  connecting  stream.  Contains  excellent  water  and 
has  an  outlet  to  Arroyo  Carocola,  which  flows  into  the  Laguna 
Salchicha. 

Grande. — Northwest  of  Murga;  this  laguna  is  filled  with 
tall  grass  and  contains  excellent  water  and  an  abundance  of 
fish ;  is  hard  to  find.    It  has  an  outlet  to  the  Laguna  Salchicha. 

Bonita. — Near  the  finca  Pailita;  a  large  double  lake. 
These  lakes  lie  on  both  sides  of  the  road,  and  there  is  a 
bridge  over  the  stream  connecting  them  known  as  Puente 
de  la  Pailita.  They  contain  excellent  water,  and  there  is 
an  outlet  to  the  Laguna  La  Fuente  and  from  there  to  the 
Laguna  Vulcan. 

Brazo  Malo^  Palma  Bonita^  Manacas^  El  Carmen^  Vulcan. — 
These  lagunas  are  all  near  the  finca  Corralillo  de  Zarabanda. 
All  have  outlets  through  the  Laguna  Vulcan  and  Arroyo 


CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA.  671 

of  the  same  name  to  the  Laguna  Salchicha  in  the  open 
cienaga. 

Las  Papas,  La  Garcita,  Tumbadero  {in  the  open  cienaga), 
Del  Arroz,  3Iocho,  Senilla. — ^These  lagunas  are  near  Zara- 
banda;  all  contain  excellent  water  and  have  outlets  to  the 
Eio  Santa  Fe.  The  Laguna  Tumbadero  is  an  enlargement 
of  the  Rio  Santa  Fe  as  it  flows  through  the  open  swamp. 

Guanal. — Near  the  finca  Ceiba  Gorda.  This  is  a  very  large 
and  exceedingly  deep  lake,  which  contains  an  abundance  of 
fish  and  turtles  and  is  infested  by  great  numbers  of  croco- 
diles. The  laguna  is  about  3  miles  long  and  the  surface  con- 
sists of  floating  islands.  These  are  large  bushy  plots  of 
earth  which  change  from  side  to  side  as  the  wind  changes, 
and  they  materially  alter  the  shape  and  appearance  of  the 
lake.  The  lake  contains  excellent  water,  and  there  are  good 
camp  sites  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  There  is  also  shelter 
enough  for  a  large  hospital. 

Salchicha. — Southwest  of  Murga  in  the  open  swamp  is 
the  large,  shallow  Laguna  Salchicha.  Into  this  laguna  flow 
practically  all  of  the  small  streams  from  the  high  ground  to 
the  north  and  northeast  of  it.  From  it  flow  two  small 
streams  which  join  at  the  spring  Salchicha,  and  from  there 
flow  out  iiito  the  open  cienaga.  The  lake  contains  an  un- 
limited supply  of  fish,  turtles,  and  wild  fowl.  It  also  con- 
tains large  numbers  of  crocodiles.  The  insurgents  camping 
in  this  part  of  the  cienaga  secured  vast  amounts  of  fish  and 
turtles  from  this  lake,  and  it  was  a  place  of  refuge  when  the 
Spaniards  attempted  to  penetrate  the  swamp. 

SPRINGS. 

Only  the  more  important  springs  and  those  which  have 
in  the  past  been  used  as  camp  sites  are  described,  although 
many  more  will  be  found  on  the  Military  Map.  The  springs 
along  the  northern,  northeastern,  and  eastern  borders  of 
the  Cienaga  Occidental  have  been  included  under  this  head- 
ing, as  they  pertain  to  the  water  supply  for  troops  camping 
in  and  along  the  cienaga.  Practically  all  the  springs  in  the 
cienaga  east  of  Jicarita  are  rock  openings  in  the  ground. 
Those  to  the  west  of  Jicarita  are  more  apt  to  be  mud  holes, 


672  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

which,  however,  contain  excellent  water.  The  springs  be- 
tween Manjuari  and  Yuca  are  apt  to  be  muddy  also,  and  they 
contain  large  numbers  of  fish. 

Hicacos. — Near  the  finca  Manjuari  and  to  the  north  of 
the  trail  Tierra  Entrada.  Contains  excellent  water,  but  is 
only  available  in  the  dry  season,  as  during  the  wet  season 
the  surface  water  collects  and  forms  a  large,  muddy  lake. 
The  spring  is  in  a  small  clump  of  trees  and  is  among  rocks. 
The  water  supply  is  practically  unlimited,  and  was  constantly 
used  by  insurgents  camping  in  this  vicinity. 

Luisa,  Reverto^  El  Roble. — These  springs  are  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  swamp  to  the  southwest  of  Majuari;  all  are 
situated  in  cayos  in  the  open  cienaga  and  contain  excellent 
water. 

Narenga. — To  the  west  of  Hamomon;  spring  is  in  the 
heavy  timber  and  contains  excellent  water.  It  furnished 
water  for  the  insurgents  camping  in  this  vicinity. 

Herradura. — Situated  south  of  Hamomon  and  just  north 
of  the  open  cienaga  in  some  heavy  timber.  It  contains  ex- 
cellent water  and  was  used  by  the  insurgents  in  retreating 
through  this  part  of  the  cienaga.  From  the  spring  there 
is  a  direct  road  to  Manjuari. 

Portura. — These  springs  are  south  of  Manjuari  and  on  the 
trail  Camino  Carril  del  Juncal.  They  contain  good  water, 
but  would  have  to  be  thoroughly  cleaned  out  before  being 
used. 

El  Rey. — South  of  the  springs  of  Portura  and  just  north  of 
the  open  cienaga.  Contains  excellent  drinking  water,  but 
has  muddy  and  marshy  surroundings. 

Cayo  Verde. — South  of  Manjuari  in  the  open  swamp  and 
east  of  the  trail  Camino  del  Juncal;  in  a  high  cayo  about  30 
yards  in  diameter.  It  contains  excellent  water  and  an 
abundance  of  fish  and  turtles.  Is  also  a  breeding  place  for 
crocodiles. 

Sevilla. — In  the  open  swamp  south  of  Manjuari  and  east 
of  the  trail  Camino  del  Juncal.  Is  on  a  trail  running  south 
from  Manjuari  into  the  open  cienaga  by  way  of  several 
montes,  all  containing  springs.  Contains  excellent  water 
and  was  used  as  a  point  of  refuge  when  the  Spaniards  pushed 
the  insurgents  back  into  the  swamp. 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  "  673 

Cayo  Palmar^  Radero. — There  are  excellent  springs  at  both 
these  points;  both  are  in  the  open  swamp  and  on  important 
trails. 

Estero  del  Rohle. — At  the  headwaters  of  one  branch  of  the 
Rio  Jatiguanico.  This  spring  is  in  the  woods  and  on  high 
ground  and  contains  excellent  water  which  continually  bub- 
bles up  from  the  bottom.  There  are  two  buildings  at  this 
spring  and  there  is  a  canal  which  forms  its  outlet  to  the  river. 

Jimagua^  El  Lindero^  Guanito  Grande^  Guanito^  Gaine 
Prieto,  La  Jumado,  Las  Tres  Palmas,  Cayo  Cuatro  Palmas\, 
La  Paila^  CMpi,  Pailita^  El  Regino^  Bdbiney  Secado^  Lan- 
drea. — Situated  south  of  the  finca  Sabar,  and  all  the  springs 
contain  excellent  water. 

Cocodrillito. — South  of  the  finca  Sabar.  It  is  apparently 
the  opening  of  a  cave  or  the  outlet  of  an  underground  river. 
At  30  feet,  no  bottom  could  be  found;  contains  excellent 
water. 

EdiTTiero  de  la  Nuevo^  Coralillo,  Jaguajuta,  Ercucita,  Ma- 
jaguilla,  El  Lindero,  La  Piedra  del  Agua,  La  Ciruela,  Coco- 
drillito, El  Sapo,  El  Bonito,  Perdido,  Los  Suyoer,  La  Agua- 
cate,  El  Bagd,  Insurrecto,  Iglesias,  Piedras,  springs  of  Can- 
tauria. — These  springs  all  contain  excellent  drinking  water 
and  most  of  them  an  abundance  of  fish.  They  are  situated 
between  Manjuari  and  Parata  along  the  edge  of  the  swamp 
and  insurgents  camping  in  this  section  obtained  drinking 
water  from  them. 

Convento. — Southeast  of  Parata ;  is  one  of  the  best  known 
springs  in  this  part  of  the  country  and  contains  an  immense 
number  of  fish.  The  spring  proper  is  about  6  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  about  4  feet  deep;  the  water  is  cold  and  clear. 

La  Piedra. — Is  very  deep  and  contains  excellent  water, 
which  is  continually  bubbling  up.     It  is  in  the  rocks. 

La  Ciruela. — This  spring  is  very  deep  and  contains  ex- 
cellent clear  water. 

SPRINGS   IN   VICINITY   OF   JICAEITA. 

Don  Pedro,  San  Martin. — All  the  springs  in  the  vicinity 
of  Jicarita  contain  excellent  water  and  especially  the  springs 
Don  Pedro  and  San  Martin. 

Los  Sapos. — ^This  spring  contains  excellent  water. 

492—09 43 


674  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

Media  Legua,  La  Yaba,  Yuca. — These  springs  contain  ex- 
cellent water  and  are  on  rocky  ground  in  heavy  timber. 

La  Trenchera. — Near  the  finca  Lopez;  carefully  walled  in 
by  the  insurgents ;  contains  excellent  water  and  is  continually 
bubbling. 

Cocodrillo,  Jicarita. — South  of  Yuca ;  these  springs  appear 
to  be  openings  of  underground  rivers  and  contain  excellent 
water. 

Las  Avispas. — This  spring  is  50  feet  in  diameter  and  con- 
tains excellent  water.  In  center  is  opening  of  cave  4  feet 
in  diameter,  20  feet  deep ;  surrounded  by  dense  woods ;  only 
one  trail ;  known  by  Cubans  more  generally  as  "  Ojo  de  Agua 
las  Avispas  de  la  Sirina." 

La  Oanoa,  La  Pailita,  El  Cayo,  Jicotea. — These  springs  are 
in  the  open  cienaga,  south  of  Yuca;  all  contain  excellent 
water  and  appear  to  be  openings  of  an  underground  river. 

Los  Alpes. — About  2  miles  south  of  the  sugar  mill  Aus- 
tralia ;  has  been  sounded  to  a  depth  of  150  feet  without  find- 
ing bottom;  is  apparently  the  opening  of  an  immense  cave; 
spring  is  about  75  yards  in  diameter;  there  is  high  ground 
on  all  sides  of  the  spring,  and  it  is  in  a  depression  in  the 
ground  as  though  the  top  of  a  cave  had  fallen  in;  contains 
excellent  water. 

La  Estacada. — The  spring  La  Estacada  overflowing  into 
the  laguna  of  the  same  name  is  situated  in  the  open,  cienaga 
south  of  Yuca  and  near  the  trail  Camino  Salchicha.  The 
spring  proper  is  about  10  feet  in  diameter  and  about  20  feet 
deep.  It  is  a  bubbling  mineral  spring;  has  a  slight  sulphur 
taste,  and  is  the  best  water  to  be  found  in  this  part  of  the 
cienaga. 

The  following  are  also  excellent  springs:  Los  Arroyos, 
Cayo  Jucaral,  Cayo  Almicial,  Cayo  Narcisa,  Cayo  Galleta, 
Cayo  Cafia,  Cayo  Eciber,  Cayo  Micial,  Cayo  Infierno. 

SPRINGS  ALONG  THE  RIO  JATIGUANICO. 

The  river  itself  can  be  navigated  by  small  boats  to  La 
Lisa.  Careful  soundings  show  a  clear  channel  from  4  to  12 
feet  wide  and  from  6  to  9|  feet  deep  up  to  a  point  just  above 
La  Lisa,  so  that  small  vessels  can  make  this  trip  without  any 
difficulty. 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  675 

At  the  time  (fall  of  1907)  there  were  at  La  Lisa  six  large, 
flat-bottom,  hard-wood  boats,  about  30  feet  long,  4  feet  wide, 
and  drawing  about  15  inches  of  water.  These  boats  would 
hold  20  men  comfortably.  In  addition  there  were  two  com- 
bination sail  and  row  boats,  each  of  which  would  hold  8  men 
comfortably.  There  were  also  on  the  river,  in  addition  to  the 
above,  7  boats  of  about  the  same  size. 

The  springs  along  the  river  are  as  follows: 

Placer  de  la  Lisa. — A  salt  and  fresh  spring  where  there 
was  an  insurgent  canip  site  during  the  insurrection.  It  is 
known  as  the  "  Estero  El  Salado,"  and  here  there  are  two 
small  houses.  There  are  both  salt  and  fresh  water  springs  at 
this  point,  and  the  salt-water  springs  are  claimed  to  have 
excellent  medicinal  qualities. 

Jatiguanieo. — This  spring,  at  the  head  of  a  small  stream 
flowing  into  the  Rio  Jatiguanieo,  contains  excellent  water. 

Jucaro. — Near  the  Estero  Benitez.  This  spring  is  back 
from  the  river  about  20  yards  and  can  be  recognized  by  sev- 
eral large  palms  which  overhang  the  bank.  The  outlet  of  this 
spring  looks  like  the  opening  of  a  small  cave.  It  contains 
excellent  water,  by  far  the  best  to  be  had  any  place  along  the 
river. 

Hervidero. — Near  La  Lisa  there  is  a  large  bubbling  spring 
in  the  river,  which  is  known  as  "  Hervidero."  and  by  dipping 
buckets  into  the  bubbling  part  of  the  spring  excellent  water 
can  be  secured. 

CAMP    SITES. 

The  Cienaga  Occidental  affords  a  splendid  opportunity 
for  guerilla  warfare  and  this  opportunity  was  used  to  its 
utmost  by  the  insurgents  in"  the  Ten  Years'  AVar  and  in  the 
insurrection  of  1895-1898.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
camp  sites  in  and  along  the  Cienaga  Occidental : 

1.  Southwest  of  the  spring  Hicacos  is  a  large  grove  known 
as  "  Hamomon,"  which  was  used  by  the  insurgents  for  a 
camp  site  until  they  were  driven  back  into  the  swamp  by  the 
Spaniards.  Water  was  secured  from  the  spring  Hicacos. 
This  camp  site  is  invariably  dry  and  would  afford  enough 
space  for  a  brigade. 

2.  Near  Hamomon  and  a  little  to  the  west  is  a  large  open 
palm  grove  which  was  used  by  the  insurgents  under  Col. 


676  CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA, 

Jose  Miguel  Tarafa  as  a  camp  site.  This  camp  site  was  the 
scene  of  a  very  severe  fight  between  a  Spanish  column  under 
General  Molino  and  the  insurgents  commanded  by  Gen. 
Eduardo  Garcia.  Water  was  secured  from  the  springs  in 
the  vicinity. 

3.  East  of  the  spring  Luisa  was  a  Cuban  hospital.  Here 
there  are  many  graves. 

4.  At  Luisa,  Reverto,  El  Roque,  and  El  Roble  were  situated 
insurgent  camps.  These  camps  were  occupied  when  the 
Spanish  columns  drove  the  insurgents  from  the  belt  of  woods 
along  the  northern  part  of  the  cienaga,  and  in  the  vicinity 
was  a  permanent  hospital.  These  camps  were  under  the  com- 
mand of  Gen.  Eduardo  Garcia  and  Clemente  Dantin.  There 
was  a  regular  line  of  outposts  at  various  points  in  the  vicin- 
ity, and  the  camps  were  splendidly  protected  in  every  way. 

5.  Along  the  edge  of  the  open  cienaga  south  of  Manjuari 
are  several  montes  lying  a  short  distance  north  of  Cayo 
Verde.  These  montes  were  the  site  of  a  large  camp  and 
permanent  hospital  established  by  Gen.  Eduardo  Garcia. 
Water  for  the  hospital  was  secured  from  an  excellent  nat- 
ural well,  and  there  are  springs  in  each  one  of  the  montes. 
The  camp  proper  was  north  of  the  hospital  toward  the 
montes  and  in  heavy  woods  on  the  trail  Camino  Labirir  de 
la  Romana.  The  outj^osts  for  this  camp  were  at  Portura, 
Cayo  La  Plata,  Cayo  Cafia,  and  Cayo  Colmena. 

6.  At  the  spring  Narenga  there  was  a  Spanish  camp  com- 
manded by  General  Molino.  Water  was  secured  from  the 
spring. 

7.  Between  the  fincas  Gaquine  and  La  Carera,  north  of  the 
trail  Camino  Entrada,  there  was  a  camp  of  30  Liberals  under 
Marcelino  Alvarez  and  Justo  Landa  during  the  summer  of 
1906.  Water  and  supplies  were  secured  from  La  Carera. 
This  camp  is  on  high  ground  back  of  a  stone  fence,  and  occu- 
pies a  good  defensive  position. 

8.  At  La  Carera,  General  Bermudez  established  a  camp, 
and  from  here  Spanish  columns  operated  south  for  a  short 
distance. 

9.  At  Jicarita  there  was  a  very  large  Cuban  camp,  com- 
manded at  various  times  by  Generals  Lacret,  Maximo  Gomez, 
Clemente  Gomez,  Eduardo  Garcia,  and  Clemente  Dantin. 


CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA.  677 

This  camp  was  maintained  until  a  Spanish  column  drove 
the  insurgents  back  into  the  swamp. 

10.  At  the  spring  Pesquero,  General  Molino  established  a 
camp  and  kept  a  small  body  of  Spaniards  here  for  some  time, 
but  they  were  eventually  driven  back. 

11.  About  halfway  from  Jicarita  to  the  Jatiguanico 
River,  on  the  trail  Camino  del  Rio,  is  a  very  high  and  rocky 
plateau  known  as  "  Cayo  de  Piedras."  This,  with  the  Cayo 
Palmar,  which  is  east  of  it,  furnished  a  retreat  for  the  in- 
surgents when  driven  from  Jicarita.  Troops  holding  this 
position  absolutely  control  the  passage  to  the  river.  This 
point  was  of  great  importance  to  the  Spaniards  and  they  en- 
deavored to  hold  it,  but  only  did  so  for  short  periods  at  a 
time,  being  invariably  compelled  to  withdraw  to  the  high 
land  north  of  the  swamp.  Water  secured  from  a  spring  in 
the  Cayo  Palmar. 

12.  At  Cayo  Radero  a  Cuban  camp  was  maintained,  and 
Cubans  seeking  refuge  from  the  Spaniards  came  to  this  point. 
The  camp  was  on  a  high  cayo  in  the  open  swamp;  water 
secured  from  an  excellent  spring  in  the  cayo. 

13.  Near  the  Rio  Jatiguanico,  to  the  east  of  Placer  de  la 
Lisa,  is  a  large,  open,  grass  plain,  in  the  middle  of  the  swamp, 
which  was  used  by  the  Cubans  as  a  camping  place.  It  is 
always  dry. 

14.  Near  Hervidero,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Rio  Jati- 
guanico and  between  that  point  and  the  spring  Estero  del 
Roble,  were  large  Cuban  camps,  which  became  permanent 
after  the  Spaniards  occupied  Jicarita.  The  one  at  Hervidero 
was  commanded  by  Gen.  Eduardo  Garcia. 

15.  At  the  spring  La  Paila  there  was  a  large  Cuban  camp 
under  the  command  of  Aguilera.  This  camp  site  can  be 
recognized  by  the  two  very  large  palms  at  the  spring.  The 
Cubans  took  refuge  here  when  driven  from  Jicarita,  and  it 
■was  one  of  the  few  places  where  they  were  attacked  in  the 
swamp  by  the  Spaniards. 

16.  North  of  the  spring  Ercucita  and  east  of  the  spring 
Jaguaujuta  there  was  a  Cuban  camp  under  Capt.  Epifanio 
Gallardo.  Water  was  secured  from  an  excellent  natural  well 
in  the  rocks.  This  camp  was  high  and  dry  and  is  known  as 
the  Sabana  de  Ercucita. 


678  CIENAGA   DE    ZAPATA. 

17.  About  halfway  along  the  road  running  southeast  from 
near  the  Laguna  Bruno  to  the  Laguna  La  Ceiba  and  to  the 
south  of  it  was  an  insurgent  camp,  with  an  excellent  well. 
Here  the  Cubans  were  attacked  by  the  Spaniards  and  a  great 
many  of  them  were  killed. 

18.  South  of  the  above  point  and  near  the  Laguna  La 
Ceiba  there  is  a  well,  and  here  there  was  a  permanent  insur- 
gent camp  under  Capt.  Epifanio  Gallardo.  At  this  point 
recruits  were  received  and  forwarded  to  the  insurgents.  The 
well  has  now  been  filled  in,  but  could  be  easily  cleaned  out. 

19.  South  of  the  spring  La  Piedra  de  la  Agua  and  in  a 
monte  on  the  trail  running  across  the  cienaga  was  an  in- 
surgent camp  commanded  by  Andres  Damara.  This  camp 
was  never  molested  by  the  Spaniards. 

20.  Near  the  springs  Cocodrillito  and  Convento  was  a 
large  permanent  insurgent  camp  under  the  command  of  Gen. 
Eduardo  Garcia  and  Tuerto  Sanabria.  This  camp  site  is 
more  or  less  marshy  in  the  wet  season.  Water  was  secured 
from  small  wells  about  4  feet  deep,  of  which  there  are  many, 
and  from  the  Laguna  Bono.  This  camp  was  never  molested 
by  the  Spaniards.     Approaches  are  very  bad. 

21.  At  the  spring  Insurrecto  was  a  permanent  Cuban 
camp  under  Carlos  Garcia. 

22.  At  the  spring  Iglesias  was  an  insurgent  camp  under 
Benito  Socorro.  This  camp  site  is  high  and  rocky,  being 
about  400  yards  square.     It  is  known  as  Las  Iglesias. 

23.  At  the  spring  Convento  there  was  an  insurgent  camp 
established  by  Gen.  Eduardo  Garcia,  which  was  never 
molested. 

24.  At  Cayo  Perdido  there  was  a  permanent  insurgent 
camp  under  Enrique  Orta,  whose  duty  it  was  to  furnish 
guides  for  the  Cuban  officers  coming  from  other  parts  of 
Cuba  to  operate  in  the  cienaga  or  having  business  with  the 
insurgents. 

25.  At  the  spring  Los  Suyoer  there  was  a  large  permanent 
insurgent  camp  and  here  there  is  an  abundance  of  good 
grazing  and  fuel. 

26.  At  the  spring  Piedras  there  was  a  pennanent  insur- 
gent camp,  at  which  was  situated  for  a  long  time  the  head- 
quarters for  this  part  of  the  cienaga.    This  camp  was  under 


CIENAGA   DE    ZAPATA.  679 

the  command  at  one  time  of  Juan  Sebastian,  a  negro.     It 
was  known  as  Poito  de  las  Piedras  and  was  on  high  ground. 

27.  At  the  spring  Aguacate  there  was  a  permanent  camp 
of  the  insurgents,  situated  on  some  high  ground.  It  was 
broken  up  by  the  Spanish  columns  in  1897. 

28.  At  the  spring  La  Jumado  was  an  insurgent  camp 
which  was  commanded  by  Gens.  Eduardo  Garcia  and  La 
Rosa.  Near  this  point,  at  the  spring  Babiney  Secado,  was  an 
insurgent  camp  commanded  by  Felix  Milian.  Here  there  is 
a  large  amount  of  grazing  and  an  excellent  supply  of  fuel. 

29.  At  Radero  there  was  a  permanent  camp  of  the  insur- 
gents, to  which  the  Cubans  invariably  fled  when  pushed  back 
into  the  swamp  along  this  part  of  the  cienaga. 

30.  At  the  spring  Aserradero  there  was  an  insurgent  camp 
known  as  "  La  Rosa  "  and  commanded  by  Gen.  La  Rosa. 
Here  there  was  a  severe  engagement  between  a  Spanish  col- 
umn under  General  Molino  and  the  insurgents  under  Gen. 
Clemente  Dantin. 

31.  At  the  Laguna  Guamajal  was  a  Spanish  camp  under 
General  Molino.  Here  the  Spaniards  constructed  an  arse- 
nal and  the  camp  was  maintained  until  the  close  of  the  in- 
surrection. This  camp  was  in  a  more  advanced  position, 
with  relation  to  the  swamp,  than  any  other  camp  main- 
tained by  the  Spaniards. 

32.  West  of  Jicarita  there  was  a  large  insurgent  camp 
under  Gens.  Eduardo  Garcia,  Clemente  Dantin,  Pio  Domin- 
guez,  and  Benitez  Galdos.  This  was  known  as  the  "  con- 
centration camp  •'  of  the  Matanzas  Infantry  and  was  in  ex- 
istence until  the  Spaniards  occupied  Jicarita. 

•  33.  At  the  springs  Enea  and  Los  Judios  there  were  Span- 
ish outposts  for  a  large  Spanish  camp  in  this  vicinity. 

34.  At  Cayo  Caiia,  south  of  Manjuari,  was  an  insurgent 
camp  commanded  by  Juan  Ebanez.  In  this  cayo  cane  was 
planted  and  raised  by  the  Cubans. 

35.  At  Cayo  Colmena  was  an  insurgent  camp  under  Juan 
Donde.  On  the  montes  south  of  here  were  insurgent  camps 
for  securing  crocodiles,  etc. 

36.  At  the  spring  El  Sapo  de  Yuca  was  an  insurgent  camp 
and  a  large  hospital.  The  ground  is  high  and  dry  at  all 
times.    Guides  were  stationed  here  for  this  part  of  the  cie- 


680  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

naga  and  mail  was  distributed  from  this  point  throughout 
the  eastern  part  of  the  cienaga. 

37.  Near  the  spring  Media  Legua  was  an  insurgent  camp 
under  the  command  of  Martin  Moreira.  Here  the  Cubans 
were  attacked  by  the  Spaniards  and  were  driven  out,  many 
being  killed. 

38.  Near  the  spring  La  Yaba  there  was  an  insurgent  camp 
under  Colonel  Betancourt  and  Gen.  Antonio  Maceo. 

39.  Near  the  finca  Lopez  is  a  large  palm  grove.  It  was 
used  as  an  insurgent  camp  during  the  Ten  Years'  War  and 
was  then  commanded  by  Gen.  Gabriel  Menocal  and  Gen.  Don. 
Agustin  Kodriguez.  During  the  insurrection  of  1895-1898 
there  was  an  insurgent  camp  here  under  Gen.  Benitez  So- 
corro.    It  was  known  as  La  Trenchera. 

40.  At  the  spring  La  Trenchera  there  was  a  large  Spanish 
fort,  which  is  still  in  evidence,  and  also  a  very  extensive 
system  of  earthworks. 

41.  On  high  ground  near  the  spring  Tulanga  was  a  large 
insurgent  camp,  under  Jacobo  Morales,  where  the  wounded 
from  this  part  of  the  cienaga  were  sent.  South  of  this  camp, 
in  the  open  cienaga,  was  an  insurgent  camp  under  Santiago 
Ofia. 

42.  Near  the  spring  Cocodrillito,  south  of  Yuca,  was  a 
large  insurgent  camp  under  General  More j on,  where  sugar 
was  made  by  the  insurgents  from  cane  obtained  in  the  near-by 
cane  fields. 

43.  At  the  spring  Jicarita  General  Morejon  also  estab- 
lished a  large  camp,  which  was  afterwards  commanded  by 
Jesiis  Aguilera. 

44.  Near  Chu  Chu  La  Perla  was  an  insurgent  camp  under 
Pio  Sanchez. 

45.  Near  the  spring  Las  Avispas  were  two  insurgent  camps 
under  Colonel  Funier.  The  one  to  the  southwest  of  the 
spring  was  an  outpost  camp.  The  second  or  main  camp  was 
about  one-half  mile  to  the  southeast  of  the  spring.  Both 
camps  were  on  high  ground.  Trails  leading  to  them  are 
through  thick  underbrush.  At'  one  time  there  were  3,000 
people  in  the  large  camp.  Excellent  water  was  secured  from 
six  small  springs  in  the  second  camp.  When  finally  driven 
out  by  the  Spaniards  the  Cubans  retreated  to  the  cayos  in 
the  open  cienaga  by  way  of  Casimba  de  Morejon. 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  681 

46.  At  Casimba  de  Morejon  was  a  large  insurgent  camp 
under  Rafael  Torres.  Water  was  secured  from  the  streams 
in  the  swamp. 

47.  Near  the  spring  La  Caiia  Castilla  were  3  insurgent 
camps.  One  under  Perico  Valdes  was  on  high  ground  to 
the  east  of  the  spring.  This  was  a  large  camp,  to  which 
the  insurgents  retreated  from  Yuca.  About  400  yards  north 
of  the  spring  La  Caiia  Castilla,  on  high  ground  and  among 
a  large  number  of  palms,  was  a  permanent  insurgent  camp. 
Here  hats  were  made  during  the  entire  insurrection.  About 
400  yards  south  of  the  spring  was  the  third  insurgent  camp. 
At  this  point  all  parties  entering  the  cienaga  were  stopped 
and  held. 

48.  At  the  spring  Los  Alpes  there  was  a  large  insurgent 
camp  until  it  was  broken  up  by  the  Spaniards. 

49.  South  of  the  spring  Los  Alpes  and  alojig  the  trail 
leading  into  the  sw^amp  by  the  lakes  in  this  region  were 
small  insurgent  camps  under  the  command  of  Fernandez 
Sanabria,  Pepe  Lorenza,  and  Amelio  Fuente.  The  camp  of 
Fuente  was  near  the  small  well  in  the  open  pasture  near  the 
Laguna  Tierra  Prieta  and  here  sugar  was  made  during  the 
insurrection. 

50.  Along  the  trail  Camino  Salchicha,  in  the  open  cienaga 
south  of  Yuca,  are  several  important  insurgent  camp  sites 
as  follows:  Los  Arroyos,  Cayo  Narcisa,  Cana,  Cayo  Eciber, 
Cayo  Jucaral,  Cayo  Galleta,  Cayo  Micial,  Cayo  Almicial, 
and  Cayo  Infierno.  These  camps  all  have  excellent  water 
supplies  and  are  on  high  ground.  The  camp  at  Los  Arroyos 
can  be  readily  recognized  by  the  large  number  of  royal 
palms  thereon.  Cayo  Infierno  takes  its  name  from  the  great 
number  of  ants  which  infest  it. 

51.  At  Cayo  Narcisa  was  the  headquarters  of  Gen.  Gabriel 
Menocal  during  the  Ten  Years'  War. 

52.  At  Cayo  Jucaral  salt  was  made  in  large  quantities 
by  the  insurgents.  These  two  camp  sites  were  invariably 
used  by  large  numbers  of  insurgents. 

53.  In  a  large  open  pasture,  southwest  of  the  finca  San 
Joaquin  de  Pedrosa,  was  a  large  insurgent  camp  under  Gens. 
Eduardo  Garcia,  ,Clemente  Gomez  and  Lacret.  This  camp 
was  abandoned  when  two  Spanish  columns  under  General 
Molino  came  from  Torriente  and  attacked  and  destroyed  it. 


682  CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA. 

54.  Near  the  finca  Las  Brujas  was  a  strong  insurgent  camp 
which  was  broken  up  by  a  Spanish  column.  A  large  number 
of  insurgents  and  Spaniards  are  buried  here. 

55.  At  La  Guarita,  south  of  Zarabanda,  in  the  open  swamp, 
there  was  established  in  March,  1897,  a  large  insurgent  camp 
under  Col.  Rafael  Aguila.  This  camp  was  attacked  by  the 
Spanish  troops  toward  the  end  of  the  dry  season  in  1897  and 
many  Cubans  were  killed. 

Almost  all  the  springs  west  of  Jicarita  were  used  at  diiTer- 
ent  times  as  camp  sites,  but  because  of  the  peculiar  nature  of 
the  swamp  in  this  section  there  were  no  permanent  camps  in 
this  part  of  the  cienaga. 

ROADS  AND  TRAILS. 

ALONG    NORTHWESTERN    BOUNDARY    OF    CI:6nAGA    OCCIDENTAL,    CONNECTING 
WITH   TIERRA  ENTRADA  TRAIL. 

1.  Manjuari-Hicaco-Hamomon-Narenga-Jicarita  {Tierra 
Entrada  trail) ;  general  direction^  southwest. 

Road  leaves  Manjauri  going  w^est,  passing  through  a  gate 
and  stone  fence  and  running  through  grazing  land  covered 
with  bushes.  Passes  100  yards  south  of  Hicacos,  a  large 
spring  which  is  covered  with  swamp  water  during  the  rainy 
season. 

One-half  mile  beyond  this  spring  the  road  crosses  a  grove 
on  high  ground,  known  as  Hamomon,  which  is  always  above 
water.  From  this  point  a  trail  runs  to  Rincon  del  Aura,  a 
Cuban  camp  site. 

Half  a  mile  beyond  Hamomon  the  road  passes  an  open 
palm  grove,  a  Cuban  camp  site.  Here  a  trail  runs  south  to 
Louisa,  Reverto,  El  Roque,  El  Roble,  and  Laguna  Pato,  all 
of  which  have  water.     This  trail  is  good. 

The  main  road  continues  southwest  to  Narenga,  a  spring, 
and  from  thence  west  to  Jicarita,  a  Cuban  camp  site.  Wagons 
with  light  loads  can  pass  over  this  road. 

2.  Hicacos  -  Cayo  Medina  -  Etervidero  -  Rio  Gonsdlo -Finca 
Maneadero  {G amino  Medina) ;  direction^  south. 

This  trail  crosses  the  Manjuari  trail  1  mile  southeast  of 
Hicacos,  passes  100  yards  south  of  Cayo  Cana,  and  also  passes 


CIENAGA   DE    ZAPATA,  683 

the  sites  of  several  former  Cuban  hospitals  situated  on  high 
ground.  This  trail  was  used  as  a  means  of  retreat  by  Cuban 
forces.  Hervidero  was  a  Cuban  camp  site.  A  trail  runs 
from  Hervidero  and  Rio  Jatiguanico  southwest  to  Tienda 
Gonzalo  on  Rio  Gonzalo.  This  trail  leaves  Hervidero  by 
way  of  a  palm  grove  and  then  cuts  across  the  open  cienaga. 
It  should  not  be  attempted  without  a  competent  guide  unless 
careful  and  constant  compass  readings  are  taken.  It  is  an 
old  trail  used  to  connect  the  heads  of  navigation  of  these 
rivers  and  was  much  used  during  insurrections.  It  is  ex- 
ceptionally bad. 

A  trail  from  Hervidero  runs  southwest  to  a  Cuban  camp 
site  on  Rio  Gonzalo,  4  miles  from  its  mouth.  This  trail 
runs  through  heavy  mangrove  swamps  and  across  open 
swamp  land.  From  this  camp  a  trail  runs  north  to  Los 
Cristales  and  southwest  to  finca  Maneadero.  These  are  diffi- 
cult trails  through  the  swamp. 

3.  Jicarita-Cayo  de  Piedra-Rio  Jatiguanico  {C amino  del 
Rio) ;  direction^  south. 

This  trail  is  practicable  for  animals  for  a  short  distance 
only,  after  which  it  is  only  suitable  for  persons  on  foot.  It 
passes  through  heavy  woods.  Cayo  de  Piedra  is  on  high 
ground  and  was  a  Cuban  camp  site.  Along  two-thirds  of 
this  trail  can  be  seen  the  remains  of  an  old  Spanish  corduroy 
road.  Three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  river  the  trail  skirts 
along  the  eastern  edge  of  an  open  plain.  From  this  point 
a  trail  leads  direct  to  Estero  del  Roble,  Hervidero,  and  Canal 
Taracira. 

4.  Candelita-Don  Pedro;  direction^  south. 

Northwest  of  Jicarita  is  situated  Candelita,  which  place  is 
connected  by  trail  with  the  spring  Don  Pedro.  Don  Pedro 
is  also  connected  by  trail  with  Jicarita.  These  trails  are 
practicable  for  horses. 

A  trail  also  runs  from  Don  Pedro,  southwest  through  the 
spring  Enea,  to  the  open  swamp.  Horses  cannot  pass  over 
this  trail. 


684  CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA. 

5.  Manjuari-Portura-Rey ;  direction,  south. 

At  a  point  1  mile  southwest  of  Manjuari,  on  the  Tierra 
Entrada  trail,  a  trail  runs  to  the  spring  Rey  via  the  spring 
Portura.  It  passes  through  heavy  woods  and  is  practicable 
in  the  dry  season  for  horses. 

6.  Manjuari-Erguaraa;  direction,  northwest. 

From  a  point  three-fourths  of  a  mile  southwest  of  Man- 
juari a  trail  leaves  the  Tierra  Entrada  trail  and  runs  north- 
west to  the  spring  Erguama,  It  is  practicable  at  all  seasons 
for  horses. 

7.  La  Harti-Rio  J atiguanico ;  direction,  south. 

At  a  point  about  one-half  mile  southwest  of  Manjuari  on 
the  Tierra  Entrada  trail  there  crosses  a  trail  from  the  spring 
La  Harti  (one-half  mile  north)  to  a  series  of  montes  (with- 
out names)  in  the  open  cienaga  and  then  to  the  Rio  Jati- 
guanico.  This  trail  is  practicable  for  horses  from  La  Harti 
to  the  Tierra  Entrada  trail.  South  of  here  the  trail  is 
through  heavy  woods  to  the  open  cienaga  and  is  very  bad. 

8.  Laguna  Bruno-Laguna  La  Ceiha-La  Piedra  del  Agua- 
T^aguna  Hicoxos- Laguna  Pineda-La  Ciruela-Insurrecto ;  di- 
rection, southeast. 

From  the  point  where  the  trail  Camino  Labirir  de  la 
Romana  leaves  the  trail  southeast  from  Manjuari,  the  trail 
runs  east  one-fourth  mile,  then  southeast  three-fourths  of  a 
mile  to  a  well  south  of  the  trail.  One-half  mile  farther 
southeast  the  trail  turns  south  one-fourth  mile  to  a  former 
Cuban  camp  site.  There  is  a  well  here  which  has  been  care- 
fully filled  in  with  stones.  The  trail  then  turns  east  one- 
half  mile  to  the  Laguna  La  Ceiba.  Up  to  this  point  the 
trail  is  practicable  for  wagons  and  through  open  grazing 
land  for  the  most  part.  Froni  here  on  the  trail  is  through 
heavy  woods  and  is  practicable  for  horses.  The  trail  turns 
south  for  1^  miles,  then  southeast  for  one-fourth  mile  to 
the  spring  La  Piedra  del  Agua,  which  was  a  former  Cuban 
camp  site.  The  trail  then  turns  north  for  one-half  mile  to 
Laguna  Hicacos. 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  685 

From  Laguna  Hicacos  the  trail  continues  past  Laguna 
Pineda,  Cocodrillito,  Laguna  del  Bono,  and  Insurrecto,  the 
latter  a  Cuban  camp  site.  After  passing  the  latter  point  the 
trail  crosses  an  open  grove,  a  Cuban  camp  site. 

The  portion  of  the  trail  from  Hicacos  is  practicable  for 
horses  during  the  dry  season,  but  during  the  rains  it  can  be 
followed  on  foot  only  with  great  difficulty. 

Other  camp  sites  near  this  trail  are:  Iglesias,  Sebastian, 
Piedras,  and  Cayo  Perdo. 

9.  La  Flarti-Cayo  Cana-Cayo  Golmena-Cayo  Verde;  direc- 
tion, south. 

This  trail  runs  south  from  the  spring  La  Harti,  and  at  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  enters  heavy  woods  and  turns  southwest. 
At  end  of  a  half-mile  leaves  the  Tierra  Entrada  trail  and 
turns  south  for  half  a  mile  to  a  former  Cuban  camp  site, 
where  there  are  several  springs;  half-mile  farther  the  trail 
crosses  the  Cayo  Caiia,  a  former  Cuban  camp  site.  It  then 
turns  southwest ;  a  quarter  of  a  mile  farther  on  crosses  a  high 
monte  with  a  well,  which  was  a  former  Cuban  camp  site. 
One-half  mile  farther  on  crosses  the  Cayo  Colmena,  turns 
southeast,  and  after  about  1  mile  crosses  a  monte  and  a  small 
laguna,  a  former  Cuban  camp  site;  turns  northeast  and 
crosses  the  Camino  del  Juncal ;  three-fourths  of  a  mile  across 
to  a  high  monte  and  camp  site.  About  one-half  mile  far- 
ther on  is  another  monte  and  camp  site,  and  from  here 
a  trail  leads  north  about  one-half  mile  to  the  Cayo  la  Plata. 
Main  trail  continues  south  about  1  mile  to  the  spring  Sevilla, 
from  which  point  there  is  a  trail  southwest  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  to  the  Cayo  Verde.  Trail  continues  south  one-half 
mile,  crosses  a  monte,  and  1  mile  farther  on  another  monte 
near  the  end  of  the  trail  Camino  del  Juncal.  Trail  continues 
south ;  at  a  mile  and  a  half  crosses  another  monte  and  turns 
southwest  about  2^  miles  to  another  monte,  where  a  trail 
leads  west  to  the  Rio  Jatiguanico  and  east  to  the  Cienaga  and 
Lagima  Tesoro.  First  half-mile  of  this  trail,  after  leaving 
La  Harti,  is  across  grazing  land;  it  runs  through  heavy 
woods  to  the  spring  Sevilla,  then  across  open  cienaga ;  it  is 
practicable  for  horses  for  the  first  mile  only. 


686  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

10.  Marcial-El  Lindero-Guanito  Grande -C ay o  Palmar- 
Gamino  del  Rio  trail;  direction.,  south. 

This  trail  runs  from  the  Tierra  Entrada  trail  just  east  of 
a  palm  grove  south  of  the  spring  Marcial,  near  Jicarita; 
southeast  three-fourths  of  a  mile  to  the  Laguna  Arroz  and 
two  former  Cuban  camp  sites.  Practicable  for  horses  to  this 
point  only.  Trail  turns  southwest  for  one- fourth  mile  to  the 
spring  El  Lindero,  a  former  Cuban  camp  site.  One-half 
mile  farther  southwest  is  the  spring  Guanito  Grande.  Half- 
way between  these  two  springs  and  to  the  west  is  a  former 
Cuban  camp  site.  Two  and  three-fourths  miles  farther  to 
the  southwest  is  Cayo  Palmar  and  spring.  One  mile  farther 
on  is  the  Camino  del  Rio  trail.  ThroTigh  open  woods  to  the 
spring  Guanito  Grande  and  then  across  open  cienaga;  not 
practicable  for  horses. 

11.  Marcial-Bahiney  Secado-La  Jumado;  direction.,  south- 
east. 

• 

This  trail  runs  from  the  spring  Marcial,  near  Jicarita, 
southwest  for  one- fourth  mile  and  then  southeast  one-fourth 
mile  to  the  spring  Babiney  Secado,  a  former  Cuban  camp 
site.  The  trail  from  here  runs  southeast  one-half  mile  to  the 
spring  La  Jumado.  From  here  a  trail  runs  north  one-half 
mile  to  the  spring  Landrea.  Main  trail  practicable  for 
horses  to  the  spring  Babiney  Secado  only.  From  the  spring 
Babiney  Secado  a  trail  runs  southwest  one-fourth  mile  to 
the  spring  El  Regino,  continuing  one-half  mile  farther 
southwest  to  point  known  as  Los  Cuatro  Caminos  and  then 
trail  turns  south  one-fourth  mile  to  the  spring  La  Paila. 
From  Paila  a  trail  turns  west  one-half  mile  to  the  springs 
La  Pailita  and  Chipi,  with  former  Cuban  camp  sites.  Trails 
from  Pailita  run  to  Jicarita  by  way  of  the  springs  El  Baga 
and  Aserradero.  These  latter  trails  are  through  heavy 
woods  and  impracticable  for  horses. 

12.  Jicarita-Guamajal-Sahaneton  Redondo.,  and  connecting 
trails;  direction.,,  southwest  to  Guamajal  and  north  to  Re- 
dondo. 

This  trail  runs  from  Jicarita  southwest  one-third  of  a 
mile   to  the   spring  Don   Pedro   and    continues   southwest 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  687 

through  hea\'y  woods  one-half  mile  to  the  former  Spanish 
camp  site  and  Lagima  Guamajal.  A  trail  also  runs  south 
from  Don  Pedro,  one-eighth  of  a  mile,  to  a  small  spring, 
Federico,  then  turns  southeast  one-eighth  mile  and  ends  at 
the  spring  Los  Rayos.  Trail  practicable  for  horses ;  through 
heavy  woods. 

A  trail  runs  from  a  point  one-fourth  mile  west  of  Sabane- 
ton  Redondo,  1  mile  south  to  the  spring  Los  Judios  and  a 
former  Spanish  camp  site;  passes  a  short  distance  east  of 
the  spring  Enea.  It  is  practicable  for  horses  to  a  point  near 
the  spring  Enea.  The  trail  runs  through  heavy  rocks  to 
this  point  and  from  here  continues  across  open  cienaga; 
is  a  very  difficult  trail.  One-half  mile  south  of  Los  Judios 
is  a  former  Spanish  camp  site.  A  trail  runs  from  Los 
Judios  south  through  heavy  woods;  not  practicable  for 
horses. 

A  trail  from  Cuban  headquarters,  one-fourth  mile  south- 
west of  the  spring  Los  Sapos,  runs  south  one-eighth  mile  to 
the  spring  Regino.  This  trail  turns  northwest  one-eighth 
mile  to  the  spring  El  Guamajal,  passing  through  heavy 
woods;  not  practicable  for  horses.  From  Guamajal  a  trail 
runs  north  one-eighth  mile  to  the  old  and  abandoned  portion 
of  the  Camino  Entrada  trail  from  Jicarita.  A  trail  from 
Guamajal  runs  southwest  one-fourth  mile  to  a  trail  running 
southeast  from  Sabana  Grande.  Southeast  1  mile  along 
latter  trail  is  the  spring  Perenzuela  and  1^  miles  farther  is 
the  spring  Silverio.  Here  the  trail  turns  southwest  one-half 
mile  to  the  spring  Jarico;  runs  through  heavy  woods,  and 
across  open  cienaga.  Not  practicable  for  horses,  the  part 
in  the  open  cienaga  being  especially  bad. 

13.  M ajaguilla  {one-half  mile  west  of  Laguna  Hicacos)-El 
Lindero-Cayo  Verde;  direction,  southeast. 

This  trail  runs  from  the  spring  Majaguilla  east  one-half 
mile,  thence  south  three-fourths  of  a  mile  to  the  spring  El 
Lindero.  From  here  the  trail  runs  southeast  about  4  miles 
and  crosses  the  open  cienaga  to  a  monte,  where  it  joins  the 
trail  from  the  spring  Iglesias  to  the  Rio  Jatiguanico  and 
Cayo  Verde.  Most  of  this  trail  lies  across  the  open  cienaga. 
No  part  of  the  trail  is  practicable  for  horses. 


688  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

IN    THE    ClfiNAGA    OCCIDENTAL    NEAR    JAGTJEY   GRANDE. 

1.  Ingenio  Australia-Los  Arroyos-Mais  {C amino  Salchi- 
cha) ;  direction,  south. 

This  road  crosses  the  railroad  from  the  sugar  mill  and 
turns  southwest.  At  the  1-mile  point  is  the  Laguna  El  Pato, 
about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  to  the  east.  One-fourth  of  a 
mile  to  the  west  of  this  point  is  an  old  Spanish  fort  and  well. 
At  seven-eighths  of  a  mile  southwest  there  is  a  trail  running 
southeast  to  the  Laguna  Tierra  Prieta.  Half  way  to  this 
lake  there  is  a  well  to  the  right.  The  Camino  Real  from  La 
Perla  is  practicable  for  wagons  to  this  point. 

From  here  a  trail  runs  southwest  2^  miles  to  a  sulphur 
spring  and  Laguna  La  Estacada.  The  first  half  mile  is 
through  sw^ampy  woods  and  is  very  bad,  necessitating  the 
greatest  care  in  getting  along.  The  last  part  of  the  way  is 
across  the  open  cienaga.  About  2  miles  farther  south,  on 
the  main  trail,  the  trail  crosses  Arroyo  Salchicha,  passing 
through  a  mangrove  (mangle)  swamp  about  100  yards  wide, 
which  folloAvs  the  course  of  the  stream.  Just  south  of  the 
stream  there  is  a  high,  former  camp  site  of  the  Cubans  (Los 
Arroyos)  marked  by  a  number  of  palms.  From  here  there 
is  a  trail  northeast,  crossing  open  cienaga  for  about  8  miles, 
to  a  cayo  in  the  open  swamp,  and  from  the  cayo  the  trail 
turns  southeast  for  about  2  miles  to  Punta  de  Guama.  The 
main  trail,  from  the  stream,  continues  southwest  for  about 
1|  miles  to  Cayo  Narcisa,  which  can  be  easily  recognized  by 
its  extent  and  by  the  great  number  of  palms  growing  on  it. 
From  here  there  is  a  branch  trail  south  for  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  to  Cayo  Cafia.  The  trail  continues  southwest  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  to  Cayo  Eciber  and  an  arroyo  of  the  same 
name.  One  mile  farther  southwest  the  trail  crosses  Cayo 
Jucaral.  From  here  a  trail  runs  southwest,  at  three-fourths 
of  a  mile,  crossing  the  Cayo  Almicial,  and  going  to  Cayo 
Micial.  One-half  mile  southwest  of  Jucaral,  on  main  trail, 
Cayo  Galleta  is  crossed,  and  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south- 
west Cayo  Infierno  is  crossed,  and  from  here  the  trail  goes 
west  to  Mais.  From  Mais  there  is  a  trail  southeast  to  the 
Bahia  de  Cochinos  and  Laguna  Tesoro.  The  trail  to  Mais 
is  practicable  only  for  persons  on  foot.  This  whole  trail  is 
one  of  the  oldest  and  best  known  in  the  Cienaga.    It  was  used 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  689 

in  the  Ten  Years'  War  and  in  the  insurrection  of  1895-1898. 
It  is  known  as  the  "  Camino  Salchicha." 

2.  Yuea-El  Sapo-Cayo  Verde  {Camino  del  Sapo) ;  direc- 
tion^ south. 

This  trail  runs  west  from  finca  Yuca  three-fourths  of  a 
mile  to  the  former  permanent  Cuban  camp  site  under  two 
large  ceiba  trees,  and  passes  through  heavy  woods.  It  is 
practicable  for  wagons  at  all  times.  The  trail  turns  south- 
west one-fourth  of  a  mile  to  Camino  Poma  Rosa.  From  here 
the  trail  runs  one-half  mile  southeast  to  the  spring  El  Sapo 
and  former  Cuban  camp  site.  From  the  latter  point  the 
trail  runs  southwest  to  Cayo  Verde  and  is  known  as  the 
Camino  del  Sapo.  Trail  from  point  where  it  leaves  trail 
from  Yuca  is  practicable  for  horses  to  Laguna  Poma  Rosa 
and  passes  through  heavy  woods.  From  here  the  trail  is 
not  practicable  for  horses  and  passes  through  woods  up  to 
about  2  miles  from  Cayo  Verde,  then  crosses  the  open  cienaga. 
Very  hard  trail. 

3.  Yuca-Chu  Chu  Perla:  direction^  ecist. 

This  trail  runs  southeast  from  Yuca  for  about  five-eighths 
of  a  mile  to  the  Camino  Real  from  Jagiiey  Grande  where  it 
turns  southeast  to  Chu  Chu  La  Perla,  across  grazing  lands. 
Practicable  for  wagons  at  all  times. 

^.  Camino  Poma  Rosa-Jicai'ita;  direction .^  northwest. 

From  a  point  one-fourth  of  a  mile  south  of  Camino  Poma 
Rosa,  on  the  Camino  Centro,  there  is  a  trail  running  north- 
west one-third  of  a  mile  to  the  spring  Jicarita  and  former 
Cuban  camp  site.  Trail  from  this  spring  to  Yuca.  Both 
these  trails  are  practicable  for  horses.  The  former  is  through 
heavy  woods;  the  latter  across  grazing  land. 

5.  Yuca-Laguna  Las  Avispas-Cayo  Verde  {Camino  Cen- 
tro);  direction^  south. 

This  trail  runs  southwest  from  Yuca  one-half  mile  and 
crosses  Camino  Poma  Rosa;  one- fourth  mile  farther  on 
crosses  trail  running  northwest  and  southeast.     Just  beyond 

492—09 44 


690  CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA. 

this  point  is  a  former  camp  site.  About  one-third  of  a  mile 
farther  on  the  trail  passes  close  to  Lagiina  Las  Avispas  and 
former  Cuban  camp  site.  From  here  the  trail  continues 
southwest  about  3  miles  to  Cayo  Verde.  This  entire  trail  is 
known  as  "  Camino  Centro."  It  is  practicable  for  wagons 
for  about  the  first  half  mile ;  for  horses  to  Laguna  Las  Avis- 
pas.  The  first  half  mile  is  across  grazing  land,  then  the  trail 
is  through  heavy  woods  for  about  2  miles  and  from  there  on 
across  the  open  cienaga  to  Cayo  Verde.  It  is  a  very  difficult 
trail. 

6.  Laguna  Poma  Roca-Cannino  Poma  Roaa;  direction^ 
northwest. 

A  trail  running  from  Laguna  Poma  Rosa  northwest  for 
about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  through  heavy  woods  to  camp 
and  well  just  south  of  Camino  Poma  Rosa.  From  this  camp 
a  trail  leads  southwest  one-third  of  a  mile  to  another  former 
insurgent  camp  site.  From  this  camp  site  a  trail  also  leads 
south  one-third  of  a  mile  to  a  large  spring. 

7.  Camino  Poma  Rosa-Media  Legua-Cayo  Verde;  direction., 
south. 

A  trail  from  a  point  south  of  Yuca  and  one-fourth  mile 
south  of  Camino  Poma  Rosa  runs  southeast  one-third  of  a 
mile  to  the  spring  Media  Legua.  About  200  yards  farther 
on  there  is  a  trail  northeast  for  one- fourth  mile  to  a  former 
Cuban  camp  site  with  a  well.  About  one- fourth  of  a  mile 
from  the  spring  Media  Legua  a  trail  turns  southwest  at 
spring  La  Yaba.  One-fourth  mile  farther  on  there  is  a 
former  Cuban  camp  site  with  a  small  spring  200  yards  to 
the  west  of  the  trail.  One-fourth  mile  farther  there  is  a 
former  Cuban  camp  site  to  the  west  of  the  trail.  One-half 
mile  beyond  this  point  there  is  a  small  laguna  to  the  west 
of  the  trail.  One-fourth  mile  beyond  this  laguna.  is  a 
former  Cuban  camp  site  and  here  Avas  situated  a  hospital 
and  the  Cuban  headquarters  for  this  part  of  the  cienaga. 
There  are  several  wells  here.  One-half  mile  farther  on  there 
is  a  large  jiicaro  tree  in  the  open  cienaga.  From  here  there 
is  a  trail  direct  to  Cayo  Verde.  Trail  is  practicable  for 
horses  to  spring  La  Yaba  and  passes  through  heavy  woods 


CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA.  691 

to  a  point  just  south  of  the  Cuban  hospital.  From  here  the 
trail  continues  across  open  cienaga.  This  is  a  fair  trail  and 
was  used  constantly  by  the  Cubans. 

8.  Sirena-La  Palma-Gatm  Castilla-La  Pailita  {G amino  La 
Cienaga) ;  direction^  south. 

A  road  from  Sirena,  which  is  on  the  Camino  Poma  Rosa, 
runs  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  southwest  to  the  springs 
Prieta,  where  it  becomes  a  trail,  continuing  southwest.  At 
a  point  about  one-half  mile  southwest,  where  the  trail  from 
the  spring  La  Palma  joins  this  trail  and  distant  about  1 
mile,  was  situated  a  camp.  Here  there  are  several  wells.  One- 
half  mile  south  the  trail  passes  to  the  east  of  a  cayo  with  4 
palms  and  a  good  spring  and  turns  west  about  300  yards  to 
the  spring  La  Caiia  Castilla.  Trail  here  turns  south  for 
one-fourth  mile  and  then  west  about  300  yards  to  the  spring 
La  Canoa.  From  here  the  trail  turns  northwest  for  one-fourth 
mile  to  the  spring  El  Cayo;  thence  south  one-half  mile 
to  a  cayo  and  the  spring  La  Pailita.  This  trail  is  known 
as  the  Camino  La  Cienaga  and  is  practicable  for  horses  to 
a  point  just  beyond  the  spring  Prieta.  The  trail  is  through 
heavy  woods  for  about  1^  miles,  then  across  the  open  cienaga. 
The  trail  can  be  easily  traced  and  has  the  appearance  of  a 
small  stream.  Great  care  must  be  exercised  in  traveling  this 
trail,  as  small  fish  holes  are  found  in  great  numbers. 

9.  La  Ydba-Laguna  Gurito;  direction.,  south. 

Trail  runs  south,  from  point  at  the  gate  in  the  stone  fence 
one-half  mile  southwest  of  the  spring  La  Yaba,  for  about  200 
yards  to  the  spring  Las  Avispas,  a  former  Cuban  camp  site. 
Trail  here  turns  east  for  one- fourth  mile  to  former  Cuban 
camp  site  and  small  spring,  from  which  a  trail  leads  northeast 
for  about  seven-eighths  of  a  mile  to  Sirena,  and  another  trail 
southeast  for  about  a  half  mile  to  the  Camino  La  Cienaga  at 
a  point  near  the  spring  Prieta.  These  trails  run  through 
heavy  woods  and  are  practicable  for  horses,  except  the  trail 
to  the  spring  Prieta.  Main  trail  from  camp  site  and  spring 
runs  southwest  for  about  one-fourth  mile  to  a  small  spring, 
then  southeast  one-half  mile  to  another  small  spring  and  camp 
site.     From  here  trail  runs  west  for  one-half  mile,  then  south 


692  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

one-half  mile,  then  east  another  one-half  mile  to  the  spring 
La  Palma.  The  trail  follows  the  arroyo  which  starts  at  the 
spring  La  Gnabina  and  passes  the  springs  Casimba,  Morejon, 
and  Estero  la  Palma,  ending  at  the  Laguna  Gurito.  This 
trail  is  one  of  the  most  treacherous  in  the  entire  cienaga,  on 
account  of  the  nature  of  the  ground.  It  is  safer  to  follow  the 
bed  of  the  arroyo  through  the  woods.  From  the  spring  La 
Palma  there  is  a  trail  to  the  high  camp  site  one-half  mile 
northeast  of  the  Camino  La  Cienaga. 

TRAILS   NEAR   BAHIA   HE   COCHINOS. 

1.  Punta  de  Guamd-Cayo  el  Peso;  direction^  south. 

A  trail  running  southwest  from  Punta  de  Guama  to  Cayo 
el  Peso,  About  1  mile  southwest  of  Guama  this  trail  crosses 
the  trail  from  Cayo  Panuelo  to  Cayo  Cristo.  One-third  of 
a  mile  southwest  of  Punta  de  Guama  the  trail  passes  close  to 
the  Laguna  Tumbadero.  The  trail  is  entirely  across  open 
cienaga  and  is  very  difficult. 

2.  Santa  Fe-La  Guarita-Cayo  Guajaca;  direction^  south. 

A  trail  from  Santa  Fe  (name  of  locality,  no  houses)  runs 
southwest  about  2  miles  to  La  Guarita,  a  large  grove  of  trees. 
From  Santa  Fe  the  trail  passes  through  light  woods  and 
across  grazing  land  for  the  first  quarter  mile ;  then  through 
heavy  woods  for  half  a  mile;  last  quarter  mile  across  open 
cienaga.  Practicable  for  horses  in  dry  season,  but  at  other 
times  the  whole  country  is  under  water  and  the  trail  can  be 
followed  only  with  difficulty  and  on  foot.  The  trail  runs 
from  La  Guarita  southwest  about  li-  miles  and  then  south 
about  1  mile  to  Cayo  Guajaca,  a  former  insurgent  camp  site. 
This  part  of  the  trail  crosses  the  open  cienaga;  not  practi- 
cable for  horses ;  very  difficult. 

3.  Cayo  Patluelo-Cayo  Cristo-Laguna  Tesoro;  direction,^ 
south. 

Trail  southwest  from  Cayo  Paiiuelo  to  Cayo  Cristo.  This 
trail  is  across  open  cienaga  and  is  very  bad.  The  trail  is  ex- 
ceedingly difficult  of  passage  in  the  wet  season,  but  it  can  be 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  693 

traveled.  From  Cayo  Cristo  around  the  Laguna  Tesoro  the 
trail  is  not  passable  in  the  wet  season  unless  boats  are 
available. 

If..  Cayo  In-fiemo-Mais;  direction^  southwest. 

This  trail  is  across  open  cienaga  part  of  the  way  and  then 
through  heavy  woods.  It  is  a  branch  of  the  Camino  Sal- 
chicha;  is  practicable  at  all  times,  though  it  is  very  bad  in 
wet  season.  The  trail  has  the  appearance  of  a  small  stream 
in  the  swamp  and  can  therefore  be  followed. 

TBAILS    NEAR    BOCA    DE    BROA. 

1.  Manadero  Chiquito-Rio  Gonzdlo;  direction^  east. 

Trail  runs  from  Manadero  Chiquito  east  about  7  miles  to 
a  point  where  the  Rio  Gonzalo  flows  into  the  Rio  Jatigua- 
nico.  About  halfway  along  this  trail  there  is  a  trail  running 
north  about  2  miles  to  the  shore  of  the  bay  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Rio  Jatiguanico,  where  was  situated  a  former  Cuban 
camp  site.  These  trails  are  now  hard  to  locate ;  they  have  not 
been  in  use  since  the  insurrection.  They  are  practicable  at 
all  times,  though  exceedingly  difficult. 

2.  Rio  Jatiguanico- Inferno;  direction^  north. 

Trail  runs  north  from  the  Rio  Jatiguanico  about  2  miles 
to  the  spring  Infierno.  This  trail  is  exceedingly  difficult  to 
find  and  is  but  little  known.  A  trail  from  the  spring  In- 
fierno continues  north.  This  trail  is  not  subject  to  much 
change  during  the  dry  and  wet  seasons. 

3.  Rio  J atiguanico-Los  Pescadores ;  direction^  north. 

Trail  runs  north  about  5  miles  from  the  north  bank  of 
the  Rio  Jatiguanico,  at  a  point  about  1  mile  east  of  Estero 
Benetez,  to  the  spring  Los  Pescadores,  and  from  there  con- 
tinues north  and  northwest.  This  is  a  good  trail,  though 
exceedingly  hard  to  follow,  as  it  has  not  been  in  use  sincQ 
the  insurrection.  It  runs  through  a  heavy  mangrove  swamp 
and  crosses  open  cienaga. 


694  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

^.  Rio  J atiguanico-El  Lindero;  direction,  northwest. 

This  trail  runs  north  from  the  north  bank  of  the  Rio 
Jatiguanico,  at  the  junction  of  that  river  with  the  Rio 
Gonzalo,  to  the  double  spring  El  Lindero,  distance  5  miles, 
and  from  there  continues  west.  This  trail  passes  just  west 
of  Jolongolonsongo  and  was  in  constant  use  during  the  in- 
surrections. It  is  easy  to  follow,  but  is  very  hard  to  get  over 
owing  to  the  softness  of  the  ground.  Some  of  it  is  through 
a  heavy  mangrove  growth  and  much  of  it  is  through  heavy 
woods.  It  was  the  main  line  of  retreat  to  Jolongolonsongo 
during  the  insurrections. 

5.  Guayaccin-El  Jucaro;  direction,  south. 

This  trail  runs  south  about  4  miles  from  the  spring  El 
Guayacan  to  the  spring  El  Jucaro.  A  trail  from  here  runs 
south  to  the  spring  Infierno.  This  trail  is  through  heavy 
woods  and  then  across  open  cienaga ;  also  crosses  a  high  open 
plain.  It  is  one  of  the  worst  trails  in  the  entire  cienaga.  It 
was  a  thoroughfare  during  the  insurrection. 

6.  Trails  near  El  Guayacan. 

A  trail  runs  southwest  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from 
the  spring  El  Guayacan  to  the  spring  Las  Pelotas ;  continues 
northwest  from  here  about  1  mile  to  the  spring  Las  Nasas; 
from  here  southwest  one-half  mile  to  the  spring  El  Llanal ; 
from  here  a  trail  runs  northwest  1  mile  to  two  springs,  and 
from  them  north  to  the  open  country.  A  trail  from  the 
spring  El  Llanal  runs  southwest  about  three-fourths  of  a 
mile  to  a  spring.  From  this  spring  a  trail  runs  north  to  the 
two  springs  above  referred  to.  There  is  also  a  trail  running 
southwest  from  this  spring  about  1  mile  to  the  spring  Las 
Nasitas.  The  latter  trail  passes  through  heavy  woods  and  is 
well  sheltered ;  much  used  by  insurgents  in  going  from  point 
to  point  unobserved  by  the  Spanish  troops  along  the  edge  of 
the  swamp.  The  trail  is  soft,  muddy,  and  difficult  to  locate. 
From  Las  Nasitas  a  trail  runs  south  about  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  to  the  spring  La  Vaca,  and  continues  south  to  the 
spring  Manuelulloa.  From  here  the  trail  runs  southeast 
about  1  mile  to  the  spring  El  Guayacan.     From  the  spring 


CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA.  695 

El  Guayacan  there  is  a  trail  running  south  about  1  mile  to 
the  spring  El  Italiano.  About  1^  miles  farther  south  is  the 
spring  Los  Pescadores.  These  trails  are  all  in  the  open 
cienaga;  they  are  very  difficult  to  follow;  there  is  little 
change  in  their  condition  during  the  dry  and  wet  seasons. 

7.  Los  Pescadores-La  Guabina;  direction^  northwest. 

Trail  runs  northwest  from  the  spring  Los  Pescadores  about 
\\  miles  to  the  spring  La  Guabina.  From  here  a  trail  runs 
north  about  1  mile  to  the  spring  Troco  de  Palma  and  south 
about  1  mile  to  the  spring  El  Salado.  These  trails  are  across 
open  cienaga;  they  are  very  hard  to  locate  and  to  follow; 
they  are  the  only  practicable  ways  of  reaching  these  springs. 

8.  Cusco-Quita  Fama-La  Palma-La  Yaba-El  Gallo;  direc- 
tion^ southeast. 

On  the  trail  running  southeast  from  Cusco,  and  about  1 
mile  from  the  edge  of  the  woods,  is  the  spring  Quita  Fama. 
Trail  runs  through  woods;  soft  bottom  but  practicable  at 
all  times.  Trail  continues  south  from  here  about  1  mile  to 
the  spring  San  Sebastian,  then  south  about  1  mile  to  the 
spring  La  Bomba ;  from  there  south  about  1  mile  to  the 
spring  Los  Carneros;  south  about  1|  miles  to  the  spring  El 
Estero.  From  here  the  trail  turns  east  about  one-half  mile 
to  the  spring  La  Palma.  A  trail  branches  from  La  Palma 
northeast  about  1  mile  to  the  spring  El  Lindero,  from  which 
place  a  trail  runs  south  to  the  Kio  Jatiguanico  and  Jolongo- 
lonsongo.  From  the  spring  La  Palma  the  main  trail  runs 
southeast  about  one-half  mile  to  the  spring  Andres.  From 
here,  southeast  about  one-half  mile  to  the  spring  La  Yaba. 
Trail  turns  southwest  here  for  about  3  miles  to  the  spring 
El  Gallo.  From  here  a  trail  branches  northeast  about  1  mile 
to  the  spring  Naranjo  and  continues  east  about  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  to  the  spring  San  Martin.  From  Cusco  to  San 
Sebastian  the  trail  runs  through  heavy  woods  and  is  marshy 
and  hard  to  get  through,  especially  in  the  wet  season.  From 
San  Sebastian  the  trail  runs  across  open  cienaga  to  within 
about  a  mile  of  the  spring  El  Gallo,  from  which  point  it  runs 
through  heavy  woods  largely  composed  of  mangrove  growths 


696  CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA. 

with  numerous  palms.  This  trail  was  in  daily  use  during 
the  insurrection  and  furnished  a  means  of  communication 
with  the  insurgent  stronghold  at  Jolongolonsongo.  In  the 
rainy  season  it  is  very  bad. 

From  the  spring  El  Gallo  a  trail  runs  southwest  about  1| 
miles,  to  a  point  on  the  coast  west  of  the  Rio  Jatiguanico. 
Trail  runs  through  heavy  woods  for  the  most  part. 

9.  CusGO-El  Panuelo-El  Rohle-El  Guchillo-Coast;  direc- 
tion^ south. 

A  trail  through  heavy  and  marshy  woods,  to  about  one- 
half  mile  beyond  the  spring  El  Roble.  From  here  it  runs 
across  open  cienaga,  to  within  1  mile  of  the  coast,  and  then 
through  mangrove  growths.  Bad  trail,  but  can  be  followed 
with  great  difficulty;  was  used  constantly  during  insurrec- 
tions. 

10.  El  T omate-Llanal  GJiiquito-G oast ;  direction.,  south. 

A  trail  from  the  spring  El  Tomate,  south  for  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile,  to  the  spring  El  Llanal  Chiquito.  From 
here  southwest,  about  three- fourths  of  a  mile,  to  the  spring 
Periquillo.  From  here  southwest  to  the  coast.  This  trail 
runs  through  heavily  wooded  country  for  the  most  part. 
It  is  over  very  marshy  land,  and  while  used  more  or  less  it 
is  difficult  to  follow  without  a  competent  guide. 

THE  CIENAGA  ORIENTAL. 

That  part  of  the  Cienaga  de  Zapata  lying  east  of  a  line 
running  northeast  from  the  head  of  Cochinos  Bay  is  known 
as  the  Cienaga  Oriental. 

LACUNAS. 

The  Cienaga  Oriental  abounds  in  excellent  drinking  water, 
which  is  procured  from  springs  and  lakes.  The  latter  seem 
to  be  the  outlets  of  the  various  underground  rivers  which 
are  believed  to  flow  below  this  swamp.     They  are  as  follows: 

Gihersal^  Blanquisal. — These  two  lagunas  are  situated  in 
the  Gibersal  cane  fields  and  about  500  yards  apart ;  they  are 
both*  in  heavy  jucaro  groves  and  contain  excellent  water  and 


CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA.  697 

plenty  of  fish.  Half  way  between  them  is  a  former  camp 
site  of  insurgents. 

X  Eryanal. — This  laguna  is  about  300  yards  square  and  about 
4  feet  deep.  It  has  a  hard  bottom,  is  covered  with  lilies, 
and  contains  an  abundance  of  fish.  The  water  is  excellent, 
and  there  is  plenty  of  grazing  near  at  hand.  The  surround- 
ing ground  is  fairly  high. 

Pesquero. — This  laguna  is  about  200  yards  wide  and  600 
yards  long.  It  runs  east  and  west  and  has  an  outlet  which 
flows  toward  Laguna  Tesoro.  It  is  from  3  to  4  feet  deep 
and  has  a  soft,  muddy  bottom ;  the  eastern  end  is  cut  off  by 
bushes.  It  contains  excellent  water  and  an  abundance  of 
fish,  turtles,  and  ducks.  This  laguna  is  hard  to  approach 
on  account  of  the  large  trees  growing  on  all  sides.  These 
trees  have  immense  roots  above  ground  and  the  ground  is 
covered  with  water.  A  body  of  men  could  build  temporary 
quarters  in  these  roots  above  the  water  with  little  or  no 
trouble. 

Asiento  Vie  jo,  El  Medio. — These  lagunas  are  in  cane  fields. 
El  Medio  is  north  of  Asiento  Viejo  and  connected  with  it 
by  a  small  stream ;  both  lagunas  have  a  fringe  of  trees  about 
them;  they  are  shallow,  have  hard  bottoms,  and  contain  ex- 
cellent water  with  an  abundance  of  fish ;  the  approaches  are 
bad.  The  surrounding  country  affords  excellent  camp  sites. 
Asiento  Viejo  is  about  200,  and  El  Medio  about  300  yards  in 
diameter. 

El  Piojo,  Aemici. — These  lagunas  are  a  short  distance  from 
the  trail  on  either  side,  but  are  not  connected.  The  former 
IS  about  300  and  the  latter  about  100  yards  in  diameter. 
They  both  have  hard  bottoms,  contain  excellent  water,  an 
abundance  of  fish  and  turtles,  and  are  easy  of  approach. 
They  are  situated  in  heavy  woods  (mostly  jucaro)  and  afford 
good  opportunities  for  camps  for  foot  troops. 

Laguna  de  Guanales  Nuevo. — There  were  numerous  small 
camps  established  on  high  ground  in  the  vicinity  of  this 
laguna.  From  here  fish  and  turtles,  with  which  the  laguna 
is  filled  to  a  remarkable  extent,  were  sent  to  other  camps. 
A  force  was  kept  here  permanently  for  this  purpose.  The 
laguna  contains  excellent  water,  has  a  soft  bottom,  and  is 
about  4  feet  deep.  It  is  about  300  yards  wide  and  about 
800  yards  long.     It  has  an  inlet  from  Laguna  Prieto  and 


698  CIENAGA    DE    ZAPATA. 

an  outlet  in  the  direction  of  Laguna  Tesoro.  It  is  in  the 
open  cienaga  and  the  Spaniards  never'  succeeded  in  reach- 
ing it. 

Miranda. — This  laguna  is  situated  in  a  grove  of  jucaro 
trees  in  the  Miranda  cane  fields.  It  has  a  hard  bottom,  is 
fairly  deep,  contains  excellent  water,  and  its  surface  is  covered 
with  grass  and  lilies.  It  is  about  300  yards  in  diameter; 
contains  a  large  variety  of  fish ;  camp  site  of  insurgents. 

Prieto. — This  laguna  is  an  opening  in  the  rocks  and  ap- 
pears to  be  part  of  an  underground  river.  It  is  about  25 
yards  in  diameter  and  has  a  treacherous,  rocky  bottom.  It 
is  filled  with  a  heavy  growth  of  grass  and  has  a  surface  out- 
let to  Laguna  de  Guanales  Nuevo.  Contains  excellent  water 
but  no  fish.     Camp  site  of  insurgents. 

Prudencia. — This  laguna  is  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
in  diameter  and  about  4  feet  deep;  contains  excellent  water 
and  an  abundance  of  fish,  turtles,  and  ducks.  Crocodiles 
are  also  found  here  in  large  numbers.  It  has  an  outlet  which 
flows  toward  Laguna  Tesoro. 

Pancho  Caro. — Small  spring  bubbling  from  rocks  in  the 
center  of  a  small  laguna  situated  in  heavy  woods;  camp  site 
of  insurgents;  excellent  water. 

Jocuma. — Small  laguna  in  Jocuma  cane  fields;  about  4 
feet  deep  with  rocky  bottom ;  excellent  water. 

Jucaral. — Situated  near  Orbea  in  open  pasture  lands. 
From  3  to  4  feet  deep  with  hard  bottom ;  can  be  crossed  on 
horseback;  excellent  water;  good  approaches;  good  camp 
sites  in  immediate  vicinity  for  large  body  of  troops.  Plenty 
of  grazing  and  wood. 

La  Anegada  Grande^  La  Anegada  Ghiquita. — These  lagu- 
nas  are  situated  in  heavy  woods  and  near  each  other,  being 
connected  by  an  arroyo  without  name.  Both  lagimas  have 
bad  approaches  and  are  filled  with  grass  and  trees  but  have 
hard,  smooth  bottoms.  Both  contain  excellent  water  and  an 
abundance  of  fish  and  ducks ;  crocodiles  are  also  found.  La 
Anegada  Grande  is  very  deep  and  about  400  yards  wide  and 
about  800  yards  long.  There  are  two  arroyos  flowing  into 
it.  La  Anegada  Chiquita  varies  from  4  to  6  feet  in  depth  and 
is  about  150  yards  wide  and  400  yards  long.  No  good  camp 
sites  close  at  hand. 


CIENAGA    DE    ZAPATA.  699 

Flamenco. — About  350  yards  in  diameter ;  deep  and  covered 
with  junco  (a  tough  plant  with  large  leaves).  Contains  ex- 
cellent water;  bad  approaches;  hard  bottom;  situated  in 
grove  of  trees  along  edge  of  cane  fields.  Good  camp  sites  for 
foot  troops  near  at  hand. 

Guanal. — Deep;  is  filled  with  holes  which  are  very  deep; 
bubbles  up  in  several  places ;  contains  excellent  water  and  an 
abundance  of  fish,  ducks,  and  turtles.  Crocodiles  are  found 
here  in  large  numbers ;  camp  site  of  insurgents. 

Frontera. — About  300  yards  in  diameter;  deep.  Contains 
excellent  water  and  an  abundance  of  fish,  turtles,  and  ducks. 
Has  bad  approaches;  no  suitable  ground  for  camp  sites  at 
hand;  is  situated  in  heavy  woods. 

Bagd. — About  50  yards  in  diameter ;  soft  bottom ;  not  very 
deep;  contains  excellent  water  but  no  fish;  high  ground  in 
vicinity;  camp  site  of  insurgents  situated  in  open  grazing 
land. 

SPRINGS. 

The  following  springs,  all  of  which  contain  excellent  water, 
are  of  importance  in  planning  operations  in  the  Cienaga 
Oriental. 

The  springs  differ  from  those  of  the  Cienaga  Occidental 
in  that  they  are  less  apt  to  be  muddy,  are  more  generally 
situated  in  rocky  openings  in  the  ground,  and  the  water  is 
invariably  cleaner  and  cooler. 

El  Piojo. — Deep  hole;  apparently  an  opening  of  a  cave; 
in  heavy  woods  near  cane  field;  excellent  water;  unlimited 
supply. 

El  Medio. — Small  and  deep ;  excellent  water,  which  seems 
to  come  from  underground  river.  This  spring  seems  to  be 
the  opening  of  a  large  cave;  rocky  surroundings;  situated 
in  small  grove  in  open  cane  field. 

Aemici. — Small  and  deep;  excellent  water;  camp  site  of 
insurgents;  situated  in  heavy  grove  of  jucaro  trees  on  high 
ground. 

Prieto. — Small  and  deep;  excellent  water;  bubbling  open- 
ing; rocky  surroundings;  in  heavy  woods;  apparently  open- 
ing of  cave. 


700  CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA. 

Los  Paticos. — Small,  deep,  and  rocky;  excellent  water; 
among  large  jiicaro  trees  in  cane  field. 

Palma  ATnarilla. — Small  and  rocky ;  excellent  water ;  camp 
site  of  insurgents;  situated  in  heavy  woods. 

Los  Seis  Jucarales. — Small  and  rocky;  excellent  water; 
camp  site  of  insurgents ;  situated  in  heavy  woods. 

Hervidero. — Small  and  bubbling;  excellent  water;  situ- 
ated in  large  jiicaro  grove. 

Jucaro. — Small  and  bubbling ;  about  20  feet  d6ep ;  situated 
in  same  jucaro  grove  as  spring  Hervidero. 

Za  Bartea. — Large  and  deep;  high  banks;  bad  approaches; 
excellent  water ;  camp  site  of  insurgents. 

Martia. — Very  deep,  clear,  and  bubbling;  about  50  yards 
in  diameter;  excellent  Avater  and  an  abundance  of  good 
fish ;  ground  in  vicinity  high ;  situated  in  heavy  woods ;  camp 
site  of  insurgents. 

Lorenzo. — Very  deep  and  bubbling  (no  bottom  found  in 
center  at  85  feet)  ;  about  50  yards  in  diameter;  excellent 
water  and  an  abundance  of  good  fish;  situated  in  heavy 
woods;  bad  approaches;  surrounding  ground  high. 

San  Pablo. — Apparently  the  opening  of  a  cave ;  large  and 
very  deep;  excellent  water;  spring  proper  has  rocky  sur- 
roundings; during  wet  season  spring  is  entirely  surrounded 
by  shallow  laguna ;  at  this  time  water  should  be  secured  for 
drinking  purposes  by  wading  out  to  the  spring;  situated  in 
heavy  woods. 

Manjuari. — Large  and  deep ;  excellent  water ;  surrounding 
ground  high ;  situated  in  heavy  woods ;  camp  •  site  of 
insurgents. 

San  Pedro. — Small  and  rocky;  excellent  water;  high 
ground;  situated  in  large  jucaro  grove  to  east  of  trail  (San 
Pedro)  ;  camp  site  of  insurgents. 

La  Piedra  Blanca. — Small ;  excellent  water.  Near  ruins 
of  a  Spanish  stone  fort. 

Yamaque. — Deep;  excellent  water;  situated  in  cane  field 
near  Los  Tanques. 

CAMP  SITES. 

In  the  Cienaga  Oriental  there  are  32  camp  sites  used  by 
the  insurgents  during  the  insurrection  of  1895-1898. 

1.  Camp  of  insurgents  situated  in  the  Gibersal  cane  fields 
halfway  between  Laguna  Blanquisal  and  the  small  laguna 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  701 

one-fourth  mile  north  of  it;  can  be  recognized  by  a  very 
large  ceiba  tree,  which  marks  the  high  gi-ound  upon  which 
the  camp  was  situated. 

The  insurgents  camping  here  secured  water  and  fish  from 
the  lagunas  mentioned  above.  This  camp  was  under  the  com- 
mand of  Lieut.  Col.  Jose  Alvarez  (a  mulatto,  now  better 
known  by  the  name  '•  Matagan,"  which  he  adopted  after  the 
insurrection  when  he  became  a  bandit,  and  under  which  name 
he  was  killed).  From  here  small  raiding  parties  went  out 
constantly,  but  the  camp  was  maintained  principally  for  the 
purpose  of  watching  the  trails  leading  into  and  along  the 
cienaga.  This  camp  was  maintained  from  the  outbreak  of 
the  insurrection  until  the  Jocuma-Orbea  Trocha  was  estab- 
lished in  1897,  when  it  was  abandoned. 

2.  Sabaneton  de  Satirico. — A  large  open  grove  (palms  and 
grass)  on  Gibersal-Cienaga  trail;  on  high  ground  and  sur- 
rounded by  heavy  woods.  Water  for  this  camp  was  secured 
from  the  Laguna  Eryanal.  The  camp  was  commanded  by 
Maj.  Desiderio  Mato  and  furnished  an  important  point  for 
getting  back  into  the  .cienaga  when  the  Cubans  were  pressed 
by  the  Spaniards. 

3.  Camp  of  insurgents  situated  north  of  Gibersal-Cienaga 
trail  and  some  little  distance  beyond  Sabaneton  de  Satirico. 
This  camp  was  on  high  ground  in  the  heavy  timber  and  cov- 
ered about  5  acres.  Trail  to  the  camp  was  very  bad.  There 
are  4  wells  in  and  about  the  camp.  Lieut.  Col.  Manuel  Be- 
tancourt  was  in  command. 

4.  Camp  of  insurgents  on  the  Sabaneton  de  Satirico-Cayo 
Pvspino  trail ;  situated  on  high  ground ;  can  be  recognized  by 
group  of  about  ten  large  royal  palms,  of  which  there  are  no 
more  in  this  vicinity.  Water  secured  from  an  excellent  well, 
4  feet  in  diameter  and  about  12  feet  deep.  This  was  a  large 
and  permanent  camp. 

About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east  of  this  camp,  on  another 
trail,  is  a  camp  used  during  the  Ten  Years'  War.  The  camp  is 
called  Los  Mangos  de  Guayabo  Blanco.  It  is  on  high  ground 
and  is  clear,  except  for  a  small  group  of  mango  trees;  good 
wat€r  can  be  secured  from  a  small  well.  This  camp  was  com- 
manded by  Lieut.  Col.  Jesus  del  Sur;  it  was  not  used  during 
the  insurrection  of  1895-1898,  except  by  a  few  individuals 
from  time  to  time. 


702  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA, 

5.  Cayo  Guanales  Nuevo. — This  cayo  and  the  camp  which 
was  situated  here  take  their  names  from  the  great  number 
of  palm  (guanal)  found  on  it.  It  was  a  permanent  camp 
during  the  entire  insurrection.  Rope  was  made  from  the 
palms,  and  a  detachment  was  kept  here  for  that  purpose. 
The  site  is  high  and  dry,  but  the  trails  are  bad.  Water  was 
secured  from  natural  wells  in  the  surrounding  cienaga. 

6.  Cayos  Benitos. — These  cayos,  on  each  side  of  the  trail 
to  the  Laguna  de  Guanales  Nuevo,  were  constantly  used  as 
camps  by  the  insurgents.  They  are  high  and  dry  and  can 
be  located  readily  in  the  open  cienaga  by  the  large  number  of 
jiicaro  trees  on  them.  Water  was  secured  from  natural  wells 
near  by. 

7.  There  were  a  number  of  insurgent  camps  situated  on  the 
high  ground  around  the  Laguna  de  Guanales  Xuevo.  They 
were  permanent  and  were  never  molested  by  the  Spanish. 
Fish  and  turtles  were  secured  and  prepared  for  shipment 
and  sent  to  the  other  insurgent  camps  and  strongholds.  A 
large  supply  was  always  kept  on  hand.  Water  was  secured 
from  the  laguna. 

8.  A  camp  of  insurgents  was  situated  about  a  half  mile 
north  of  Cayo  Majagua,  in  the  heavy  woods  along  the  Yanal 
de  Laguna  Prieto.  This  camp  site  is  about  40Q  yards  square 
and  has  an  abundance  of  good  grass  for  grazing;  water  was 
secured  from  a  spring  in  Cayo  Majagua.  It  was  a  perma- 
nent camp. 

9.  Camp  of  insurgents  at  Laguna  Miranda  in  the  Miranda 
'cane  fields.     It  was  an  outpost  and  observation  camp,  and 

the  large  jiicaro  trees  aroimd  the  laguna  were  used  as  look- 
out towers.  From  these  trees  a  good  view  of  the  surrounding 
country  can  be  obtained.  Water  was  secured  from  the  la- 
guna. Camp  was  abandoned  when  the  Jocuma-Orbea 
Trocha  was  established. 

10.  Camp  of  insurgents  in  Cayo  Laguna  Prieto.  An  out- 
post camp  for  the  larger  camp  near  Laguna  Prieto. 

11.  Camp  of  insurgents  near  Laguna  Prieto  when  Jocuma- 
Orbea  Trocha  was  established;  was  not  occupied  long  be- 
fore the  Spanish  troops  drove  them  out ;  water  from  the 
laguna.  After  the  Cubans  were  driven  away  from  the 
Laguna  Prieto  camp  no  insurgents  camped  there  for  some 
months;  then  Lieut.  Col.  Gregorio  Alvare?  established  a  per- 


CIENAGA    DE    ZAPATA.  703 

manent  camp  east  of  the  former  one,  deeper  in  the  heavj^ 
woods  and  on  a  high  clearing  about  200  yards  square.  He 
also  established  a  second  camp  still  deeper  in  the  woods  in 
the  center  of  an  almost  imj^enetrable  jiicaro  grove.  Here 
can  be  seen  the  remains  of  10  native  houses;  mangoes, 
oranges,  and  lemons  grow  here ;  water  for  both  these  camps 
came  from  the  Laguna  Prieto.  At  a  later  period  Gen. 
Pancho  Perez  established  his  headquarters  for  this  section 
on  some  high  ground  near  the  open  cienaga.  Here  he  built 
a  hospital,  and  the  remains  of  a  number  of  houses  can  still 
be  seen.  This  ground  is  always  dry.  Water  was  secured 
from  the'  Laguna  Prieto  and  from  the  Yanal  de  Lagima 
Prieto.     Doctor  Caneda  was  in  command  of  the  hospital. 

12.  An  insurgent  supply  camp  was  established  in  Cayo 
Majagua  early  in  1896.  The  trails  to  this  cayo  are  bad; 
a  large  quantity  of  supplies  was  kept  on  hand  here,  but  the 
camp  does  not  appear  to  have  had  any  military  importance. 
There  is  an  excellent  spring,  and  the  center  of  the  cayo  is 
always  dry. 

13.  Cayo  de  los  Negros  was  used  from  time  to  time  as  a 
refuge  when  hard  pressed  and  as  a  resting  place  for  parties 
crossing  the  cienaga,  but  there  was  no  permanent  camp. 
The  cayo  contains  an  excellent  spring. 

1^.  Cayo  Palrmi. — In  this  cayo  a  permanent  camp  was 
maintained  and  a  stockade  was  erected  to,  prevent  the  Span- 
iards from  securing  control  of  the  cienaga  crossing  to  Jequi, 
although  nothing  shows  that  the  Spaniards  ever  attempted 
to  penetrate  the  swamp  here  any  more  than  at  any  other 
point.     The  cayo  is  large,  dry,  and  has  an  excellent  spring. 

15.  Cayo  Miguel. — This  cayo  is  high  and  dry  and  can  be 
recognized  by  the  large  number  of  palms  growing  there ;  in- 
surgent camps  were  maintained  from  time  to  time.  Water 
was  secured  from  natural  wells  in  the  open  swamp. 

16.  Cayo  Pancho  Caro. — In  this  cayo,  which  is  very  large 
and  dry,  were  four  insurgent  camps  under  Ignacio  Perez  Fun- 
dora.  The  cayo  can  be  recognized  from  a  distance  by  a  num- 
ber of  large  jucaro  trees  growing  on  it.  It  was  a  refuge 
camp  and  was  never  reached  by  the  Spaniards.  The  remains 
of  many  houses  can  be  seen.  Water  was  secured  from  nat- 
ural AY  ells  in  the  open  cienaga.  About  a  half-mile  to  the 
west  of  this  point  the  insurgents  established  a  prison  on 


704  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

Cayo  Verde;  this  cayo  is  high  and  dry,  but  has  no  water. 
The  trails  to  it  are  very  bad.  About  a  mile  to  the  east  of 
Cayo  Pancho  Caro  was  a  small  insurgent  camp  on  the  banks 
of  the  Laguna  Pancho  Caro.  In  this  camp  rope  was  made 
during  the  entire  insurrection;  the  camp  was  never  molested. 

17.  In  1895  an  insurgent  camp  was  established  at  the 
spring  Los  Seis  Jucarales  and  was  maintained  until  the  Jo- 
cuma-Orbea  trocha  was  established,  when  it  was  abandoned. 

18.  La  Bartea. — ^An  insurgent  camp  was  situated  on  the 
high  banks  of  this  spring ;  here  were  stationed  men  who  took 
messages  across  the  Buena  Vista  trail,  and  several  guides. 
The  approaches  to  the  camp  are  bad ;  it  was  abandoned  when 
the  Jocuma-Orbea  trocha  was  established. 

19.  A  large  insurgent  camp  was  established  near  Orbea 
early  in  the  insurrection  by  Gen.  Pancho  Perez ;  he  erected  a 
low  stone  wall  across  the  road  and  had  trenches  dug.  Later 
the  camp  was  commanded  by  Maj.  Desiderio  Mata,  and  late 
in  1896  Lieut.  Col.  Benito  Socorro  assumed  command.  He 
was  defeated  and  driven  back  by  the  Spaniards  in  January, 
1897,  when  they  began  work  on  the  Jocuma-Orbea  trocha. 
He  retreated  to  the  spring  Martia  and  established  a  camp, 
but  in  March  the  Spaniards  made  arrangements  to  attack 
him  and  his  force  broke  up  and  retreated  through  the  swamj). 

20.  El  Mangal  de  Managuaco. — This  was  one  of  the  largest 
insurgent  camps  in  this  part  of  Cuba.  It  was  situated  in  a 
large  mango  grove  about  half  a  mile  east  of  the  sugar  mill 
Covadonga.  There  is  an  excellent  well;  room  for  a  brigade 
to  camp  on  the  high  ground;  plenty  of  wood  and  grazing 
near  at  hand.  This  camp  was  established  by  Gen.  Pancho 
Perez  and  later,  when  it  was  much  smaller,  Avas  commanded 
by  Colonel  Clavero  and  Maj.  Desiderio  Mato.  The  camp 
was  abandoned  when  the  Jocuma-Orbea  trocha  Avas 
established. 

21.  A  large  insurgent  camp  was  established  along  the 
banks  of  the  Arroyo  Semguiro  near  a  ford  marked  by  two 
large  palms  close  together ;  the  camp  was  on  the  high  banks ; 
water  was  secured  from  the  arroyo.  The  Cubans  maintained 
a  very  large  force  here  at  all  times.  The  commanders  of 
this  camp  were:  Gen.  Pancho  Perez,  Gen.  Joaquin  Rod- 
riguez, General  Lacret,  Gen.  Perico  Diaz,  Gen.  Avelino  Lji 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  705 

Rosa,  General  Ropesa,  and  General  Miro,  who  came  from 
Colombia,  South  America. 

There  were  two  severe  fights  at  this  point,  one  in  1895 
and  one  in  January,  1898.  In  the  first  fight  General  Molino 
commanded  the  Spanish  troops  and  was  almost  captured. 
He  retreated  and  the  camp  was  not  attacked  again  until 
January,  1898.  In  this  fight  the  Cubans  were  completely 
routed  and  retreated  to  the  open  cienaga  by  way  of  the 
Lagunas  Anegada  Grande  and  Chiquita.  Here  they  en- 
deavored to  make  a  stand,  but  to  no  purpose. 

22.  The  insurgents  established  a  camp  early  in  the  insur- 
rection on  the  banks  of  the  Laguna  Guanal  and  maintained 
it  until  it  was  broken  up  by  the  Spanish  troops  in  1897. 
The  camp  does  not  appear  to  have  been  very  important; 
water  was  secured  from  the  laguna. 

23.  La  Cejel  Bagd. — This  was  an  insurgent  camp  estab- 
lished early  in  the  insurrection  by  Ignacio  Fundora;  water 
was  secured  from  the  arroyos  El  Jibara  and  Baga.  The 
camp  was  on  some  high  ground,  about  400  by  800  yards;  it 
was  never  molested.  Cubans  recovering  from  wounds  were 
brought  to  this  point.  There  was  also  a  camp  at  Laguna 
Baga.  It  was  on  some  high,  grassy  ground.  Fever  patients 
were  sent  to  this  camp. to  recuperate.  Water  was  secured 
from  the  laguna. 

24.  There  was  an  insurgent  camp  at  Jagiiey  de  Salvial 
during  1895  and  1896,  but  it  was  later  abandoned ;  water  was 
secured  from  an  excellent  well ;  there  are  3  houses  here  which 
were  used  by  the  insurgents. 

25.  Orca. — Permanent  insurgent  camp  was  situated  at  this 
point.  Abandoned  in  1897.  The  camp  was  on  some  high 
ground  about  half  a  mile  square ;  water  was  secured  from  the 
Arroyo  La  Orca ;  wells  were  also  sunk ;  the  ruins  of  several 
houses  can  be  found.  To  this  camp  came  outsiders  and  those 
Spaniards  and  Cubans  in  the  Spanish  service  who  desired  to 
present  themselves  to  the  Cubans.  There  was  also  a  large 
prison  at  this  point. 

26.  Cayo  Ocuje. — Permanent  camp  and  base  of  supplies 
established  here  in  1895  by  Capt.  Ignacio  Perez  Fundora ; 
the  camp  was  in  a  palm  grove;  water  was  secured  from  the 

492—09 i5 


706  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

Arroyo  Ocuje.     Insurgents  crossing  the  swamp  camped  here 
and  secured  supplies. 

27.  An  insurgent  camp  was  established  at  the  spring  San 
Pedro  by  Gen.  Pancho  Perez,  but  was  not  occupied  very  long; 
water  was  secured  from  the  spring. 

28.  Cuchilla  Buena  Vista.^-k.  permanent  camp  was  estab- 
lished here  in  1895.  It  was  commanded  at  different  times  by 
Gen.  Pancho  Perez  and  Benito  Socorro  and  by  Desiderio 
Mato. 

When,  in  1898,  the  Cubans  were  driven  back  into  the  cie- 
naga  they  came  to  this  camp ;  water  was  secured  from  natural 
wells  in  the  open  cienaga.  The  camp  was  never  molested ;  it 
controlled  the  Buena  Vi'sta  crossing  of  the  cienaga. 

29.  Insurgent  camps  of  little  or  no  consequence  were  also 
established  from  time  to  time  on  the  following  cayos :  Butaco, 
Rabon,  and  Caoba.  The  last  named  was  the  most  used. 
Water  was  secured  from  natural  wells  in  the  open  cienaga. 

30.  The  insurgents  established  a  camp  near  the  spring 
Manjuari,  but  it  was  broken  up  by  the  Spaniards  when  the 
Jocuma-Orbea  trocha  was  established. 

31.  An  insurgent  camp  was  established  at  the  Laguna 
Aemici,  and  here  sugar  was  made  from  cane  obtained  in  the 
near-by  fields.  Water  was  secured  from  a  spring.  Lieut. 
Col.  Jose  Alvarez  was  in  command  of  this  camp,  which  was 
broken  up  by  the  Spaniards  when  the  Jocuma-Orbea  trocha 
was  established. 

32.  An  insurgent  camp  was  situated  at  the  spring  Palma 
Amarilla,  and  from  this  camp  raiding  parties  did  great 
damage  in  the  surrounding  country  until  the  camp  was 
broken  up  when  the  Jocuma-Orbea  trocha  was  established. 

ROADS    AND    TRAILS. 

In  the  Cienaga  Oriental  there  are  eight  Avell-known  trails, 
most  of  which  were  used  constantly  during  the  Cuban  Avars. 

1.  Gibersal-Saharieton  de  Satirico;  direction,  west. 

A  wagon  road  leaves  finca  Gibersal  in  a.  westerly  direction 
through  cane  fields.  At  one-fourth  mile  the  Laguna  Gibersal 
is  north  of  the  road ;  800  yards  farther  on  Laguna  Blanquisal 
lies  to  the  south  of  the  road.     At  three- fourths  mile  Laguna 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  707 

Frontera  and  Lagiina  El  Piojo  are  to  the  north.  A  spring 
is  passed  300  yards  beyond  the  laguna.  Just  before  reaching 
the  spring  the  cane  ends  and  heavy  Avoods  begin  on  both 
sides  of  the  road.  At  one-fourth  mile  beyond  spring  the 
wagon  road  ends  and  two  horse  trails  branch — one  south 
through  heavy  woods  for  1^  miles,  to  Laguna  Aemici;  the 
other  runs  northwest. 

One-half  mile  along  latter  trail  an  open  grove  is  crossed 
called  Sabaneton  de  Satirico  (palm  trees  and  grass),  one- 
half  mile  in  diameter.     From  this  grove  a  trail  runs  north. 

The  main  trail  leaves  the  grove  in  a  northwesterly  direc- 
tion and  then  turns  west.  This  portion  of  the  trail  is  bad. 
About  three-fourths  mile  from  turn  in  trail  a  short  branch 
trail  runs  north  to  high  ground,  on  which  are  several  wells. 
Two  and  one-half  miles  beyond,  the  trail  comes  out  of  heavy 
woods  and  enters  swamp.  At  this  point  the  Camino  Cienaga 
runs  northeast  to  Orca  and  southeast  to  Cayo  de  los  Negros. 
This  trail  was  used  by  raiding  parties  during  the  insurrec- 
tions as  a  branch  of  the  Camino  Cienaga. 

2.  Sebaneton  de  SatiHco-Laguna  Pesquero-Laguna  Bagd; 
direction^  north. 

This  trail  runs  north  from  Sabaneton  de  Satirico,  through 
heavy  woods.  Horses  can  travel  over  it.  At  one-half  mile 
Laguna  Eryanal  is  passed  to  the  west  of  road.  One  mile 
farther  this  trail  turns  northwest.  A  short  distance  beyond 
this  change  of  direction  a  branch  trail  runs  north  for  one- 
fourth  mile  to  a  camp  site  and  well.  The  main  trail  con- 
tinues northwest  past  the  west  side  of  Laguna  Pesquero, 
through  heavy  woods.  Trail  suitable  for  horses.  The  main 
trail  passes  Loma  de  Cedro  and  crosses  three  small  streams 
rising  in  Laguna  Pesquero.  These  streams  unite  and. form 
Arroyo  Guayabo  Blanco.  The  first  and  third  streams  are 
about  one-half  mile  apart.  Halfway  between  these  streams 
a  difficult  trail  branches  north  to  Laguna  Pesquero,  distance 
three-fourths  mile.  It  is  impassable  for  horses.  From 
point  where  last  trail  branches,  the  main  trail  continues 
northwest  through  heavy  woods  to  Cayo  Espino,  5  miles  dis- 
tant, the  last  half  mile  crossing  open  swamp.  Halfway  on 
this  5-mile  stretch,  Arroyo  La  Orca  is  crossed.    Horses  can 


708  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

not  pass  over  this  portion  of  the  trail.  Another  trail  run« 
west  from  Laguna  Pesquero  to  Orca  and  is  impassable  for 
horses.  At  point  where  this  latter  trail  turns  west  to  Orca 
from  Pesquero  another  trail  runs  northeast,  past  Laguna 
Baga,  to  Galleon.    This  is  passable  by  horses. 

3.  Roi^ario-Lagiina  Medio-Laguna  Aemiei-Cayo  Guanales 
Nuevo-Laguna  Miranda;  direction^  southwest. 

A  wagon  road  runs  south  from  Colonia  Rosario  for  about 
a  mile  through  cane  fields  and  passes  Laguna  Asiento  Viejo, 
which  is  north  of  the  road.  A  short  distance  farther  to  the 
north  is  Laguna  El  Medio.  Road  turns  southwest  near 
these  lagunas  for  about  one-half  mile  and  then  northwest 
for  about  one-half  mile.  The  road  passes  the  spring  El 
Medio,  Road  turns  southwest  here  for  about  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  to  Laguna  Aemici.  A  trail  runs  north  from  near 
the  laguna  to  the  Gibersal-Cienaga  trail.  At  Laguna  Aemici 
cane  ends  and  heavy  woods  begin  along  both  sides.  The 
main  road  continues  southwest  about  one-half  mile,  passing 
Laguna  Aemici,  south  and  El  Piojo,  north.  Road  continues 
southwest  and  becomes  a  trail  for  horses  for  about  one-fourth 
mile  from  end  of  road.  Here  trails  branch  west  and  south- 
east ;  trail  to  the  west  runs  about  3  miles  to  Camino  Cienaga, 
passing  Cayo  Guanales  Nuevo.  Just  beyond  this  cayo  open 
cienaga  commences  and  the  trail  is  impassable'  for  horses. 
One-fourth  mile  farther  trail  passes  between  the  Cayos 
Bonitos,  one  to  left  and  one  to  right.  About  one-half  mile 
farther,  trail  reaches  Laguna  de  Guanales  Nuevo  and  turns 
around  the  south  side  of  this  laguna  to  the  Camino  Cienaga. 
A  trail  suitable  for  horses  runs  to  the  south  from  Laguna 
El  Piojo,  passing  through  heavy  woods  for  about  IJ  miles 
to  Cayo  Majagua  and  crossing  the  Yanal  de  Laguna  Prieto 
and  a  camp  site.  Last  one-fourth  mile  before  reaching  Cayo 
Majagua  this  trail  runs  across  open  swamp.  A  trail  for 
horses  runs  northeast  from  Cayo  Majagua  to  the  wagon  road 
from  finca  Rosario.  About  one-half  mile  along  this  trail 
was  situated  a  Cuban  hospital;  one-fourth  mile  farther  on 
is  the  spring  Prieto;  a  little  farther  on  is  Laguna  Prieto; 
just  beyond  this,  trail  crosses  the  Cayo  Prieto;  one-half  mile 
beyond  this  point,  woods  end  and  trail  becomes  wagon  road 
across  cane  fields.  About  one-half  mile  farther  on  is  Laguna 
Miranda. 


CIENAGA  DE  ZAPATA.  709 

Jf.  Jocuma-Cayo  de  los  Negros-Jequi  {La  Entrada  de  los 
Guaniyales) ;  direction^  southwest. 

This  trail  becomes  impassable  for  horses  at  a  point  about 
one-half  mile  southeast  of  finca  Joeuma.  The  trail,  after 
leaving  wagon  road,  runs  southwest  for  about  4^  miles  to 
Cayo  de  los  Xegros,  then  for  about  one-half  mile  through 
heavy  woods  and  then  across  open  swamp. 

From  Cayo  de  los  Negros  two  trails  to  Cayo  Verde  run 
across  the  open  swamp ;  impassable  for  horses ;  one  direct  to 
the  north  and  the  other  to  the  northwest  by  way  of  Cayo 
Miguel,  thence  northeast  to  Cayo  Verde.  From  Cayo  de  los 
Negros  a  bad  trail  (the  main  trail)  runs  southwest  about  2 
miles  to  Cayo  Palma.  Halfway  along  this  trail  is  a  branch 
trail  which  runs  to  Laguna  Prudencia,  situated  northwest  of 
the  trail.  From  Cayo  Palma  the  main  trail  runs  west  across 
open  swamp  to  Jequi,  by  way  of  Cayos  Biitaco,  Sierra  Mo- 
rena,  and  two  small  cayos  situated  near  La  Piedra  del  Agua. 
This  main  trail  is  the  best  known  of  all  the  trails  through  the 
swamp  which  were  used  by  the  Cubans  during  the  uprising 
of  1895-1898.  It  has  long  since  been  abandoned  and  is  ex- 
ceedingly hard  to  locate  and  difficult  of  passage. 

5.  J ocuma-Pancho  Caro-Prieto;  direction^  west. 

This  is  a  trail  suitable  for  horses  and  runs  southwest  from 
finca  Joeuma  for  three-fourths  of  a  mile  through  cane  fields 
to  heavy  woods.  Here  the  trail,  no  longer  suitable  for  horses, 
turns  more  to  the  south  for  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  to 
open  swamp.  One-fourth  mile  before  reaching  open  swamp 
Laguna  Pancho  Caro  lies  to  the  north  of  trail.  Just  beyond 
this  laguna  the  trail  turns  to  west  for  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
to  Cayo  Pancho  Caro;  the  trail  here  turns  northwest  for 
about  one-half  mile  and  connects  with  a  trail  which  runs 
south  one-half  mile  to  Cayo  Verde;  the  latter  is  impassable 
for  horses.  Main  trail  runs  north  through  heavy  woods  to 
spring  Prieto,  passing  north  of  the  spring.  This  part  of  the 
trail  is  not  suitable  for  horses. 

6.  J ocuma-Orbea ;  direction^  southeast. 

An  old  public  road  running  southeast  from  finca  Joeuma 
for  about  1^  miles.     A  narrow-gauge  railroad  runs  along 


710  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

north  side  of  road  for  about  a  mile.  About  one-fourth  mile 
from  Jocuma  the  trail  passes  ruins  of  a  stone  fort  [which 
marked  beginning  of  trocha] ,  and  spring  Los  Paticos  to  south. 
About  three-fourths  of  a  mile  farther  on,  the  spring  Palma 
Amarilla  and  former  Cuban  camp  site  is  to  the  south  in 
heavy  woods. 

About  one- fourth  mile  farther  on  the  spring  Los  Seis  Ju- 
carales  and  former  Cuban  camp  site  lies  to  the  north  a  short 
distance,  in  the  woods;  just  beyond  this  point  are  the  ruins  of 
a  stone  fort.  Fr6m  this  point  a  trail  runs  southwest  to  the 
springs  Hervidero  and  Jiicaro ;  not  passable  by  horses.  Main 
trail  passes  ruins  of  old  stone  fort  lying  to  north  of  road. 
One-half  mile  beyond  this  fort  the  wagon  road  ends.  The 
main  trail,  not  passable  by  horses,  continues  south  through 
very  heavy  timber  for  one-fourth  mile  to  Orbea.  Here  a 
trail  runs  southwest  one-fourth  mile  to  the  spring  La  Bartea 
and  former  Cuban  camp  site.  From  Orbea  a  trail  runs 
southeast  about  one-half  mile;  about  one-fourth  mile  along 
this  latter  trail  is  a  stone  wall  built  on  each  side  of  road  and 
at  right  angles  to  it ;  built  by  Cubans ;  camp  sites  here.  From 
point  above  mentioned,  where  wagon  road  ends,  trail  runs 
north  to  wagon  road  which  leads  to  the  sugar  mill  Covadonga. 

7.  Cayo  de  los  Negros-Orca-Cayo  Espino-Cayo  lola-Ense- 
nada  trail  {C amino  la  Cienaga) ;  direction^  northwest. 

This  trail  passes  entirely  through  open  swamp,  running 
northwest  from  Cayo  de  los  Negros  for  about  G  miles,  to  a 
point  where  the  Gibersal-Cienaga  trail  meets  it  at  edge  of 
open  swamp.  This  part  of  the  main  trail  passes  near  Laguna 
de  Guanales  Nuevo  (where  main  trail  connects  with  a  trail 
to  finca  Rosario),  and  a  little  farther  north  it  crosses  the 
arroyo  which  serves  as  an  outlet  to  this  laguna. 

At  the  point  where  the  trail  from  the  finca  Gibersal  joins 
it,  the  main  trail  turns  northeast  for  about  4  miles  to  Orca, 
where  it  crosses  the  arroyo  La  Orca  and  also  a  trail  running 
east  and  west ;  main  trail  turns  northwest  for  about  If  miles 
and  then  northeast  to  Cayo  Espino.  This  trail  was  con- 
stantly used  by  the  Cubans,  but  is  very  hard  to  find  now.  It 
is  known  as  "  Camino  la  Cienaga." 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  *  711 

8.  Galleon-Orca-Cayo  Isla;  direction^  southwest. 

A  wagon  road  runs  southwest  from  Colonia  Galleon 
through  cane  fields  for  about  one-half  mile.  Here  a  trail 
runs  west  for  about  3  miles  to  Cayo  Espino  and  is  very  old 
and  important.  This  Espino  trail  crosses  the  arroyos  Baga 
(2)  and  the  arroyo  El  Jibara,  also  the  former  .Cuban  camp 
site  La  Cejel  Baga.  From  point  where  wagon  road  ends  and 
Espino  trail  branches,  the  main  trail  continues  southwest 
about  1^  miles.  It  is  practicable  for  horses.  About  halfway 
along  this  main  trail,  trails  branch  southeast  to  Laguna  Baga 
and  northwest  to  the  former  Cuban  camp  site  La  Cejel  Baga. 
Main  trail  turns  northwest  for  one-third  mile  and  then  south- 
west for  about  one-half  mile  to  the  former  Cuban  camp  site 
Jaguey  de  Salvial.  Main  trail  continues  southwest  about 
one-half  mile  and  then  turns  west  one-half  mile  to  former 
Cuban  camp  site  Orca,  and  from  there  runs  west  across  open 
swamp  to  Cayo  Isla.  Exceedingly  difficult  trail  to  locate; 
hard  to  travel  over. 

JOCUMA-ORBEA   TROCHA. 

Along  the  northeastern  edge  of  the  Cienaga  Oriental  the 
Spaniards  constructed  a  trocha.  It  was  built  during  the 
months  of  January,  February,  and  March,  1897.  It  ran  from 
Jocuma  southeast,  along  the  old  Camino  Real  to  Orbea,  and 
from  there  northeast  to  Palma  Larga,  There  were  6  stone 
forts  (all  now  in  ruins),  situated  as  follows: 

One  just  south  of  Jocuma ;  one  about  a  mile  farther  south, 
at  the  point  where  the  trail  for  the  springs  Hervidero  and 
Jiicaro  leaves  the  Camino  Real;  one  a  little  farther  to  the 
south ;  two  at  Orbea ;  and  one  at  Palma  Larga. 

Up  to  this  time  the  Cubans  had  controlled  this  section  of 
country  and  no  Spanish  column  had  succeeded  in  driving 
them  out  of  their  strongholds,  but  with  the  establishment  of 
this  trocha  conditions  were  changed  and  the  Cuban  power 
was  broken. 

This  trocha  controlled  the  main  thoroughfare  for  insurgent 
troops  in  this  part  of  Cuba,  and  its  moral  effect  was  very 
good,  as  it  compelled  the  insurgents,  who  up  to  this  time  had 
been  going  about  openly,  to  retreat  well  into  the  cienaga, 
where  they  could  do  little  or  no  harm. 


712  ^  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

The  main  object  of  this  trocha  was  to  control  the  trails 
across  the  cienaga  and  to  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos,  which  start 
from  here  or  near-by  points,  and  especially  the  Buena  Vista 
and  Cayo  Palma-Jequi  crossings. 

THE  BAHIA  DE  COCHINOS. 

In  considering  the  Cienaga  de  Zapata,  both  Occidental  and 
Oriental,  as  a  field  of  possible  operations,  the  Bahia  de 
Cochinos  must  be  taken  into  consideration,  as  on  it  would 
be  situated  the  southern  base  of  operations. 

In  general,  the  west  coast  of  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos  is  low 
and  marshy,  although  there  is  a  ridge  of  fairly  high  ground 
close  to  the  bay.  The  north  coast  is  somewhat  higher  and 
the  east  coast  is,  for  the  most  part,  from  10  to  30  feet  above 
the  beach.  This  is  especially  true  of  that  part  of  the  coast 
from  Gallinas  south.  The  west  coast  has  little  in  the  way 
of  trees  aside  from  the  mangle,  but  along  the  north  coast 
there  is  an  abundance  of  material  for  charcoal.  The  entire 
east  coast  is  covered  with  a  great  variety  of  excellent  timber. 
It  is  from  this  coast  that  the  great  shipments  of  valuable 
timber  are  made.  The  timber  belt  extends  well  around  the 
head  of  the  bay  from  the  east. 

No  fresh  water  can  be  procured  along  the  west  coast  until 
the  head  of  the  bay  is  reached,  while  along  the  north  and 
east  coasts  it  is  plentiful. 

For  large  vessels  entering  the  bay  the  best  channel  is  from 
a  point  about  half  a  mile  west  of  Punta  Oriental  to  a  point 
about  halfway  across  the  bay  from  Punta  Oriental  to  Punta 
Mogote  del  Padre.  Large  vessels  should  not  attempt  to 
enter  west  of  the  point  stated.  The  channel  up  the  bay  is 
safest  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  east  coast. 
There  are  no  currents  to  be  encountered  and  the  tide  is  from 
18  to  23  inches. 

DESCRIPTION. 

A  general  description  of  the  coast  line  is  as  follows: 
The  Bahia  de  Cochinos  extends  inland  in  a  general  north- 
erly direction  between  the  headlands  Punta  Mogote  del  Padre 
on  the  west  and  Punta  Oriental  on  the  east. 

Punta  Mogote  del  Padre  is  a  blunt  point.  It  is  sandy, 
with  a  narrow  ridge  of  ground  back  of  the  beach,  about  6  or 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  *  713 

8  feet  higher  than  the  beach.  The  ridge  is  about  50  or  100 
yards  wide  and  then  the  ground  drops  again  and  becomes 
very  marshy.  This  marsh  is  covered  with  salt  water  most  of 
the  time.  The  mud  is  extremely  hard  to  get  through  be- 
cause of  its  sandy  character.  There  is  very  little  water  on 
the  beach,  and  a  boat  drawing  5  feet  would  have  to  anchor 
about  500  yards  off  the  shore. 

Just  north  of  this  point  is  the  Estero  Mogote.  This  is  a 
shallow  inlet  and  a  small  boat  not  drawing  more  than  6  feet 
can  come  within  about  200  yards  of  the  shore.  There  is  a 
small,  high  grass  plot  about  8  feet  above  the  beach.  No 
fresh  water  near  at  hand. 

Going  along  the  west  coast  of  the  bay,  the  next  point  of 
land  is  Punta  Las  Mabajas.  This  is  a  small,  high,  wooded 
point.  There  is  no  fresh  water  near  at  hand,  but  a  camp 
could  be  established  if  arrangements  could  be  made  to  bring 
water  in  boats.  When  the  wind  blows  in  from  sea  it  is  im- 
possible to  land.  The  bast  landing  place  is  just  south  of  this 
point,  but  there  is  very  little  water.  Even  small  boats  must 
remain  well  out  from  shore. 

Playa  Los  Cocos  is  about  a  mile  north  of  Punta  Los  Maba- 
jas. This  is  an  excellent  beach,  but  the  bay  is  shallow. 
However,  a  small  boat  can  come  in  fairly  close  to  the  shore. 
The  playa  takes  its  name  from  a  few  cocoanut  trees  which 
grow  here;  the  ground  back  of  the  beach  is  high  but  not 
wide. 

Punta  Cazones  is  a  sharp  point  which  juts  out  noticeably 
,  about  halfway  up  the  west  coast  of  the  bay.  There  is  a 
small  bayou  south  of  the  point  and  a  larger  one  north  of  it. 
The  former  can  be  approached  to  within  about  300  yards 
by  a  boat  not  drawing  more  than  7  feet.  The  latter  offers 
a  fairly  good  shelter  for  small  boats  when  the  wind  is  from 
the  south.  The  point  is  heavily  wooded  and  is  higher  than 
the  coast  on  each  side  of  it.  About  3  or  4  miles  north  of 
this  point  is  the  Playa  Entrada  Cazones.  From  here  there 
is  a  trail  southwest  to  Cazones,  which  is  very  bad,  and  one 
leading  north  along  the  coast.  There  is  a  narrow-gauge  track 
going  inland  for  about  300  yards;  the  beach  is  open  and 
smooth ;  there  is  deep  water  to  within  150  yards  of  the  shore ; 
no  rocks  on  the  bottom. 


714  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

About  a  half  mile  north  of  Playa  Entrada  Cazones  is  a 
crescent-shaped  beach  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long. 
At  the  south  end  of  this  beach  is  Punta  Guanival,  a  small 
and  unimportant  point.  At  the  north  end  is  Punta  Palizada. 
This  is  a  large  and  high  headland,  which  commands  an  ex- 
cellent view  of  the  coast  for  some  distance. 

Halfway  between  the  points  at  each  end  of  the  crescent 
is  the  Playa  Tienda  Vieja.  This  was  formerly  the  most 
important  charcoal  shipping  point  on  the  bay,  but  its  inac- 
cessibility in  the  way  of  trails  and  the  fact  that  vessels 
received  the  full  benefit  of  the  storms  from  sea  caused  the 
company  controlling  the  charcoal  depots  along  the  coast  to 
abandon  it.  Nothing  now  remains  save  some  old  ruins. 
There  was  no  water  here;  it  was  brought  from  Playa  La 
Cafia.  It  is  a  fair  landing  place;  the  beach  is  free  of  rocks, 
and  there  is  8  feet  of  water  to  within  GO  yards  of  the  shore. 

About  2  miles  farther  up  the  coast  is  Playa  Rio  Negro. 
This  is  the  largest  shipping  point  for  charcoal  on  the  bay; 
there  is  no  fresh  water;  all  water  for  drinking  and  cooking 
is  brought  from  the  Playa  La  Caria  in  a  water  boat;  there 
is  deep  water  with  smooth  bottom  to  within  75  yards  of  the 
shore ;  at  200  yards  from  the  shore  there  is  30  feet  of  water. 
Boats  anchoring  here  receive  the  force  of  storms  from  the 
sea,  and  great  care  must  be  exercised  to  guard  against  their 
being  driven  onto  the  beach. 

About  IJ  miles  north  of  Playa  Rio  Negro  is  the  Rio  La 
Cafia,  with  a  good  landing  west  of  the  river.  Here  there  is 
an  iron  tank,  capacity  100  barrels  of  water,  situated  in  a 
native  house  built  to  protect  it.  The  water  is  piped  from  La 
Criolla,  is  excellent,  and  is  used  as  a  supply  for  all  boats  en- 
tering the  bay.  A  water  boat  also  takes  water  to  the  different 
charcoal  depots  along  the  coast.  At  this  point  there  is  an 
excellent  anchorage,  and  at  100  yards  from  shore  there  is  30 
feet  of  water.  The  beach  is  smooth  and  there  are  no  rocks. 
The  river  has  been  converted  into  a  canal  and  is  closed  at  its 
mouth  by  means  of  a  lock  with' two  gates.  There  is  a  bar  at 
its  mouth  which  effectually  closes  it  even  to  loaded  charcoal 
barges. 

Just  south  of  here  is  the  Playa  Manati.  This  playa  is 
around  a  small  point  from  Playa  La  Caiia  and  could  be  util- 
ized in  case  it  was  desired  to  land  a  force  to  attack  Playa 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  715 

La  Cana.  There  is  a  good  beach,  but  boats  drawing  over  20 
feet  of  water  would  have  to  remain  a  half  mile  out  from 
shore.  There  is  about  10  feet  of  water  to  within  50  yards 
of  shore. 

At  the  head  of  the  bay  is  the  Rio  La  Puente.  At  its  mouth 
this  river  is  known  as  the  Rio  Oriente.  The  river,  which 
alternates  with  a  canal  for  about  a  mile,  has  a  depth  of  from 
6  to  10  feet.  Beyond  this  point  it  is  very  shallow  and  flows 
through  small  trees  (mangrove).  There  is  a  bar  off  the 
mouth  on  which  there  is  about  2^  feet  of  water. 

At  100  yards  from  shore  there  is  12  feet  of  water;  at  200 
yards,  20  feet ;  and  at  300  yards,  40  feet  of  water ;  anchorage, 
fairly  good. 

About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east  of  the  above  river  is  the  Ca- 
leta  de  Ventura.  This  is  a  bayou  about  300  yards  long  and 
150  yards  wide.  At  its  head  it  narrows  to  a  point,  and  from 
a  cave,  formed  by  an  overhanging  ledge  of  rock,  there  flows 
an  underground  stream.  The  water  from  the  stream  bubbles 
up  to  the  surface  and  is  very  black.  The  mouth  of  the  bayou 
is  about  25  yards  wide.  There  is  a  wide  bar  across  the  mouth 
having  only  3  feet  of  water  on  it.  The  bayou  inside  is  very 
shallow.  At  300  yards  off  the  bar  there  is  8  feet  of  water, 
and  from  here  to  the  bar  the  water  averages  from  3  to  8  feet. 
The  Caleta  de  Ventura  is  surrounded  by  low,  marshy  ground 
(mangrove),  except  on  the  west  where  the  soil  is  sandy  and 
dry. 

On  the  west  side  a  well-worn  trail,  about  40  yards  long, 
leads  to  a  natural  well,  about  8  feet  deep,  situated  on  a  small, 
high,  rocky  plateau.  Back  from  here  a  short  distance  are 
2  houses. 

The  Playas  Almendera,  Larga,  and  Pesada  are  along  the 
coast  southeast  of  the  Caleta  de  Ventura  at  regular  intervals 
of  200  to  300  yards.    ' 

Play  a  Almendera  is  just  north  of  a  small  point  which  is 
heavily  wooded  and  can  be  readily  recognized.  These  playas 
all  afford  good  landing  places  for  small  boats;  boats  drawing 
up  to  30  feet  can  approach  within  300  yards  of  shore.  The 
anchorages  are  all  excellent. 

The  point  just  north  of  Maquina,  Punta  Potrero,  controls 
the  coast  on  each  side,  and  a  small  body  of  men  intrenched 


716  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

at  this  point  could  successfully  defend  the  landing  against  a 
much  superior  force. 

A  short  distance  along  the  shore  from  this  point  and  just 
north  of  La  Boca  del  Rio  Santa  Teresa  is  the  Playa  Los 
Ornos.  This  playa  is  small  and  crescent  shaped.  It  is  pro- 
tected at  all  times  and  is  an  excellent  landing;  about  8  feet 
of  water  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  shore  and  30  feet 
300  yards  out. 

La  Boca  del  Rio  Santa  Teresa  is  a  sharp  bayou  or  inlet 
just  north  of  Maquina.  This  inlet  extends  inland  about  300 
yards  to  a  point  where  there  is  a  very  large  cave  in  the  rocks 
which  form  the  surface.  The  water  comes  up  out  of  this 
cave  with  great  force  and  it  is  very  deep. 

At  Maquina  there  is  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  line  but  no 
engine.  At  the  terminus  of  this  road  on  the  south  side  of  the 
beach,  which  is  long  and  crescent  shaped,  there  is  but  18 
inches  of  water  at  15  yards  from  shore.  The  best  landing  at 
Maquina  is  on  the  north  or  west  side  of  the  beach.  Here  the 
banks  are  high,  perpendicular,  and  of  hard  clay.  As  there 
is  from  5  to  8  feet  of  water  with  a  smooth,  sandy  bottom  from 
a  point  200  yards  offshore  right  up  to  the  banks,  this  is  an 
excellent  place  to  land  supplies.  Three  hundred  yards  off- 
shore there  is  20  feet  of  water  and  400  yards  out  50  feet. 
This  part  of  the  bay  is  well  sheltered  and  the  water  is  invari- 
ably comparatively  calm. 

Just  below  Maquina  is  the  spring  Galleta  with  a  trail 
leading  inland  about  a  mile  and  a  half  to  a  small  lake.  This 
spring  contains  excellent  water  and  is  on  high  ground.  Just 
beyond  this  spring  is  the  Laguna  Jagiiey  Bonito.  This  lake 
is  very  small  and  during  the  dry  season  it  becomes  a  mud 
hole.     The  water  is  slightly  salty. 

About  a  half  mile  beyond  the  spring  Galleta  is  the  Playa 
Mangle,  and  about  a  mile  still  farther  to  the  south  is  the 
Playa  Patricio.  Near  the  Playa  Mangle  is  the  Laguna 
Mangle.  The  shore  is  high  here,  and  although  the  lake  is 
close  to  the  bay  it  is  only  slightly  brackish  and  the  water  is 
suitable  for  animals.  The  lake  takes  its  name  from  the  man- 
grove (mangle)  growth  in  which  it  is  situated. 

About  100  yards  back  from  the  Playa  Patricio  is  a  spring 
containing  excellent  Avater  and  known  as  the  spring  of  Patri- 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  7l7 

cio.  It  is  reached  by  means  of  a  well-worn  trail  which  leads 
over  a  slightly  rocky  ridge  and  through  heavy  woods. 

Near  the  Playa  Patricio  is  the  Laguna  Agiia  Dulce;  this 
lake  is  small  and  is  very  salty. 

About  a  half  mile  south  of  the  Playa  Patricio  is  Gallinas. 
Here  there  is  an  excellent  landing  on  a  small  sandy  beach 
and  good  Avater  for  drinking  can  be  obtained.  There  is  8 
feet  of  water  40  feet  off  shore ;  from  this  point  to  shore  the 
bottom  is  sandy.  Seventy-five  yards  off  shore  there  is  18  feet 
of  water,  and  at  150  yards  there  is  40  feet  of  water  with  only 
an  occasional  rock. 

Just  south  of  Gallinas  is  the  Playa  Clovijinos,  with  a  house 
and  a  well.  This  playa  was  an  insurgent  camp  site.  There  is 
an  excellent  landing  for  small  boats.  The  beach  is  rocky  and 
forbidding  from  the  bay,  but  upon  approaching  closely  in  a 
small  boat,  small  stretches  of  sandy  beach  can  be  located,  each 
about  12  or  15  feet  wide.  Fifty  yards  off  shore  there  is  15 
feet  of  water ;  at  100  yards  there  is  25  feet ;  and  at  200  yards, 
60  feet. 

About  a  mile  south  of  here  is  a  prominent  point  known  as 
Punta  Avalo,  from  which  a  good  view  of  the  coast  can  be 
obtained. 

About  4  miles  farther  south  is  the  Caleton  Rosario.  Half- 
way to  this  bay  is  the  Caleton  Avalo.  This  is  a  shallow  inlet 
of  no  practical  use. 

At  Rosario,  on  the  inlet  of  the  same  name,  is  an  excellent 
landing  with  a  covered  wharf.  There  is  no  bar  at  the  en- 
trance to  this  inlet,  and  boats  drawing  18  feet  can  tie  up  at 
the  wharf.  Just  outside  the  entrance  to  the  inlet  the  bay  is 
very  deep. 

Below  Rosario  there  are  two  small  points  having  no  names, 
and  beyond  these  are  the  points  Punta  Ocuje  and  Punta  Cei- 
bita.  These  are  both  heavily  wooded  and  would  serve  as  good 
landing  places  for  small  boats.  A  large  vessel  can  anchor 
along  here  about  250  or  300  yards  from  shore. 

About  3  miles  down  the  coast  from  Rosario  is  Playa  Per- 
dice,  a  small  crescent-shaped  beach  with  good  wells.  The 
southern  end  of  the  beach  is  known  as  Punta  Perdice,  and 
here  was  situated  the  Spanish  Fort  Perdice.  This  is  some- 
times called  Punta  Piedras.     Playa  Perdice  is  an  excellent 


718  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

landing  place  for  animals  or  supplies.  There  is  a  good- 
sized  sandy  beach,  and  this  part  of  the  bay  is  generally 
calm.  At  8  yards  from  shore  there  is  8  feet  of  water;  at  25 
yards  there  is  12  feet ;  at  100  yards  there  is  30  feet ;  beyond 
this  the  bay  is  very  deep. 

About  2^  miles  beyond  Perdice  is  Punta  Oriental.  This 
point  is  sometimes  called  Morales.  It  marks  the  eastern  end 
of  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos.  It  runs  well  out  into  the  sea,  is 
heavily  wooded,  and  commands  an  excellent  view  of  the  sea 
in  all  directions. 

Along  the  coast  to  the  east,  about  4  miles,  is  the  Caleta 
Buena.  This  is  a  long  inlet  and  it  can  be  entered  by  boats 
drawing  not  more  than  12  feet  of  water.  The  upper  end  is 
treacherous  and  has  many  rocks.  There  is  a  good  landing 
place  with  a  trail  running  inland. 

About  3  miles  southwest  of  Punta  Mogote  del  Padre,  on 
the  west  coast  of  the  bay,  is  Punta  Palmillas.  Beyond  this 
is  an  opening  about  half  a  mile  wide  and  then  Cayo  Miguel. 

The  long  inlet  north  of  Palmillas  and  Cayo  Miguel  is 
known  as  Bocaron  del  Palmillas. 

West  of  Cayo  Miguel  there  is  another  inlet  and  beyond 
it  Cayo  Blanco  del  Sur.  The  east  end  of  this  cayo  is  Punta 
Cayo  Blanco.  The  long  estero  north  of  Cayo  Blanco  del 
Sur  is  known  as  Estero  Palmillas,  and  the  channel  south  of 
it  is  known  as  Estero  Pino.  This  estero  also  extends  west 
and  northwest  of  Cayo  Blanco  del  Sur. 

The  land  from  Punta  Mogote  del  Padre  to  Punta  Pal- 
millas is  low  and  marshy.  It  is  almost  entirely  composed  of 
mangrove  (mangle)  swamps. 

Cayo  Miguel  consists  of  low,  sandy,  marsh  land.  On  this 
cayo  nothing  grows  but  mangle. 

Cayo  Blanco  del  Sur  is  about  the  same  as  Cayo  Miguel 
except  that  there  are  one  or  two  high  points  and  on  them 
fishing  shacks  have  been  erected,  but  there  are  no  points 
suitable  for  permanent  houses,  and  there  is  no  fresh  water 
near. 

The  Bocaron  del  Palmillas  and  the  channel  leading  to  it 
are  both  very  shallow.  A  half  mile  off  Punta  Palmillas  there 
is  but  8  feet  of  water  and  from  this  point  to  the  shore  the 
depth  varies,  being  only  a  foot  or  two  in  some  places. 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  719 

Between  Cayo  Miguel  and  Cayo  Blanco  del  Sur  there  is  a 
channel  about  10  feet  deep,  but  it  is  very  hard  to  follow. 
This  channel  extends  through  the  Estero  Palmillas  and  enters 
the  Estero  Pino  west  of  Cayo  Blanco  del  Sur. 

SETTLEMENTS. 

Along  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos,  more  especially  on  the  east- 
ern and  northern  shores,  are  a  few  scattered  settlements. 

Playa  Perdice. — At  this  point  there  is  a  frame  house  of 
four  rooms,  three  native  houses,  and  a  good  barn  which  will 
shelter  10  animals.  These  houses  are  on  high  ground  back 
of  the  beach,  which  is  small,  sandy,  and  crescent  shaped. 
There  are  two  wells  near  the  main  house,  both  of  which  con- 
tain excellent  water;  supply  practically  unlimited.  At  the 
place  is  a  flat-bottomed  boat,  which  will  hold  15  to  18  men 
comfortably.  At  8  yards  from  shore  there  is  8  feet  of  water ; 
at  25  yards,  12  feet ;  and  at  100  yards,  30  feet.  Large  vessels 
can  anchor  with  safety.  There  is  a  horse  trail  to  Rosario. 
The  trail  is  bad  on  account  of  the  great  number  of  stones  in 
it  and  the  holes  in  the  surface  rock.  There  is  a  wagon  road 
running  northeast  to  Laguna  Palmal  and  to  the  excellent 
spring  of  the  same  name.  It  runs  along  the  coast  through 
high  wooded  country  to  Playa  Jiron  and  from  this  point 
goes  into  the  interior.  Much  valuable  timber  is  cut  in  the 
vicinity  of  Laguna  Pahnal  and  shipped  from  Playa  Perdice. 

Rosario. — On  the  south  side  of  Rosario  Inlet,  which  is  the 
only  inlet  along  the  bay  navigable  for  small  boats.  It  is  an 
important  shipping  point  for  lumber.  There  are  7  frame 
houses  and  a  small  grocery  store.  The  main  building  could 
be  used  as  a  hospital  and  would  hold  from  20  to  30  beds. 
At  the  head  of  the  inlet  are  2  native  houses.  Near  the  head 
of  the  inlet  are  2  wells  each  of  which  has  a  hand  pump. 
One  contains  excellent  water  and  has  a  tank  holding  500 
gallons.  Water  from  both  is  piped  to  the  main  houses.  One 
used  for  drinking  water,  the  other  for  washing.  At  this 
point  there  is  a  small  sailboat,  a  flat-bottomed  rowboat,  and 
an  alcohol  launch.  There  is  a  small,  solidly  built,  covered 
wharf  with  19  feet  of  water  and  there  is  not  less  than  this 
depth  out  to  the  open  bay.  There  is  a  road  to  Playa  Perdice 
and  a  road  from  the  head  of  the  inlet  to  Ondones  and  thence 
to  the  interior.    Horses  can  be  ridden  over  the  latter  road. 


720  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

Gallinas. — Contains  10  houses  and"  a  general  store  and  has  a 
population  of  65.  There  are  2  wells,  and  both  contain  the 
best  water  to  be  found  along  the  bay.  One  well  is  about  60 
feet  deep  and  has  36  feet  of  water.  At  this  point  there  are  2 
flat-bottomed  barges  which  draw  about  9  inches  of  water  and 
will  each  hold  20  men.  There  is  also  a  small  flat-bottomed 
boat.  The  landing  place  is  a  sandy  beach;  15  j^ards  from 
shore  there  is  8  feet  of  water ;  at  50  yards  there  is  18  feet,  and 
at  150  yards,  40  feet  of  water.  A  horse  trail  runs  to  the  in- 
terior by  way  of  Rosario  Inlet. 

Play  a  Clovijinos. — On  the  coast  about  150  yards  south  of 
Gallinas.  Has  a  house  and  a  well.  The  well  is  about  100 
yards  from  the  shore  in  an  open  field.  Contains  excellent 
water. 

Mdquina. — Situated  near  the  head  of  the  bay  and  contains 
0  houses  and  a  small  grocery  store.  Water  is  obtained  from 
two  wells,  one  of  which  contains  excellent  water,  while  the 
other  is  not  so  good.  This  place  would  be  the  base  for  any 
operations  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Laguna  Tesoro. 
There  is  a  narrow-gauge  track  running  to  Suplial.  It  has  4 
flat  cars.  Maquina  does  not  afford  a  good  landing  place.  The 
beach  is  long  and  crescent  shaped,  with  the  railroad  track 
running  to  the  southern  end,  and  here  there  is  very  little 
water.  There  is  a  large  sailboat  and  a  small  rowboat.  Sup- 
plies could  not  be  brought  within  less  than  50  yards  even  in  a 
rowboat.  Vessels  bringing  supplies  would  have  to  anchor 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  out,  where  there  is  50  feet  of  water ; 
300  yards  from  shore  there  is  20  feet  of  water,  and  from  here 
in  it  gets  shallow.  From  a  point  200  yards  from  shore  to  the 
high  perpendicular  banks  on  the  northern  end  of  the  beach 
there  is  from  5  to  8  feet  of  water.  Large  vessels  can  not 
anchor  at  the  head  of  the  bay  with  the  same  safety  that  they 
can  anchor  lower  dowm,  as  they  are  apt  to  drag  anchor.  ^;^  '^\ 

There  are  roads  to  Gallinas,  to  Suplial,  and  around  the  head 
of  the  bay  to  Rio  Negro.  The  road  to  Suplial  is  fairly  good 
as  the  railroad  line  forms  most  of  the  trail  and  the  I'oadbed 
has  been  raised.  Horses  can  be  taken  over  the  road  at  all 
times.  From  Suplial  there  is  a  good  wagon  road  to  Santa. 
Teresa.  The  trail  around  the  head  of  the  bay  is  practicable 
for  horses  at  all  times,  but  great  care  must  be  used  as  there 
are  numerous  holes  in  the  rock  surface. 


CIENAGA   DE   ZAPATA.  721 

Ventura. — Consists  of  2  houses  with  an  excellent  natural 
well. 

Rio  Oriente. — At  this  point  there  is  no  fresh  water. 

Playa  La  Cana. — At  this  point  there  are  4  houses,  one  of 
which  contains  an  iron  water  tank  which  has  a  capacity  of 
100  barrels.  This  tank  is  kept  full  of  water  brought  from 
a  spring  in  the  rocks  at  La  Criolla.  The  water  is  excellent, 
and  all  vessels  coming  into  the  bay  depend  upon  this  place 
to  get  their  fresh-water  supply.  There  are  6  flat-bottom 
barges,  each  of  which  draws  about  9  inches  of  water  and 
will  hold  20  men.  There  is  excellent  anchorage  with  30  feet 
of  water  100  yards  from  shore.  The  beach  is  smooth  and 
sandy,  with  no  rocks. 

Playa  Rio  Negro. — The  most  important  charcoal  shipping 
point  on  the  bay.  Contains  6  houses  and  a  large  general 
store.  The  Rio  Negro  has  been  converted  into  a  canal  and 
its  mouth  has  been  closed  by  means  of  a  double  lock.  Water 
has  to  be  brought  from  Playa  La  Caiia  in  a  water  boat  which 
is  kept  at  Playa  Rio  Negro.  There  are  14  flat-bottom  barges 
drawing  about  9  inches  of  water  and  which  will  each  hold 
20  men.  About  200  yards  from  shore  there  is  30  feet  of 
water,  but  it  is  not  a  good  place  to  anchor  as  boats  are  ex- 
posed to  the  full  force  of  storms  coming  up  the  bay  from  the 
sea.  The  road  around  the  head  of  the  bay  runs  through  this 
place  and  goes  on  to  Playa  Entrada  Cazones.  It  is  a  poor 
one,  and  at  times  it  is  necessary  to  go  along  the  beach. 

Playa  Entrada  Cazones. — At  this  point  there  is  a  house, 
but  no  fresh  water.  A  very  bad  trail  runs  to  San  Lazaro 
via  Cazones. 

SPRINGS. 

Along  the  bay  there  are  two  springs  which  have  not  been 
included  in  the  list  of  springs  in  the  Cienagas  Occidental 
and  Oriental.    They  are  as  follows : 

Patvicio. — An  opening  in  a  cave  through  which  the  water 
bubbles  up.  It  is  excellent  water,  but  has  a  slight  sulphur 
taste. 

Galleta. — This  spring  is  an  opening  in  the  solid  rock,  4 
feet  wide  and  12  feet  long.    It  is  on  high  ground  and  con- 
tains excellent  water. 
492—09 46 


722  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

CAMP   SITES. 

In  the  vicinity  of  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos  the  insurgents 
established  the  f olknving  camps : 

San  Bias. — Established  by  Gen.  Pancho  Perez  and  Col. 
Desiderio  Mato  after  the  Jocuma-Orbea  trocha  was  built 
in  1897  and  maintained  until  close  of  insurrection. 

Jucaro  Quemado. 

La  Ceiha. 

Jcqui. — A  hospital  was  established  at  this  place  by  the 
insurgents. 

Santa  Teresa. — Camp  commanded  by  Capt.  Agustin 
Rosario. 

San  Ldzaro. — Hospital  and  headquarters  camp  for  the  dis- 
trict of  Ensenada,  which  extended  from  Manadero  to  La 
Ceiba.  Commanded  by  Maj.  Eulogio  Lobato,  who  also  com- 
manded the  entire  district. 

Santo  Tomds. — Camp  commanded  by  Capt.  Luciano  Ma- 
druga. 

Early  in  1897  the  Spaniards  established  a  fort  at  Maquina, 
a  second  at  Santa  Teresa,  and  a  third  at  Suplial.  A  force  of 
300  men  occupied  these  forts.  There  was  a  Spanish  cruiser 
stationed  in  the  Bahia  de  Cochinos,  and  a  small  tug  carrying 
rapid-fire  guns  was  kept  at  Maquina  as  long  as  the  Spanish 
stayed  there.  The  insurgents  attacked  the  Spanish  in  force 
at  Santa  Teresa  shortly  before  the  Spaniards  left.  Neither 
side  gained  any  advantage.  A  large  number  of  Spaniards 
were  killed.  The  Spanish  left  the  vicinity  of  the  bay  late  in 
1897. 

TRAMWAYS. 

There  are  several  short  narrow-gauge  tramwaj^s  along  the 
coast,  all  of  which  are  used  either  for  bringing  timber  to  the 
coast  or  for  bringing  charcoal  to  a  shipping  point.  They  are 
as  follows: 

Rosario. — Narrow-gauge  railroad  to  be  built  here  in  winter 
of  1907-8 ;  to  have  10  flat  cars  and  1  engine ;  to  be  used 
in  bringing  logs  to  coast  for  shipment;  to  run  to  Punta  Per- 
dice  and  well  back  from  Rosario. 

,  Maquina. — Narrow-gauge  (30-inch)  tramway  to  Suplial 
on  plantation ;  about  3  miles  long ;  no  engines ;  roadbed  pre- 
pared as  trail  on  which  mule  pulling  car  travels;  rails  weigh 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  723 

89  pounds  to  the  yard ;  4  small  flat  cars,  loose  boards  on  top 
of  frame.  This  line  is  used  for  bringing  logs  to  the  coast. 
In  the  interior  they  are  pulled  to  the  railroad  at  different 
points  by  oxen, 

Playa  La  Cafia. — Narrow-gauge  tramway,  same  as  Ma- 
quina-Suplial  line ;  about  a  mile  long;  no  mules  used;  2  cars 
for  bringing  charcoal  to  shipping  point. 

Rio  Negro. — Narrow-gauge  tramway,  same  as  Maquina ;  2 
branches;  one  about  a  half  mile  long  and  the  other  about  1 
mile  long;  3  flat  cars.  No  animals  used.  Line  used  for 
bringing  charcoal  to  shipping  point. 

Playa  Entrada  Cazones. — Narrow-gauge  tramway  same  as 
Maquina ;  about  one-fourth  mile  long.  Track  built  on 
wooden  trestle,  most  of  way  over  bad  marsh,  to  charcoal 
burning  plant.  One  flat  car ;  no  animals ;  used  to  bring  char- 
coal to  shipping  point. 

THE    LACUNA    DEL    TESORO. 

The  best  trail  for  reaching  this  lake  starts  from  the  head 
of  Cochinos  Bay,  therefore  the  lake  should  be  described  in 
connection  with  this  bay. 

Laguna  del  Tesoro  drains  the  eastern  portion  of  the  swamp 
known  as  the  Cienaga  Occidental  and  the  western  part  of 
the  swamp  known  as  the  Ciena<ga  Oriental.  It  is  about  3J 
miles  long  at  its  longest  point  and  is  variable  as  to  width, 
the  average  being  a  little  over  2  miles.  There  are  a  number 
of  large  "  floating  islands  "  and  as  these  move  from  place  to 
place  with  the  wind  it  is  difficult  to  secure  any  accurate  idea 
of  the  coast  line  of  the  lake.  It  is  also  exceedingly  difficult 
at  some  places  to  determine  where  the  lake  ends  and  where 
the  cienaga  begins,  as  the  swamp  grass  grows  well  out  into 
the  lake  and  the  waters  of  the  lake  cover  a  large  part  of  the 
cienaga  proper.  In  the  middle  of  the  lake  there  seems  to  be 
a  large  area  which  is  very  deep — in  some  places  40  feet  of 
water  was  found  and  in  one  place  60  feet ;  the  rest  of  the  lake 
averages  from  about  2|  feet,  near  the  shore,  to  20  feet  well 
out  toward  the  center  or  deep  part.  Along  the  shores  there 
is  a  great  deal  of  mud,  very  soft  and  difficult  to  get  through. 
Where  the  water  is  deeper  away  from  the  shores,  and  even 
close  to  the  shore  where  the  wat^r  is  deep,  the  bottom  is  very 
hard. 


724  CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA. 

The  water  from  the  lake  flows  off  in  two  ways.  First,  by 
a  general  surface  flow  west  and  southwest  in  the  direction  of 
the  rivers.  Second,  by  means  of  several  underground  chan- 
nels. These  are  in  evidence  at  the  Boca  del  Rio  Santa 
Teresa  and  at  Caleta  de  Ventura,  at  both  of  which  places 
there  is  a  noticeable  flow  of  cold  swamp  water  to  the  surface. 
Especially  is  this  noticeable  in  the  case  of  the  former,  where 
the  water  comes  up  with  great  force  and  in  great  volume. 

There  are  no  trees  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Laguna  del 
Tesoro  except  the  mangle  (mangrove)  which  grows  in  one 
or  two  places. 

There  are  three  trails  leading  to  Laguna  del  Tesoro;  one, 
the  best,  from  Santa  Teresa;  another  from  Cayo  Cristo, 
which  is  the  old  Salchicha  trail  across  the  cienaga  from  the 
north ;  a  third,  from  Cayo  El  Peso.  There  is  a  trail  running 
around  the  lake  which  can  be  followed  with  difficulty.  These 
trails,  with  the  exception  of  the  one  from  Santa  Teresa,  have 
been  practically  abandoned  since  the  close  of  the  insurrection 
in  1898.  The  trails  from  Cayo  Cristo  and  Cayo  El  Peso 
are  across  the  open  cienaga  and  are  almost  impassable.  On 
the  Santa  Teresa  trail  there  are  three  points  which  serve  as 
resting  places ;  they  are  Cayo  La  Flora,  Cayo  Diez  y  Nueve 
Palmas,  and  Cayo  El  Pajaro. 

They  divide  the  distance  from  Santa  Teresa  to  the  lake 
into  three  equal  parts.  From  Cayo  'La  Flora  to  the  lake 
there  is  not  much  mud,  the  trail  being  along  the  Rio  Santa 
Teresa. 

From  Cayo  I^a  Flora  to  Cayo  Diez  y  Nueve  Palmas  the 
trail  is  still  in  the  bed  of  the  river,  but  the  bottom  is  soft 
and  the  mud  is  deep. 

From  Cayo  Diez  y  Nueve  Palmas  to  the  woods,  near 
Santa  Teresa,  there  is  more  water  and  less  mud.  Through- 
out the  entire  trail  a  sharp  watch  must  be  kept  for  the 
biajaca  holes,  or  "water  caves."  These  are  deep  holes  found 
all  over  the  swamp. 

There  are  five  small  rivers .  flowing  into  Laguna  Tesoro 
and  two  flowing  from  it.  The  Rio  Faldicera  flows  into  the 
lake  from  the  open  cienaga  to  the  northwest.  The  arroyo 
La  Cubana  flows  into  the  lake  from  the  open  cienaga  to  the 
north. 


CIENAGA  DE   ZAPATA.  725 

The  Rio  Negro  connects  the  Laguna  Nuevo,  a  small  lake 
to  the  northeast,  with  Lagima  del  Tesoro. 

The  Rio  Largo  flows  into  the  lake  from  the  Cienaga 
Oriental. 

The  Rio  Dos  Hermanos  flows  into  the  lake  from  the  south. 

The  rivers  flowing  from  the  lake  are  the  Rio  Santa  Teresa 
and  the  Rio  Maravilla;  they  combine  one- fourth  mile  south 
of  the  lake  to  forai  the  Rio  Santa  Teresa. 

None  of  these  rivers  are  deep  except  the  two  flowing  south 
from  the  lake.  They  are  little  more  than  a  marked  current 
in  the  swamp.  The  Santa  Teresa  and  the  Maravilla  are 
deep  close  to  the  lake,  but  beyond  this  they  join  and  the 
resulting  stream  is  very  shallow.  The  trail  to  Santa  Teresa 
follows  the  course  of  this  stream  until  it  disappears  in  the 
open  cienaga.  None  of  these  streams  would  be  recognized 
as  rivers  in  the  swamp  unless  looked  for  and  the  flow  of 
surface  water  carefully  watched. 

Just  to  the  west  of  Laguna  del  Tesoro  is  Cayo  la  Caruja; 
to  the  northwest  is  Cayo  Punta  Asino ;  to  the  north  is  Cayo 
el  Peso,  and  to  the  east  Cayo  la  Gloria.  All  these  cayos  can 
be  used  as  camp  sites  and  were  so  used  during  the  insur- 
rection from  time  to  time.  On  Cayo  el  Peso  a  permanent 
camp  was  established,  and  here  refugees  came  when  hard 
pressed  by  the  Spaniards.  The  lake  contains  fairly  good 
water  and  abounds  in  excellent  fish  (principally  biajaca  and 
manjuari),  ducks,  eels,  turtles,  and  crocodiles.  From  Sep- 
tember 15,  1006,  to  March  1,  1907,  over  12,000  crocodile  skins 
were  secured  in  and  about  the  lake  and  shipped  from  points 
along  the  coast.  During  the  dry  season  the  crocodiles  from 
the  open  cienaga  flock  to  Laguna  del  Tesoro. 

There  are  two  flat-bottom  rowboats  on  the  Santa  Teresa- 
Tesoro  trail ;  a  very  light  one  at  a  point  where  the  woods 
end  near  Santa  Teresa,  and  the  other,  a  heavier  one,  at  Cayo 
la  Flora.  These  boats  each  hold  4  men  comfortably.  The 
light  one  is  used  in  going  over  the  trail.  The  party  puts  its 
supplies,  etc.,  into  the  boat,  and,  keeping  at  each  end  and 
along  the  sides,  drags  and  pushes  the  boat  along  over  the 
grass  and  plants.  The  second  boat  is  used  in  the  open  lake. 
This  method  of  traveling  on  the  trail  makes  it  possible,  by 
gripping  the  boat,  to  avoid  going  down  into  the  "  water 
caves." 


METHOD  OF  INDEXING. 

Whenever  possible  abbreviations  have  been  used  in  the 
index.  The  system  used  is  given  below,  together  with 
examples  of  its  application. 

I.  Abbreviations  following  a  name  and  showing  whether 
it  is  a  province,  judicial  district,  township,  barrio,  town,  etc. : 

Pr Province. 

J.  D. Judicial  district. 

T Township. 

b Barrio. 

b-t Barrio  and  town. 

b-v Barrio  and  village! 

b-s Barrio  and  sitio. 

t Town. 

V Village. 

8. , Sitio. 

B.  m Sugar  mill. 

II.  Abbreviations  following  a  name  and  showing  the 
province  in  which  it  is  situated: 

C Camagiiey  Province. 

C.  Z Cifoaga  de  Zapata. 

H Havana  Province. 

M Matanzas  Province. 

O Oriente  Province. 

P.  R Pinar  del  Rio  Province. 

S.  C Santa  Clara  Province. 

III.  Abbreviations  commonly  used : 

*    desc 1 Description. 

ment Mentioned. 

pop Population. 

Examples. 

Havana;  J.  D.,  H.,  listof  townships. See  this  page  fora  list  of  townships  in 

the  judicial  districtof  Havana,  prov- 
ince of  Havana. 

Havana;  T.,  H.,  pop See  this  page  for  the  population  of  the 

township  of    Havana,    province    of 
Havana. 
726 


METHOD   OF   INDEXING.  727 

Havana;  T.,H.,  listof  barrios See  this  page  for  a  list  of  the  barrios 

(with  populations)  in  the  township 
of  Havana,  province  of  Havana. 

Havana;  t.,  H.,  desc See  this  page  for  a  description  of  the 

town  of  Havana,  province  of  Havana. 

Biran;  b-v.,  O.,  desc See  this  page  for  a  description  of  the 

barrio  and  village  of  Biran,  province 
of  Oriente. 

In  Spanish  the  letters  B  and  V,  C  and  S,  and  I  and  Y  are 
frequently  used  interchangeably  at  the  beginning  of  some 
words,  as:  Biran  or  Viran,  Ceiba  or  Seiba,  Itabo  or  Ytabo. 
In  the  text  the  more  modem  or  popular  usage  has  been 
adopted  for  such  of  the  words  as  have  been  noted,  but  as 
there  are  no  doubt  some  words  which  may  have  escaped 
notice,  a  searcher  should  bear  this  in  mind,  and  when  looking 
up  words  beginning  with  any  of  these  letters,  search  the 
index  under  the  alternate  letter  when  the  word  is  not  en- 
countered under  the  first. 

It  must  also  be  remembered  that  there  are  different  barrios, 
settlements,  etc.,  having  the  same  names,  and  situated  in  the 
same  province.  Every  effort  has  been  made  to  index  these 
places  separately. 


INDEX. 


Abra(BocadeCubltas);  pass,  C,  ment.  484 

s.,  P.  R.,desc.  170 

Abreus;  b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 389 

Acostas,  Las;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 128 

Adela;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 447 

Adelaida,  La.;  s.,  O.,  ment 649 

Administration;  Cuba 20,24 

Aemici;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 697 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 699 

Agabama;  river,  S.  C,  ment 356 

Agramonte  (Cuevitas);  b-t.,  M.,  desc. . .  319 

Agriculture;  Cuba 55 

C 486 

H 187 

M 293 

0 637 

P.R 105 

S.C 357 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station;  H., 

desc 199 

Agricultural  products ;  Cuba 49 

Aguacate;  T.,  H.,  pop 256 

list  of  barrios 256 

b-t.,  11.,  desc 256 

b-s.,  11.,  desc 189 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 180 

Aguacate,  La.;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Aguada;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 374 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 597 

Aguada  del  Cura;  b.,  IT  ,  desc 201 

Aguada  de  Moya;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 441 

Aguada  de  Pasajeros;  b-t.,  S.  C,  desc. .  374 

Aguar&s;  b.,  O.,  desc 597 

Aguas  Bonitas;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 461 

Aguas  Claras;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 397 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 597 

Aguas  Verdes;  b.,  H.,  desc 196 

Aguedita;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 322 

Agiiica;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 321 

Agiiica  Vieja;  s.,  M.,  desc 322 

Alacr&n;  b-.s.,  S.  C,  desc 406 

Alacranes ;  J .  D . ,  M . ,  1  ist  of  townships . .  293 

T.,  M.,  pop 293 

list  of  barrios 294 

b-t.,  M.,  desc 294 

canal,  P.  R 104 


Page. 

Aiava;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 323 

Albino;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 167 

Alcal^;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 597 

Alcorta;  s.  m.,  M.    (See  Algorta.) 

Alderete;  b.,  H.,  desc 211 

Alfonsos;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 610 

Algorta    (Alcorta)    (San    Nicolas    del 

Algorta);  s.  m.,  desc 98 

ment 316 

Almendares;  river,  11.    (See  Chorrera.) 

Alonso  Rojas;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 145 

Alpes,  Los;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

Alquizar;  T.,  H.,  pop 278 

list  of  barrios 279 

b-t.,  II.,  desc 279 

Altagracia;  b-v.,  C,  desc 496 

Altamira;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 437 

Altamlsal;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 322 

b.,  M.,desc 315 

Altamlsal  Viejo;  s.,  M.    (See  Chuchu 
Espaiia.) 

Altemativa;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

AltoCedro;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 644 

AltoSongo;  T.,  O.,  pop 629 

list  of  barrios 629 

t.,  0.,desc 629 

Alvarez;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 413 

t.,  S.  C.    (SfeCascajal.) 

Alvaro  Reynoso;  h.,  C,  desc 508 

Amable;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 113 

Amarillas;  b-t.,  M.,  desc 322 

Amaro;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 414 

America;  s.  m.,  P.  R.,  desc 96 

ment 116 

Amistad;  s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 214 

Anafe;  b.,  H.,  desc 267 

Ancon;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 167 

s.,  PR.,  desc 171 

Andarivel;  s.,  M.,  desc 345 

Andrea;  s.,  M.,  desc 334 

Andreita;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 384 

Anegada  Chiquita,  La;  laguna,  C.  Z., 

desc 698 

Anegada  Grande,   La;  laguna,  C.  Z., 

desc 698 

•      729 


730 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Angel  Castillo  (L&zaroL6pez);  b-v.,  C, 

desc 520 

Angeles,  Los;  s.  m.,  M.  (See  Porvenir.) 

v.,  0.,ment 580 

Angeles,  Los  (Ignaclo);  s.,  C,  desc 504 

Angell;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

Angellta;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 316 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Angerona;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

Angostura;  hacienda,  P.  R.,  ment 176 

Angostura,  La;  v.,  O.,  desc 550 

Animal  life;  Cuba 38 

Animals,     number    registered     1908; 

Cuba 39 

Antilla,  v.,  O.,  desc 588 

Ant<5n  Recio;  s.,  S.  C,  desc 378 

Arabos,  Los  (Macagua);  t.,  M.,  desc. . .  322 

b.,  M.,  desc..  322 

Arango;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 386 

Aranguren;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 285 

Araujo  (Nena);  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 327 

Arcos  de  Diego;  hills,  M. ,  desc 292 

Area;  C 483 

H 185 

M 291 

0 533 

P.R 103 

S.C 353 

Arenas;  b-s.  O.,  desc 610 

b.,  S.C,  desc 414 

Ariguanabo;  lake,  H.,  desc 186 

Arlmao;  b-v.,S.  C.,desc 374 

river,  S.  C,  ment 356 

Ariza;  v., S.C, desc 386 

Armenia;  b-s.,  H.,desc 285 

s.m.,M.,desc 97 

ment 300 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment; 108 

Arresto;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Arriete:  v.,S.  C,desc 390 

Arroyito;  s.,  0.,desc 607 

Arroyo  de  Agiia;  s.,0.,ment 649 

Arroyo  Apolo;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 253 

Arroyo  Arenas;  l)-t.,  H.,  de.sc 274 

Arroyo  Blanco;  b-v. ,  C ,  desc 520 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 580 

S.,  0.,desc 582 

s.,0.,desc 608 

Arroyo  Colorado;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc.. 146 

Arroyo  Hondo;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 102 

b-s.,  O.,  desc 567 

s.,  0.,desc 557 

Arroyo  Naranjo;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 253 

b.,P.  R.,desc 138 

Arroyo  Rico;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 138 

Arroyo  la  VIeja;  b.,M.,desc 343 

Arroyo  Vuelto;  b.,  II.,  desc 200 

Arroytfn  de  Flores;  b.,  O.,  desc 586 


Page. 

Arroyos;  b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 132 

Arroyos,  Los;  spring,  C  Z.,  ment 674 

Arroz;  laguna,  C  Z.,  desc 668 

Artemisa;  T.,  P.  R.,  pop 106 

list  of  barrios 106 

b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 106 

Asentista;  flnca,  P.  R.,ment 117 

Aserradero;  b-v. ,  O. ,  desc 642 

Aserradores;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Aslento;  b.,M.,desc 331 

Aslento  Viejo;  laguna,  C  Z.,  desc 697 

b.,  S.C,  desc 458 

Asturla;  s.  m.,  M.    (See  San  Ignacio.) 

Asuncidn;  b.,M.,desc 311 

s.  m.,  P.  R.,desc 96 

ment 117 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 181 

Asuncion  La;  flnca,  O. ,  ment 542 

Atalaya;  v.,  C,  ment 508 

Atar6s;  hill,  H.    (See  Santo  Domingo 
de  Atar^s.) 

Atrevido;  s.,  M.,desc 334 

Auras;  b-v.,  0.,desc 597 

Australia;  s.  m.,  M.,desc 97 

ment 331 

Auxilio;  flnca,  P.  R. ,  ment 110 

Ave  Maria;  Island,  Cuba,  hist 15 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Averhofl;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 258 

s.  m.,H.,desc 97 

ment 258 

Avispas,  Las;  laguna,  C  Z.,  desc 670 

spring,  C  Z.,  desc 674 

AzcArate;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 189 

Azul;  flnca,  P.  R.,ment 109 

Azules,  Los;  laguna,  C  Z.,  desc 669 

Babiney;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 558 

Babiney  Prieto;  b.,H.,desc 211 

Babiney  Seeado;  spring,  C  Z.,  desc. . .  673 

Baeonao;  river,  O. ,  ment 530 

Bacunagua;  river,  P.  R.,ment 105 

Bacunayagua;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 343 

river,  M.,  ment 293 

Bacuranao;  river,  H.,  ment 187 

B&ez;  b-v.,S.  C.,desc 471 

Bag&;  s.,C.,desc 508 

laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 699 

s.m.,  S.C,  desc 99 

ment 471 

BagA,  El;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc ; 673 

Bagaez;  b.,H.,desc 219 

Bdguano;  b.,  0.,desc , 598 

Bahia  de  Cochinos;  C.  Z.: 

General  description 712 

Description  of  coast  line 712 

Settlements 719 

Camp  sites 722 

Springs 721 

Tramways 722 


INDEX. 


731 


,  Page. 

BahlaHonda;  b-t.,  P.  R.,desc 113 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Bainoa;  b-v.,  H.,desc 258 

b.,H.,desc 261 

Balre;  b-t.,0.,desc 559 

Baitiquiri;  b-s.,0.,desc 567 

Baja;  s.,P.  R.,desc 136 

Ballenatos,  Los;  islands,  C,  desc 505 

Bamburanao;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 450 

Banacoa;  s.,  O.,  ment 649 

Banagiiises;  b-t.,  M.,  desc 323 

Banao;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 424 

Banes;  Iw.,  H.,  desc 267 

l)-t.,  O.,  desc 586 

Banos;  v.,  S.  C,  desc 390 

Bafios  de  Sallna;  s.,  S.  C,  desc 397 

Banos   de   San    Vicente;    s.,    P.    R.,  ' 

desc 170 

Baflos  Suroa;  s.,  P.  R.,  ment 176 

Baracaldo;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 414 

s.,S.C.,desc 416 

Baracoa;  b.,  H.,  desc 268 

river,  H.  and  P.  R.,  ment. .  105,187 

J.  D.,  O.,  list  of  townships. . .  538 

T.,0.,pop 538 

list  of  barrios 538 

t.,  O.,  hist 15 

desc 538 

BaraJE^ua;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 606 

b.,0.,desc 635 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 374 

Barbacoas;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 164 

Barbudo;  b.,  H.,  desc 211 

Bariay;  s.,  O.,  desc 590 

Barigua;  v.,  O.,  desc 542 

Bar<5;  r.  r.  station,  M.,  desc 324 

Barracones;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 173 

Barradoras;  s.,  O.,  desc 607 

Barrancas;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 548 

Barrendo;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 180 

Barrera;  v.,  11.,  desc 205 

Barrigonas;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 164 

Barro;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 452 

Bartea,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

B4rtolo;  1>s.,  P.  R.,  desc 133 

Bartolom»S;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 447 

Batabanfi;  T.,  H.,  pop 188 

list  of  barrios 188 

b-t, H., desc 188 

Bauta(Hoyo Colorado);  T.,  H.,pop 267 

list  of 

barrios  267 

b-t.,  H.,  desc.  ,  267 
Bauta;  river,  H.    {See  Santa  Ana.) 

Bayamo;  b.,  II.,  desc 211 

J.  D.,  O.,  list  of  townships...  546 

T.,  O.,  pop 546 

list  of  barrios ". ...  546 

t.,0.,desc 546 

river,  O.,  ment 536 


Page. 

Bayate;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 173 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Bay  View;  s.,  C,  desc 499 

Bazto;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 579 

Bejucal;  J.  D.,  H.,  list  of  townships. . .  188 

T.,H.,pop 188 

list  of  barrios 193 

t.,H.,desc 193 

Bejugero;  v.,  O.,  desc 548 

Belie  (or  Belig);  v.,  O.    (See  Velic.) 

Bellamota;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 424 

Bello  Springs;  s.,  M.,  desc 344 

Belona;  v.,  O.,  desc 574 

Beltrto;  l>s.,  H.,  desc , 196 

Bemba;  T.,  M.    (See  Jovellanos.) 

t.,  M.    (See  Jovellanos.) 

Benavides;  s.,  M.,  desc 347 

Bercerra;  s.,  C,  ment 512 

Bermeja;  t.,  M.,  desc 296 

Bermejales;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 173 

Bermuda;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Bemia;  l)-v.,  S.  C,  desc 461 

Berraco;  v.,  O.,  desc 637 

Berracos;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 139 

Berros;  s.,  O.,  desc 586 

Betono;  s.  m.,  S.  C.    (See  Santa  Cata- 

llna.) 
Bicana;  v.,  O.    (See  Vicana.) 

Bijagual;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 559 

Bijani;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 598 

Birama;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

BiT&n;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 606 

Blanqulsal;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 696 

v.,  O.,  desc 625 

s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Blanquisales;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

Boca;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 121 

Boca,  La;  b-t.,  S.  C.    (See  Isabela.) 

Boca  de  Camarioca;  s.,  M.,  desc 344 

Boca  de  Cubltas;  pass,  C.    (See  Abra.) 

Boca  de  Jariaco;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 261 

Bocade  Miel;  s.,  O.,  desc 542 

Boca  del  Rio  Banes;  s.,  H.,  ment 268 

Bocade  Salud;  s.,  O.,  desc 551 

Bocade  Samd;  s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Boca  de  Ttoamo;  v.,  O.,  desc 581 

Boca  de  Toa;  finca,  O.,  ment 541 

Bocas;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 588 

Bocas,  Las;  s.,  O.,  desc 558 

Boldivieso;  finca,  M.,  ment 296 

Bolondr(5n;  T.,  M.,  pop 293 

listofbarrios 298 

b-t.,  M.,  desc 298 

Boma;  v.,  O.,  desc 545 

Bon  Bon;  v.,  O.,  desc 652 

Bongo,  El;  s.,  O.,  ment    649 

Boniato;  v.,  O.,  desc 658 

Bonita;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

Bonito,  El;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Bono;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 668 


732 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Boquer6n;  v.,  O.,  desc 574 

Bosque;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 442 

Boston;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

ment 586 

t.,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Botija;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 642 

s.,  O.,  desc 607 

Boucourt;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Boundary;  C 483 

H 185 

M 291 

0 533 

P.  R 103 

S.C 353 

Boyeros;  b.,  H.,  desc 201 

Bramales;  s.  m.,  P.  R.,  desc 96 

ment 116 

Brazo  del  Cauto;  b.,  O.,  desc 642 

Brazo  Malo;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

Brujo,  El;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment....  109,116,176 

Buena  Suerte;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

Buenaventura;  b.,  C,  desc 511 

s.,C.,  desc 512 

b-v.,  H.,  desc 196 

s.,  O.,  desc 607 

Buenavista;  canal,  P.  R 104 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Buena  Vista;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 447 

s.,  S.  C,  desc 454 

Buena  Vista   Porte;   potrero,    P.   R., 

ment 180 

Buenos  Aires;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana. . .  20 

Buey;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Bueycito;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 548 

Cabacu;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 541 

CabagAn;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 476 

CabaiguAn;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 424 

Cabana;  hiU,  H.,  ment 186 

fortress,  H.,  artillery  camp 240 

barracks 240 

Cabanas;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

T.,  P.  R.,  pop 106 

list  of  barrios Ill 

b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 112 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Cabezuela;  b.,  O.,  desc 599 

Cabeza  del  Muerto  (San  Juan);  hills, 

S.  C.,ment 355 

Cabezas;  b-t.,  M.,  desc 295 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 156 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 134 

Cabezas  de  Iloracio;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 134 

Cabo  Cruz;  v.,  O.,  desc 627 

Cabo  Cruz  (Pildn);  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 100 

ment 628 

Cabonico;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 607 

Cabo  San  Antonio;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc. . .  128 

Cabreras;  river,  C,  ment 485 

Cabriales;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 121 

Cacao,  El;s.,  O.,  desc 560 

Cachimba;  v.,  H.,  desc 283 


Page. 

Cacociim  (San    Pedro   de   Cacoc6m); 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 599 

Caguaguas;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 394 

Caibarifin;  T.,  S.  C,  pop 431 

list  of  barrios 431 

t.,  S.C,  desc 432 

Calguanabo;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 138 

river,    P.    R.     (See    San 
Diego.) 

Caimanera;  b-t.,  O.,  desc 568 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 375 

Caimanes;  b.,  O.,  desc 643 

b.,0.,desc 657 

Caimito;  b-t.,  H.,  desc 268 

b-s.,  n.,  desc 219 

lake,  JI.,  desc 186 

s.,  P.  R.,  desc 138 

s.,  P.  R.,  desc 149 

Caisimi'i;  b.,  O.,  desc 610 

Cajimaya;  s.,  O.,  desc 607 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Cajobabo;  s.,  O.,  desc 545 

Calabaza;  s.,  O.,  desc 551 

Calabazal,  El;  s.,  O.,  de^c 560 

Calabazar;  b-t.,  11. ,  desc 201 

T.,  S.C,  pop 451 

list  of  barrios 451 

t.,  S.C,  desc 451 

Calabazas;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 599 

v.,  S.C,  desc 379 

Calderdn;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 600 

Calesito;  b-v. ,  S.  C,  dasc 375 

Calicito;  v.,  O.,  desc 622 

Calicito-Congo;  b.,  O.,  desc 622 

Calimete;  b-t.,  M.,  desc '. . .  324 

Calvario;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 2.53 

Camagiiey;  Pr 481 

J.  D.,  C,  list  of  townships.  486 

T.,  C,  pop 486 

list  of  barrios 487 

t.,  C,  desc 487 

Camajuani;  T.,  S.  C,  pop 431 

list  of  barrios ....  435 

t.,  S.  C,  desc 435 

river,  S.  C,  ment 355 

Camarioca;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 343 

river,  M.,  ment 293 

Camarone;  v.,  S.  C    (See  Paradero.) 

Caniarones;  l>s.,  O.,  desc 5(58 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 386 

Camas&n;  Ij-s.,  0.,desc ,  600 

Cambre;  b.,  II.,  desc *  211 

Cambute;  b.,  II.,  desc 208 

Campana;  b.,  M.,  desc 344 

Campana,  La;  hill,  C,  ment 484 

flnca,  M.,  ment 329 

s.,  O.,  desc 558 

Camp    Columbia;  11.    (See    Columbia 

Barracks.) 

Campechuela;  b-t.,  O.,  desc 623 


INDEX. 


733 


Page. 

Campo  Florido;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 205 

s.  m.,  S.  C.    (See  Reso- 
lucion.) 

Camp  sites;  Ci^naga  Occidental,  C.  Z. .  675 

Cienaga  Oriental,  C.  Z  . . .  700 

Camujiro,  El;  river,  C,  ment 485 

Caiia;  river,  M.,  ment 293 

Cana,  La;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Caiiadon;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Canal;  v.,  O.,  desc 611 

Canas;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 108 

v.,  P.R.,desc 125 

Cafias,  Las;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 296 

Canasi;  v.,  M.,  desc 344 

Canasi  Norte;  b.,  M.,  desc 344 

Canasi  Sur;  b.,  M.,  desc 345 

Candela;  s.,  H.,  desc 212 

Candela  Norte;  b.,  II.,  desc 212 

Candela  Sur;  b.,  11.,  desc 212 

Candelaria;  b.,  O.,  desc 589 

b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 174 

colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 113 

colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Candelaria  Afuera;  s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Canet;  v.,  C,  desc 503 

v., C, ment 501 

Caneta;  v.,  O.,  desc 543 

Caney;  T.,  O.,  pop 629 

listofbarrios 633 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 644 

Caney,  El;  b-t.,  O.,  desc 633 

Cangre;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 157 

Cangre,  El;  s.,  II.,  desc 215 

Cangrejeras;  b-v.,  11.,  desc 270 

Cangrejo;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 448 

Canlmar;  b.,  M.,  desc 345 

river,  M.,  ment 293 

Cano,  El;  b-v.,  11.,  desc 274 

Cano,  El;  v.,  0.,  desc 625 

Canoa;  b.,  11.,  desc 264 

Canoa,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

Canos,  Los;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

ment 567 

Cantauria;  springs,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Cantel;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 308 

Cantilla;  v.,  O.,  desc 543 

Caobas;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 345 

Caobillas;  b-s.,  C,  desc 497 

b-flnca,  M.,  desc 324 

Capellanlas;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 109 

Capital;  C 483 

H 185 

M 292 

0 533 

P^R 104 

S.C 354 

Capote;  b.,  H.,  desc 208 

Caraballo;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 258 

Caracas;  s.  m.,  8.  C,  desc 99 


Page. 

Caracas;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  ment 393 

Caracusey;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 476 

Carahatas;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 395 

Carambola;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 176 

Carbas;  hill,  M.,  ment 292 

Carbo;  s.  m.,  S.  C.    (See  Santa  Cata- 

lina.) 

Cardenas;  J.  D.,  M.,  list  of  townships. .  304 

T.,  M.,  pop 304 

listofbarrios '. ..  304 

b-t.,M.,desc 304 

Cardosa;  s.  m.,  S.  C.    (See  San  Crist6- 
bal.) 

Carenero;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 116 

Caridad;  linca,  C,  ment 512 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 399 

Caridad,  La;  v.,  O.,  desc 550 

v.,  O.,  desc 590 

s.,  0.,desc 599 

s.,  O.,  desc 648 

Caridad  de  Guaninao;  finca,  O.,  ment.  644 
Carlos  Rojas  (Cimarrones);  b-t.,   M., 

desc 311 

Carlota;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

Carmen;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 334 

Carmen,  El;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

s.,  O.,  desc 638 

Camiita;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 444 

Camelo;  s.,  O.,  desc 630 

Carocola;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

Carolina;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 313 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc * 98 

ment 386 

b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 448 

Carolina,  La;  s.,  M.,  desc 317 

Carreiio  (Convento);  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc..  375 

Cartagena;  b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 389 

Casa  Blanca;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 254 

Casariego;  r.  r.  station,  S.  C,  desc 426 

Cascajaba;  s.,  H.,  desc 214 

Cascajal;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 414 

Cascajal  (Alvarez);  t.,  S.  C,  desc 414 

Cascorro;  b-v.,  C,  desc 497 

river,  C,  ment 485 

hill,  C,  ment 485 

Casiguas;  b-v.,  H., desc 261 

Casilda;  b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 477 

Casimba,  La;  v.,  C,  ment 520 

Casimba  Abajo;  s.,  O.,  desc 568 

Casimba  Arriba;  s.,  O.,  desc 568 

Casimbas;  b.,  O.,  desc 568 

Casisey  Abajo;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 569 

Casisey  Arriba;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 569 

Castilla;  b.,  IL,  desc 261 

Castillo;  b.,  H.,  desc 285 

Castillo  de  Jagua;  b-v.,  S.  C, desc 375 


734 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Castillo  del  Morillo;  old  fort,  M.,  desc. .  348 

Castro;  s.,  O.,  desc 582 

Catalina;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 128 

potrero,  P.  R.,ment 176 

Catalina,  La;  l>v.,  H.,  desc 212 

s.,  0.,desc 582 

Cattle,  number  registered  1908;  Cuba..  39 

Caunao;  b-v.,S.  C.,desc 376 

river,  S.  C,  ment 356,485 

Cautillo;  v.,  O.,  desc 552 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Cauto;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 550 

river,  O.,  desc 535 

valley,  O.,  desc 535 

Cauto  del  Paso;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 610 

Cayado;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 121 

Cayajabos;  s.,  H.,  desc 217 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 109 

Cayamas;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 376 

Cayamas,  Las,  canal,  P.  R.  ment 104 

Cayao;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 113 

Cayo,  canal,  P.  R.,  ment 104 

Cayo,  El;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

Cayo  Almicial;  spring,  C.  Z.,  ment 674 

Cayo  Cana;  spring,  C.  Z.,  ment 674 

Cayo  Carenas;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 377 

Cayo  Coco;  island,  C,  ment 486 

Cayo  Cuatro  Palmas;    spring,    C.    Z., 

desc 673 

Cayo  Eciber;  spring,  C.  Z.,  ment 674 

Cayo  Galleta;  spring,  C.  Z.,  ment 674 

Cayo  Infierno;  spring,  C.  Z.,  ment 674 

Cayo  Jucaral;  spring,  C.  Z.,  ment 674 

Cayo  Mambl;  v.,  O.,  desc 580 

Cayo  Micial;  spring,  C.  Z.,  ment 674 

Cayo  Nareisa;  spring,  C.  Z.,  ment 674 

Cayo  Palmar;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Cayo  Redondo;  s.,  O.,  desc 550 

Cayo  Romano;  island,  C,  ment 486 

Cayos  de  San  Felipe;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc.  167 

Cayo  Smith;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 657 

Cayo  Verde;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 672 

Cayuco  (Remates);  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc  ..  128 

Ceballos;  t.,  C,  desc 517 

CeboUas;  s.,  O.,  desc 582 

Ceiba;  b-t.,  H.,  desc 274 

b.,  P.  R.,desc 116 

Ceiba,  La;  b-s.,  C,  desc 524 

camp  site,  C.  Z.,  ment 722 

laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 668 

v.,  O.,  desc 622 

Ceiba  del  Agua;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 285 

Ceiba  Hueca;  t.,  O.,  desc 624 

b-v.,  S.  C.    (See  Terry.) 

CelbaMocha;  b-t.,  M.,  desc 346 

Geibabo;  b-s.,  S.  C.,desc 450 

Ceja  de  Herradura;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 146 

Ceja  de  Pablo;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 397 

Cejas;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 134 

Centeno;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 450 

Ceatro  (de  Esperanza);  b.,  S.  C,  desc .  458 


Page. 

Centre  (de  Ranchuelo);  b.,  S.  C,  desc.  462 

Cerrito;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 415 

Cerro,  El;  hill,  11. ,  ment 186 

Cerro  de  Bayatabo;  hill,  C,  ment 485 

Cerro  Caisimii;  s.,  O.,  desc 610 

Cerro  Calvo;  hill,  S.  C,  ment 355 

Cerro  de  Limones;  hill,  C,  ment 484 

Cerro  de  Tuabagiiey;  hill,  C,  ment 484 

Cervantes;  s.,  M.,  desc 309 

Cespedes;  v.,  C,  desc 501 

Cespedes    (Cumanayagua);    b-t.,    M., 

desc 324 

Chac6n;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 121 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Chambas;  b-v.,  C,  desc 528 

Chambas    (Los    Perros);    river,    C, 

ment ,. 485 

Chamizo;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 157 

Chapala;  s.,  O.,  desc 553 

Chaparra;  b-t.,  O.,  desc 610 

s.  m.,  O.,  desc 100,  (ilO 

ment 584,591 

Charcas;  b.,  H.,  desc 212 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 377 

Charco;  marsh,  M.,  desc 292 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

Charco  Hondo;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 442 

Charleston;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Chavaleta;  b.,  O.,  desc 607 

Chdvez;  b.,  H.,  desc 264 

s.,  S.  C,  desc 399 

Chicharo;  b-s.,  H.,  desc -. 286 

Chinchilla;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 406 

Chipi;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Chirigota;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 174 

Chorillo;  hill,  C,  ment 485 

Chorrera;  v.,  H.,  desc 253 

Chorrera    (Almendares);       river,    H., 

ment 187 

Chorrera  Brava;  s.,S.  C.    (SecMapos.) 

Chucho;  s.,  O.,  desc 607 

Chuchu  Espana  (Altamisal  Viejo);   s., 

M.,  desc 322 

Chuco;  s.,  O.,  desc 607 

Cidra;  v.,  M.,  desc 349 

Ciegas,  Las;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 324 

Ciego;  b.,M.,desc 333 

Ciego  Alonso;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 386 

Ciego  de  Avila;  T.,  C.,pop 512 

list  of  barrios. . .  512 

t.,  C,  desc 512 

Ciego  de  la  Rioja;  b.,  O.,  desc 600 

Ciego  Montero;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 390 

Oidnaga  Occidental;  C.  Z.: 

Location 667 

General  description  of  lagunas 667 

General  description  of  springs 671 

Springs  along  the  Rio  Jatiguanico. . .  674 

Springs  in  vicinity  of  Jicarita 673 

Camp  sites 675 

Roads  and  trails 682 


INDEX. 


735 


Page. 
Ci^naga  Oriental;  C.  Z.: 

Location 696 

General  description  of  lagunas 696 

General  description  of  springs 699 

Camp  sites 700 

Roads  and  trails 706 

Cienaga  de  Zapata: 

Swamp 659 

General  description 661 

Vegetation 664 

Fruits  found  therein 667 

Methods  of  crossing  the  swamp 663 

Methods  of  warfare  used  by  insur- 
gents.-   662 

Division  into  zones  by  insurgents  . . .  662 

Selection  of  men  for  service  in 663 

Cienaga  de  Zai>ata;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 377 

marsh,  S.C.,ment.  357 

Cieneguita;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 389 

Cienfuegos;  s.,  O.,  desc 560 

J.  D.,  S.  C,  list  of  town- 
ships   358 

T.,S.C.,pop 358 

list  of  barrios  ...  358 

t.,  S.  C,  desc 359 

Cifuentes;  b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 407 

Clmarrones;     b-t.,    M.      {See    Carlos 
Rojas.) 

river,  M.,  ment 293 

hill,  M.,  ment 292 

Ciruela,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Claudio;  b.,  M.,  desc 333 

Claudio  (Torriente);  v.,  M.,  desc 333 

Climate;  Cuba 28 

Coaba,  La;  s.,  O.,  desc 554 

Coast  line;  C,  desc 486 

H.,desc 187 

M.,  desc 293 

O.jdesc 536 

P.  R.,  desc 105 

S.C.,desc 356 

Cobre;  T.,  0.,iK)p 629 

list  of  barrios 640 

t.,0.,desc 640 

Cocal;  s.,  O.,  desc 606 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Cochinito;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 141 

Coco,  El;  s.,  0.,desc 582 

Cocodrillito;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Cocodrillo;  spring,  C.  Z . ,  desc 674 

Cojimar;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 206 

river,  H.,  ment 187 

Coliseo;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 313 

Collazo;  b.,  H.,  desc 286 

Colmenar;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 147 

Coloma;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc 165 

Colombia;    t.,  M.    {See  Guareiras.) 

Col6n;  J.  D.,  M.,  list  of  townships 317 


Page. 

Col<5n;  T.,M.,pop 317 

list  of  barrios 317 

b-t.,  M.,  desc. 318 

Colonia;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Columbia;  v.,  C,  desc 500 

Colombia  Barracks  (Camp  Columbia); 

11.,  desc 241 

Comecara;  s.,  O.,  desc 560 

Commerce;  Cuba 55 

C 486 

H 187 

M 293 

0 537 

P.R 105 

S.C 357 

Concepcion;  s.,  M.,  desc 334 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Concepci6n,  La;  v.,  O.,  desc 645 

Concha;  b-t.,  S.C.    (See  Isabela.) 

Conchita;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 296 

b.,  P.R. ,  desc 116 

colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Concordia;  s.,  H.,  desc 217 

Concordia  y  Cayajabos;  b.,H.,desc 217 

Condado;  v.,  S.  C,  desc 479 

Condesa;  s.  m.,  M.    (See  Lulsa.) 

Confluente;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

Congojas;  b-v.,  S.C,  desc 390 

Conocida,  La;  s.,  H.,  desc 212 

Consecuencia;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

Consplacl<5ndel  Norte; T.,  P.  R., pop. . .  136 
list    of 

barrios  137 
t.,  P.  R.      {See 
Pal  ma.) 

Consolacion del Sur;  T.,P.R.,pop 136 

list       of 

barrios  143 

b-t.,  P.R. ,  desc..  143 

Constancla;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 108 

colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 452 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 389 

Contimplora;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 589 

Contramaestre;  b-s.,  C,  desc 498 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Convento;  spring,  C.  Z .,  desc 673 

b-v.,  S.  C.    (See  Carreno.) 

Coraliilo;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Corazdn de  Jesds (Flor de  Sagua);  s.  m., 

S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 406 

Corojal;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 113 

Corojo;  v.,  O.,  desc 554 

Corojo,  El;  v.,  O.,  desc 550 

Corrales,  Los;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 

Corral  Falso;  T.,  M.    {See  Pedro  Betan- 
court.) 


736 


INDEX. 


Pago. 
Corral  Falso;  t.,  M.    (See  Pedro  Betan- 
court.) 

Corrallllo;  b-v.,  II.,  desc 270 

b-s.,  0.,desc 569 

v.,  O.,  desc 552 

s.,  O.,  desc 574 

s.,  O.,  ment 649 

s.,P.R.,desc 141 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 397 

s.,  S.  C,  desc 426 

Corralito;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 600 

v.,  O.,  desc 551 

Corral  Nuevo;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 347 

Cortes;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 128 

lake,  P.  R.,  ment 104 

Costa  de  Guara;  b.,  H.,  desc 212 

Costa  de  Helena;  b.,  H.,  desc 213 

Cotilla;  b.,  II.,  desc 265 

Covadonga;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 375 

Crimea;  r.  r.  station,  M.,  desc 331 

b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 398 

Cristo;  b-t.,  O.,  desc 635 

Cruces;  T.,  S.  C,  pop 358 

list  of  barrios 382 

t.,  S.  C,  desc 383 

Cruces,  Las;  v.,  O.,  desc 600 

Cruces  de  Pumio;  b.,  0.,"desc 600 

Cruz;  b-s.,  H.,  desc -'-  -  -  213 

Cruz,  La;  s.,  O.,  ment 649 

b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 471 

Cruz  Alta;  v.,  O.,  desc 558 

Cuaba;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 600 

b-s.,  O.,  desc 611 

Cuabitas;  v.,  O.,  desc 658 

Cuatro  Caminos;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 189 

v.,  H.,  desc 208 

b-s.,  O.,  desc 569 

v.,  O.,  desc 632 

s.,  O.,  desc 560 

s.,S.  C  desc 454 

Cuatro  Caminos  del  Chico;  s.,II.,desc.  274 

Cuatro  Esquinas;  flnca,  M.,  ment 329 

v.,  O.,  desc 622 

Cuba  in  general 13 

Cubana,  La;  s.,  O.,  ment 649 

CubanacAn;  mountains,  S.  C,  desc 354 

Cubitas;  plain,  C,  ment 484 

hills,  C,  ment 484 

Cuchilla  Alta;  b.,  Isle  of  Pines,  desc ...  278 

Cuchillas;  moimtains,  O.,  ment 534 

Cuchillas,  Las;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 644 

Cuchillo;  v.,  O.,  desc 627 

Cuevas,  Las;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Cuevitas;  t.,  M.    (See  Agramonte.) 

Cuesta  de  Boruga;  s.,  O.,  desc 544 

Cumanayagua;      b-t.,    M.    (See   C<^ 
pedes. ) 

Cumanayagua;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 378 

Cumbre;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 347 


Page. 

Cumbre;  hill,  M.,  ment 292 

Cunagua,  La(Sierrade  Judas);  hill,  C, 

ment 484 

Cunuera;  s.,  O.,  desc 576 

Cupeisito;  s.,  O.,  desc 561 

Cupeycillo;  v.,  O.,  desc 586 

Cupeyes;  b-s.,  C,  desc 528 

Cupeyes  Abajo;  flnca,  C,  ment 528 

Cupeyes  Arriba;  flnca,  C,  ment 528 

Curajaya;  b-s.,  C,  desc 511 

Curana;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 611 

Curazao;  s.,  H.,  ment 275 

Cuyaguateje;  river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Dagame;  s.,  O.,  desc 648 

Daiquiri;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 636 

Dajao;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 657 

Dama,  La;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 668 

Damas;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 116 

Damian;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 600 

Damujl;  river,  S.  C,  desc 356 

Dayaniguas;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 180 

Del  Arroz;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 671 

Delelte;  v.,  O.,  desc 602 

Delicias;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 116 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Delirio;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Demajagua,  La;  s.,  O.,  desc 590 

Demajayabo;  v.,  O.,  desc 637 

Deseada,  La;  hill,  C,  ment 485 

Desengafio;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

Deseo;  s.,  O.,  desc 631 

Desquite;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

Diamante;  v.,  S.  C,  desc 375 

Diligencia;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Dimas;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc 134 

Diseases;  Cuba 30 

Diseases  of  the  horse;  Cuba 39 

Distancesbetween  towns;  tableofjCuba.  14 

C...  482 

H....  184 

M....  290 

O . . . .  632 

P.  R.  102 

S.  C  352 

Districts,  judicial;  C 483 

Clistof 486 

H 185 

H'.,listof 187 

M 291 

M.,  list  of 293 

0 533 

O.,  list  of 537 

P.R 103 

P.  R.,  list  of 105 

S.C 353 

S.C.,llstof 357 

municipal;  C 483 

H 185 

)                                   M 291 

0 533 

P.B 103 

S.C 353 


INDEX. 


737 


I'age. 

Dlvisia;  colonla,  P.  R.,  ment 113 

Divisions,  administrative:  Cuba 23 

Doce  Leguas;  b.,  C,  desc 511 

Dolores;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 334 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 110 

Dolorita,  La;  s.,  O.,  ment 649 

Domingo  Garcia;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc  . .  609 

Domingo  Pablo;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 265 

Dona  Maria;  b.,  n.,  desc 202 

Don  Flores;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

Don  Martin;  b.  H.,  desc 261 

Don  Pedro;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Dorado,  El;  v.,  O.,  desc 550 

Dorados,  Los;  b.,  O.,  desc 644 

Dos  Amigos;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 100 

ment 623 

Dos  Bocas;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 638 

Dos  Caminos;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 649 

v.,  O.,  desc 657 

Dos  Hermanas;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 324 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 384 

Dos  Hermanos;  colonla,  P.  R.,  ment..  113 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment..  117 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 386 

Dos  Marias;  s.  m.,  C,  desc 99 

Dos  Palmas;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 643 

Dos  Rosas;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 309 

Duaba;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 541 

Dulce  Nombre;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 326 

Duran;  s.,  H.,  desc 192 

Durruti;  v.,  O.,  ment 586 

Earthquakes;  Cuba 57 

Ecuador;  b-s.,  C,  desc 498 

Edimero  de  la  Nuevo;  spring,  C.  Z., 

desc 673 

Education;  Cuba 54 

Egidos;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 471 

Elena;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 346 

Ellas,  fort;  P.  R.,  desc 123 

Ellzalde;  s.  m..  M.,  desc 97 

ment 314 

El  Paraiso;  s.,  O.,  desc 645 

Embarcadero;  v.,  O.,  desc 586 

ment .586 

Embarcadero  de  Baja;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc..  136 
Embarcadero  CatallnadeGuane;  P.  R., 

desc.... 126 

Embarcadero  Juan  Hernandez;  8.,S.C., 

ment 426 

Embarcadero   de   Rio   del   Medio;  s., 

P.  R.,  desc 158 

Empero;  v.,  S.  C.      (See  San  Valen- 
tin.) 

Encamaci6n;  b.,  H.,desc 213 

492—09 47 


Page. 

Encrucijada;  s.,  M.,  desc 343 

b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 452 

Enriqueta;  s.  m.,  M.    (See  Santa  Filo- 
mena.) 

Ensenada  de  Mora;  v.,  O.,  desc 628 

Ercucita;  spring,  C.  Z..  desc 673 

Ermitano;  b.,  O.,  desc 643 

Eryanal;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 697 

Escalera;  b.,  H.,  desc 261 

Escarza;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 387 

Esles;  v.,  S.  C.    (See  Venero.) 

Espana;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 322 

Esperanza;  s.  m.,M.,desc 97 

ment 327 

s.  m.,0.,desc 99 

ment. .  ^ 569 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

T.,S.C.,pop 451 

list  of  barrios 457 

b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 457 

Esperanza  (de  Reyes);  s.  m.,  S.  C, 

desc 98 

ment 398 

Esperanza  (de  Francia);  s.  m.,  S.  C, 

desc 98 

ment 395 

Esperanza,  La;  t.,  P.  R.,  desc 169 

Estaeada;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 

Estacada,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

Estante;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 296 

Este  de  Cifuentes;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 407 

Estero  del  Roble;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc...  673 

Ester6n;  b-v.,  O.,  desc... 580 

Fajardo;  s.  m.,  H.    (See  San  Jos6.) 

Falc6n;  s.,S.  C.,desc 438 

Faldiquero;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 

Favorlta;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

F&,  s.  m.,S.  C.,desc 98 

Fe,  La;  b-v.,  P.  R.,desc 128 

Feliz;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 300 

Feo;  river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Femandlna;  island,  Cuba,  hist 15 

Fidencia;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 440 

Firmeza;  v.,  O.,  desc 637 

Flamenco;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 699 

Flora;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 300 

Flores;  s.,  O.,  desc 586 

Florida;  v.,  C,  desc 503 

Florida  Blanca;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 630 

Flor  de  Mayo;  s.,  H.,  desc 214 

Flor  de  Sagua;  s.  m.,  S.  C.    (See  Cora- 

z6n  de  Jesiis.) 

Flete;  s.,  H.,desc 214 


738 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Fomento;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 478 

Forage;  Cuba 45 

Forestry;  Cuba 47 

Fort  Ellas;  P.  R.,  desc 123 

Fort  San  Fernando;  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Fosforesa;  s.,  O.,  ment 649 

Francisco;  s.  m.,  C.,dese 99 

ment 511 

Fray  Benito;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 589 

Frfas;  s.,H.,dese 281 

b.,P.  R.,desc 176 

Frontera;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 699 

Fruits;  Cuba 51 

Fruta  de  Pan;  s.,  O.,  desc 648 

Gabriel;  b.,H.,desc 213 

b-v., n., desc 283 

Galne  Prieto;  spring,  C.  Z.,desc 673 

Galafre;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 162 

Galedn;  b.,  M.,  desc 299 

Gallardo;  b.,M.,desc 331 

s.,0.,desc 553 

Gallega,  La;  s.,  II.,  desc 205 

Gallegos;  s. ,  O .,  desc 550 

Galleta;  spring,  C.  Z.,desc 721 

Gallinas;  s.,  C.  Z.,  desc 720 

Gamarra;  s.,  II.,desc 212 

Gamuza;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 265 

Garcita,  La;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 671 

Gaspar(Potrero);  r.  r.station,C.,ment.  524 

Gato;  lake,  P.  R 104 

GavilAn;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 378 

General  Nodarse;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 407 

Geography;  C 484 

H 186 

M 292 

0 533 

P.  R 104 

S.C ;«4 

Geology;  Cuba 46 

Gibara;  T.,  O.,pop 582 

list  of  barrios 583 

t.,  0.,desc 583 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Gibersal;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 696 

Gibraltar;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Girardo;  s.  m.,  P.  R.,  desc 96 

ment 113 

Gloria,  La;  b-v.,  C,  desc 500 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Glorieta;  s.,  O.,  desc 575 

Goicuria;  b.,  H.,  desc 286 

G6mez  Mena;  s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 219 

Gonz&les;  hill,  M.,  ment 292 

Gonz&lo;  b.,  M.,  desc 299 

river,  M., ment 293 

Oovea;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 286 

Government,  provincial;  C 483 

H' 185 

M 292 

0 533 


Page. 

Government,  provincial;  P.  R 103 

S.C 354 

Gramales;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 157 

Granadillo;  s.,  O.,  desc, 607 

Grande;  laguna,  C.  Z.,desc 670 

Gran  Tierra;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 542 

Oratitud;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc..., 99 

ment 415 

Grifa;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 129 

Grillo;  b.,H.,desc 208 

Grima;  s.,M.,dese 344 

Guabasiabo;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 600 

Guachinango;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 286 

Guadalui)e;  b-v.,  C,  desc •  528 

b-v.,  S.  C.,  desc 437 

Guadalupe,  La.;s.,  0.,desc 648 

Guadiana,  lake,  P.  R 104 

river,  P.  R.    (See  Guanes.) 

Guaican&mar;  b-s. ,  C. ,  desc ; 511 

Gudimaro;  b-v.,  C,  desc 498 

hill,  C,  ment 485 

Guajilbana;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 434 

Guajalb6n;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 121 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Guajani;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 168 

Guajay;  b-v.,  H.    {See  Wajay.) 

Guajlmico;  s.,  S.  C,  desc 378 

GuamA;  v.,  O.,  desc 652 

s.  m.,0.,ment 552 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Guamacaro;  b-s. ,  M. ,  desc 347 

Guamajal;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 668 

Guamito;  s.,  O.,  dese 551 

Guamo;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 551 

Guamuhaya;  mountains,  S.  C,  desc...  354 

Guamutas;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 316 

Guanabacoa;  J.  D.,  H.,  list  of  town- 

sliips 202 

T.,H.,pop 202 

list  of  barrios 203 

t.,  II.,  desc 203 

Guanabana;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 348 

Guanabo;  b.,  H.,  desc 189 

b-v.,  H.,  desc 206 

river,  H.,  ment 187 

Guanaja;  b-v.,  C,  desc 499 

island,  C,  ment 486 

Guanajay,  J.  D.,  P.  R.,  list  of  town- 
ships    106 

T.,  P.  R.,pop 106 

list  of  barrios 117 

b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 117 

Guanajo;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 213 

'Guanal;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 671 

laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 699 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Guanales;  b.,  C,  desc 520 

Guanam(5n;  lake,  II.,  desc 186 

Guanaroca;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 378 

Guandao;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 642 

Guane;  J.  D.,  P.  R.,  list  of  townships.  125 


INDEX. 


739 


Page. 

Guane;  T.,  P.  R.,  pop 125 

list  of  barrios 125 

b-t.,  P.  R.,desc 125 

Guaneguanico,  archipelago,  P.  R 104 

Guanes (Guadiana), river,  P.  R., ment.  105 

Guanillas;  b.,S.  C.,desc 398 

Guanfmar;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 280 

b.,P.  R.,desc 110 

Guaninao;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 644 

Guanlniciln;  b.,  O.,  desc 638 

Guaniquical;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 478 

Guanito;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Guanito  Grande;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc. ..  673 
Guano;  v.,  C.    (See  Palo  Seco.) 
Guano  Alto;  v.,  C.    {See  El  Junco.) 

Guant4namo;J.  D.,0.,listoftownshlps  561 

T.,0.,pop 561 

list  of  barrios 561 

t.,  0.,desc 562 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Guaos;  b-v.,  S.  C.,desc 378 

Guara;  b-t.,  H.,  desc 213 

Guara  Mayabeque  (Giiines);  river,  H., 

ment 187 

GuaracabuUa;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 440 

Guaranal;  v.,  O.,  desc 611 

GuaranalJutal;  s.,  0.,ment 557 

Guareiras  (Ck)lombia);  b-t.,  M.,  desc...  325 

Guareiras;  river,  M. ,  ment 293 

Guaro;  s.,  0.,desc 606 

Gu&simal;  b-v.,  S.  C.,desc 379 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 424 

Gu&simas;  s.,  H.,desc 265 

v.,  M.,  desc 309 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Guaso;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 569 

Guatao;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 270 

Guava;  s.,  O.,  desc 607 

Guayabal;  b-v.,  C,  desc 511 

b-v., H., desc 270 

b-s., O., desc 600 

Guayabales;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 379 

Guayabo;  b.,  0.,desc 607 

s.,0.,desc 607 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 135 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 157 

s.,P.R.,desc 141 

Guayacan;  s.,  0.,desc 558 

Guayacanes;  v.,  C,  desc 522 

Guayo;  b-v.,S.  C.,desc 462 

Guayos;  b-v.,  S.  C.,desc 425 

Guayos,Los;  v.,  O.,  desc 626 

Guillen;  b-s.,  P.  R.,desc 162 

Guimbambas,  Las;  liill,  M.,  ment 292 

Gumeo  Morado;  s.,  O.,  ment 649 

Giiines;  J.  D.,  Tf.,  list  of  townships 208 

T.,  n.,  pop 208 

list  of  barrios 209 

t.,  II.,  desc 209 

river,  H.    (See  Guara  Maya- 
beque.) 


Page. 

Guines;  b-s.,  S.  C.,desc 395 

Guinia  de  Miranda;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc. . .  478 

Giiiniao;  b.,  O.,  desc 542 

Guipiizcoa;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 315 

Guira;     t.,      M.,       (See     Giiira     de 
Macuriges.) 

Giiira.  La. ;  flnca,  M.,  ment 329 

v.,  O..  ment 586 

s.,  O.,  desc 606 

v.,  P.  R.,  desc 151 

Giiira  de  Macuriges  (Giiira);  b-t.,  M., 

desc 299 

Giiira  de  Melena;  T.,  H.,  pop 278 

list  of  barrios.  281 

b-t.,  H.,  desc 281 

Guirabo;  b.,  O.,  desc 600 

Giiiro  de  Marrero;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 196 

Guisa;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 551 

Han&bana;  river,  M.,  ment 293 

Hanabanilla;  river,  S.  C.,  ment 356 

Ilatico;  s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Haticos;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 600 

Hatiguanico  (Negro);  river,  M.,  ment. .  293 

Hatillo;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 100 

b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 459 

Ilato  de  Guane;  l>s.,  P.  R.,  desc 129 

Hato  Nuevo;  T.,  M.    (See  Marti.) 

b-t.,  M.    (See  Marti.) 
Hato  Nuevo  de  Santa  Clara;  hills,  M., 

desc 292 

Hato  Viejo;  v.,  O.,  desc 581 

Hatuey;  s.,  C,  desc 504 

Havana;  Pr 183 

J.  D.,  H.,  list  of  townships. . .  220 

T.,H.,pop 220 

list  of  barrios 221 

t.,  H.,  architecture 226 

barracks 234 

campsites 239 

climate 224 

coat  of  arms 224 

distance  from   impor- 
tant ports,  table  of. .  20 
environs  in  general. . .  242 
environs,  detailed 

study 244 

fortifications 242 

harbor 230 

hills  and  elevations. . .  225 

hist 15 

historical  sketch 221 

hospitals,       churches, 

schools,  and  libraries.  229 

hospitals 236 

ice  factories 239 

industries 230 

important  offices 238 

important  stations 238 

lighting 233 

line  of  operations 242 


740 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Havana;  t.,  H.,  location 230 

meteorological    condi- 
tions   224 

pop 230 

public  edifices 228 

public  parks 229 

railroad  sidings 242 

roads  leading  out  of. . .  242 

sewer  system 233 

stables 234 

storehouses,     commis- 
sary    237 

storehouses,     quarter- 
master  '. ..  237 

streets 22(5 

territorial  divisions. . .  225 

transportation  corrals.  230 

water  supply 231 

hills,  M.,  ment 292 

Hemiita;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Hernando;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 440 

Herradura;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 672 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 147 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Herradura  Vieja;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 147 

Herrera;  lake,  H.,  desc 186 

Hervidero;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 675 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

Hicacos;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 668 

spring,  C.Z 672 

marsh,  M.,  desc 292 

peninsula,  M.,  desc 309 

Historical  sketch;  Cuba 15 

Holguin;  J.  D.,  O.,  list  of  townships...  582 

T.,  O.,  pop 582 

list  of  barrios 590, 591 

t.,  O.,  desc 591 

Hondo;  river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Hongolosongo;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 643 

Hormiguero;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 386 

Horno  Arriba;  v.,  O.,  desc 553 

Hornos;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 553 

Horquita,  La;  v.,  S.  C,  desc 380 

Horses,  number  registered  1908;  Cuba.  39 

Hospital;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 425 

Hoyo;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 471 

Hoyo  Colorado;  T.,  11.    (See  Bauta.) 
b-t.,  H.    (See  Bauta.) 

Hoyo  de  Pipa;  v.,  O.,  desc 552 

Hoyo  Venero;  s.,  S.  C,  desc 391 

Humilladero;  s.,  O.,  desc 548 

Hydrography;  Cuba 28 

Hygienic  rules;  Cuba 30 

lemen;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Iglesia;  b.,  M.,  desc 302 

Iglesias;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Ignacio;  s.,  C.    (See  Los  Angeles.) 

Imlas;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 542 


Page. 

Indio;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 374 

Indies;  b.,  O.,  desc 569 

Indies,  Los;  s.,  O.,  desc 551 

Industries;  Cuba 55 

C 486 

H 187 

M 293 

0 537 

P.R 105 

S.C 357 

Ingenio  Esperanza;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 625 

Ingenito;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment no 

Insects;  Cuba 37 

Insurrecto;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Isabel;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 314 

Isabel;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc: 99 

ment 570 

Isabel  (Media  Luna);  s.  m.,  O.,  desc...  100 

ment  .  626 

Isabela;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

Isabela  (La  Boca;  Concha);  b-t.,  S.  C, 

desc 407 

Isabel  Maria;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 157 

Isla  de  Cuba;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

Isle  of  Pines;  J.  D.,  H.,  list  of  town- 
ships   275 

T.,  H.,  pop 275 

list  of  barrios 276 

general     descrip- 
tion   276 

rivers 276 

Isleta;  b.,  O.,  desc 570 

Itabo;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 217 

v.,  M.    (See  Lacret.) 

Jabaco;  b.,  M.,  desc 331 

v.,  P.  R.,  desc 125 

Jabacoa;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 391 

Jabonillar;  b.,  S.  C,  desc. 459 

Jac4n;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 326 

Jagua;  b.,  H.,  desc 220 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 147 

Jagua,  La;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 139 

s.,  S.  C,  desc 398 

Jaguajuta;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Jagiiey  Chico;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 379 

Jagiiey  Grande;  T.,  M.,  pop 317 

list  of  barrios  .  329 

b-t.,  M.,  desc 330 

Jagiieyal;  v.,  C,  desc 519 

s.  m.,  C,  desc 99 

ment 513,519 

Jagiieyes;  s.,  O.,  desc 589 

s.,0.,  desc 606 

Jalbo  Abajo;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 570 

Jalbo  Arriba;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 570 

Jaimanito;  v.,  H.,  desc 275 

Jaitecico;  flnca,  O.,  ment 541 

Jamaica;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 265 

b-t.,  O.,  desc 570 

JamAl;  v.,  O.,  desc 545 


INDEX. 


741 


Page. 

Jarahueca;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 630 

Jarahueca  Abajo;  s.,  O.,  desc 630 

Jarahueca  Arriba;  s.,  O.,  desc 630 

Jardines  de  la  Reina,  Los;  archipelago, 

C .,  ment 486 

Jaruco;  J.  D.,  H.,  list  of  townships 256 

T.,  H.,  pop 256 

list  of  barrios 259 

b-t.,  H.,desc 259 

Jatibonico;  s.  m.,  C,  desc 99 

ment 521 

mountains,  S.  C,  desc 354 

river,  S.  C,  ment 485 

Jatibonico  del  Norte;  s.,  C,  desc 528 

river,  S.  C,  desc.  355 

Jatibonico  del  Sur;  b-v.,  C,  desc 521 

ri^er,  S.  C,  desc...  356 

Jatigiianico;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 675 

Jauco;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 543 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Jaula;  b.,  H.,  desc 265 

Jejenes;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 180 

Jequl;  camp  site,  C.  Z.,  ment 722 

Jesus  Alfonso;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

Jesus  Maria;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 349 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Jesfls  del  Monte;  hill,  H.,  ment 186 

Jesus  Nazareno;  eolonia,  P.  R.,  ment..  116 

Jibacoa;  b-v.,  II.,  desc 261 

b-t.,0.,desc 625 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Jfbaro;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc ! 425 

Jicarita;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 300 

Jicotea;  b-v.,  C,  desc 521 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 415 

s.,S.C.,desc 376 

Jicoteas;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Jiguanf;  T.  0.,pop 546 

list  of  barrios 555 

t.,0.,desc 555 

Jiguey:  river.  C,  ment 485 

Jimagua;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Jiquiabo;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 415 

river,  S.  C,  ment 355 

Jiquimas;  b-s.,  S.  C.,desc 479 

Jobabo;  river,  C, ment 486 

Jobabo;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

,Tobo;  b.,H.,desc 213 

s.  m.,H.    (See  San  Miguel.) 

v.,  O.,  desc 545 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 121 

Jocimia;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 698 

Jocuma-Orbea  trocha;  C.  Z.,desc 711 

Joj6  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Toseflta;   s.    m.,    H.     {Set   Santisima 
Trinidad.) 


Page. 

Jovellanos;  T.,M.,pop 304 

list  of  barrios 310 

Jovellanos  ( Bemba) ;  t. ,  M. ,  desc 310 

Juana;  island,  Cuba,  hist 15 

Juan  Bar6n;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 645 

Juan  Diaz;  b-s.,  0.,desc 581 

Tuan  Francisco;  s.,S.  C.,desc 454 

Juan  Gomez;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 129 

Juan  Vicente;  v.,  O.,  desc 605 

Juba,  La;  s.,0.,desc '  589 

Jucabamata;  s.,  0.,desc 548 

Jucaibama;  s.,  O.,  desc 548 

Jucaral;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 

laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc ,  698 

JiScaro;  b-v.,  C,  desc 522 

spring,  C.Z.,  desc 675 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

port  in  Isle  of  Pines,  H.,  desc..  278 
Jiicaro    Quemado;  camp   site,   C.   Z., 

ment 722 

Judicial  divisions;  Cuba 23 

Julia;  s.  m.,H.,desc 97 

ment 192 

s.  m.,S.  C.,desc 98 

ment 437 

Julia,  La;  s.  m.,  M.    (See  Triunfo.) 

Julia  Gonzdlez;  s.,  O.,  ment 557 

Julian  Diaz;  v.,  P.  R.    (See  Paso  Real.) 

Jumado,  El;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Jiunaguas;  mountains,  S.  C,  desc 354 

hills,  S.C,  ment 354 

Junate;  s.,  O.,  desc 648 

.Tunco;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 379 

Junco,  El;  b.,C.,desc 511 

Junco,  El  (Guano  Alto);  v.,  C,  desc...  511 

Juniciim;  s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Jiipiter;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

Juragua;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 375 

s.  m.,S.  C.,desc 98 

JuraguA  Iron  Mines  Co.;  O.,  ment 638 

Jurisdiccidn;  s.,  0.,desc 632 

Jusepi;  s.,  S.  C,  desc 424 

Jutla;  b.,H.,desc 286 

Key  West;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Lacato;  lake,  P.  R 104 

Lacret  (Itabo);  b-v.,  M.,  desc 316 

Laguna  Blanca;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 554 

Laguna  Grande;  Ivfinca,  M.,  desc 326 

Laguna  de  Guanales  Nuevo;  l^una, 

C.  Z.,desc 69> 

Laguna  del  Hato;  s., S.C, desc 375 

L^una  de  Leche;  lake,  C,  desc 528 

Ls^una  de  Piedra;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 168 

Laguna  del  Tesoro;  C.  Z.,  general  de- 
scription    723 

Lagima  del  Tesoro;  C.  Z.,  rivers  per- 
taining thereto 724 

Lagima  del  Tesoro;  C.Z.,  trails  thereto.  724 
Lagunas;  Ci€naga   Occidental,   C.   Z., 

general  description 667 


742 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Lagiinas;  Cifinaga  Oriental,  C.  Z.,  gen- 
eral description 096 

Lagunas;  b.,  0.,desc 058 

liagunillas;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 309 

b-s.,P.  R.,desc 102 

b-v.,  S.C.,  desc 379 

Lajas;  b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 148 

b.,0.,desc 572 

b.,  O.,  desc 045 

Lajas  (Santa  Isabela  de  las  Lajas);  t., 

S.  C.,desc 392 

Lajitas;  s.,C.,desc 521 

Landrea;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 073 

Language;  Cuba 54 

Larrazabel;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

I>as  Nuevas  del  Jibaro;  b-s.,  C,  desc  . .  524 

Lazaro;  plain,  C. ,  ment 484 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 135 

L&zaro  L(3pez;  b-v.,  C.    {See  Angel  Castillo.) 

Lebisa;  canal,  P.  R. ,  ment 104 

Lechuga;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 213, 214 

b.,H.,desc 205 

Lechugas;  b.,H.,desc 213 

Legua;  b.,  P.  R.,desc 148 

Lena;  b-s.,  P.  R.,desc 148 

Lequeitio;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 390 

Letreros,  Los;  v.,  O..  desc 023 

Libertad,  La;  s.,H.,desc 214 

Lima;  flnca,  H.,  ment 274 

b-s.,  M.,  desc 296 

Lima,  La;  b.,P.  R.,desc 139 

Limonada;  s.,  O.,  desc 630 

Limonar;  b-t.,  M.,  desc 348 

hill,  M.,  ment 292 

Limones;  b-s.,  C,  desc 501 

s.m.,M.,desc 98 

ment 345 

s.,0.,desc 589 

b.,P.R.,desc 176 

b-v.,  S.C,  desc 391 

Limpio  Francisco;  s.,  P.  R.,desc ..  134 

Linares;  finca,  P.  R.,ment Ill 

Linehe;  b.,M.,desc 333 

Lindero,  El;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 073 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 073 

Lisa,La;  t., II., desc 272 

Llanadas;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 105 

Llanos;  flnca,  O.,  ment 542 

Location;  Cuba '.  19 

C. 483 

H 185 

M 291 

O.... 533 

P.R 103 

S.C 353 

Loma,  I<a;  s.,  O.,  ment 557 

Loma  del  Gato;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 030 

Loma  Pica;  s.,  O.,  ment 049 

Loma  del  Yucat&n;  hill,  C,  ment 485 

Lomas;  b.,  P.  R.,desc , 176 


Page. 

Lomas  de  Camaj&n;  hills,  C,  ment 485 

Lomas  Grandes;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 387 

Lomas  del  Helechal;  hills,  S.  C,  ment.  355 

Lomas  del  Obispo;  hills,  S.  C,  ment ..  355 

Lomas  de  Ponciano;  hills,  S.  C,  ment.  355 

Lomas  de  Santa  F&,  hills,  S.  C,  ment.  354 

Lomas  de  Trinidad;  hills,  S.  C,  ment.  355 

L(5pez,  b.,  M.,desc 331 

Lorenzo;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

Los  Jardines  de  la  Reina;  archipelago, 

C. ,  ment 486 

Loterfa;  s.  m.,  H.,des<? 97 

liucla;  s.m.,H.,desc 97 

b.,M.,desc 300 

liUgareno;  b-v.,  C,  desc 508 

s.m.,C.,desc 99 

ment 508 

Luis  Lazo;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc 103 

Luis  Lazo,  Primero  de;  b.,  P.  R.,desc.  103 

Luis  Lazo,  Segundo  de;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc.  163 

Luisa;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 672 

river,  H.    (See  Marianao.) 

Luisa  (Condesa);  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 302 

Luisa,  La;  s.,  H.,  desc 213 

Lm'sa  y  Antonia;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment. . .  399 

Lumbruis,  La;  s.,  O.,  desc 630 

Luyan6;  b-t.,  H.,  desc 254 

Luz,  La;  b-s.,  0.,desc 649 

Macagua;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 326 

t.,M.    (Sfc  Los  Arabos.) 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 454 

Macaguabo;  s.,  S.C,  desc 425 

Macagual;  b.,  P.  R.,desc 121 

Macuriges;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 573 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 135,136 

b.,P.  R.,desc 176 

potrero,  P.  R . ,  ment 176 

Madama;  potrero,  P.  R., ment.. 117 

Madruga;  T.,  H.,  pop 208 

list  of  barrios 216 

Madruga;  t.,  II.,  desc 216 

Maflo;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 560 

Magarabomba;  b-s. ,  C. ,  desc 501 

Magdalena;  b.,  M.,  desc 297 

Maguaraya  Abajo;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 459 

Maguaraya  Arriba;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 459 

Maguecillo;  v.,  O.,  desc 575 

MaisI;  v.,  O.,  desc 544 

Majagua;  s.,C.,desc 522 

b-s., H., desc 218 

s.  m.,M.    (S«e  San  Gonz&lo.) 

s.,  S.C,  desc 391 

Majaguilla;  spring,  C  Z.,  desc 673 

Majagiiiyal;  marsh,  M.,  ment 292 

Majayabo;  s.,  0.,ment 649 

Majujaba;  flnca,  O.,  ment 541 

Malas  Aguas;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc ItiS 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 


INDEX. 


743 


Page. 

Malpaez;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 409 

MalTiempo;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 384 

Mamey  Duro;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 258 

Manacas;  laguua,  C.  Z.,  desc fi70 

b.,0.,desc (U3 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 415 

b-s.,  S.C,  desc 379 

b-s.,  S.C,  desc 426 

Managua;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 265 

Managuaco;  b-v.,  O.,  desc fiOl 

Manajanabo;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 472 

Manantial,  El;  v.,  0.,desc 558 

Manati;  b-v.,  O.,  desc '>12 

Mandinga;  s.,  S.  C.,desc 375 

Mangas,  Las;  v.,P.  R.,  desc 110 

Mangas  Station;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc 110 

Manglito;  s.,0.,desc 607,608 

Manguito;  s.,C.,desc^ 529 

b-t.,M.,desc 327 

Maniab<5n;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 612 

Manlcaragua;  b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 472 

Manjuari;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

Mantilla;  v.,  H.,  desc 254 

M&ntua;  T.,  P.  R.,  pop 125 

list  of  barrios 131 

b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 131 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Manuel  Alvarez;  b.,  M.,  desc 300 

Manuela,  La;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Manuelita;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 380 

Manzanillo;  J.  D.,  O.,  list  of  townships.  615 

T.,  0.,pop 615 

list  of  barrios 615 

t.,  0.,desc 616 

Mapos;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 426 

Mapos  (Chorrera  Brava);  s.,  S.  C,  desc.  425 

Maquina;  s.,  C.  Z.,  desc 720 

tramway,  C.  Z.,  desc 722 

Maragu&n;  b-s.,  C,  desc 501 

Marcos  Vasquez;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 157 

Maria  Antonia;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

Marianao;  J.  D.,  U.,  list  of  townships. .  267 

T.,  11.,  pop 267 

list  of  barrios 272 

t.,  H.,  desc 272 

Marianao  (Luisa;   Quibu);  river,   H., 

ment 187 

Mariel;b-t.,  P.R.,desc 121 

Marquesita;  v.,  M.,  desc 327 

Marroquln;  b-s.,  C,  desc 528 

Marta  Abreu;  b.,  S.  C.,  desc 384 

Marti;  v.,  C,  desc". 497 

Marti  (HatoNuevo);  T.,  M.,  pop 304 

list  of  bar- 
rios   315 

b-t.,  M.,  desc....  315 

Martia;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

Martillo;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment. 116 

Martillo,  El;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 


Page. 

Martlnas;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 129 

Martinez,  Primero  de;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc.  163 

Segimdo  de;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc.  163 

Marvlo;  s.,  O.,  desc 560 

Mata;  v.,  O.,  desc 542 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 454 

Mata  Abajo;  s.,  O.,  desc 569 

r.  r.  station,  O.,  ment 570 

Matanzas;  Pr '. 2S9 

J.  D.,M.,  list  of  townships..  334 

T.,M.,pop 334 

listofbarrios 335 

t.,  M.,  desc 335 

Mateo  Reyes;  s.,  H.,  desc 212 

Mateo  Stochez;  b.,  O.,  desc 607 

Matan;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 379 

Maximo;  river,  C,  ment 485 

MA.ximo    Gdmez    (Recreo);    b-t.,    M., 

desc 316 

Maya,  La;  b-t.,  O.,  desc 630 

Mayaguano;  b.,  H.,  desc 189 

Mayajigua;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 450 

Mayari;  T.,  O.,  pop 532 

list  of  barrios 603 

t.,  O.,  desc 603 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 176 

hacienda,  P.  R.,  ment 176 

Mayari  Arriba;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 631 

Media  Legua;  spring,  C.  Z..  desc 674 

Media  Luna;  t.,  O.,  desc 626 

s.  m.,  O.    (See  Isabel.) 

Media  Luna-Vicana;  b.,  O.,  desc 626 

Medidas;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 391 

Medina;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Medio,  El;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 697 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc C99 

Mejias;  s.,  O.,  desc 600 

Melena;  s.,  H.,  desc 212 

Melena  del  Sur;  b-t.,  H.,  desc 214 

Melillas;  s.,  O.,  desc 644 

Melones;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 601 

Mendive;  hacienda,  P.  R.,  desc 121 

Meneses;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 451 

Mercedes;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 327 

eolonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Mercedes,  Las;  s.,  O.,  desc 559 

Mercedita;  s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 212 

s.  m.,  P.  R.,  desc 96 

ment 112 

eolonia,  P.  R.,  ment 113 

Miguel;  b.,  O.,  desc 582 

Miguel  Arriba;  s.,  O.,  desc 582 

Milpa;  lagima,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 

Milyan;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 

Minas;  b-t.,  C,  desc 501 

v.,  H.,  desc » 205 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 176 


744 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Mineral  resources;  Cuba 47 

Minerva  Auxillo;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment.. .  110 

Mir;  v.,  O.,  desc 600 

Miranda;  laguna,  C .  Z .,  desc 698 

Miscelanea,  La;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

Misiones;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Moa;  s.,  O.,  desc 543 

river,  O.,  ment 53C 

Mobile;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Mocho;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 671 

Mogote;  s.,  O.,  ment : 049 

Mojanga;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 110 

Monjara;  v.,  O.,  desc 553 

Monjas;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 286 

Monserrate;  fmca,  P.  R.,  ment 108 

Montana;  s.  m.,  P.  R.,ment 113 

Monte  Alto;  b.,M.,desc 327 

Monte  Dos  Leguas;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 649 

Monte  Crlsti;  b.,  S.  C.,desc 384 

Monte  Cristo;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 643 

Monteoscuro;  s.,  O.,  desc 553 

s.,0.,desc 030 

Montevideo;  t. ,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Montezuelo;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 136 

Mor4n;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 113 

Mordazo;  b-v.,S.  C.,desc 416 

Morej(5n;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

Mor6n;  J.  D. ,  C. ,  list  of  townships 512 

T.,C.,pop 512 

list  of  barrios 524 

t.,C.,desc 624 

b-s., O., desc 631 

Morro;  fortress,  H.,  barracks 240 

hill,  U.,  ment 186 

Morro  Barracks;  O. ,  desc 654 

ment 658 

Motembo;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 316 

Muchachas,  Las;  v.,  O.,  desc 624 

Mujer;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 

Mulas;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Mulata,  La;  b-v.,  P.  R.,desc 139 

Mules,  number  registered  1908;  Cuba..  39 

Mulo;  v.,  P.  R.,desc 156 

Munilla;  s.,  0.,desc 689 

Murga;  s.,M.,desc 331 

Murga-Sinil;  b.,  M.,  desc 331 

Naguaraje;  finca,  O. ,  ment 543 

Najasa;  hills,  C,  ment 484, 485 

Naranjo;  hill,  C,  ment 484 

b.,0.,desc 039 

Narcisa;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 450 

Narenga;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 672 

Nasas,  Las;  s.,  0.,desc 589 

Natividad;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 425 

Navajas;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 333 

Navarra;  b.,  U.,  desc 220 

Navas;  v.,  O.,  desc 543 

Navlo;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 214 


Page. 

Nazareno;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 266 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 440 

Negritos,  Los;  v.,  O.,  ment 586 

Negro;  river,  M.     (See  Hatiguanico.) 

Negros;  river,  C,  ment 485 

Negros,  Los;  v.,  0.,desc 569 

Nemesio  Reyes;  b.,H.,desc 286 

Nena;  s.  m.,  M.    (See  Araujo.) 

Neptuno;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment IID 

New  Orleans;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana. ..  20 

New  York ;  t. ,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Nibuj6n;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 543 

river,  O.,  ment 536- 

Nima-Nima;  b.,0.,desc 043 

Niquero;  b-t.,  O.,  desc G27 

s.  m.,0.,desc 100 

ment 627 

Nombre  de  Dies;  b.,  H.,  desc 214 

s.  m.,n.,  desc 97 

ment 214 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 157 

Norte;  b.,  P.  R.,desc 163 

Nuestra  Seflora  del  Carmen;  s.  m.,  H., 

desc 97 

Nuestra  Seflora  de  Lourdes;  potrero, 

P.  R.,ment 180 

Nuestra  Seflora  de  Regla;  s.  m.,  S.  C, 

desc 98 

ment 379 

Nueva  Gerona;  b-t. ,  Isle  of  Pines,  desc.  277 

Nueva  Luisa;  s.  m.,M.,desc 98 

ment 334 

Nueva  Paz;  T.,  H.,  pop 208 

list  of  barrios 218 

b-t.,  H.,  desc 219 

s.  m.,H.,desc 97 

ment 219 

Nuevas;  l>v.,  S.  C,  desc 393 

b.,S.  C.desc 459 

Nuevas  del  Jlbaro,  Las;  b-s.,  C,  desc. .  524 

Nuevas  de  Jobosi;  b-s.,  C,  desc 524 

Nuevitas;  T.,C.,pop 486 

list  of  barrios 505 

t.,C.,dese 505 

river,  C,  ment 485 

Ocafla;  b.,H.,desc 214 

Occitania;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 322 

Ocean    Beach  (Punta    Colorada);  v., 

P.  R.,desc 129 

Ocejo;  s.,n.,desc 213 

Ocujal;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 574 

Oeste  de  Cifuentes;  b.,S.  C.,desc 409 

Ojo  de  Agua;  s.,  H.,  desc 215 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

b-v.,  S.C,  desc 380 

Ojo  de  Agua  de  Melones;  b-v.,  O.,  desc.  612 

Ojo  de  Morales;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 669 

Olimpo;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 312 


INDEX. 


745 


Page. 

Oriente;  Pr 531 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 612 

Orillas;  s.,  O.,  desc 626 

Orography;  Cuba 25 

Orosco  (San  Luis);  s.  m.,  P.  R.,  desc. . .       96 
'  ment..      116 

Ortigosa.  river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Ovas,  b-v.,  P.  R.,desc 158 

Paila,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Pallita;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Pailita,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

Palacios,  Los;  b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 176 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Palenque;  v.,  H.,  desc 215 

hill,  M.,  ment 292 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 149 

Palenque,  El;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 631 

Palizadas;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 165 

Palma;  river,  M.,  ment 293 

s.,  O.,  desc 'SSS 

Palma,  La  (Rincon  de  La  Palma);  b-s., 

O.,  desc 

Palma,  La  (Consolacion  del  Norte);  b-t., 

P.R.,desc 

Pahna  Amarilla;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc  . . . 

Pahna  Bonlta;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 

Palma  de  San  Juan;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 

Palma  Sola;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 398 

Palma  Soriano;  T.,  O.,  pop 629 

list  of  barrios  . .      643 

t.,  O.,  desc 644 

Palmar;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 575 

Palmarito;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 612 

b-s.,  O.,  desc 645 

v.,  O.,  desc 549 

v.,  O.,  desc 625 

v.,  O.,  desc 649 

s.,  O.,  desc 548 

s.,  O.,  desc 589 

s.,0.,desc 606 

Palmas  Altas;  v.,  O.,  desc 625 

Palmlllas;  \>v.,  M.,  desc 327 

Palmira;  T.,  S.  C,  pop 358 

list  of  barrios 384 

t.,  S.  C,  desc .384 

Paloma,  La;  s.,  H.,  desc 215 

Palo  Seco  (Guano);  v.,  C,  desc 498 

Palos,  Los;  b-t.,  H.,  desc 220 

Pan  de  .\ziicar;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc 158 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Pan  Guajaibdn;  peak,  P.  R.,  desc 104 

Pan  de  Matanzas;  hill,  M.,  desc 292 

Pancho  Caro;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 698 


601 

137 
700 
670 
575 


Papas,  Las;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 671 

Papilla,  La;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 108 

Paradero;  b.,  H.,  desc 262 

b.,  S.  C,  desc 387 

Paradero  (Camarone);  v.,  S.  C  ,  desc  . .  .387 

Paralso,  El;  s.,  O.,  dec 645 

Paredes;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 426 


Paredones;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 

Parque  Alto;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 

ment 

Paso  Cavado;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 

Paso  de  Lesca;  pass,  C,  ment 

Paso  Real;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 

b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 

Paso  Real  (Julidn  Diaz);  v.,  P.  R.,  desc. 

Paso  Real  Viejo;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 

Paso  Seco;  b.,  M.,  desc 

s.,  O.,  desc 

Paso  Vlejo;  s.,  O.,  desc 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 

Pastora;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 

ment 

PastoRieo;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc 

Patabanal;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 

finca,  P.  R.,ment 

Paticos,  Los;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 

Pato;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 

Pato,  El;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 

Patricio;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 

ment 

Paula;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 

Paz,  La;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 

Pedemales;  s.,  O.,  desc 

Pedregoso;  v.,  O.,  desc 

Pedro  Barba;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 

Pedro  Betancouri;  (Corral  Falso);    T., 

M.,  pop 

list  of  barrios 

Pedro  Betancourt  (Corral   Falso);    t., 

M.,  desc 

Pedroso;  v.,  M.  (See  Tramojos.) 
Pelayo;  s.  m.,  H.  (See  Rosario.) 
Pena  Blanca  (Pimienta);   b-v.,  P.  R., 

desc 

Penalver;  v.,  H.  (See  Pepe  Antonio.) 
Pepe    Antonio  (Penalver);    b-v.,  H., 

desc 

Perdldo;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 

Perico;  b-t.,  M.,  desc 

Perros,  Los;  v.,  C,  desc 

river,  C.    (See  Chambas.) 

Perseverancia;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 

Peni;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 

Pesquero;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 

Petit  Versailles;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 

Philadelphia;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana 

Pico,  El;  s.,  II.,  desc 

Pico  Blanco;  hills,  S.  C,  ment 

Pico  de  Potrerillo;  hill,  S.  C,  desc 

Piedra,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 

Piedra,  La;  v.,  O.,  desc 

Piedra  del  Agua,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc . 
Piedra  Blanca,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc.. 
Piedra  Gorda;  s.,  O.,  desc 


Page. 
116 
99 
390 
395 
485 
130 
180 
454 
152 
152 
349 
559 
558 
158 
113 
99 
461 
180 
670 
116 
700 
668 
670 
721 
98 
454 
427 
280 
559 
601 
427 

317 
332 


158 


206 
673 
327 
529 


399 
697 
111 
20 
211 
355 
355 
673 
625 
673 
700 
607 


746 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Piedras;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 442 

Piedras,  Las;  s.,  C,  desc 529 

*»,  M.,  desc 300 

Pijirigua;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 110 

Pijuan;  v.,  M.,  desc 326 

Pilar,  El;  s.  m.,  P.  R.,  desc 96 

ment 110 

Pil<5n;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 628 

s.  m.,  O.    (See  Cabo  Cruz.) 

Pilotos;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 149,150 

Plmienta;     b-v.,    P.    R.     (See    Pefia 
Blanca.) 

Pinalillo;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 150 

Pinar  de  la  Decioda;  hacienda,  P.  R., 

ment 181 

Pinar  de  la  Doiia;  potrero,  P.  R.,ment.  17(1 

Pinar  del  Rio,  Pr 101 

J.    D.,    P.   R.,    list    of 

townships 136 

T.,P.  R.,pop 136 

list  of  barrios.  153 

t.,  P.  R.,dese 153 

Pinos,  Los;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 176 

Piojo,  El;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 697 

spring,  C.Z.,  desc 699 

Pipifi,n;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 218 

Piragua;  finca,  P.  R.,ment.. Ill 

•  Placer  de  la  Lisa;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc. . .  675 

Placetas;  T.,S.C.,pop 431 

list  of  barrios 439 

b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 439 

Plata;  s.,  O.,  desc 612 

Platanal;  b.,  M.,  desc 334 

Playa;  b.,  IL,  desc 274 

Playa  de  Baeuranao;  v.,  H.,  desc 205 

Playa  de  Baracoa;  v.,  H.,  desc 268 

Playa  del  Caimito;  s.,H.,desc 219 

PlayaLaCana;  s.,C.Z.,desc 721 

tramway,  C.  Z.,  desc  . .  723 

Playa  Clovijinos;  s.,  C.  Z.,  desc 720 

Playa  de  Cogio;  s.,  H.,  desc 283 

Playa EntradaCazones;  s.,  C.  Z.,  desc.  721 
tramway,  C.Z., 

desc 723 

Playa  de  Guanabo;  v.,  H.,  desc 206 

Playa  de  Guanlmar;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 281 

Playa  Jibacoa;  s.,  H.,  desc 262 

Playa  de  Manteca;  s.,  O.,  desc 607 

Playa  de  Marianao;  v.,  H.,  desc 274 

Playa  Perdice;  s.,  C.  Z.,  desc 719 

Playa  del  Rinc6n;  v.,  H.,  desc 261 

Playa  Rio  Negro;  s.,C.Z.,desc 721. 

Playuelas;  b-s.,  O., desc 612 

Playuelas,  Las;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc 170 

Plymouth  (Eng.);  t.,  dist.  from  Ha- 
vana   20 

Pojabo;  s.  m.,S.  C.,desc 99 

ment 424 

PoloViejo;  v.,S.C.,desc 478 


Page. 

Poma  Rosa;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

Pomona,  La;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

Ponce;  b.,  H.,  desc 214 

Population,  military;  Cuba 53 

Population;  Cuba 53 

C 483 

H 185 

M 291 

0 533 

P.  R 103 

S.  C 353 

Por  Fuerza;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 324 

Porlier;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Port  of  Spain;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana. . .  20 

Portales;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 130 

Portillo;  v.,  O., desc'. 628 

Portugalete;  b.,  H.,  desc 266 

s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 266 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 387 

Portura;  spring,  C.  Z . ,  desc 672 

Porvenir   (Los    Angeles);   s.   m.,   M., 

desc 98 

ment 349 

Potrerillo;  b-v.,  O., desc 589 

b-v.,  S.C,  desc 463 

Potrero;  r.  r.   station,  C.     (See  Gas- 
par.) 

Poza  de  la  China;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 463 

Pozas;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 399 

Pozas,  Las;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 140 

s.,S.C.,desc 425 

PozoRedondo;  v.,  H.,  desc 190 

PozoViejo;  s.,0.,desc 559 

Pozdn;  s.,0.,desc 626 

Prado;  fmca, C.ment 512 

Preeiosa;  s.  m.,  desc 97 

ment 309 

Preston;  t.,0.,desc 608 

s.  m.,  O.,  desc 100 

ment....^ 608 

Prieta,La;  flnca, O., ment 542 

Prieto;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 698 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 699 

Primero  de  Luis  Lazo;  b.,  P.  R.,desc. .  163 

Primero  de  Martinez;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc. . .  163 

Principe,  Del;  hill,  H.,  ment 186 

Progreso;  s.m.,M.,desc i 97 

ment 309 

Providencia;  s.m.,H.;desc 97 

ment 214 

Provinces;  Cuba 100 

Provincial;  b-v., S.C, desc 472 

Prudencia;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 698 

Pueblo  Nuevo;  b-s.,  C,  desc 503 

b.,  P.R.,desc Ill 

v.,  P.  R.,  desc 135 

v.,S.C.,desc 381 


INDEX. 


747 


Page. 

Pueblo  Viejo;  s.,  0.,desc 544 

Puentes  Grandes;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 256 

Puercos,  Los;  v.,  O.,  desc G2C 

Puercos  Gordos;  hacienda,  P.  R.,ment.  181 

Puerta  de  Golpe;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc 150 

Puerta  de  la  Giiira;  b-v..  P.  R.,  desc. .  Ill 

Puerto;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 344 

Puerto  Boniato;  s.,  O.,  desc 649 

Puerto  Canasi;  s.,  M.,  ment 344 

Puerto  Escondido;  river,  M.,  ment 293 

b.,  S.C,  desc 416 

Puerto  Padre;  T.,  O.,  pop 582 

list  of  barrios —  6(1S 

t.,  0.,desc 609 

PuntaAlegre;  b-v.,  C,  desc 528 

Punta  Brava;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 271 

b.,M.,desc 300 

b.,  M.,  desc 334 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc Ill 

Punta  de  Cartas;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc 165 

Punta  Colorada;  v.,  P.  R.   {See  Ocean 

Beach.) 

Punta  delEste;  b.,  Isle  of  Pines,  desc.  278 

Punta  Gorda;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 380 

Punta  de  Palma;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 158 

Punta  de  San  Juan;  s.,  C,  desc 529 

Punta  de  la  Sierra;  b-v.,  P.  R,  desc ...  130 

Punta  Tabaco;  s.,  O.,  desc 607, 608 

Purial;  v.,  O.,  desc 625 

b.,  S.  C,  desc 459 

Purio;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 451 

Purnio;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 601 

Quebec;  t.,  dist.  from  Ilavana 20 

Quemado;  b-s.,  C,  desc 503 

s.,  O.,  dasc 607 

Quemado  de  Guines;  T.,  S.  C,  pop 394 

list       of 

barrios  394 

t.,S.  C,  desc 394 

Quemado  Hilario;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 472 

Quemados;  b-t.,  II.,  desc 275 

b-s.,  O.,  desc 543 

Querida,  La;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc. 669 

Quibu;  river,  II.    (See  Marianao.) 

Quiebra  Hacha;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 124 

Quijano;  s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 275 

Quince  y  Media;  v.,  C.    (See  Silveira.) 

Quincena;  s.,  M.,  desc 344 

Quinta;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 442 

Quintana;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 286 

b.,H.,desc 271 

s.,  H.,  desc 189 

b-v., M., desc 328 

Quintanal;  b.,  II.,  desc 190 

Quintenelle;  finca,  M.,  ment 296 

Quivic&n;  b-t.,  II.,  desc 196 

Rab6n;s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Radero;  spring,  C.  Z .,  desc 673 


Railroads;  Cuba 

Railroads;  Cuba,  (public);  general  In- 
formation   

Railroads,  Cuba;  gauge,  weight  of  rails 

and  mileage 

Railroads;  Cuba  (public),  desc: 

Central  Caracas 

Chaparra  Sugar  Co 

Cuba  Company 

Cuba  Eastern 

Cuban  Central 

Cuban  Electric 

Gibara  and  Holguin. 

Guantanamo 

Havana  Central 

Insular 

Jlicaro  and  San  Fernando 

JuraguA 

North  American  Sugar  Co 

Puerto  Principe-Nuevltas 

Resulta 

Tunas  and  Sancti  Spirltus 

United  Railroads  of  Havana 

Western  Railway  of  Havana 

Yaguajay 

Railroads,  Cuba  (private),  desc: 

Bagd-San  Miguel,  C 

Banes-Tacaj6,  O 

Cape  Cruz  Co.,  O 

Carahatas,  S.  C 


Page. 
57 


Centra! 
Centra! 
Central 
Centra: 
Centra 
Central 
Centra 
Centra! 
Centra 
Central 
Centra 
Centra 
Central 
Centra 
Centra 
Centra 
Centra 


mena),  M 


Central 
Central 
Centra 
Central 
Central 
Centra 
Centra 
Central 
Central 
Central 
Centra 
Centra 
Centra 


Adela,S.C 

Aguada,  S.  C 

Amlstad,  H 

Armonia,  M 

Boston,  O 

Bramales,  P.  R 

Caracas,  S.C 

Carmen,  M 

Chaparra,  O 

Cieneguita,  S.C 

Confluente,  O ^1 


62 

61 
62 
60 
61 
58 
60 
59 
59 
60 
62 
61 
61 
61 
61 
61 
60 
57 
59 
60 

89 
89 
90 
78 
77 
77 
64 
68 
89 
63 
78 
69 
90 
79 


Covadonga,  S.  C 

Dolores,  M 

Dos  Amigos,  O 

Dos  Hermanos,  S.C 

El  Salvador,  S.  C 

Enriqueta    (Santa    Filo- 


Esperanza,  O 

Fajardo  (or^an  Jos6),  H . . . 

F6,  S.C 

Francisco,  C 

Isabel,  O 

Lequeltlo,  S.  C 

Limones,  M 

Los  Canos,  O 

Lucia,  H 

Lucia,  P.  R 

Luisa  y  Antonia,  S.C 

Manuelita,  S.  C 

Maria  Antonia,  S.  C 


748 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Railroads,  Cuba  (private),  desc— Con. 

Central  Mercedlta,  P.  R 64 

Central  Nueva  Luisa,  M 71 

Central  Nueva  Paz,  H 66 

Central  Occitania,  M 71 

Central  Olimpo,  M 71 

Central  Orosco  (or  La  Luisa),  P.  R .  64 

Central  Parque  Alto,  S.  C 82 

Central  Preston,  O 92 

Central  Progreso,  M 73 

Central  Providencia,  H 66 

Central  Puerto,  M 73 

Central  Reforma,  S.  C 84 

Central  Results,  S.  C 84 

Central  Rosalia,  S.  C 84 

Central  San  Agustin,  S.  C 85 

Central  San  Agustin,  S.  C 85 

Central  San  Antonio,  O .- 92 

Central  San  Francisco,  S.  C 85 

Central  San  Ignacio,  M 74 

Central  San  Juan  Bautista,  M 74 

Central  San  Miguel,  0 93 

Central  San  Miguel  del  Jobo,  H —  67 

Central  San  Rafael,  M 74 

Central  San  Ramon,  P.  R 64 

Central  San  Vicente,  M 75 

Central  Santa  Catalina,  S.  C 79 

Central  Santa  Cecelia,  O 93 

Central  Santa  Gertrudis,  M 75 

Central  Santa  Maria,  S.  C 87 

Central  Santa  Maria,  0 93 

Central  Santa  Rita,  M 74 

Central  Santlsima  Trinidad,  S.  C.  87 

Central  Santo  Domingo,  M 75 

Central  Saratoga,  M 75 

Central  Senado,  C 89 

Central  Socorro,  M 76 

Central  Soledad,  M 76 

Central  Soledad,  S.  C 87 

Central  Soledad,  O 94 

*  Central  Teresa,  O 94 

Central  Tinguaro,  M 76 

Central  Toledo,  H 68 

Central  Trinidad,  S.  C 88 

Central  Triunvirato,  M 76 

Central  Tuinucfl,  S.  C 88 

Central  Uni6n,  M 77 

Central  Victoria,  S.  C 88 

Colonla  Vega,  M 77 

Daiquiri  Mines,  O 91 

El  Cobre  Mines  Co.,  O 91 

Industrial  and  Mineral  Cuban  Co., 

P.  R 63 

Ingenio  Aguedita,  M 68 

Ingenio  Alava,  M 68 

Ingenio  Alta  Gracia,  C 88 

Ingenio  Altamira,  S.  C 78 

Ingenio  Andreita,  S.  C 78 

Ingenio  Angellta,  M 68 

Ingenio  Australia,  M 69 

Ingenio  Araujo  (formerly  Nena),  M.  68 


Railroads,  Cuba  (private),  desc— Con. 
Ingenio  Averhofl,  II 


Ingen: 
Ingen 
Ingeni 
Ingeni 
Ingeni 
Ingen; 
Ingen: 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen: 
Ingen 
Ingen: 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen: 
Ingen 
Ingeni 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingeni 
Ingen 


Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen: 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen: 
S.  C 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 
Ingen 


oCaridad,  S.  C 

o  Carmen,  H 

0  Carolina,  M 

o  Carolina,  S.  C 

oConchita,  M 

o  Constancia,  S.  C 

io  Constancia,  S.  C 

o  Dos  Hermanas,  S.  C 

.0  Dos  Rosas,  M 

o  Dulce  Nonibre,  M 

ioEl  Indio,  S.  C 

o  El  Triunfo  (La  Julia),  M.. 

o  Espaiia,  M 

o  Esperanza,  M 

o  Esperanza,  S.  C 

o  Feliz,  M 

o  Fidencia,  S.  C 

o  Flora,  M 

o  Gratitud,S.  C 

o  Guayabal,  C 

io  Guipilzcoa,  M 

o  Hatillo,  O 

o  Hormiguero,  S.  C 

o  Isabel,  O 

io  Jesiis,  S.  C 

o  JesiSs  Maria,  M 

o  Jicarita,  M 

o  Joseflta,  H 

o  La  Catalina,  M 

o  La  Julia,  H 

o  La  Julia,  S.  C 

o  La  Rosa,  M 

o  Las  Caflas,  M 

o  I^oteria,  II 

0  Lugareflo,  C 

io  Majagua,  M 

o  Mercedes,  M 

o  Mercedita,  H 

ioNatividad,  S.  C 

io  Nombre  de  Dios,  H 

io  Patricio,  S.  C 

o  Perseverancia,  S.  C 

o  Por  Fuerza,  M 


Page. 

64 
78 
65 
69 
79 
69 
79 
80 
80 
70 
70 
81 
76 
70 
71 


Ingenio  Portugalete,  S.  C. 


io  Preciosa,  M 

o  Purio,  S.  C 

o  Ramona,  S.  C 

io  Reglita,  M 

o  Rosario  ( Pelayo),  H 

o  San  Agustin,  H 

io  San  Ant6n  de  la  Uni6n, 


io  San  Antonio,  H 

io  San  Carlos,  O  

io  San  Cayetano,  M 

o  San  Francisco,  S.  C. 

o  San  Jos(5,  II , 

oSan  Jos6,  S.  C 


Ingenio  San  Lino,  S.  C. 


INDEX. 


749 


Page. 
Railroads,  Cuba  (private),  desc.— Con. 

Ingenio  San  Nicol4s  del  Algorta,  M.  74 

Ingenio  San  Pablo,  S.  C 86 

Ingenio  San  Pedro,  S.  C 86 

Ingenio  San  Ram6n,  O 93 

Ingenio  Santa  Amalia,  M 75 

Ingenio  Santa  Ana,  O 93 

Ingenio  Santa  Catalina,  M 75 

Ingenio  Santa  Lutgarda,  S.  C 86 

Ingenio  Santa  Rita,  H 67 

Ingenio  Santa  Rosa,  S.  C 87 

Ingenio  Teresa,  H 67 

Ingenio  Unidad,  S.  C 88 

Ingenio  Uni6n,  O 95 

Ingenio  Valiente,  M 77 

Ingenio,  Victoria,  M 77 

Ingenio  Zaza,  S.  C 88 

JuraguA  Iron  Co.,  O 92 

Manuel  Ant6n  Recio  de  Morales, 

S.C 82 

Maquina-Suplial-Cochinas,  S.  C 88 

Rosa  Maria,  S.  C 84 

Simon  Fruit  Co.,  O 94 

Santa  Lucia  Sugar  Co.,  O 93 

Santa  Teresa  Sugar  Co. ,  S.  C 87 

Tacajd,  O 94 

Tacaj6  Cocoa  and  Sugar  Co.,  O 94 

Yumuri  Cable  Elevator,  O 95 

Ramirez;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 380 

Ramona;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 399 

RamiSn  de  Guaninao;  flnca,  O.,  ment. .  644 

Ramon  Portillo;  s.,  O.,  desc 629 

Ramon  de  las  Yaguas;  b-v.,  O.,  desc...  639 

Ramos;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 108 

Rancho  Boyeros;  v.,  II.,  desc 201 

Rancho  del  Medio;  b-s.,  desc 317 

Rancho  Veloz;  T.,  S.  C,  pop 394 

list  of  barrios.  396 

t.,  S.C,  desc 396 

Ranchuelo;  v.,  C,  desc 528 

T.,  S.C,  pop 451 

list  of  barrios 460 

t.,  S.C,  desc 460 

Ratonera;  s.,  O.,  desc 559 

Real  Campina;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 381 

Realengo;  b.,  M.,  desc 314 

Recompensa;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Recreo;  t.,  M.    (See  Maximo  Gomez.) 

s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Reforma;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 434 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 434 

Refugio^  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

Regino,  EI;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Regla;  t.,  H.,  desc... 256 

Reglita;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

Religion;  Cuba 54 

Reloj;  b.,  H.,  desc 258 

Remanganaguas;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 645 


Page. 

Remate;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 448 

Remates;  b-v.,  P.  R.    (See  Cayuco.) 

Remedios;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

J.  D.,  T.,  t.,  S.  C    (See  San 
Juan  de  los  Remedios.) 

Resbaloso;  v.,  O.,  desc 558 

Resolucion;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

Resolucion   (Campo   Florido);   s.   m., 

S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 395 

Resulta;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 409 

Retamal;  s.,  M.,  desc 326 

Retiro;  flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 111 

Retire,  El;  s.,  O.,  desc 558 

Retrete;  s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Reverto;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 672 

Rey,  El;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 672 

Rincdn;  b-v.,  H.,  desc 202 

s.,H.,desc 280 

s.,0.,desc 561 

Rincdn  de   la   Palma;    b-s.,  O.    (See 
Palma.) 

Rio;  b., S.C, desc 416 

Rio  Arriba;  s.,  0.,desc 607 

Rfode  Auras;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 300 

RiodeAy;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 479 

Rio  Blanco;  b.,H.,desc 190 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 141 

Rio  Feo;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 158 

Rio  Frio;  b.,  O.,  desc 643 

Rio  Hondo;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc". 150 

b.,P.  R.,desc 180 

Rio  de  Janeiro;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana. .  20 

Rio  Negro;  tramway,  C  Z.,  desc 723 

Rio  Oriente;  s.,  C  Z.,desc 721 

Rio  de  la  Palma;  b.,M.,desc 317 

Rio  Seco;  t.,  H.,  desc 213 

b-s.,  O.,  desc 589 

b-v.,  P.  R., desc 163 

b.,  P.  R.,desc 166 

Rio  Seco  (San  Antonio);  b-v.,  O.,  desc.  575 

Rio  Sequito;  b-v.,  P.  R., desc 159 

Rioja;  v.,  O., desc ■. 600 

Rivers;  C,  general  description 485 

H.,  general  description 187 

M.,  general  description 292 

O.,  general  description 535 

P.  R.,  general  description 105 

S.C,  general  description 355 

Riverside;  v.,  C,  ment 508 

Roads  and  trails;  Cuba 95 

Roads  and  trails;  Ci^naga  Occidental, 
CZ.: 

Camino  Poma  Rosa-Jicarlta 689 

Camlno  Poma  Rosa-Media  Legua- 

Cayo  Verde 690 

Candelita-Don  Pedro 683 

Cayo  Inflemo-Mais 693 

Cayo  Panuelo-Cayo  Cristo-Laguna 

Tesoro 692 


750 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Roads  anAtrails,  Citoaga  Occidental— Con. 
Cusco-El  Pafluelo-El  Roble-El  Cu- 

chillo-Coast 696 

Cusco-Qulta  Fama-La  Palma-La 

Yaba-El  Qallo 695 

El  Ouayac&n,  trails  near 694 

E 1  Tomate-Llanal  Chiquito-Coast .      696 

GuayacAn-El  Jiicaro 694 

Hicacos-Cayo   Medina-Hervidero- 
Rio   Gonz&lo-Finca    Maneadero 

(Camino  Medina) 682 

Ingenio    Australia-Los    Arroyos- 
Mais  (Camino  Salchicha) 688 

Jicarita-Cayo  de  Piedra-Rio  Jati- 

guanico  (Camino  del  Rio) 683 

Jicarita-Guamajal-Sabaneton    Re- 

dondo 686 

Laguna  Bruno-Laguna  La  Ceiba- 

La  Piedra  del  Agua- Laguna  Hi- 

~         cacos-Laguna  Pineda-La  Ciruela- 

Insurrecto 084 

Laguna  Poma  Rosa-Camino  Poma 

Rosa 690 

La    Harti-Cayo    Cana-Cayo    Col- 

mena-Cayo  Verde 685 

La  Ilarti-Rio  Jatiguanico 684 

La  Yaba-Laguna  Gurlto 691 

Los  Pescadores-La  Guablna 695 

Majaguilla-El  Lindero-Cayo  Verde     687 
Manadero  Chiquito-Rlo  Gonzdlo. . .      693 

Manjuari-Erguama 684 

Manjuari-Hicaco-Hamomon-Na- 
renga-Jicarita  (Tierra    Entrada 

trail) 682 

Manjuarl-Portura-Rey 684 

Marcial-Babiney  Secado-La  Jum- 

ado 686 

Marcial-El  Lindero-Guanito 
Grande-Cayo  Palmar-Camino  del 

Rio 686 

Punta  de  G  uamd,-Cayo  el  Peso. ....      692 

Rio  Jatiguanico-El  Lindero 694 

R  io  Jatiguanico-Inflemo 693 

Rio  Jatiguanico-Los  Pescadores 693 

Santa  F^i-La  Guarita-Cayo  G  uajaca     692 
Sirena-La  Palma-Caiia  Castilla-La 

Pailita  ( Camino  La  Ci^naga) 691 

Yuca-Chu  Chu  Perla 689 

Yuca-El  Sapo-Cayo  Verde  (Camino 

del  Sapo) 689 

Yuca-Laguna    Las   Avispas-Cayo 

Verde  (Camino  Centro) 689 

Roads  and    trails;   Ci<5naga    Oriental, 
C.  Z.: 
Cayo   de    los  Negros-Orca-C  a  y  o 
Espino-Cayo  lola-Ensenada  (Ca- 
mino la  Cidnaga) 710 

Galle6n-Orca-Cayo  Isla 711 

(}  it>ersal-Sabaneton  de  Satirico 700 

Jocuma-Cayo  de  los  Negros-Jequl 
(La  Entrada  de  los  Guaniyales)     709 


Page. 

Roads  and  trails,  Ci^naga  Oriental— Con. 

Jocuma-Orbea 709 

Jocuma-Paneho  Caro-Prieto 709 

Rosario-Laguna  Medio- Laguna 
Aemicl-Cayo  Guanales  Nuevo-La- 

guna  Miranda 708 

Sabaneton  de  Satirico  -  La5;una  Pes- 

quero-Laguna  Bagfi 707 

Roble,  El;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 672 

v.,  S.  C.,desc 391 

Rodas;  T.,S.C.,pop 358 

list  of  barrios 388 

b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 388 

Rodrlgo;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 416 

Rojas;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 434 

Romadero,  canal,  P.  R.,  ment 104 

Romelie;  s.  m.,  0.,desc. 99 

Roque;  l>t.,  M.,  desc 328 

Rosal;  s.,  O.,  ment 557 

Rosalia;  s.  m.,S.  C.,desc 99 

ment 448 

Rosario;  s.,  C.  Z.,  desc 719 

tramway,  C*Z.,  desc 722 

s.,  H.,  desc. 211 

river,  H.,  ment 187 

finca,  P.  R.,ment 176 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Rosario  (Pelayo);  s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment...  257,258 

Rosario,  El;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 168 

Rosita;  s.,  M.,  desc 311 

Rovira;  b.,  M.,  desc 332 

Rubi;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment IKi 

Rubio;  b.,  11.,  desc 214 

Ruiz;  b.,  II.,  desc .*.....  215 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 151 

S&balo;  b-v,  P.  R.,  desc 130 

Sabana;  v.,  O.  desc 544 

b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 438 

mountains,  S.  C,  desc 354 

Sabana  (Yumuri);  b.,  O.,  desc 544 

Sabana  de  Duaba;  finca,  O.,  ment 541 

Sabana  Grande;  l>-v.,  S.  C,  desc 399 

S&banalamar;  hacienda,  P.  R.,  ment. .  176 
Sabanalamar;  s.,  C.    {See   Santa   Gcr- 
trudis.) 

Sabana  la  Mar;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Sabana  de  Robles;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 218 

Sabaneta;  s.,  O.,  desc 607 

Sabanilla;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 302 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 544 

s.,  O.,  desc 548 

s.,  O.,  desc 607 

s.,  O.,  desc '.....  631 

Saetla;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 608 

Sagasta;  s.,  C,  ment 512 

Sagua;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc. » 140 

Sagua  la  Chica;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 443 

river,  S.  C,  desc 355 

Sagua  la  Grande;  J.  D.,  S.  C,  list  of 

townships 394 


INDEX. 


751 


Page. 

Sagua  la  Grande;  T.,  S.  C,  pop 394 

list  of  bar- 
rios   400 

t.,  S.  C,  desc 400 

river,  S.  C,  desc 355 

Sagua  de  T&namo;  T.  O.,  pop 561 

list  of  barrios  577 

t.,  O.,  desc 577 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Salada;  s.,  O.,  desc 559 

Salado;  v.,  O.,  desc 551 

b.,S.C.,desc 393 

river,  S.  C,  ment 356 

Saladrigas;  r.  r.  station,  H.,  ment 287 

Salamanca;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 438 

Salchicha;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc : .  671 

Salinas;  s.,  M.,  desc 309 

Saltadero;  s.,  O.,  desc 553 

Salto;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 393 

Salud;  b-t.,  II.,  desc 197 

Salvador;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc —  100 

ment 622 

Salvador,  El;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 395 

SamA  Arriba;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 589 

San  Agustin;  b.,  II.,  desc , 190 

s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 196 

s.,  O.,  desc 648 

colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

s.  m.,  S.  C.  (near  Lajas) 

desc 99 

ment 394 

s.  m.,  S.  C.  (near  Reme- 
dies) desc 99 

ment 447 

San  Agustfn  (de  Aguaras);  b-v.,  O., 

desc 601 

San  Andres;  b.,  H.,  desc 266 

b.,  H.,  desc 281 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 142 

b-t.,  O.,  desc 601 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 440 

b.,  S.  C,  desc 427 

San  Anton;  v.,  S.  C,  desc 374 

San  Antonio;  b.,  H.,  desc 208 

s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 218 

b-v.,  O.    {See  Rio  Seco.) 

s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 471 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios;  J.  D.,  II., 

list  of  townships 278 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios;  T.,  H.,  pop.  278 
San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios;  T.,  H.,  list 

of  barrios 283 

San  Antonio  de  los  Banos;  b-t.,  II., 

desc 284 

San  Antonio  de  Rio  Blanco;  b-v.,  II., 

desc 262 


Page. 
San  Antonio  de  las  Vegas;  b-t.,  H., 

desc 189 

Saii  Antonio  de  las  Vueltas;  T.,  S.  C, 

pop 431 

list  of  barrios 441 

San  Bartolome;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 417 

San  Bartolom^  de  Bacunagua;  potrero, 

P.  R.,  ment..... 180 

San     Bartolom6     de     Bacunagua     y 

Guaiquiba;  hacienda,  P.  R.,  ment. . .  181 

San  Bias;  camp  site,  C.  Z.,  ment 722 

b-s.,  n.,  desc 218 

b.,  II.,  desc 215 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

San  Carlos;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

ment 570 

San  Cayetano;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 349 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 168 

San  Claudio;  potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

San  Cristobal;  J.  D.,  P.  R.,  list  of  town- 
ships    171 

T.,  P.  R.,  f)op 171 

list  of  barrios.  171 

b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 172 

hacienda,  P.  R.,  ment. .  176 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

San  Cristobal  (Cardosa);  s.  m.,  S.  C, 

desc 99 

ment 473 

San  Diego;  hill,  II.,  ment 186 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 151 

San  Diego  (Caiguanabo),  river,  P.  R., 

ment 105 

San  Diego  delos  Bafios;  v.,  P.  R.,  desc..  151 

San  Diego  del  Valle;  v.,  S.  C,  desc. ...  458 

San  Esteban;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

San  Felipe;  Ivt.,  11.,  desc 190 

s.,  O.,  desc 648 

San  Fernando,  fort;  P.  R.,  ment 116 

v.,  C,  desc 527 

San  Francisco;  b.,  M.,  desc 349 

v.,  O.,  desc 624 

s.,  O.,  ment 557 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment...  117 

b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 479 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 384 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 395 

San  Francisco  de  Asls;  b-s.,  H.,  desc. .  258 
flnca,  P.  R., 

ment 116 

s.    m.,    S.    C. 
(See       San 

Francisco.)  * 
San  Francisco  de  Borges;  flnca,  P.  R., 

ment Ill 

San  Francisco  de  Paula;  v.,  H.,  desc..  206 

s.,  M.,  desc. .  344 


752 


INDEX. 


Page. 
San  Francisco  de  las  Vegas;  s.,  P.  R., 

desc 146 

San  Gabriel;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

gan  Ger6nimo;  b-v.,  C,  desc 503 

San  Gil;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 473 

San  Gonz41o (Majagua);  s. in., M., desc. .  98 

ment.  302 

San  Ignacio  ( Asturia);  s.  m.,  M.,  desc. .  97 

ment.  331 

San  Ignacio;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

San  Isidro;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 394 

San  Joaquin;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 314 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

San  Jos6;  b.,  H.,  desc 215 

s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 213 

b-s.,  M.,  desc 314 

s.,  O.,  desc 573 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 116 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 124 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 159 

colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 108 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

b.,  S.C.,  desc 459 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 440 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 415 

(Fajardo);  s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment..  283,286 
San  Jos6  Arrdstegui;    potrero,  P.  U., 

ment 117 

San  Jos6  de  las  Lajas;  T.,  II.,  pop 256 

list     of 

barrios  263 

t.,  H.,  desc...  263 

San  Jos6  de  la  Plata;  b.,  O.,  desc 612 

San  Jos<5  de  los  Ramos;  b-t.,  M.,  desc. .  328 

San  Jos6  de  Veitia;  b.,  H.,  desc 190 

San  Juan;  s.,  11.,  desc 253 

river,  M.,  ment 293 

b-s., O., desc 601 

v.,  O.,  desc 611 

b.,  P.  R.,desc Ill 

hills,  S.  C.    (See  Cabeza  del 
Muerto.) 

San  Juan  Bautista;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment. . .  344 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc...  125 
colonia,     P.     R., 

ment 116 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment.  Ill 

SaHJuandeCarbonero;  finca,  C,  ment.  504 

San  Juan  do  Dios;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment..  Ill 

San  Juan  y  Martinez;  T.,  P.  R.,  pop 136 


Page. 

San  Juan  y  Martinez;  T.,  P.  R.,  list  of 

barrios.  160 

l>t.,  P.  R.,  desc.  160 
river,         P.  R., 

ment 105 

San  Juan  de  Najasa;  river,  C,  ment...  485 

San  Juan  del  Norte;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc. . .  181 
San   Juan  del    Paso  del    Bacunagua; 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 180 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedies;  J.  D.,  S.  C, 

list  of  townships 431 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedlos;  T.,  S.  C, 

pop 431 

list  of  barrios 445 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedies;    t.,  S.  C, 

desc 445 

San  Juan  de  los  Yeras;  t.,  S.  C,  desc.  462 
San  Juan  de  Zayas;    potrero,  P.  R., 

ment 176 

San  Julifi,n;  s.,  H.,  desc 215 

San  Julian  de  Giilnes;  b.,  II.,  desc 215 

San  Julian  de  Melena;  b.,  II.,  desc 215 

San  Lazaro;  camp  site,  C.  Z.,  ment 722 

San  Leandro;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 645 

San  Lino;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 391 

San  Lorenzo;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 601 

San  Luis;  b.,  II.,  desc 220 

T.,  O.,  pop 629 

list  of  barrios 646 

b-t.,  O.,  desc 646 

T.,  P.R.,pop 136 

list  of  barrios 164 

b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 164 

s.  m.,  P.  R.    {See  Orosco.) 

San  Manuel;  b-t.,  O.,  desc 612 

s.  m.,  O.,  desc 100 

ment 591 

San  Marcos;  b.,  H.,  desc 215 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 417 

San  Martin;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

SanMatlas;  s.,  II.,  desc 261 

San  Miguel;  b-v.,  C,  desc 508 

s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

ment 570 

s.,  O.,  desc 612 

s.,  0.,ment 649 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 117 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

San  Miguel  (Jobo);  s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 213 

San  Miguel  del  Padr6n;  b-v.,  H.,  desc.  206 

San  NicoMs;  b-s.,  C,  desc 524 

b-t.,  II.,  desc 215 

s.,M.,desc 317 

v., O., desc 650 

colonia,  1*.  R.,  ment 117 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

San  Nicol&s  del  Algeria;  s.  m.,  M.   (See 
Algorta.) 


INDEX. 


753 


Page. 

San  Pablo;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

s.,0.,desc 550 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 151 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 449 

San  Pedro;  b.,  C,  desc 511 

river,  C,  ment 485 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

b-s.,H.,desc 271 

v.,  O.,  desc 613 

s.,  O.,  ment 649 

s.,  P.R.,desc 113 

colonia,  P.  K.,  ment 116 

finca,  P.  R.,ment 110 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 479 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 398 

San  Pedro  de  Cacociim;  v.,  O.    (See 

Cacociim.) 

San  Pedro  del  Cotorro;  b-t.,  H.,  desc. .  208 

San  Pedro  de  Mayabdn;  b-v.,  M.,  desc.  329 

San  Pr6;  v.,  0.,desc 572 

San  Ratoel;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 300 

s.,  O.,  ment 557 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

San  Ramdn;  v.,  O.,  desc 624 

s.m.,  0.,desc 100 

ment 623,624 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 117 

s.  m.,  P.  R.,  desc 96 

ment 121 

San  Roque;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment..., 111 

San  Sebasti&n;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

ment 631 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment. . .  116 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

San  Sim6n;  s.,  0.,ment 649 

San  Valentin;  b.,S.C.,desc 395 

San  Valentin  (Empero);  v.,  S.  C,  desc.  395 

San  Vicente;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 315 

v.,  O.,  desc 638 

s.,  0.,desc 572 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 170 

b-s.,  S.C,  desc 399 

b-s.,  S.C,  desc 459 

Sanctl  Spiritus;  J.  D.,  S.  C,  list  of 

towhships..  417 

T.,  S.C,  pop 417 

list  of  barrios  417 

t.,  S.C, desc 418 

hills,  S.C, ment 355 

Sandoval;  b-s.,  C,  desc 529 

Sanguijuela;  finca,  O.,  raent 542 

Santa  Amalia;  s.  m.,  M.,desc 97 

ment 313 

Santa  Ana;  b.,  H.,  desc 262 

Santa  Ana  (Bauta);  river,  H.,  ment. . .  187 

492—09 48 


Page. 

Santa  Ana;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 349 

hill,  M.,  ment 292 

s.,0.,desc 630 

s.m.,0.,desc 100 

ment 649 

b.,P.  R.,desc.., 125 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

hacienda,  P.  R.,  ment 176 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

(Santana);  v.,  0.,desc 649 

Santa  Barbara;  b.,  H.,  desc 266 

s.,0.,desc 613 

Santa  Catalina;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 332 

s.m.,M.,desc 98 

ment 316 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 384 

Santa  Catalina  (Betoflo)  (Carbo);  s.  m., 

S.C,  desc 99 

ment 450 

Santa  Catalina  Reyna;  s. ,  O . ,  desc 582 

Santa  Ceceli^;  s.m.,  O.,  desc 99 

ment 567 

SantaClara;  Pr 351 

river,  C,  ment 485 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 152 

J.  D.,  S.  C,  list  of  town- 
ships   451 

T.,  S.C,  pop 451 

list  of  barrios  . .  463 

t.,S.C.,desc 463 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 399 

hills,  S.  C,  ment 355 

Santa  Clarita;  b-v.,  S.C,  desc...; 438 

Santa  Cruz;  b.,  11.,  desc 258 

s.,0.,desc 558 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 180 

v.,  P.  R.,  ment 180 

Santa  Cruz  del  Norte;  b-t.,  II.,  desc. . .  262 

Santa  Cruz  del  Sur;  T.,  C,  pop 486 

list  of  bar- 
rios   509 

t.,C.,desc 509 

Santa  F&,  b-v.,  Isle  of  Pines,  desc 278 

s.,0.,desc 573 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 171 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 438 

Santa  Filomena   (Enriqueta);  s.  m., 

M.,  desc 98 

ment 334 

Santa  Filomena;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 645 

Santa  Gertrudis;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 316 

b.,  C.desc 529 

Santa  Gertrudis  (Sabanalamar);  s.,  C, 

desc 529 

Santa  Isabel;  s.,  O.,  desc 606 

s.,  0.,ment 649 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 136 


754 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Santa  Isabel,  hacienda,  P.  II.,  ment.. .  17C 

potrero,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Santa  Isabela  de  las  Lajas;  T.,S.  C, 

pop 358 

list  of  barrios 392 

Santa  Isabela  de  las  Lajas;  t.,  S.  C. 
(See  Lajas.) 

Santa  Lucia;  finca,  M.,  ment 329 

b-t.,  O.,  desc 590 

s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

ment 584,590,591 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 427 

Santa  Lutgarda;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 400 

8.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 454 

Santa  Maria;  river,  C,  ment 485 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 013 

s.,  O.,  desc 573 

s.  m.,  0.,desc 99 

ment 570 

s.,  P.  R.,  desc 152 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 463 

Santa  Maria  del  Rosario;  T.,  II.,  pop 202 

list   of 
bar- 

.                                       rios .  207 

b-t.,  II.,  desc.  207 
San  tana;  v  ,  O.    (See  Santa  Ana.) 

Santa  Paula;  s.,  P.  R.,  desc 136 

Santa  Rita;  s.  m.,  H.,  desc ^ 97 

ment 218 

s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 324 

b.,  0.,desc 643 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 560 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Santa  Rosa;  b-s.,  II.,  desc 286 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 393 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 463 

Santa  Rosalia;  s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Santa  Teresa;  camp  site.  C.  Z.,  ment. ;  722 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment 108 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 409 

Santiago;  colonia,  P.  R.,  ment 116 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 391 

Santiago  de  Cuba;   J.   D.,    O.,   list  of 

townships 629 

T.,  0.,pop 629 

list  of  barrios  650 

t.,  O.,  desc 650 

Santiago  de  Nuflez;  v.,  P,  R.,  desc 117 

Santiago  de  las  Vegas;  T.,  II.,  pop 188 

list  of  bar- 
rios   198 

t.,  II.,  desc 198 

Santlsima  Trinidad;  b.,  U.,  desc 259 


Page. 

Santisima  Trinidad  (Trinidad)  (Jose- 

fita);  s.  m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 220 

Santisima  Trinidad  (Trinidad);  s.  m.. 

S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 393 

Santo;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 454 

Santo  Domingo;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 302 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc ISO 

T.,S.C.,pop 394 

list    of    bar- 
rios   410 

t.,S.  Cdesc 410 

Santo DomingodeAtar6s(Atares);  hill, 

II.,  ment 186 

Santo  Tomfe;  camp  site,  C.  Z.,  ment. .  722 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 171 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Santurio;  s.,  O.,  desc 553 

Sao  Arriba;  l>-s.,  O.,  desc 601 

Sapo,  El;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Sapos,  Los;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Saramaguaedn;  river,  C,  ment 485 

Saratoga;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 300 

Sardinas;  s.,  M.    (S^f  DosIIermanas.) 

Savannah;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Seborucal;  s.,  II.,  desc 286 

Seborucalde  San  Antonio;  b.,  II.  desc.  286 
Seborucal  de  Vereda  Nueva;  b.,  11., 

desc 286 

Seboruco;  s.,  O.,  desc 607 

s.,0.,  desc 630 

Seboruquito;  s.,  O.,  desc m7 

Seco;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Segundo  de  Luis  Lazo;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc  .  163 

Segundode  Martinez;  b.,  P.  R.,  desc.  163 

Seibabo;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc. 473 

Seis  Jucarales,  Los;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc. .  700 

Senado;  b-v.,  C,  deac 508 

s.  m.,  C,  desc 99 

ment 508 

Senilla;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 671 

Seraflna;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 108 

Sevilla;  river,  C,  ment 485 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 672 

b-s.,  O.,  desc 639 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Sevilla  Abajo;  v.,  O.,  desc 627 

Sibanacdn;  b-v.,  II.,  desc 283 

Sibarjcu;  b-v.,  C,  desc 503 

hill.  C,  ment 485 

Siboney ;  v.,  O.,  desc 638 

Siches;  finca,  0.,ment 542 

Sierra,  b.  P.  R..  desc 181 

b-v.,  S.  C.  desc 381 

Sierra  Alta;  hill,  S.  C,  ment 355 

SierradeBamburanao,  hills, S.C.  ment  354 

Sierra  deBanao,  hill,  S.  C,  ment 355 

Sierra  Bejucal;  hill,  11.,  ment 180 


INDEX. 


755 


Page. 

Sierrade  Caballos;  b.,  Isle  of  Pines,  desc.  278 

Sierra  de  Camarones;  hills,  M.,  desc. . .  292 

Sierra  de  Casas;  b.,  Isle  of  Pine^,  desc. .  278 

Sierra  Cristal ;  mountains,  O . ,  desc 534 

Sierra  del  Escarabray ;  hill,  S.  C,  ment.  355 

Sierra  de  Guaicandmar;  hill,  C,  ment.  485 

Sierra  Guanabacoa;  hill.  II.,  ment 186 

Sierra   de   Judas;  hill,    C.     (See    La 

Cunagua.) 

Sierra  Maestra;  mountains,  O.,  desc. . .  534 
Sierra  de  Matahambre;    hills,  S.  C, 

ment 354 

Sierra  Morena;  b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 399 

hills,  S.  C,  ment 354 

Sierra  Nipe;  mountains,  O .,  desc 534 

Sierra  Organos;  mountains,  P.  R.,  desc  104 

Sierra  de  Saguanea;  hills,  S.  C,  ment . .  355 

Sierra  San  Francisco;  hill,  H.,  ment ...  186 
Sierra  San  Francisco  de  Javier;  hill,  H., 

ment '  186 

Sierra  de  San  Martin;  hill,  11.,  ment. . .  186 

Sierra  Sibarimar;  hill,  H.,  ment 186 

Sierra  Susana;  hill,  II.,  ment 186 

Sigual;  b.,  O.,  desc 575 

Sigual  Abajo;  s.,  O.,  desc 575 

Sigual  Arriba;  s.,  O.,  desc 576 

Siguapa;  s.,  M.,  desc 310 

Silveira;  s.  m.,  C.    {See  Stuart  Sugar 

Co.) 

Silveira  (Quince  y  Media);  v.,  C,  desc.  519 

Sirena;  fmea,  P.  R.,  ment 117 

Sitiecito;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 409 

Sitio;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 545 

Sitio,  El;  s.,0.,desc 582 

Sitio  Grande;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 409 

b.,S.C.,desc 457 

Sitio  Nuevo;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 459 

Sitio  Potrero;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 441 

Sitio  Viejo;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 463 

Size  and  shape;  Cuba 19 

.Socorro;  b.,  n.,  desc ^ 259 

s.m.,M.,desc 98 

ment 334 

b-v., O., desc 632 

Socorro,  El;  b-finca,  n.,  desc 259 

Sofia;  s.  m.,  O.,  desc 99 

Soil;  Cuba 48 

Sojo;  v.,  O.,  desc 6(57 

Soledad;  s.m.,M.,desc 97 

ment 311 

s.m.,0.,desc 99 

ment 572 

b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 152 

flnca,  P.  R.,  ment 110 

b-v.,  S.C.,  desc 391 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 379 

Soils;  s.,  0.,desc 550 

Soto;  b-s.,  S.C..  desc 381 

Spanish-American  Iron  Co.;  O.,  ment.  636 


Page. 

Springs;  Bahla  de  Cochinos,  C.  Z 721 

Springs;  Cienaga    Occidental,    C.    Z., 

general  description 671 

Springs;  Cienaga    Occidental,    C.    Z., 

along  Rio  Jatiguanico 674 

Springs;  Cienaga  Oriental,  C.  Z.,  gen- 
eral description 699 

Springs ;  C .  Z .,  in  vicinity  of  Jicarita. . .  673 

Strategic  position;  Cuba 19 

Stuart  Sugar  Co.  (Silveira);  s.  m.,  C, 

desc 99 

ment 513 

Sugar  mills;  Cuba 96 

Sumidero;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 350 

b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 159 

Sur;  b.,  P.  R.,desc 163 

Surgidero  de  Bataban6;  t.,  II.,  desc. . .  191 

Suyoer,  Los;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 673 

Tabajo;  flnca,  O.,  ment '. 541 

Tabl6n,El;  s.,  0.,ment 649 

Tacaj<5;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 601 

Tacdmara;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 602 

Taco  Taco;  b-v.,  P.  R.,  desc 181 

river,  P.  R.,  ment 105 

Taguasco;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 428 

Taguayab<5n;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 443 

Talronas;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 160 

Tamarindo;  s.,C.,desc 528 

Tampa;  t. ,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Tana;  s.  m.,  C,  ment 497 

river, C, ment 486 

v.,  O.,  desc 624 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Taiio;  b.,.H.,  desc 192 

Tapaste;  b-t.,  II.,  desc 266 

Tarara;  river,  II.,  ment 187 

Tasajeras;  v.,  0.,ment 586 

TAyaba;  b.,S.C.,desc 480 

Teja,  La;  b-s.,  M.,  desc 317 

Tejac6n;  s.,0.,desc 611 

Teneme  (Tesino);  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Teneria;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 131 

Teresa;  s.m.,  0.,desc 100 

ment 623,624 

Territorial  div-isions ;  Cuba 23 

Terry  (Ceiba Hueca);  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc.' .  393 

Tesico;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 435 

Tesino;  river,  O .   (See  Teneme.) 

Tetas  de  Camarioca;  hills,  M.,  ment. . .  292 

Tetudn;  b,,S.C.,  desc 449 

Tl-Arriba;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 632 

Tibisial;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 441 

TlendaNueva;  b.,  M.,desc 300 

Tierra  Prieta;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 670 

Tiguabos;  b-v.,  0.,desc 576 

Tinajita;  b.,M.,desc 297 

Tinguaro;  s.m.,M.,desc 97 

ment 322 

Tfnima;  river,  C,  ment 485 

s.,0.,desc 549 


756 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Tirado;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 166 

Toa(Toar);  b.,  0.,desc 545 

Toa;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Toar;b.,  O.    (See  Toa.) 

Toledo;  s.m.,  H.,  desc 97 

ment 275 

Topography;  C 484 

H 186 

M 292 

0 533 

P.R 104 

S.C 354 

Toranso;  v.,  S.  C,  desc 448 

Toro,  El;  laguna,  C.  Z..  desc 609 

Toronja;  v.,  O.,  desc 652 

Torriente;  v.,  M.    {See  Claudio.) 

Tosca;  b-v.,  M.,  desc 315 

Toseano;  b.,  M.,  desc 316 

Towns,  principal;  C 483 

H 185 

M 292 

0 633 

P.R 104 

S.C 364 

Townships;  C,  list  of 486 

H.,listof..; 187 

M.,  listof 293 

0.,listof 637 

P.  R.,  list  of 105 

S.C,  list  of 357 

Trails  and  roads;  Cuba 95 

Tramojos;  b.,  M.,  desc 334 

Tramojos  (Pedroso);  v.,  M.,  desc 334 

Tramways;  Bahia  de  Cochuios,  C.  Z. .  722 

Tranquilidad;  s.m.,  O.,  desc 100 

ment 622 

Trenchera,  La;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

Tres  Palmas,  Las;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc. .  673 

Triana;  hill,  M.,  ment 292 

Trinidad;  s.  m.,  H.    (See  Santlsima 
Trinidad.) 

J .  D . ,  S.  C . ,  list  of  townships .  473 

T.,  S.C, pop 473 

list  of  barrios 473 

t.,  S.  C,  desc 474 

s.  m.,  S.  C.    (See  Santfsima 
Trinidad.) 

hills,  S.  C,  ment 365 

Trinidad,  La;  s.,  0.,ment 649 

Trlunfo  (La  Julia);  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 347 

Triunvirato;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 98 

ment 349 

Trocha,  La;  v.,  g.  C,  desc 398 

s.,  S.C,  desc 409 

Trochas;  Cuba 96 

Troya;  v.,  0.,desc. 623 

TuinucQ;  s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 425 

Tumba  Cuatro;  b.,  H.,  desc 286 

s.,H.,desc 262 


Page. 

Tumbadero;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc 671 

b-s.,  II.,  desc 283 

b.,  H.,desc 281 

Tunas;  t.,    O.    (See   Victoria    de    las 
Tunas.) 

Tunas  do  Zaza;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 428 

Tunas  (Zaza);  v.,  S.  C,  desc 428 

Turiguan<5;  island,  C,  desc 527 

Turquino;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 392 

Uiias;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 602 

Unldad,  s.m.,  S.C,  desc 98 

ment 457 

Uni(3n;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 320 

s.m.,0.,desc 100 

ment C48 

finca,  P.  R.,ment 110 

finca,  P.  R.,  ment Ill 

Uni6n,  La;  v.,  O..  desc 648 

Uni6n  de  Reyes;  T.,M,,pop 293 

list  of  barrios .  301 

t.,  M.,  desc 301 

Unitas;  b.,  O.,  desc 602 

Valdcspino;  finca,  P.  R.,  ment 109 

Valerino;  v.,  O.,  desc 623 

Valiente;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

Valle;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 286 

Varadero;  v.,  M.,  desc 309 

Varadero-Camacho-GuAsLmas;  b.,   M., 

desc 309 

Vargas;  b.,  II.,  desc 286 

Vedado;  b-v.,  O..  desc 615 

Vega,  La;  finca,  P.  R..ment 116 

Vega  Alta;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 444 

Vega  Botuda;  s.,  0.,desc 648 

VegadeManos;  s.,  0.,desc 611 

Vega  de  Palma;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 445 

Vega  de  Sarad,;  s.,  O.,  desc 589 

Vegas;  b-t.,  II.,  desc .: 220 

Vegas  Nuevas;  b-s.,  P.  R.,  desc 143 

Vegetables;  Cuba 52 

Vegulta;  b-t.,  0.,desc 564 

v.,  O.,  ment 586 

Veguitas;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 545 

Velasco;  b-t.,  0.,desc 602 

Velazquez;  b..  O.,  desc 546 

Telic;  (Belie)  v.,  O.,  desc 627 

Venero;  b.,  S.  C,  desc 381 

Venero  (Esles);  v.,  S.  C,  desc 381 

Ventas;  s.,  O.,  ment 557 

Ventura;  s„C.Z.,desc 721 

Vera  Cruz;  t.,  dist.  from  Havana 20 

Vereda  Nueva;  b-t.,  II.,  desc 287 

Vertientes;  s.,  C.desc 520 

river,  C,  ment 485 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 545 

Viajacas;  s.,  O.,  desc 560 

Viana;  b-v.,  8.  C,  desc 457 

Viar(5;  s.,  C,  desc 501 

Vicana;  v.,  O.,  desc 627 


INDEX. 


75Y 


Page. 

Victoria;  s.  m.,  M.,  desc 97 

ment 311 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 99 

ment 450 

Victoria  de  las  Tunas;  t.,  O.,  desc 613 

Vlgia;  v.,  O.,  desc 586 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 117 

Vlnales;  T.,  P.  R.,pop 136 

list  of  barrios 166 

b-t.,  P.  R.,  desc 166 

Vinculo;  b.,  O.,  desc 576 

Vinent;  v.,  O.,  desc 636 

Vlrtudes;  b.,  P.  R.,desc Ill 

Vista  Hermosa;  b-s.,  C,  desc 504 

Vita;  s.,  O.,  desc 590 

Vivero;  s.,  P.  R.,  ment 161 

Vuelta  Abajo.  district,  P.  R.,  ment...  104 
Vueltas;  T.,  S.C.    (See  San  Antonio  de 
las  Vueltas.) 

b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 441 

Vulcan;  laguna,  C.  Z.,  desc '.  670 

Wajay  (Guajay);  b-v.,  H.,  desc 275 

Xenes;  s.,  H.,  desc 217 

Yaba,  La;  b.,C.,desc 504 

spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

Yabaz6n;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 590 

Yabii;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 459 

river,  S.  C,  ment 355 

Yabucito;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 417 

Yaguabo;  b-s.,  C,  desc ^ 512 

Yaguajay;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 590 

T.,  S.C,  pop 431 

list  of  barrios 449 

b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 450 

Yaguaneque;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Yaguaramas;  b-v.,  S.  C,  desc 382 

Yamanlgiiey;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Yamaque;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 700 

Yana,  La;  river,  C,  ment 485 

Yanan;  laguna,  C.  Z,  desc 669 

Yara;  v.,  O.,  desc 629 


Page. 

Yara;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Yarayabo;  s.,  O.,  desc 64fi 

Yara-Zarzal;  b.,  O.,  desc 629 

Yarey ;  b-v.,  O.,  desc 615 

Yareyal;  b-v.,  O.,  desc : 602 

YariguA;  river,  O.,  ment 536 

Yateras;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 576 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Yaya;  b.,  H.,  desc 220 

b-v.,  O.,  desc 615 

Yaya,  La;  s.,  O.,  desc 559 

s.,  O.,  ment 649 

Yayabo;  s.,  S.  C,  desc 425 

Yayal;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 602 

b.,  P.  R.,  desc 171 

Yayal,  La;  s.,  O.,  desc 560 

Yeguas,  Las;  b-s.,  C,  desc 505 

Yellow  fever;  Cuba 35 

Yerba  de  Guinea;  v.,  O.,  desc 633 

Yuca;  spring,  C.  Z.,  desc 674 

Yumuri;  marsh,  M.,  ment 292 

river,  M.,  ment 293 

valley,  M.,  ment 292 

b.,  O.    {See  Sabana.) 

river,  O.,  ment 536 

Yunque,  El;  mountain,  O.,  ment 534 

ZAbala;  b-s.,  O.,  desc 582 

Zacatecas;  b.,  O.,  desc 640 

Zaldlvar;  b-s.,  H.,  desc 218 

Zambumbia;  b-s.,  S.  C,  desc 395 

Zapata;  b.,  M.,  desc 300 

marsh,  M.,  ment 292 

Zaragoza;  s.,  H.,  desc 211 

Zarzal;  v.,  O.,  desc 629 

Zaza;  v.,  S.  C.    (See  Tunas.) 

s.,  S.  C,  desc 430 

ment 428 

s.  m.,  S.  C,  desc 98 

ment 439 

river,  S.  C,  ment 356 

Zulueta;  b-t.,  S.  C,  desc 449 


o 


i 


